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39 results on '"School of Biological Sciences [Clayton]"'

1. Agricultural intensification alters marbled newt genetic diversity and gene flow through density and dispersal reduction

Author: Raphaël Leblois, Pierre Grillet, Olivier Lourdais, Alexandre Boissinot, Bertrand Gauffre, Vincent Quiquempois, Sophie Morin, Damien Picard, Cécile Ribout, School of Biological Sciences [Clayton], Monash University [Clayton], Unité de recherche Plantes et Systèmes de Culture Horticoles (PSH), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Centre d'Études Biologiques de Chizé - UMR 7372 (CEBC), Université de La Rochelle (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Réserve Naturelle Régionale du Bocage des Antonins [France], Office français de la biodiversité (OFB), Département de Biologie UFR Sciences - Université d'Angers [France], Université d'Angers (UA), and Centre d’Etudes Biologiques de Chizé (CEBC), UMR 7372 CNRS - La Rochelle Université, France, 79360, Villiers-en-Bois, France
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Gene Flow, Triturus marmoratus, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Population, Biology, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, microsatellites, 03 medical and health sciences, demographic inferences, Effective population size, Genetics, Animals, education, dispersal, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Ecosystem, 030304 developmental biology, 2. Zero hunger, 0303 health sciences, education.field_of_study, Genetic diversity, Ecology, Genetic Variation, landscape genetics, genetic diversity, 15. Life on land, Salamandridae, Habitat destruction, Genetics, Population, Genetic distance, Genetic structure, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Biological dispersal, Arable land, Microsatellite Repeats
Abstract: International audience; Recent agricultural intensification threatens global biodiversity with amphibians being one of the most impacted groups. Because of their biphasic life cycle, amphibians are particularly vulnerable to habitat loss and fragmentation that often result in small, isolated populations and loss of genetic diversity. Here, we studied how landscape heterogeneity affects genetic diversity, gene flow and demographic parameters in the marbled newt, Triturus marmoratus, over a hedgerow network landscape in Western France. While the northern part of the study area consists of preserved hedged farm-land, the southern part was more profoundly converted for intensive arable crops production after WWII. Based on 67 sampled ponds and 10 microsatellite loci, we characterized regional population genetic structure and evaluated the correlation between landscape variables and (i) local genetic diversity using mixed models and (ii) genetic distance using multiple regression methods and commonality analysis. We identified a single genetic population characterized by a spatially heterogeneous isolation- by- distance pattern. Pond density in the surrounding landscape positively affected local genetic diversity while arable crop land cover negatively affected gene flow and connectivity. We used demographic inferences to quantitatively assess dif-ferences in effective population density and dispersal between the contrasted land-scapes characterizing the northern and southern parts of the study area. Altogether, results suggest recent land conversion affected T. marmoratus through reduction in both effective population density and dispersal due to habitat loss and reduced connectivity.
Published: 2021

2. Fifty million years of beetle evolution along the Antarctic Polar Front

Author: Helena P. Baird, Steven L. Chown, Philippe Vernon, Katherine L. Moon, Duane D. McKenna, Richard Adams, Seunggwan Shin, Maurice Hullé, Rolf G. Oberprieler, Monash University [Clayton], School of Biological Sciences [Edinburgh], University of Edinburgh, University of Memphis (U of M), Seoul National University [Seoul] (SNU), Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), Institut de Génétique, Environnement et Protection des Plantes (IGEPP), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-INSTITUT AGRO Agrocampus Ouest, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Ecosystèmes, biodiversité, évolution [Rennes] (ECOBIO), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), School of Biological Sciences [Clayton], Florida Atlantic University [Boca Raton], This work received support from École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Swiss Polar Institute, and Ferring Pharmaceuticals through the Antarctic Circumnavigation Expedition. D.D.M. received funding from the US NSF (DEB1355169)., Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR)-Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), and Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Time Factors, Evolution, Insular biogeography, Fauna, Biodiversity, Antarctic Regions, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, 03 medical and health sciences, Paleoclimatology, paleoclimate, Animals, 14. Life underwater, Phylogeny, 030304 developmental biology, Cell Nucleus, Polar front, Principal Component Analysis, 0303 health sciences, Multidisciplinary, biology, island biogeography, Ecology, herbivory, Weevil, Biological Sciences, 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, species radiation, Biological Evolution, Coleoptera, Phylogeography, Genes, Mitochondrial, Antarctica, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Global cooling
Abstract: Significance The Antarctic environment is famously inhospitable to most terrestrial biodiversity, traditionally viewed as a driver of species extinction. Combining population- and species-level molecular data, we show that beetles on islands along the Antarctic Polar Front diversified in response to major climatic events over the last 50 Ma in surprising synchrony with the region’s marine organisms. Unique algae- and moss-feeding habits enabled beetles to capitalize on cooling conditions, which resulted in a decline in flowering plants—the typical hosts for beetles elsewhere. Antarctica’s cooling paleoclimate thus fostered the diversification of both terrestrial and marine life. Climatically driven evolutionary processes since the Miocene may underpin much of the region’s diversity, are still ongoing, and should be further investigated among Antarctic biota., Global cooling and glacial–interglacial cycles since Antarctica’s isolation have been responsible for the diversification of the region’s marine fauna. By contrast, these same Earth system processes are thought to have played little role terrestrially, other than driving widespread extinctions. Here, we show that on islands along the Antarctic Polar Front, paleoclimatic processes have been key to diversification of one of the world’s most geographically isolated and unique groups of herbivorous beetles—Ectemnorhinini weevils. Combining phylogenomic, phylogenetic, and phylogeographic approaches, we demonstrate that these weevils colonized the sub-Antarctic islands from Africa at least 50 Ma ago and repeatedly dispersed among them. As the climate cooled from the mid-Miocene, diversification of the beetles accelerated, resulting in two species-rich clades. One of these clades specialized to feed on cryptogams, typical of the polar habitats that came to prevail under Miocene conditions yet remarkable as a food source for any beetle. This clade’s most unusual representative is a marine weevil currently undergoing further speciation. The other clade retained the more common weevil habit of feeding on angiosperms, which likely survived glaciation in isolated refugia. Diversification of Ectemnorhinini weevils occurred in synchrony with many other Antarctic radiations, including penguins and notothenioid fishes, and coincided with major environmental changes. Our results thus indicate that geo-climatically driven diversification has progressed similarly for Antarctic marine and terrestrial organisms since the Miocene, potentially constituting a general biodiversity paradigm that should be sought broadly for the region’s taxa.
Published: 2021

3. Taxonomy of the Proisotoma complex. VI. Rediscovery of the genus Bagnallella Salmon, 1951 and epitoky in Bagnallella davidi (Barra, 2001), comb. nov. from South Africa

Author: Mikhail Potapov, Louis Deharveng, Charlene Janion-Scheepers, Moscow State Regional University., Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB ), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université des Antilles (UA), School of Biological Sciences [Clayton], and Monash University [Clayton]
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Epitoky, Lesotho and Swaziland, Arthropoda, 010607 zoology, Zoology, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, polymorphism, Isotomoidea, South Africa, Genus, Animalia, Entomobryomorpha, Parisotoma, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Taxonomy, Isotominae, Proisotoma, Cenozoic, [SDV.BA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Animal biology, Biota, Isotomidae, Geography, QL1-991, Collembola, supermale, Proisotominae, Animal Science and Zoology, Taxonomy (biology), Research Article
Abstract: The genus Bagnallella Salmon is restored and given a diagnosis. It takes an intermediate position between Proisotoma Börner and Cryptopygus Willem complexes and is characterized by the separation of the two last abdominal segments (like in Proisotoma) and 3 and 5 s-chaetae on the fourth and fifth abdominal segments (like in Cryptopygus and its allies). A list of and key to species belonging to Bagnallella is given. Bagnallella bisetacomb. nov., B. dubiacomb. nov., B. sedecimoculatacomb. nov., and B. tenellacomb. nov. are commented and redescribed. Morphology of Bagnallella davidi (Barra), comb. nov. is described from the specimens from South Africa. So far B. davidi appears to be a complex of forms differing in size of the furca and macrochaetae. Two types of strongly modified males were found and described. Antennae, ventral side of abdomen, posterior edge of abdominal tergites, and mandibles are affected with epitoky. The nature of the discovered strong polymorphism is unclear.
Published: 2021

4. Choosing the future of Antarctica

Author: Steven L. Chown, Robert M. DeConto, Valérie Masson-Delmotte, Martin J. Siegert, Tim R Naish, José C. Xavier, Matthew H. England, Stephen R. Rintoul, Helen A. Fricker, CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research Hobart, Castray Esplanade, Hobart Tasmani 7000, Australia, School of Biological Sciences [Clayton], Monash University [Clayton], University of Massachusetts [Amherst] (UMass Amherst), University of Massachusetts System (UMASS), Climate Change Research Centre, ARC Centre of Excellence for Climate System Science, University of New South Wales, Level 4 Matthews Bldg., Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia, Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO), University of California [San Diego] (UC San Diego), University of California-University of California, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Glaces et Continents, Climats et Isotopes Stables (GLACCIOS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Victoria University of Wellington, Grantham Institute for Climate Change and the Environment, Imperial College London, Universidade de Coimbra [Coimbra], British Antarctic Survey (BAS), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), ANR-14-CE01-0001,ASUMA,Amélioration de la précision de l'estimation de bilan de masse de surface en Antarctique(2014), British Council (UK), Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO - UC San Diego), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Food Chain, Time Factors, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, General Science & Technology, Natural resource economics, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Anthropogenic pressure, Fisheries, Antarctic Regions, Global Warming, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, MD Multidisciplinary, Animals, Human Activities, Ice Cover, Seawater, Environmental impact assessment, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Multidisciplinary, Atmosphere, Biodiversity, Carbon Dioxide, 13. Climate action, Greenhouse gas, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Environmental science, Introduced Species
Abstract: We present two narratives on the future of Antarctica and the Southern Ocean, from the perspective of an observer looking back from 2070. In the first scenario, greenhouse gas emissions remained unchecked, the climate continued to warm, and the policy response was ineffective; this had large ramifications in Antarctica and the Southern Ocean, with worldwide impacts. In the second scenario, ambitious action was taken to limit greenhouse gas emissions and to establish policies that reduced anthropogenic pressure on the environment, slowing the rate of change in Antarctica. Choices made in the next decade will determine what trajectory is realized.
Published: 2018

5. Assessing the epidemiological effect of wolbachia for dengue control

Author: Scott Leslie O'Neill, Neil M. Ferguson, Thomas W. Scott, Louis Lambrechts, Peter A. Ryan, Scott C. Weaver, Cameron P. Simmons, Elizabeth A. McGraw, Scott A. Ritchie, Eva Harris, Eng Eong Ooi, Edward C. Holmes, Interactions Virus-Insectes (IVI), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pasteur [Paris], MRC Centre for Outbreak Analysis and Modelling [London], Imperial College London, Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, School of Biological Sciences [Clayton], Monash University [Clayton], Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine and Rehabilitative Sciences, James Cook University (JCU), Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health [Bethesda] (NIH), Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California [Davis] (UC Davis), University of California-University of California, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine [Oxford], University of Oxford [Oxford], Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nossal Institute of Global Health, University of Melbourne, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity and Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), This work was supported by a grant from the Foundation for the National Institutes of Health through the Grand Challenges in Global Health Initiative of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC), and University of Oxford
Subjects: and promotion of well-being, Dengue virus, medicine.disease_cause, Dengue fever, Dengue, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, Aedes, Seroepidemiologic Studies, Epidemiology, 2.2 Factors relating to the physical environment, Aetiology, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, [SDV.MHEP.ME]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Emerging diseases, biology, 3. Good health, Human morbidity, Mosquito control, Infectious Diseases, Research Design, Medical Microbiology, [SDV.MP.VIR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology, Public Health and Health Services, Wolbachia, Infection, medicine.medical_specialty, Clinical Sciences, Computational biology, Microbiology, Virus, Article, Rare Diseases, parasitic diseases, medicine, Animals, Humans, Pest Control, Biological, 3.2 Interventions to alter physical and biological environmental risks, Prevention, Dengue Virus, biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease, Biological, Prevention of disease and conditions, Virology, Insect Vectors, Vector-Borne Diseases, Emerging Infectious Diseases, Good Health and Well Being, Geographical cluster, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, Pest Control, [SDV.EE.IEO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Symbiosis
Abstract: International audience; Dengue viruses cause more human morbidity and mortality than any other arthropod-borne virus. Dengue prevention relies mainly on vector control; however, the failure of traditional methods has promoted the development of novel entomological approaches. Although use of the intracellular bacterium wolbachia to control mosquito populations was proposed 50 years ago, only in the past decade has its use as a potential agent of dengue control gained substantial interest. Here, we review evidence that supports a practical approach for dengue reduction through field release of wolbachia-infected mosquitoes and discuss the additional studies that have to be done before the strategy can be validated and implemented. A crucial next step is to assess the efficacy of wolbachia in reducing dengue virus transmission. We argue that a cluster randomised trial is at this time premature because choice of wolbachia strain for release and deployment strategies are still being optimised. We therefore present a pragmatic approach to acquiring preliminary evidence of efficacy through various complementary methods including a prospective cohort study, a geographical cluster investigation, virus phylogenetic analysis, virus surveillance in mosquitoes, and vector competence assays. This multipronged approach could provide valuable intermediate evidence of efficacy to justify a future cluster randomised trial.
Published: 2015
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6. Updated list of Collembola species currently recorded from South Africa

Author: Charlene Janion-Scheepers, Anne Bedos, Louis Deharveng, Steven L. Chown, School of Biological Sciences [Clayton], Monash University [Clayton], Centre for Invasion Biology, Stellenbosch University, Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB ), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Arthropoda, Soil biodiversity, Fauna, Biodiversity, Nephrozoa, Protostomia, Introduced species, Biology, Carbotriplurida, Circumscriptional names of the taxon under, CollembolaCephalornis, taxonomy, lcsh:Zoology, Animalia, Bilateria, Ecosystem, lcsh:QL1-991, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Convention on Biological Diversity, Ecology, endemicity, Entognatha, 15. Life on land, Checklist, introduced species, Notchia, Ecdysozoa, Collembola, Animal Science and Zoology, Species richness, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, soil fauna, Global biodiversity, Coelenterata
Abstract: International audience; Understanding the abundance and richness of species is one of the most fundamental steps in effecting their conservation. Despite global recognition of the significance of the below-ground component of diversity for ecosystem functioning, the soil remains a poorly studied terrestrial ecosystem. In South Africa, knowledge is increasing for a variety of soil faunal groups, but many still remain poorly understood. We have started to address this gap in the knowledge of South African soil biodiversity by focusing on the Collembola in an integrated project that encompasses systematics, barcoding and ecological assessments. Here we provide an updated list of the Collembola species from South Africa. A total of 124 species from 61 genera and 17 families has been recorded, of which 75 are considered endemic, 24 widespread, and 25 introduced. This total number of species excludes the 36 species we consider to be dubious. From the published data, Collembola species richness is high compared to other African countries, but low compared to European countries. This is largely a consequence of poor sampling in the African region, as our discovery of many new species in South Africa demonstrates. Our analyses also show that much ongoing work will be required before a reasonably comprehensive and spatially explicit picture of South Africa's springtail fauna can be provided, which may well exceed 1000 species. Such work will be necessary to help South Africa meet its commitments to biodiversity conservation, especially in the context of the 2020 Aichi targets of the Convention on Biological Diversity.
Published: 2015

7. Following the Antarctic Circumpolar Current: patterns and processes in the biogeography of the limpet Nacella (Mollusca: Patellogastropoda) across the Southern Ocean

Author: González-Wevar, Claudio A., Hüne, Mathias, Segovia, Nicolas I., Nakano, Tomoyuki, Spencer, Hamish G., Chown, Steven L., Saucède, Thomas, Johnstone, Glenn, Mansilla, Andrés, Poulin, Elie, GAIA-Antártica, Universidad de Magallanes ( UMAG ), Laboratorio de Ecología Molecular ( LEM ), Universidad de Santiago de Chile [Santiago] ( USACH ) -Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad ( IEB ), Seto Marine Biological Laboratory, Kyoto University [Kyoto]-Field Science Education and Research Centre, Allan Wilson Centre, University of Otago [Dunedin], School of Biological Sciences [Clayton], Monash University [Clayton], Biogéosciences [Dijon] ( BGS ), Université de Bourgogne ( UB ) -AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Australian Antarctic Division ( AAD ), Australian Government, Department of the Environment and Energy, Fondecyt Initiation Project 11140087, Projects P05-002 ICM and PFB 023 (Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad IEB, Universidad de Chile), INACH 02-02, INACH 13-05, ECOSC06B02, and Regular Fondecyt Project 1151336, the Allan Wilson Centre, the Australian Antarctic Science Project 4307., Universidad de Magallanes (UMAG), Laboratorio de Ecología Molecular (LEM), Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad (IEB), Allan Wilson Center for Molecular Ecology and Evolution, University of Auckland [Auckland]-Massey University-University of Canterbury [Christchurch]-University of Otago [Dunedin, Nouvelle-Zélande], Biogéosciences [UMR 6282] [Dijon] (BGS), Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Australian Antarctic Division (AAD)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, Nacella, lineage-through-time plots, Pleistocene, Antarctic Circumpolar Current, Fauna, Biogeography, long-distance dispersal, [SDV.BID]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, 03 medical and health sciences, Patellogastropoda, 14. Life underwater, Southern Ocean, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, biogeography, [ SDV.BID ] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity, [ SDE.BE ] Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Ecology, biology, Limpet, Circumpolar star, biology.organism_classification, 030104 developmental biology, Benthic zone, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology
Abstract: 14 pages; International audience; AimWe use an integrative biogeographical approach to further understand the evolution of an important Southern Ocean marine benthic element, the limpet genus Nacella (Mollusca: Patellogastropoda).LocationSouthern Ocean.MethodsWe used multi-locus time-calibrated phylogeny of Nacella at the scale of the whole Southern Ocean to elucidate the underlying processes involved in the origin and diversification of the genus.ResultsDivergence-time estimates suggest that soon after its origin during the mid-Miocene (c. 12.5 Ma), Nacella separated into two main lineages currently distributed in (1) South America and (2) Antarctica and the sub-Antarctic islands. We identified two pulses of diversification, during the late Miocene (8 to 5.5 Ma) and the Pleistocene (< 1 Ma).Main conclusionsMajor periods of climatic and oceanographical change strongly affected the biogeography of Nacella and demonstrate both the long- and short-term influence of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current across the Southern Ocean. Our analyses support the validity of all currently recognized Nacella species and reveal a new South-American lineage. This work constitutes the most detailed molecular-based study of an ecologically important, near-shore invertebrate Southern Ocean group and in so doing contributes to the improved understanding of the underlying patterns and processes in the origin and diversification of marine benthic fauna across this globally important region.
Published: 2017

8. Antarctica and the strategic plan for biodiversity

Author: Steven L. Chown, Peter Stoett, Céline van Klaveren-Impagliazzo, Sam Johnston, Cassandra M. Brooks, Robert Höft, Maria Lourdes D. Palomares, Melodie A. McGeoch, Heather J. Lynch, M. Gill, Roser Puig-Marcó, Kevin J. Gaston, Céline Le Bohec, Jason D. Whittington, Neil Gilbert, Aleks Terauds, Bernard W. T. Coetzee, Ben Collen, Peter Convey, Stuart H. M. Butchart, Hannah Joy Kriesell, Mahlon C. Kennicutt, Yvon Le Maho, School of Biological Sciences [Clayton], Monash University [Clayton], Stanford University, Australian Antarctic Division (AAD), Australian Government, Department of the Environment and Energy, Centre Scientifique de Monaco (CSM), Département Ecologie, Physiologie et Ethologie (DEPE-IPHC), Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Gouvernement Princier Monaco, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity, University College of London [London] (UCL), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), University of Exeter, Antarctica New Zealand, Polar Knowledge Canada, Melbourne Law School [Melbourne], University of Melbourne, Texas A&M University [College Station], Stony Brook University [SUNY] (SBU), State University of New York (SUNY), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), University of British Columbia (UBC), Concordia University [Montreal], and Centre Scientifique de Monaco
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Marine conservation, Conservation of Natural Resources, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, QH301-705.5, Biodiversity, Antarctic Regions, Marine and Aquatic Sciences, Invasive Species, Marine Biology, Biology, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Ecosystems, Geographical Locations, Marine Conservation, Biodiversity conservation, Species Colonization, Bodies of water, Oceans, Marine ecosystem, Ecosystem, 14. Life underwater, Biology (General), Environmental planning, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Conservation Science, Strategic planning, Convention on Biological Diversity, Marine Ecosystems, General Immunology and Microbiology, Scope (project management), Ecology, General Neuroscience, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Marine Ecology, Biology and Life Sciences, 15. Life on land, Antarctic Ocean, 13. Climate action, Perspective, People and Places, Earth Sciences, Antarctica, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, General Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Abstract: International audience; The Strategic Plan for Biodiversity, adopted under the auspices of the Convention on Biological Diversity, provides the basis for taking effective action to curb biodiversity loss across the planet by 2020 an urgent imperative. Yet, Antarctica and the Southern Ocean, which encompass 10% of the planet's surface, are excluded from assessments of progress against the Strategic Plan. The situation is a lost opportunity for biodiversity conservation globally. We provide such an assessment. Our evidence suggests, surprisingly, that for a region so remote and apparently pristine as the Antarctic, the biodiversity outlook is similar to that for the rest of the planet. Promisingly, however, much scope for remedial action exists.
Published: 2017

9. Growth and biomass allocation in seedlings of rain-forest trees in New Caledonia: monodominants vs. subordinates and episodic vs. continuous regenerators

Author: Jennifer Read, Gordon Drummond Sanson, Tanguy Jaffré, Murray Logan, Stéphane McCoy, School of Biological Sciences [Clayton], Monash University [Clayton], Vale New Caledonia - Environmental Conservation Service (Vale New Caledonia), Botanique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations (UMR AMAP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Monash University [Melbourne], Australian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Canopy, Rainforest, [SDV.BID.SPT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Systematics, Phylogenetics and taxonomy, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Forest dynamics, Animal science, [SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, New Caledonia, Biomass allocation, Growth rates, Botany, Tropical rain forest, Dominance (ecology), Regeneration, Shade tolerance, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Nothofagus, biology, Ultramafic soil, 15. Life on land, [SDV.BV.BOT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology/Botanics, biology.organism_classification, Monodominance, Shoot, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: Some species-rich secondary forests in New Caledonia have a monodominant canopy. Here we investigate growth and biomass allocation traits that might explain single-species’ dominance of these post-disturbance stands, and their later decline in the absence of large-scale disturbance. Seedlings of 20 rain-forest trees were grown in two light treatments in a nursery house. In the sun treatment, monodominants grew faster (56.7 ± 1.4 mg g−1 wk−1) than subordinates (40.2 ± 2.6 mg g−1 wk−1). However, some episodically regenerating (ER) subordinates had high growth rates similar to those of monodominants. In the shade treatment, monodominants and subordinates had similar growth rates (33.7 ± 2.6 and 34.0 ± 1.9 mg g−1 wk−1 respectively). Notably, monodominants in both sun and shade treatments had lower root mass fraction (0.29 ± 0.02 and 0.27 ± 0.02 g g−1 respectively) than subordinates (0.39 ± 0.02 and 0.37 ± 0.02 g g−1). Fast growth in sunny conditions is probably imperative for these relatively shade-intolerant ER monodominants. In field conditions, high shoot mass fraction combined with efficient root performance may facilitate faster growth in monodominants competing with other ER species in sunlit sites. Slower growth in shade may contribute to loss of dominance over time in undisturbed forests.
Published: 2017

10. The database of the Predicts (Projecting responses of ecological diversity in changing terrestrial systems) project

Author: Hudson, LN, Newbold, T, Contu, S, Hill, SLL, Lysenko, I, De Palma, A, Phillips, HRP, Alhusseini, TI, Bedford, FE, Bennett, DJ, Booth, H, Burton, VJ, Chng, CWT, Choimes, A, Correia, DLP, Day, J, Echeverría-Londoño, S, Emerson, SR, Gao, D, Garon, M, Harrison, MLK, Ingram, DJ, Jung, M, Kemp, V, Kirkpatrick, L, Martin, CD, Pan, Y, Pask-Hale, GD, Pynegar, EL, Robinson, AN, Sanchez-Ortiz, K, Senior, RA, Simmons, BI, White, HJ, Zhang, H, Aben, J, Abrahamczyk, S, Adum, GB, Aguilar-Barquero, V, Aizen, MA, Albertos, B, Alcala, EL, del Mar Alguacil, M, Alignier, A, Ancrenaz, M, Andersen, AN, Arbeláez-Cortés, E, Armbrecht, I, Arroyo-Rodríguez, V, Aumann, T, Axmacher, JC, Azhar, B, Azpiroz, AB, Baeten, L, Bakayoko, A, Báldi, A, Banks, JE, Baral, SK, Barlow, J, Barratt, BIP, Barrico, L, Bartolommei, P, Barton, DM, Basset, Y, Batáry, P, Bates, AJ, Baur, B, Bayne, EM, Beja, P, Benedick, S, Berg, Å, Bernard, H, Berry, NJ, Bhatt, D, Bicknell, JE, Bihn, JH, Blake, RJ, Bobo, KS, Bóçon, R, Boekhout, T, Böhning-Gaese, K, Bonham, KJ, Borges, PAV, Borges, SH, Boutin, C, Bouyer, J, Bragagnolo, C, Brandt, JS, Brearley, FQ, Brito, I, Bros, V, Brunet, J, Buczkowski, G, Buddle, CM, Bugter, R, Buscardo, E, Buse, J, Cabra-García, J, Cáceres, NC, Cagle, NL, Calviño-Cancela, M, Cameron, SA, Cancello, EM, Caparrós, R, Cardoso, P, Carpenter, D, Carrijo, TF, Carvalho, AL, Cassano, CR, Castro, H, Castro-Luna, AA, Rolando, CB, Cerezo, A, Chapman, KA, Chauvat, M, Christensen, M, Clarke, FM, Cleary, DFR, Colombo, G, Connop, SP, Craig, MD, Cruz-López, L, Cunningham, SA, D'Aniello, B, D'Cruze, N, da Silva, PG, Dallimer, M, Danquah, E, Darvill, B, Dauber, J, Davis, ALV, Dawson, J, de Sassi, C, de Thoisy, B, Deheuvels, O, Dejean, A, Devineau, J-L, Diekötter, T, Dolia, JV, Domínguez, E, Dominguez-Haydar, Y, Dorn, S, Draper, I, Dreber, N, Dumont, B, Dures, SG, Dynesius, M, Edenius, L, Eggleton, P, Eigenbrod, F, Elek, Z, Entling, MH, Esler, KJ, de Lima, RF, Faruk, A, Farwig, N, Fayle, TM, Felicioli, A, Felton, AM, Fensham, RJ, Fernandez, IC, Ferreira, CC, Ficetola, GF, Fiera, C, Filgueiras, BKC, Fırıncıoğlu, HK, Flaspohler, D, Floren, A, Fonte, SJ, Fournier, A, Fowler, RE, Franzén, M, Fraser, LH, Fredriksson, GM, Freire, GB, Frizzo, TLM, Fukuda, D, Furlani, D, Gaigher, R, Ganzhorn, JU, García, KP, Garcia-R, JC, Garden, JG, Garilleti, R, Ge, B-M, Gendreau-Berthiaume, B, Gerard, PJ, Gheler-Costa, C, Gilbert, B, Giordani, P, Giordano, S, Golodets, C, Gomes, LGL, Gould, RK, Goulson, D, Gove, AD, Granjon, L, Grass, I, Gray, CL, Grogan, J, Gu, W, Guardiola, M, Gunawardene, NR, Gutierrez, AG, Gutiérrez-Lamus, DL, Haarmeyer, DH, Hanley, ME, Hanson, T, Hashim, NR, Hassan, SN, Hatfield, RG, Hawes, JE, Hayward, MW, Hébert, C, Helden, AJ, Henden, J-A, Henschel, P, Hernández, L, Herrera, JP, Herrmann, F, Herzog, F, Higuera-Diaz, D, Hilje, B, Höfer, H, Hoffmann, A, Horgan, FG, Hornung, E, Horváth, R, Hylander, K, Isaacs-Cubides, P, Ishida, H, Ishitani, M, Jacobs, CT, Jaramillo, VJ, Jauker, B, Hernández, FJ, Johnson, MF, Jolli, V, Jonsell, M, Juliani, SN, Jung, TS, Kapoor, V, Kappes, H, Kati, V, Katovai, E, Kellner, K, Kessler, M, Kirby, KR, Kittle, AM, Knight, ME, Knop, E, Kohler, F, Koivula, M, Kolb, A, Kone, M, Kőrösi, Á, Krauss, J, Kumar, A, Kumar, R, Kurz, DJ, Kutt, AS, Lachat, T, Lantschner, V, Lara, F, Lasky, JR, Latta, SC, Laurance, WF, Lavelle, P, Le Féon, V, LeBuhn, G, Légaré, J-P, Lehouck, V, Lencinas, MV, Lentini, PE, Letcher, SG, Li, Q, Litchwark, SA, Littlewood, NA, Liu, Y, Lo-Man-Hung, N, López-Quintero, CA, Louhaichi, M, Lövei, GL, Lucas-Borja, ME, Luja, VH, Luskin, MS, MacSwiney G, MC, Maeto, K, Magura, T, Mallari, NA, Malone, LA, Malonza, PK, Malumbres-Olarte, J, Mandujano, S, Måren, IE, Marin-Spiotta, E, Marsh, CJ, Marshall, EJP, Martínez, E, Martínez Pastur, G, Moreno Mateos, D, Mayfield, MM, Mazimpaka, V, McCarthy, JL, McCarthy, KP, McFrederick, QS, McNamara, S, Medina, NG, Medina, R, Mena, JL, Mico, E, Mikusinski, G, Milder, JC, Miller, JR, 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L., Lysenko, Igor, De Palma, Adriana, Phillips, Helen R. P., Alhusseini, Tamera I., Bedford, Felicity E., Bennett, Dominic J., Booth, Hollie, Burton, Victoria J., Chng, Charlotte W. T., Choimes, Argyrio, Correia, David L. P., Day, Julie, Echeverría Londoño, Susy, Emerson, Susan R., Gao, Di, Garon, Morgan, Harrison, Michelle L. K., Ingram, Daniel J., Jung, Martin, Kemp, Victoria, Kirkpatrick, Lucinda, Martin, Callum D., Pan, Yuan, Pask Hale, Gwilym D., Pynegar, Edwin L., Robinson, Alexandra N., Sanchez Ortiz, Katia, Senior, Rebecca A., Simmons, Benno I., White, Hannah J., Zhang, Hanbin, Aben, Job, Abrahamczyk, Stefan, Adum, Gilbert B., Aguilar Barquero, Virginia, Aizen, Marcelo A., Albertos, Belén, Alcala, E. L., del Mar Alguacil, Maria, Alignier, Audrey, Ancrenaz, Marc, Andersen, Alan N., Arbeláez Cortés, Enrique, Armbrecht, Inge, Arroyo Rodríguez, Víctor, Aumann, Tom, Axmacher, Jan C., Azhar, Badrul, Azpiroz, Adrián B., Baeten, Lander, Bakayoko, Adama, Báldi, Andrá, Banks, John E., Baral, Sharad K., Barlow, Jo, Barratt, Barbara I. P., Barrico, Lurde, Bartolommei, Paola, Barton, Diane M., Basset, Yve, Batáry, Péter, Bates, Adam J., Baur, Bruno, Bayne, Erin M., Beja, Pedro, Benedick, Suzan, Berg, Åke, Bernard, Henry, Berry, Nicholas J., Bhatt, Dinesh, Bicknell, Jake E., Bihn, Jochen H., Blake, Robin J., Bobo, Kadiri S., Bóçon, Roberto, Boekhout, Teun, Böhning Gaese, Katrin, Bonham, Kevin J., Borges, Paulo A. V., Borges, Sérgio H., Boutin, Céline, Bouyer, Jérémy, Bragagnolo, Cibele, Brandt, Jodi S., Brearley, Francis Q., Brito, Isabel, Bros, Vicenç, Brunet, Jörg, Buczkowski, Grzegorz, Buddle, Christopher M., Bugter, Rob, Buscardo, Erika, Buse, Jörn, Cabra García, Jimmy, Cáceres, Nilton C., Cagle, Nicolette L., Calviño Cancela, María, Cameron, Sydney A., Cancello, Eliana M., Caparrós, Rut, Cardoso, Pedro, Carpenter, Dan, Carrijo, Tiago F., Carvalho, Anelena L., Cassano, Camila R., Castro, Helena, Castro Luna, Alejandro A., Rolando, Cerda B., Cerezo, Alexi, Chapman, Kim Alan, Chauvat, Matthieu, Christensen, Morten, Clarke, Francis M., Cleary, Daniel F. R., Colombo, Giorgio, Connop, Stuart P., Craig, Michael D., Cruz López, Leopoldo, Cunningham, Saul A., D'Aniello, Biagio, D'Cruze, Neil, da Silva, Pedro Giovâni, Dallimer, Martin, Danquah, Emmanuel, Darvill, Ben, Dauber, Jen, Davis, Adrian L. V., Dawson, Jeff, de Sassi, Claudio, de Thoisy, Benoit, Deheuvels, Olivier, Dejean, Alain, Devineau, Jean Loui, Diekötter, Tim, Dolia, Jignasu V., Domínguez, Erwin, Dominguez Haydar, Yamileth, Dorn, Silvia, Draper, Isabel, Dreber, Niel, Dumont, Bertrand, Dures, Simon G., Dynesius, Mat, Edenius, Lar, Eggleton, Paul, Eigenbrod, Felix, Elek, Zoltán, Entling, Martin H., Esler, Karen J., de Lima, Ricardo F., Faruk, Aisyah, Farwig, Nina, Fayle, Tom M., Felicioli, Antonio, Felton, Annika M., Fensham, Roderick J., Fernandez, Ignacio C., Ferreira, Catarina C., Ficetola, Gentile F., Fiera, Cristina, Filgueiras, Bruno K. C., Fırıncıoğlu, Hüseyin K., Flaspohler, David, Floren, Andrea, Fonte, Steven J., Fournier, Anne, Fowler, Robert E., Franzén, Marku, Fraser, Lauchlan H., Fredriksson, Gabriella M., Freire, Geraldo B., Frizzo, Tiago L. 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Nur, Jung, Thomas S., Kapoor, Vena, Kappes, Heike, Kati, Vassiliki, Katovai, Eric, Kellner, Klau, Kessler, Michael, Kirby, Kathryn R., Kittle, Andrew M., Knight, Mairi E., Knop, Eva, Kohler, Florian, Koivula, Matti, Kolb, Annette, Kone, Mouhamadou, Kőrösi, Ádám, Krauss, Jochen, Kumar, Ajith, Kumar, Raman, Kurz, David J., Kutt, Alex S., Lachat, Thibault, Lantschner, Victoria, Lara, Francisco, Lasky, Jesse R., Latta, Steven C., Laurance, William F., Lavelle, Patrick, Le Féon, Violette, Lebuhn, Gretchen, Légaré, Jean Philippe, Lehouck, Valérie, Lencinas, María V., Lentini, Pia E., Letcher, Susan G., Li, Qi, Litchwark, Simon A., Littlewood, Nick A., Liu, Yunhui, Lo Man Hung, Nancy, López Quintero, Carlos A., Louhaichi, Mounir, Lövei, Gabor L., Lucas Borja, Manuel Esteban, Luja, Victor H., Luskin, Matthew S., MacSwiney G, M. Cristina, Maeto, Kaoru, Magura, Tibor, Mallari, Neil Aldrin, Malone, Louise A., Malonza, Patrick K., Malumbres Olarte, Jagoba, Mandujano, Salvador, Måren, Inger E., Marin Spiotta, Erika, Marsh, Charles J., Marshall, E. J. P., Martínez, Eliana, Martínez Pastur, Guillermo, Moreno Mateos, David, Mayfield, Margaret M., Mazimpaka, Vicente, Mccarthy, Jennifer L., Mccarthy, Kyle P., Mcfrederick, Quinn S., Mcnamara, Sean, Medina, Nagore G., Medina, Rafael, Mena, Jose L., Mico, Estefania, Mikusinski, Grzegorz, Milder, Jeffrey C., Miller, James R., Miranda Esquivel, Daniel R., Moir, Melinda L., Morales, Carolina L., Muchane, Mary N., Muchane, Muchai, Mudri Stojnic, Sonja, Munira, A. Nur, Muoñz Alonso, Antonio, Munyekenye, B. F., Naidoo, Robin, Naithani, A., Nakagawa, Michiko, Nakamura, Akihiro, Nakashima, Yoshihiro, Naoe, Shoji, Nates Parra, Guiomar, Navarrete Gutierrez, Dario A., Navarro Iriarte, Lui, Ndang'Ang'A, Paul K., Neuschulz, Eike L., Ngai, Jacqueline T., Nicolas, Violaine, Nilsson, Sven G., Noreika, Norberta, Norfolk, Olivia, Noriega, Jorge Ari, Norton, David A., Nöske, Nicole M., Nowakowski, A. Justin, Numa, Catherine, O'Dea, Niall, O'Farrell, Patrick J., Oduro, William, Oertli, Sabine, Ofori Boateng, Caleb, Oke, Christopher Omamoke, Oostra, Vicencio, Osgathorpe, Lynne M., Otavo, Samuel Eduardo, Page, Navendu V., Paritsis, Juan, Parra H, Alejandro, Parry, Luke, Pe'Er, Guy, Pearman, Peter B., Pelegrin, Nicolá, Pélissier, Raphaël, Peres, Carlos A., Peri, Pablo L., Persson, Anna S., Petanidou, Theodora, Peters, Marcell K., Pethiyagoda, Rohan S., Phalan, Ben, Philips, T. Keith, Pillsbury, Finn C., Pincheira Ulbrich, Jimmy, Pineda, Eduardo, Pino, Joan, Pizarro Araya, Jaime, Plumptre, A. J., Poggio, Santiago L., Politi, Natalia, Pons, Pere, Poveda, Katja, Power, Eileen F., Presley, Steven J., Proença, Vânia, Quaranta, Marino, Quintero, Carolina, Rader, Romina, Ramesh, B. R., Ramirez Pinilla, Martha P., Ranganathan, Jai, Rasmussen, Clau, Redpath Downing, Nicola A., Reid, J. Leighton, Reis, Yana T., Rey Benayas, José M., Rey Velasco, Juan Carlo, Reynolds, Chevonne, Ribeiro, Danilo Bandini, Richards, Miriam H., Richardson, Barbara A., Richardson, Michael J., Ríos, Rodrigo Macip, Robinson, Richard, Robles, Carolina A., Römbke, Jörg, Romero Duque, Luz Piedad, Rös, Matthia, Rosselli, Loreta, Rossiter, Stephen J., Roth, Dana S., Roulston, T'ai H., Rousseau, Laurent, Rubio, André V., Ruel, Jean Claude, Sadler, Jonathan P., Sáfián, Szabolc, Saldaña Vázquez, Romeo A., Sam, Katerina, Samnegård, Ulrika, Santana, Joana, Santos, Xavier, Savage, Jade, Schellhorn, Nancy A., Schilthuizen, Menno, Schmiedel, Ute, Schmitt, Christine B., Schon, Nicole L., Schüepp, Christof, Schumann, Katharina, Schweiger, Oliver, Scott, Dawn M., Scott, Kenneth A., Sedlock, Jodi L., Seefeldt, Steven S., Shahabuddin, Ghazala, Shannon, Graeme, Sheil, Dougla, Sheldon, Frederick H., Shochat, Eyal, Siebert, Stefan J., Silva, Fernando A. B., Simonetti, Javier A., Slade, Eleanor M., Smith, Jo, Smith Pardo, Allan H., Sodhi, Navjot S., Somarriba, Eduardo J., Sosa, Ramón A., Soto Quiroga, Grimaldo, St Laurent, Martin Hugue, Starzomski, Brian M., Stefanescu, Constanti, Steffan Dewenter, Ingolf, Stouffer, Philip C., Stout, Jane C., Strauch, Ayron M., Struebig, Matthew J., Su, Zhimin, Suarez Rubio, Marcela, Sugiura, Shinji, Summerville, Keith S., Sung, Yik Hei, Sutrisno, Hari, Svenning, Jens Christian, Teder, Tiit, Threlfall, Caragh G., Tiitsaar, Anu, Todd, Jacqui H., Tonietto, Rebecca K., Torre, Ignasi, Tóthmérész, Béla, Tscharntke, Teja, Turner, Edgar C., Tylianakis, Jason M., Uehara Prado, Marcio, Urbina Cardona, Nicola, Vallan, Deni, Vanbergen, Adam J., Vasconcelos, Heraldo L., Vassilev, Kiril, Verboven, Hans A. F., Verdasca, Maria João, Verdú, José R., Vergara, Carlos H., Vergara, Pablo M., Verhulst, Jort, Virgilio, Massimiliano, Vu, Lien Van, Waite, Edward M., Walker, Tony R., Wang, Hua Feng, Wang, Yanping, Watling, James I., Weller, Britta, Wells, Konstan, Westphal, Catrin, Wiafe, Edward D., Williams, Christopher D., Willig, Michael R., Woinarski, John C. Z., Wolf, Jan H. D., Wolters, Volkmar, Woodcock, Ben A., Wu, Jihua, Wunderle, Joseph M., Yamaura, Yuichi, Yoshikura, Satoko, Yu, Douglas W., Zaitsev, Andrey S., Zeidler, Juliane, Zou, Fasheng, Collen, Ben, Ewers, Rob M., Mace, Georgina M., Purves, Drew W., Scharlemann, Jörn P. W., Purvis, Andy, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - CNRS (FRANCE), Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse - INPT (FRANCE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - INRA (FRANCE), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier - UT3 (FRANCE), Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse - Toulouse INP (FRANCE), Natural History Museum, 3Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, Centre for Biodiversity and Environment, Research, University College London ( UCL ), Department of Life Sciences, Universita di Trieste, Auburn University, Queen Mary University of London ( QMUL ), Royal Holloway [University of London] ( RHUL ), ( SFIRC ), University of Antwerp ( UA ), University of Bonn (Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms), Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology ( KNUST ), Universidad de Costa Rica, Laboratorio Ecotono-CRUB, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, SAD Paysage ( SAD Paysage ), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Dynamiques Forestières dans l'Espace Rural ( DYNAFOR ), Institut National Polytechnique [Toulouse] ( INP ) -Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -Ecole Nationale Supérieure Agronomique de Toulouse, Contrôle des maladies animales exotiques et émergentes [Montpellier] ( CMAEE ), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement [CIRAD] : UMR15, Unité Mixte de Recherches sur les Herbivores ( UMR 1213 Herbivores ), VetAgro Sup ( VAS ) -AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ), Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations ( CBGP ), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement ( CIRAD ) -Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques ( Montpellier SupAgro ) -Institut national de la recherche agronomique [Montpellier] ( INRA Montpellier ) -Université de Montpellier ( UM ) -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement ( IRD [France-Sud] ) -Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier ( Montpellier SupAgro ), Abeilles et Environnement ( AE ), and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -Université d'Avignon et des Pays de Vaucluse ( UAPV )
Subjects: VDP::Mathematics and natural science: 400::Zoology and botany: 480::Ecology: 488, Biodiversité et Ecologie, data sharing, habitat, Biológiai tudományok, Q1, BIRD SPECIES RICHNESS, TROPICAL DRY FOREST, VDP::Matematikk og Naturvitenskap: 400::Zoologiske og botaniske fag: 480::Økologi: 488, MEXICAN COFFEE PLANTATIONS, Természettudományok, Data and Information, Milieux et Changements globaux, LOWLAND, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Original Research, Ecology, global biodiversity modeling, global change, habitat destruction, land use, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Nature and Landscape Conservation, LAND-USE CHANGE, [ SDE.MCG ] Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Chemistry, Earth and Related Environmental Sciences, Evolution, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, INTENSIVELY MANAGED FARMLAND, Ingénierie de l'environnement, CARABID BEETLE ASSEMBLAGES, FRUIT-FEEDING BUTTERFLIES, Ecology and Environment, Biodiversity and Ecology, keywords: data sharing, Behavior and Systematics, Biology, Ekologi, [ SDE.BE ] Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, QL, DIPTEROCARP FOREST, QH, PLANT COMMUNITY COMPOSITION, Geovetenskap och miljövetenskap, Biology and Life Sciences, destruction, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematic, URBAN-RURAL GRADIENT, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Environnement et Société, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology
Abstract: Source at https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.2579. The PREDICTS project—Projecting Responses of Ecological Diversity In Changing Terrestrial Systems (www.predicts.org.uk)—has collated from published studies a large, reasonably representative database of comparable samples of biodiversity from multiple sites that differ in the nature or intensity of human impacts relating to land use. We have used this evidence base to develop global and regional statistical models of how local biodiversity responds to these measures. We describe and make freely available this 2016 release of the database, containing more than 3.2 million records sampled at over 26,000 locations and representing over 47,000 species. We outline how the database can help in answering a range of questions in ecology and conservation biology. To our knowledge, this is the largest and most geographically and taxonomically representative database of spatial comparisons of biodiversity that has been collated to date; it will be useful to researchers and international efforts wishing to model and understand the global status of biodiversity.
Published: 2017

11. Finding the essential: Improving conservation monitoring across scales

Author: Guerra C.A.[1, Pendleton L.[3, Drakou E.G.[3, Proença V.[6], Appeltans W.[7], Domingos T.[6], Geller G.[8, Giamberini S.[10], Gill M.[11], Hummel H.[12], Imperio S.[10, 21], McGeoch M.[12], Provenzale A.[10], Serral I.[14], Stritih A.[15], Turak E.[15, 16], Vihervaara P.[18], Ziemba A.[19, 20], Pereira H.M.[1, 2, 22], Department of Geo-information Processing, UT-I-ITC-STAMP, Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Aménagement des Usages des Ressources et des Espaces marins et littoraux - Centre de droit et d'économie de la mer (AMURE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University [Durham], University of Twente [Netherlands], Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa (IST), Group on Earth Observations (GEO), California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), CNR Istituto di Geoscienze e Georisorse [Pisa] (IGG-CNR), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Utrecht University [Utrecht], Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ), School of Biological Sciences [Clayton], Monash University [Clayton], Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), New South Wales Office of Environment and Heritage, Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Stanford University, Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Twente, and National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, systeemikatsaus, Computer science, essential variables, global monitoring, biodiversity, ecosystem services, systems approach, Biodiversity, Climate change, monitorointi, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Ecosystem services, lcsh:QH540-549.5, systemaattinen katsaus, Land use, land-use change and forestry, seuranta, suojelu, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Essential variables, Nature and Landscape Conservation, Ecology, business.industry, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Environmental resource management, 15. Life on land, Global monitoring, biodiversiteetti, Systems approach, Variable (computer science), ekosysteemipalvelut, 13. Climate action, ITC-ISI-JOURNAL-ARTICLE, Transparency (graphic), [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Scalability, lcsh:Ecology, luonnonsuojelu, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, ITC-GOLD, business, Global biodiversity
Abstract: To account for progress towards conservation targets, monitoring systems should capture not only information on biodiversity but also knowledge on the dynamics of ecological processes and the related effects on human well-being. Protected areas represent complex social-ecological systems with strong human-nature interactions. They are able to provide relevant information about how global and local scale drivers (e.g., climate change, land use change) impact biodiversity and ecosystem services. Here we develop a framework that uses an ecosystem-focused approach to support managers in identifying essential variables in an integrated and scalable approach. We advocate that this approach can complement current essential variable developments, by allowing conservation managers to draw on system-level knowledge and theory of biodiversity and ecosystems to identify locally important variables that meet the local or sub-global needs for conservation data. This requires the development of system narratives and causal diagrams that pinpoints the social-ecological variables that represent the state and drivers of the different components, and their relationships. We describe a scalable framework that builds on system based narratives to describe all system components, the models used to represent them and the data needed. Considering the global distribution of protected areas, with an investment in standards, transparency, and on active data mobilisation strategies for essential variables, these have the potential to be the backbone of global biodiversity monitoring, benefiting countries, biodiversity observation networks and the global biodiversity community. Keywords: Essential variables, Global monitoring, Biodiversity, Ecosystem services, Systems approach
Published: 2019

12. Monolignol ferulate conjugates are naturally incorporated into plant lignins

Author: Bronwen G. Smith, John H. Grabber, Troy Runge, Matthew L. Peck, Heather C. A. Free, Laura E. Bartley, Kirankumar S. Mysore, Richard Sibout, John Ralph, Chengcheng Zhang, Steven D. Karlen, Fachuang Lu, Seonghee Lee, Kate E. Helmich, Dharshana Padmakshan, Philip J. Harris, John C. Sedbrook, Rebecca A. Smith, Department of Bio- chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University [East Lansing], Michigan State University System-Michigan State University System, Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma (OU), School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University [Dublin] (DCU), School of Biological Sciences [Auckland], University of Auckland [Auckland], Department of Horticultural Science, IFAS (Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences) Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, University of Florida [Gainesville] (UF), Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroParisTech, Agricultural Research Service , US Department of Agriculture, Dairy Forage Research Center, Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, School of Biological Sciences [Clayton], Monash University [Clayton], University of Wisconsin, University of Florida [Gainesville], Bartley, Laura E., and Ralph, John
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, cell-walls, BAHD transferase, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], lignin, perspective, macromolecular substances, Plant Science, 01 natural sciences, complex mixtures, DFRC, structural-characterization, transferase pmt, dfrc method, rice, lignification, overexpression, identification, biosynthesis, Cell wall, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, Transferase, Lignin, monocot, Grasses, phylogenetic tree, Research Articles, transgenic, Multidisciplinary, Chemistry, fungi, technology, industry, and agriculture, food and beverages, SciAdv r-articles, monolignol, 3. Good health, 030104 developmental biology, Biochemistry, Monolignol, GC-MS, 010606 plant biology & botany, Conjugate, Research Article
Abstract: Plants have convergently evolved to use monolignol ferulate conjugates to produce lignins containing chemically labile backbone esters., Angiosperms represent most of the terrestrial plants and are the primary research focus for the conversion of biomass to liquid fuels and coproducts. Lignin limits our access to fibers and represents a large fraction of the chemical energy stored in plant cell walls. Recently, the incorporation of monolignol ferulates into lignin polymers was accomplished via the engineering of an exotic transferase into commercially relevant poplar. We report that various angiosperm species might have convergently evolved to natively produce lignins that incorporate monolignol ferulate conjugates. We show that this activity may be accomplished by a BAHD feruloyl–coenzyme A monolignol transferase, OsFMT1 (AT5), in rice and its orthologs in other monocots.
Published: 2016

13. Proposals to provide for registration of new names and nomenclatural acts (276-279)

Author: Barkworth, Mary E., Watson, Mark, Barrie, Fred R., Belyaeva, Irina V., Chung, Richard C. K., Daskova, Jirina, Davidse, Gerrit, Donmez, Ali A., Doweld, Alexander B., Dressler, Stefan, Flann, Christina, Gandhi, Kanchi, Geltman, Dmitry, Glen, Hugh F., Greuter, Werner, Head, Martin J., Jahn, Regine, Janarthanam, Malapati K., Katinas, Liliana, Kirk, Paul M., Klazenga, Niels, Kusber, Wolf-Henning, Kvacek, Jiri, Malécot, Valéry, Mann, David G., Marhold, Karol, Nagamasu, Hidetoshi, Nicolson, Nicky, Paton, Alan, Patterson, David J., Price, Michelle J., van Reine, Willem F. Prud'homme, Schneider, Craig W., Sennikov, Alexander, Smith, Gideon F., Stevens, Peter F., Yang, Zhu-Liang, Zhang, Xian-Chun, Zuccarello, Giuseppe C., Intermountain Herbarium, Utah State University (USU), Herbarium, Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Missouri Botanical Garden, Herbarium, Botany Department, Department of Science and Education, Field Museum of Natural History [Chicago, USA], Herbarium, Science Directorate, Royal Botanic Gardens, Forest Biodiversity Division, Herbarium, Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), Department of Palaeontology, National Institutes of Health [Bethesda] (NIH)-The Natural History Museum (NHM), Faculty of Science, Department of Botany, University of South Bohemia, Gaertnerian Institution, National Institute of Carpology, Senckenberg Forschungsinstitut und Naturmuseum, Herbarium Senckenbergianum, Species 2000, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Herbaria, Harvard University [Cambridge], Komarov Botanical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow] (RAS), Box 1781, Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum Berlin, Free University of Berlin (FU), Orto botanico di Palermo, Department of Earth Sciences [St. Catharines], Brock University [Canada], Department of Botany, Goa University, División Plantas Vasculares [La Plata], Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo [La Plata] (FCNyM), Universidad Nacional de la Plata [Argentine] (UNLP)-Universidad Nacional de la Plata [Argentine] (UNLP), Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Garden , Kew, Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria, Aquatic Ecosystems, Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentaries, Institute of Botany, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien [Vienne, Autriche] (BOKU), Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University. Ismailia. Egypt, The Kyoto University Museum, Kyoto University, Biodiversity Informatics, School of Biological Sciences [Sydney], The University of Sydney, Conservatoire et Jardin Botaniques de Genève, Netherland Centre for Biodiversity Naturalis, Department of Biology, Trinity College (TCD), Herbarium, Komarov Botanical Institute, the Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow, Russia] (RAS), Botany Unit, Finnish Museum of Natural History, Finnish Museum of Natural History (LUOMUS), University of Helsinki-University of Helsinki, National University of Ireland [Galway] (NUI Galway), Centre for Functional Ecology, Departamento de Ciências da Vida, University of Coimbra, Northern Arizona University [Flagstaff], Kunming Institute of Botany [CAS] (KIB), Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing] (CAS), The National Herbarium, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences [Changchun Branch] (CAS), School of Biological Sciences [Clayton], Monash University [Clayton], and Naturalis Biodiversity Center [Leiden]
Subjects: [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio]
Abstract: The Melbourne Congress of 2011 authorized a Special Committeeon Registration of Algal and Plant Names (including fossils), whichwas established the following year (Wilson in Taxon 61: 878–879.2012). Its explicit mandate was “to consider what would be involved inregistering algal and plant names (including fossils), using a procedureanalogous to that for fungal names agreed upon in Melbourne andincluded in the Code as Art. 42”, but expectations at the NomenclatureSection in Melbourne went farther than that. There was the hope thatregistration systems for at least some of the main groups would soonbe set up, to be used and tested on a voluntary basis and, if found tobe generally accepted, would persuade the subsequent Congress inShenzhen, in 2017, to declare registration of new names an additionalrequirement for valid publication.
Published: 2016

14. Out of Antarctica: quaternary colonization of sub-Antarctic Marion Island by the limpet genus Nacella (Patellogastropoda: Nacellidae)

Author: Néstor Coria, Steven L. Chown, Elie Poulin, Simon A. Morley, Claudio A. González-Wevar, Thomas Saucède, GAIA-Antártica, Universidad de Magallanes ( UMAG ), Laboratorio de Ecología Molecular ( LEM ), Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad ( IEB ), School of Biological Sciences [Clayton], Monash University [Clayton], British Antarctic Survey ( BAS ), Natural Environment Research Council ( NERC ), Departamento de Aves Marinas, Instituto Antártico Argentino, Biogéosciences [Dijon] ( BGS ), AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Université de Bourgogne ( UB ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), and Work supported by South African National Research Foundation Grant SNA2011110700005.
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, Nacella, Antarctic Polar Front, Biogeography, Population, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, 03 medical and health sciences, Bayesian skyline plot, Patellogastropoda, Marion Island, Glacial period, education, Southern Ocean, Polar front, education.field_of_study, [ SDE.BE ] Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, biology, Ecology, biology.organism_classification, 030104 developmental biology, Oceanography, Arctic, Long-distance dispersal, Biological dispersal, General Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Abstract: 13 pages; International audience; The distribution of the Southern Ocean nearshore marine benthic fauna is the consequence of major geologic, oceanographic, and climatic changes during the last 50 Ma. As a result, a main biogeographic principle in the Southern Ocean is the clear distinction of the Antarctic biota. The Antarctic Polar Front (APF) represents an important barrier between Antarctica and other sub-Antarctic provinces. However, the high degree of genetic affinity between populations of the Antarctic limpet Nacella concinna and its sub-Antarctic relative Nacella delesserti from Marion Island stands against this tenet. Here, we performed new phylogenetic reconstructions in Nacella with special emphasis on the relationship between N. concinna and N. delesserti. Similarly, we performed population-based analyses in N. concinna and N. delesserti to further understand the genetic legacy of the Quaternary glacial cycles. Phylogenetic reconstructions recognized N. concinna and N. delesserti as two closely but distinct monophyletic entities and therefore as valid evolutionary units. The cladogenetic process separating them occurred ~0.35 Ma and is consistent with the origin of Marion Island (~0.45 Ma). Exceptional long-distance dispersal between provinces located inside and outside the APF, rather than revealing the permeability of the Antarctic Polar Front, seems to be related to latitudinal shift in the position of the APF during coldest periods of the Quaternary. Diversity indices, neutrality tests, haplotype networks, and demographic inference analysis showed that the demography of both species exhibits a clear signal of postglacial expansion.
Published: 2016

15. A meta-analysis of the strength and nature of cytoplasmic genetic effects

Author: Damian K. Dowling, Ralph Dobler, Björn Rogell, Françoise Budar, Institute of Evolution and Ecology, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen = Eberhard Karls University of Tuebingen, School of Biological Sciences [Clayton], Monash University [Clayton], Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroParisTech, 'Projektforderung fur Nachwuchswissenschaftler/Innen' (University of Tubingen) [16034501], Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft 'Nachwuchsakademie OFFSPRing' [DO 1776/1-1, ANR-12-ADAP-0004], Australian Research Council [DP1092897], and Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen
Subjects: Male, life history, Cytoplasm, Mitochondrial DNA, Nuclear gene, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Population, Biology, co-evolution, Genome, chloroplast, co-adaptation, Genetic variation, Animals, Genome, Chloroplast, education, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Cell Nucleus, Genetics, education.field_of_study, Natural selection, Models, Genetic, Genetic Variation, Plants, Biological Evolution, Phenotype, mitochondria, Genome, Mitochondrial, Linear Models, Epistasis, mito-nuclear interaction, Female, cytoplasmic-nuclear interaction
Abstract: Genetic variation in cytoplasmic genomes (i.e. the mitochondrial genome in animals, and the combined mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes in plants) was traditionally assumed to accumulate under a neutral equilibrium model. This view has, however, come under increasing challenge from studies that have experimentally linked cytoplasmic genetic effects to the expression of life history phenotypes. Such results suggest that genetic variance located within the cytoplasm might be of evolutionary importance and potentially involved in shaping population evolutionary trajectories. As a step towards assessing this assertion, here we conduct a formal meta-analytic review to quantitatively assess the extent to which cytoplasmic genetic effects contribute to phenotypic expression across animal and plant kingdoms. We report that cytoplasmic effect sizes are generally moderate in size and associated with variation across a range of factors. Specifically, cytoplasmic effects on morphological traits are generally larger than those on life history or metabolic traits. Cytoplasmic effect sizes estimated at the between-species scale (via interspecies mix-and-matching of cytoplasmic and nuclear genomes) are larger than those at the within-species scale. Furthermore, cytoplasmic effects tied to epistatic interactions with the nuclear genome tend to be stronger than additive cytoplasmic effects, at least when restricting the data set to gonochorous animal species. Our results thus confirm that cytoplasmic genetic variation is commonly tied to phenotypic expression across plants and animals, implicate the cytoplasmic-nuclear interaction as a key unit on which natural selection acts and generally suggest that the genetic variation that lies within the cytoplasm is likely to be entwined in adaptive evolutionary processes.
Published: 2014

16. Draft genome sequence of the male-killing Wolbachia strain wBol1 reveals recent horizontal gene transfers from diverse sources

Author: Duplouy, Anne, Iturbe-Ormaetxe, Inaki, Beatson, Scott, Szubert, Jan, Brownlie, Jeremy, Mcmeniman, Conor, Mcgraw, Elizabeth, Hurst, Gregory, Charlat, Sylvain, O'Neill, Scott, Woolfit, Megan, University of Helsinki, University of Queensland [Brisbane], Chemical Sciences Division, The University of Tennessee [Knoxville], Institut Jacques Monod (IJM (UMR_7592)), Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), School of Biological Sciences [Clayton], Monash University [Clayton], and Charlat, Sylvain
Subjects: [SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio], [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], [SDV.BID.EVO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Populations and Evolution [q-bio.PE], [SDV.BID.EVO] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Populations and Evolution [q-bio.PE], [SDV.BID]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity, [SDV.BID] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity
Abstract: International audience; Background : The endosymbiont Wolbachia pipientis causes diverse and sometimes dramatic phenotypes in its invertebrate hosts. Four Wolbachia strains sequenced to date indicate that the constitution of the genome is dynamic, but these strains are quite divergent and do not allow resolution of genome diversification over shorter time periods. We have sequenced the genome of the strain wBol1-b, found in the butterfly Hypolimnas bolina, which kills the male offspring of infected hosts during embyronic development and is closely related to the non-male-killing strain wPip from Culex pipiens. Results : The genomes of wBol1-b and wPip are similar in genomic organisation, sequence and gene content, but show substantial differences at some rapidly evolving regions of the genome, primarily associated with prophage and repetitive elements. We identified 44 genes in wBol1-b that do not have homologs in any previously sequenced strains, indicating that Wolbachia’s non-core genome diversifies rapidly. These wBol1-b specific genes include a number that have been recently horizontally transferred from phylogenetically distant bacterial taxa. We further report a second possible case of horizontal gene transfer from a eukaryote into Wolbachia.Conclusions : Our analyses support the developing view that many endosymbiotic genomes are highly dynamic, and are exposed and receptive to exogenous genetic material from a wide range of sources. These data also suggest either that this bacterial species is particularly permissive for eukaryote-to-prokaryote gene transfers, or that these transfers may be more common than previously believed. The wBol1-b-specific genes we have identified provide candidates for further investigations of the genomic bases of phenotypic differences between closely-related Wolbachia strains.
Published: 2013

17. Wood properties and trunk allometry of co-occurring rainforest canopy trees in a cyclone-prone environment

Author: Tanguy Jaffré, Stuart Kerr, Jennifer Read, Gordon Drummond Sanson, Robert Evans, School of Biological Sciences [Clayton], Monash University [Clayton], School of Social Sciences [Cardiff], Cardiff University, Botanique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations (UMR AMAP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Laboratoire de botanique et d'écologie appliquées, School of Social Sciences, and Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Canopy, Biometry, architecture, Rainforest, Compressive Strength, Niche, Plant Science, Wind, Biology, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, wood stiffness, Trees, wood mechanics, Magnoliopsida, Cyclones, Co occurring, New Caledonia, microfibril angle, Genetics, cyclones, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Tropical Climate, Resistance (ecology), Plant Stems, Ecology, Cyclonic Storms, Wood sittfness, technology, industry, and agriculture, 15. Life on land, wood density, Trunk, Wood, New caledonia, tree, Microfibril angle, Agronomy, Wood mechanics, tree architecture, Cyclone, Allometry, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, rainforest, Wood density, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: ACL-11-64; International audience; * Premise of study: New Caledonia commonly experiences cyclones, so trees there are expected to have enhanced wood traits and trunk allometry that confer resistance to wind damage. We ask whether there is evidence of a trade-off between these traits and growth rate among species. * Methods: Wood traits, including density, microfibril angle (MFA), and modulus of elasticity (MOE), ratio of tree height to stem diameter, and growth rate were investigated in mature trees of 15 co-occurring canopy species in a New Caledonian rainforest. * Key results: In contrast to some studies, wood density did not correlate negatively with growth increment. Among angiosperms, wood density and MOE correlated positively with diameter-adjusted tree height, and MOE correlated positively with stem-diameter growth increment. Tall slender trees achieved high stiffness with high efficiency with respect to wood density, in part by low MFA, and with a higher diameter growth increment but a lower buckling safety factor. However, some tree species of a similar niche differed in whole-tree resistance to wind damage and achieved wood stiffness in different ways. * Conclusions: There was no evidence of a growth-safety trade-off in these trees. In forests that regularly experience cyclones, there may be stronger selection for high wood density and/or stiffness in fast-growing trees of the upper canopy, with the potential growth trade-off amortized by access to the upper canopy and by other plant traits. Furthermore, decreasing wood density does not necessarily decrease resistance to wind damage, resistance being influenced by other characteristics including cell-level traits (e.g., MFA) and whole-plant architecture.
Published: 2011

18. INDEHISCENT and SPATULA interact to specify carpel and valve margin tissue and thus promote seed dispersal in Arabidopsis

Author: Thomas A. Wood, Sara Fuentes, Teodora Paicu, Thomas Girin, Cristina Ferrándiz, Lars Østergaard, David R. Smyth, Pauline Stephenson, Karim Sorefan, Evelyn Körner, Vicente Balanzà, Martin O'Brien, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroParisTech, Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre [Norwich], Reproduction et développement des plantes (RDP), École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), School of Biological Sciences [Clayton], Monash University [Clayton], School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia [Norwich] (UEA), Instituto de Biologia Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universitat Politecnica de Valencia (UPV), Universitat de València (UV), Biotechnological and Biological Science Research Council BB/D018005/1 Australian Research Council A19927094 Spanish Government BIO2009-09920 Marie Curie Fellowship MEST-CT-2005-019727, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Department of Crop Genetics [Norwich], Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC)-Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC), and École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, SPT protein, Arabidopsis, Physiology, Seed dispersal, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Arabidopsis, Plant Science, Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid, 01 natural sciences, Regulatory sequence, Gene Expression Regulation, Plant, Protein Interaction Mapping, Seed Dispersal, Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors, Indoleacetic acid derivative, Protein analysis, gynoecium, Arabidopsis thaliana, Research Articles, Gene expression regulation, Regulation of gene expression, Genetics, chemistry.chemical_classification, 0303 health sciences, crabs-claw, Reproduction, food and beverages, Phenotype, Flower, tract development, Seeds, style development, Gynoecium, Basic helix loop helix transcription factor, Growth, development and aging, Flowers, Biology, Article, INDEHISCENT protein, Arabidopsis, 03 medical and health sciences, Auxin, Plant seed, thaliana, Transcription factor, 030304 developmental biology, factor family, Arabidopsis protein, Indoleacetic Acids, Arabidopsis Proteins, transcription factor spatula, auxin biosynthesis, Cell Biology, biology.organism_classification, Metabolism, chemistry, organ development, Fruit, Mutation, Cytology, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: [EN] Structural organization of organs in multicellular organisms occurs through intricate patterning mechanisms that often involve complex interactions between transcription factors in regulatory networks. For example, INDEHISCENT (IND), a basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor, specifies formation of the narrow stripes of valve margin tissue, where Arabidopsis thaliana fruits open on maturity. Another bHLH transcription factor, SPATULA (SPT), is required for reproductive tissue development from carpel margins in the Arabidopsis gynoecium before fertilization. Previous studies have therefore assigned the function of SPT to early gynoecium stages and IND to later fruit stages of reproductive development. Here we report that these two transcription factors interact genetically and via protein-protein contact to mediate both gynoecium development and fruit opening. We show that IND directly and positively regulates the expression of SPT, and that spt mutants have partial defects in valve margin formation. Careful analysis of ind mutant gynoecia revealed slight defects in apical tissue formation, and combining mutations in IND and SPT dramatically enhanced both single-mutant phenotypes. Our data show that SPT and IND at least partially mediate their joint functions in gynoecium and fruit development by controlling auxin distribution and suggest that this occurs through cooperative binding to regulatory sequences in downstream target genes., We thank Steve Penfield for spt-11 and spt-12 mutant seeds, Michael Groszmann for the IND genomic clone, 35S:SPT plants, and for useful discussions, Charlie Scutt for critical comments on the manuscript, Nicolas Arnaud for useful discussions, and Martin F. Yanofsky and Kristina Gremski for sharing unpublished observations and useful discussions. We are grateful to Andrew Davis, Sue Bunnewell, and Kim Findlay at the John Innes Centre for assistance with photography, transmission electron microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy and to Dian Guan for constructing the double G-box vector for the yeast one-hybrid experiment. This work was funded by grants from the Biotechnological and Biological Science Research Council (BB/D018005/1 to L. O.), from the Australian Research Council (A19927094 to D. R. S.), from the Spanish Government (BIO2009-09920 to C. F.), and by a Marie Curie Fellowship (MEST-CT-2005-019727 to S.F.).
Published: 2011

19. Correlations between leaf toughness and phenolics among species in contrasting environments of Australia and New Caledonia

Author: Paula J. Peeters, Jennifer Read, Elizabeth Caldwell, Byron B. Lamont, Fiona J. Clissold, Tanguy Jaffré, Stuart Kerr, Michel De Garine-Wichatitsky, Alexanda Sarah-Jane Chatain, Gordon Drummond Sanson, School of Biological Sciences [Clayton], Monash University [Clayton], Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, VU University Medical Center [Amsterdam], Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Botanique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations (UMR AMAP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Laboratoire de botanique et d'écologie appliquées, School of Biological Sciences, Monash University [Melbourne], and Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, L51 - Physiologie animale - Nutrition, Trade-offs, chemical, Plant Science, Woodland, forêt tropicale, 01 natural sciences, Trees, mechanical defence, MESH: Phenols, K01 - Foresterie - Considérations générales, Savane, MESH: Biomechanics, geography.geographical_feature_category, leaf toughness, 000 - Autres thèmes, Feuille, Vegetation, Composition chimique, Biomechanical Phenomena, MESH: Plant Leaves, MESH: Tannins, Antiherbivore defence, Répulsif d'origine végétale, Phenolics, Arbuste, Leaf toughness, defence, phenolics, F60 - Physiologie et biochimie végétale, Chemical defence, MESH: Australia, Rainforest, Environment, Biology, 010603 evolutionary biology, Pâturage, Shrubland, Plante d'abroutissement, New Caledonia, Phenols, Species Specificity, Botany, Temperate climate, MESH: Species Specificity, [SDV.BV]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology, MESH: Environment, Propriété physicochimique, geography, Australia, Plant community, Original Articles, 15. Life on land, Evergreen, MESH: New Caledonia, Plant Leaves, MESH: Trees, trade-offs, Composé phénolique, Soil water, Mechanical defence, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Tannins, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: †Background and Aims Plants are likely to invest in multiple defences, given the variety of sources of biotic andabiotic damage to which they are exposed. However, little is known about syndromes of defence across plantspecies and how these differ in contrasting environments. Here an investigation is made into the associationbetween carbon-based chemical and mechanical defences, predicting that species that invest heavily in mechan-ical defence of leaves will invest less in chemical defence.†Methods A combination of published and unpublished data is used to test whether species with tougher leaveshave lower concentrations of phenolics, using 125 species from four regions of Australia and the Paciﬁc island ofNew Caledonia, in evergreen vegetation ranging from temperate shrubland and woodland to tropical shrublandand rainforest. Foliar toughness was measured as work-to-shear and speciﬁc work-to-shear (work-to-shear perunit leaf thickness). Phenolics were measured as ‘total phenolics’ and by protein precipitation (an estimate oftannin activity) per leaf dry mass.†Key Results Contrary to prediction, phenolic concentrations were not negatively correlated with either measureof leaf toughness when examined across all species, within regions or within any plant community. Instead,measures of toughness (particularly work-to-shear) and phenolics were often positively correlated in shrublandand rainforest (but not dry forest) in New Caledonia, with a similar trend suggested for shrubland in south-western Australia. The common feature of these sites was low concentrations of soil nutrients, with evidenceof P limitation.†Conclusions Positive correlations between toughness and phenolics in vegetation on infertile soils suggest thatadditive investment in carbon-based mechanical and chemical defences is advantageous and cost-effective inthese nutrient-deﬁcient environments where carbohydrate may be in surplus.Key words: Antiherbivore defence, leaf toughness, mechanical defence, chemical defence, phenolics, trade-offs.
Published: 2009

20. Does leaf-level nutrient-use efficiency explain Nothofagus-dominance of some tropical rain forests in New Caledonia ?

Author: Alexanda Sarah-Jane Chatain, Jennifer Read, Tanguy Jaffré, School of Biological Sciences [Clayton], Monash University [Clayton], Botanique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations (UMR AMAP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Laboratoire de Botanique et d'Écologie Végétale Appliquée, and Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])
Subjects: Canopy, 0106 biological sciences, Biodiversity, Plant Science, Rainforest, Biology, [SDE.BE.ECO]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology/domain_sde.be.eco, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, New Caledonia, Botany, Litter, Tropical rainforest, Dominance (ecology), Nothofagus, Decomposition, Ecology, Species diversity, food and beverages, Plant litter, 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, [SDE.BE.ECOP]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology/domain_sde.be.ecop, Resorption, 010601 ecology, Monodominance, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: A-09-20; International audience; Tropical rain forests generally have a complex structure and a high diversity of species in their canopy, but in some rain forests the upper canopy is dominated by a single species. The factors controlling this dominance are uncertain. In New Caledonia, Nothofagus species dominate the upper canopy of some rain forests on ultramafic soils. Here we investigate whether leaf-level nutrient-use efficiency (NUE) could explain dominance by Nothofagus. We found no evidence of a competitive advantage in Nothofagus in terms of leaf-level NUE: Nothofagus species did not have lower leaf macronutrient concentrations, nor did they resorb more nutrients than co-occurring species on average. They did, however, have lower foliar Ni concentrations on average. Leaf decay rate across all species in a glasshouse-based trial correlated positively with foliar P and negatively with cell wall content, lignin:P, C:P, lignin:N, leaf toughness and tannin activity. Multivariate analysis suggested that total cell wall concentration exerted the strongest independent effect on variation among species in decomposition rate. Slow decomposition of Nothofagus leaf litter may facilitate continued dominance of the upper canopy by suppressing establishment and growth of co-occurring species or by promoting disturbance through fire, since disturbance has been suggested as necessary for regeneration and maintenance of dominance by Nothofagus species. However, the biological mechanisms allowing Nothofagus to achieve initial dominance of these post-disturbance forests are uncertain, and may still include plant-level NUE.
Published: 2009

21. Influence of the Virus LbFV and of Wolbachia in a Host-Parasitoid Interaction

Author: Julien Martinez, Scott Leslie O'Neill, Anne Duplouy, Fabrice Vavre, Megan Woolfit, Julien Varaldi, An algorithmic view on genomes, cells, and environments (BAMBOO), Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Inria Grenoble - Rhône-Alpes, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria), Génétique et évolution des interactions hôtes-parasites, Département génétique, interactions et évolution des génomes [LBBE] (GINSENG), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Helsinki, School of Biological Sciences [Clayton], Monash University [Clayton], Centre of Excellence in Metapopulation Research, Biosciences, Inria Grenoble - Rhône-Alpes, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Science, Wasps, Parasitism, Pathogenesis, Microbiology, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Virus, Parasitoid, Parasitoid wasp, 03 medical and health sciences, Model Organisms, Botany, Animals, Symbiosis, Biology, Microbial Pathogens, Pathogen, 1183 Plant biology, microbiology, virology, 030304 developmental biology, Genetics, Evolutionary Biology, 0303 health sciences, Multidisciplinary, Ecology, biology, Drosophila Melanogaster, fungi, Animal Models, biology.organism_classification, Immunity, Innate, Bacterial Pathogens, Host-Pathogen Interaction, [SDV.MP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology, Evolutionary Ecology, Host-Pathogen Interactions, Viruses, Linear Models, Medicine, Drosophila, Wolbachia, Drosophila melanogaster, Cytoplasmic incompatibility, Research Article
Abstract: International audience; Symbionts are widespread and might have a substantial effect on the outcome of interactions between species, such as in host-parasitoid systems. Here, we studied the effects of symbionts on the outcome of host-parasitoid interactions in a four-partner system, consisting of the parasitoid wasp Leptopilina boulardi, its two hosts Drosophila melanogaster and D. simulans, the wasp virus LbFV, and the endosymbiotic bacterium Wolbachia. The virus is known to manipulate the superparasitism behavior of the parasitoid whereas some Wolbachia strains can reproductively manipulate and/or confer pathogen protection to Drosophila hosts. We used two nuclear backgrounds for both Drosophila species, infected with or cured of their respective Wolbachia strains, and offered them to L. boulardi of one nuclear background, either infected or uninfected by the virus. The main defence mechanism against parasitoids, i.e. encapsulation, and other important traits of the interaction were measured. The results showed that virus-infected parasitoids are less frequently encapsulated than uninfected ones. Further experiments showed that this viral effect involved both a direct protective effect against encapsulation and an indirect effect of superparasitism. Additionally, the Wolbachia strain wAu affected the encapsulation ability of its Drosophila host but the direction of this effect was strongly dependent on the presence/absence of LbFV. Our results confirmed the importance of heritable symbionts in the outcome of antagonistic interactions.
Published: 2012

22. Very Small Home Ranges of Two Gravid European Brown Bears during Hyperphagia.

Author: Schulte L, De Angelis D, Babic N, and Reljić S
Abstract: In September 2019, two gravid female brown bears ( Ursus arctos ) were captured and equipped with GPS/GSM collars in Paklenica National Park (Croatia). Home ranges during hyperphagia were analyzed to describe the spatiotemporal requirements. Mean seasonal home ranges were very small with 9.2 km 2 and 7.5 km 2 (Brownian Bridge Movement Model 95%). During the tracking period, both bears used different territories and showed little to no use of overlapping area. The bears in our study spent a considerable time in proximity of artificial feeding sites, indicating a probable use of these structures as a food resource (mean 15.7% and 30.7%). Furthermore, the bears approached very close to human structures such as 8.9 m and 4.4 m. As most encounters between humans and bears occur during hyperphagia, it is important to offer refugia from human disturbance, especially as the National Park is not only used by residents, but also by tourists. To adapt management according to the animal's needs, further studies should include more individuals from different age and sex classes. Both females were gravid. It remains unclear whether gravidity has an effect on the home range and should be further investigated.
Published: 2021
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23. Evolutionary history and genetic connectivity across highly fragmented populations of an endangered daisy.

Author: Rodger YS, Pavlova A, Sinclair S, Pickup M, and Sunnucks P
Subjects: Australia, Bayes Theorem, Endangered Species, Population Density, Asteraceae genetics, Ecosystem, Genetic Variation, Genetics, Population
Abstract: Conservation management can be aided by knowledge of genetic diversity and evolutionary history, so that ecological and evolutionary processes can be preserved. The Button Wrinklewort daisy (Rutidosis leptorrhynchoides) was a common component of grassy ecosystems in south-eastern Australia. It is now endangered due to extensive habitat loss and the impacts of livestock grazing, and is currently restricted to a few small populations in two regions >500 km apart, one in Victoria, the other in the Australian Capital Territory and nearby New South Wales (ACT/NSW). Using a genome-wide SNP dataset, we assessed patterns of genetic structure and genetic differentiation of 12 natural diploid populations. We estimated intrapopulation genetic diversity to scope sources for genetic management. Bayesian clustering and principal coordinate analyses showed strong population genetic differentiation between the two regions, and substantial substructure within ACT/NSW. A coalescent tree-building approach implemented in SNAPP indicated evolutionary divergence between the two distant regions. Among the populations screened, the last two known remaining Victorian populations had the highest genetic diversity, despite having among the lowest recent census sizes. A maximum likelihood population tree method implemented in TreeMix suggested little or no recent gene flow except potentially between very close neighbours. Populations that were more genetically distinctive had lower genetic diversity, suggesting that drift in isolation is likely driving population differentiation though loss of diversity, hence re-establishing gene flow among them is desirable. These results provide background knowledge for evidence-based conservation and support genetic rescue within and between regions to elevate genetic diversity and alleviate inbreeding.
Published: 2021
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24. Integrating Mitochondrial Aerobic Metabolism into Ecology and Evolution.

Author: Koch RE, Buchanan KL, Casagrande S, Crino O, Dowling DK, Hill GE, Hood WR, McKenzie M, Mariette MM, Noble DWA, Pavlova A, Seebacher F, Sunnucks P, Udino E, White CR, Salin K, and Stier A
Subjects: Adaptation, Physiological, Adenosine Triphosphate metabolism, Humans, Reactive Oxygen Species metabolism, Energy Metabolism, Mitochondria
Abstract: Biologists have long appreciated the critical role that energy turnover plays in understanding variation in performance and fitness among individuals. Whole-organism metabolic studies have provided key insights into fundamental ecological and evolutionary processes. However, constraints operating at subcellular levels, such as those operating within the mitochondria, can also play important roles in optimizing metabolism over different energetic demands and time scales. Herein, we explore how mitochondrial aerobic metabolism influences different aspects of organismal performance, such as through changing adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. We consider how such insights have advanced our understanding of the mechanisms underpinning key ecological and evolutionary processes, from variation in life-history traits to adaptation to changing thermal conditions, and we highlight key areas for future research., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
Published: 2021
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25. A dietary sterol trade-off determines lifespan responses to dietary restriction in Drosophila melanogaster females.

Author: Zanco B, Mirth CK, Sgrò CM, and Piper MD
Subjects: Animals, Female, Reproduction drug effects, Caloric Restriction, Diet, Drosophila melanogaster physiology, Longevity drug effects, Sterols metabolism
Abstract: Diet plays a significant role in maintaining lifelong health. In particular, lowering the dietary protein: carbohydrate ratio can improve lifespan. This has been interpreted as a direct effect of these macronutrients on physiology. Using Drosophila melanogaster , we show that the role of protein and carbohydrate on lifespan is indirect, acting by altering the partitioning of limiting amounts of dietary sterols between reproduction and lifespan. Shorter lifespans in flies fed on high protein: carbohydrate diets can be rescued by supplementing their food with cholesterol. Not only does this fundamentally alter the way we interpret the mechanisms of lifespan extension by dietary restriction, these data highlight the important principle that life histories can be affected by nutrient-dependent trade-offs that are indirect and independent of the nutrients (often macronutrients) that are the focus of study. This brings us closer to understanding the mechanistic basis of dietary restriction., Competing Interests: BZ, CM, CS, MP No competing interests declared, (© 2021, Zanco et al.)
Published: 2021
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26. Population divergence and gene flow in two East Asian shorebirds on the verge of speciation.

Author: Sadanandan KR, Küpper C, Low GW, Yao CT, Li Y, Xu T, Rheindt FE, and Wu S
Subjects: Animals, Female, Genome-Wide Association Study, Male, Charadriiformes genetics, Gene Flow, Genome, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Sex Characteristics
Abstract: Genetic isolation of populations over evolutionary time leads to the formation of independent species. We examined a pair of shorebirds - the Kentish Plover Charadrius alexandrinus and the enigmatic White-faced Plover C. dealbatus - which display strong plumage differentiation, yet show minimal genetic divergence based on previous mitochondrial and microsatellite work. Two scenarios may lead to this situation: (1) they represent clinal or poorly diverged populations with limited genomic differentiation despite substantial plumage variation, or (2) they are diverging taxa at the cusp of speciation, with ongoing limited gene flow obliterating signals of differentiation in traditional genetic markers. We compared the genotypes of 98 plovers (59 Kentish Plovers, 35 White-faced Plovers and 4 genomic hybrids) sampled in eastern Asia and Europe using ddRADSeq to harvest over 8000 genome-wide SNPs. In contrast to previous studies, our analyses revealed two well defined genomic clusters, with limited hybridization and a narrow contact zone. We also uncovered significant differences in bill length and further sex-specific differences in size, which may signal differences in mate choice between Kentish and White-faced Plovers. Our results support the hypothesis that this shorebird duo is on the verge of speciation.
Published: 2019
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27. Precision Engineers: Bacteriophages Modulate the Gut Microbiome and Metabolome.

Author: Barr JJ
Subjects: Animals, Bacteria, Disease Models, Animal, Metabolome, Mice, Bacteriophages, Gastrointestinal Microbiome
Abstract: The precise and rational manipulation of the gut microbiome may enable new therapies for gut health and disease. In this issue of Cell Host & Microbe, Hsu et al. (2019) reveal that bacteriophage predation reduces target bacteria and results in cascading interactions that alter non-target species and the gut metabolome., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
Published: 2019
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28. The Tomato BLADE ON PETIOLE and TERMINATING FLOWER Regulate Leaf Axil Patterning Along the Proximal-Distal Axes.

Author: Izhaki A, Alvarez JP, Cinnamon Y, Genin O, Liberman-Aloni R, and Eyal Y
Abstract: Leaf axil patterning occurs concomitantly with leaf development and takes place at the boundary zone which demarcates the initiating leaf primordium from the shoot apical meristem. Subsequent growth and differentiation result in establishment of the axillary meristem and abscission zone (AZ) along the proximal-distal axis of the leaf axil, yet the molecular mechanisms that regulate these events are poorly understood. We studied the role of the tomato BLADE ON PETIOLE ( SlBOP ) boundary gene family on the development of the leaf axil using BOP -silenced plants as well as BOP -mutated lines. We show that silencing of the tomato SlBOP gene family affects patterning of the leaf axil along the proximal-distal axis, manifested by dispositioning of the AM and abnormal development of the adjacent tissue resulting in lack of a functional leaf AZ. Dissection of the role of each of the three tomato SlBOPs by analysis of single, double and triple null-mutants demonstrated that SlBOP2 is the dominant gene in leaf axil patterning, but does not rule out involvement of SlBOP1 and SlBOP3 in correct AM positioning. We further studied the potential role of TERMINATING FLOWER (TMF), a transcription factor which was previously shown to interact with SlBOPs, in leaf axil patterning using TMF mutant tomato lines. The results suggest that similar to SlBOP2, TMF is involved in leaf axil proximal-distal patterning and AZ development.
Published: 2018
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29. Fermentative Spirochaetes mediate necromass recycling in anoxic hydrocarbon-contaminated habitats.

Author: Dong X, Greening C, Brüls T, Conrad R, Guo K, Blaskowski S, Kaschani F, Kaiser M, Laban NA, and Meckenstock RU
Subjects: Bacterial Proteins genetics, Bacterial Proteins metabolism, Deltaproteobacteria genetics, Deltaproteobacteria metabolism, Ecosystem, Fermentation, Groundwater analysis, Groundwater microbiology, Oxidation-Reduction, Proteome, Proteomics, Spirochaetales genetics, Spirochaetales isolation & purification, Sulfates metabolism, Hydrocarbons metabolism, Spirochaetales metabolism
Abstract: Spirochaetes are frequently detected in anoxic hydrocarbon- and organohalide-polluted groundwater, but their role in such ecosystems has remained unclear. To address this, we studied a sulfate-reducing, naphthalene-degrading enrichment culture, mainly comprising the sulfate reducer Desulfobacterium N47 and the rod-shaped Spirochete Rectinema cohabitans HM. Genome sequencing and proteome analysis suggested that the Spirochete is an obligate fermenter that catabolizes proteins and carbohydrates, resulting in acetate, ethanol, and molecular hydrogen (H 2 ) production. Physiological experiments inferred that hydrogen is an important link between the two bacteria in the enrichment culture, with H 2 derived from fermentation by R. cohabitans used as reductant for sulfate reduction by Desulfobacterium N47. Differential proteomics and physiological experiments showed that R. cohabitans utilizes biomass (proteins and carbohydrates) released from dead cells of Desulfobacterium N47. Further comparative and community genome analyses indicated that other Rectinema phylotypes are widespread in contaminated environments and may perform a hydrogenogenic fermentative lifestyle similar to R. cohabitans. Together, these findings indicate that environmental Spirochaetes scavenge detrital biomass and in turn drive necromass recycling at anoxic hydrocarbon-contaminated sites and potentially other habitats.
Published: 2018
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30. Introducing the Global Register of Introduced and Invasive Species.

Author: Pagad S, Genovesi P, Carnevali L, Schigel D, and McGeoch MA
Subjects: Animals, Biodiversity, Ecological Parameter Monitoring, Ecosystem, Introduced Species
Abstract: Harmonised, representative data on the state of biological invasions remain inadequate at country and global scales, particularly for taxa that affect biodiversity and ecosystems. Information is not readily available in a form suitable for policy and reporting. The Global Register of Introduced and Invasive Species (GRIIS) provides the first country-wise checklists of introduced (naturalised) and invasive species. GRIIS was conceived to provide a sustainable platform for information delivery to support national governments. We outline the rationale and methods underpinning GRIIS, to facilitate transparent, repeatable analysis and reporting. Twenty country checklists are presented as exemplars; GRIIS Checklists for close to all countries globally will be submitted through the same process shortly. Over 11000 species records are currently in the 20 country exemplars alone, with environmental impact evidence for just over 20% of these. GRIIS provides significant support for countries to identify and prioritise invasive alien species, and establishes national and global baselines. In future this will enable a global system for sustainable monitoring of trends in biological invasions that affect the environment.
Published: 2018
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31. Oxidative Phosphorylation as a Target Space for Tuberculosis: Success, Caution, and Future Directions.

Author: Cook GM, Hards K, Dunn E, Heikal A, Nakatani Y, Greening C, Crick DC, Fontes FL, Pethe K, Hasenoehrl E, and Berney M
Subjects: Antitubercular Agents pharmacology, Drug Discovery, Drug Resistance, Bacterial, Energy Metabolism drug effects, Mycobacterium tuberculosis genetics, Mycobacterium tuberculosis growth & development, Oxidoreductases drug effects, Oxidoreductases metabolism, Tuberculosis drug therapy, Tuberculosis microbiology, Mycobacterium tuberculosis drug effects, Mycobacterium tuberculosis metabolism, Oxidative Phosphorylation drug effects, Tuberculosis metabolism
Abstract: The emergence and spread of drug-resistant pathogens, and our inability to develop new antimicrobials to combat resistance, have inspired scientists to seek out new targets for drug development. The Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex is a group of obligately aerobic bacteria that have specialized for inhabiting a wide range of intracellular and extracellular environments. Two fundamental features in this adaptation are the flexible utilization of energy sources and continued metabolism in the absence of growth. M. tuberculosis is an obligately aerobic heterotroph that depends on oxidative phosphorylation for growth and survival. However, several studies are redefining the metabolic breadth of the genus. Alternative electron donors and acceptors may provide the maintenance energy for the pathogen to maintain viability in hypoxic, nonreplicating states relevant to latent infection. This hidden metabolic flexibility may ultimately decrease the efficacy of drugs targeted against primary dehydrogenases and terminal oxidases. However, it may also open up opportunities to develop novel antimycobacterials targeting persister cells. In this review, we discuss the progress in understanding the role of energetic targets in mycobacterial physiology and pathogenesis and the opportunities for drug discovery.
Published: 2017
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32. Severe consequences of habitat fragmentation on genetic diversity of an endangered Australian freshwater fish: A call for assisted gene flow.

Author: Pavlova A, Beheregaray LB, Coleman R, Gilligan D, Harrisson KA, Ingram BA, Kearns J, Lamb AM, Lintermans M, Lyon J, Nguyen TTT, Sasaki M, Tonkin Z, Yen JDL, and Sunnucks P
Abstract: Genetic diversity underpins the ability of populations to persist and adapt to environmental changes. Substantial empirical data show that genetic diversity rapidly deteriorates in small and isolated populations due to genetic drift, leading to reduction in adaptive potential and fitness and increase in inbreeding. Assisted gene flow (e.g. via translocations) can reverse these trends, but lack of data on fitness loss and fear of impairing population "uniqueness" often prevents managers from acting. Here, we use population genetic and riverscape genetic analyses and simulations to explore the consequences of extensive habitat loss and fragmentation on population genetic diversity and future population trajectories of an endangered Australian freshwater fish, Macquarie perch Macquaria australasica . Using guidelines to assess the risk of outbreeding depression under admixture, we develop recommendations for population management, identify populations requiring genetic rescue and/or genetic restoration and potential donor sources. We found that most remaining populations of Macquarie perch have low genetic diversity, and effective population sizes below the threshold required to retain adaptive potential. Our simulations showed that under management inaction, smaller populations of Macquarie perch will face inbreeding depression within a few decades, but regular small-scale translocations will rapidly rescue populations from inbreeding depression and increase adaptive potential through genetic restoration. Despite the lack of data on fitness loss, based on our genetic data for Macquarie perch populations, simulations and empirical results from other systems, we recommend regular and frequent translocations among remnant populations within catchments. These translocations will emulate the effect of historical gene flow and improve population persistence through decrease in demographic and genetic stochasticity. Increasing population genetic connectivity within each catchment will help to maintain large effective population sizes and maximize species adaptive potential. The approach proposed here could be readily applicable to genetic management of other threatened species to improve their adaptive potential.
Published: 2017
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33. Biodiversity redistribution under climate change: Impacts on ecosystems and human well-being.

Author: Pecl GT, Araújo MB, Bell JD, Blanchard J, Bonebrake TC, Chen IC, Clark TD, Colwell RK, Danielsen F, Evengård B, Falconi L, Ferrier S, Frusher S, Garcia RA, Griffis RB, Hobday AJ, Janion-Scheepers C, Jarzyna MA, Jennings S, Lenoir J, Linnetved HI, Martin VY, McCormack PC, McDonald J, Mitchell NJ, Mustonen T, Pandolfi JM, Pettorelli N, Popova E, Robinson SA, Scheffers BR, Shaw JD, Sorte CJ, Strugnell JM, Sunday JM, Tuanmu MN, Vergés A, Villanueva C, Wernberg T, Wapstra E, and Williams SE
Subjects: Animals, Food Supply, Health, Humans, Biodiversity, Climate Change
Abstract: Distributions of Earth's species are changing at accelerating rates, increasingly driven by human-mediated climate change. Such changes are already altering the composition of ecological communities, but beyond conservation of natural systems, how and why does this matter? We review evidence that climate-driven species redistribution at regional to global scales affects ecosystem functioning, human well-being, and the dynamics of climate change itself. Production of natural resources required for food security, patterns of disease transmission, and processes of carbon sequestration are all altered by changes in species distribution. Consideration of these effects of biodiversity redistribution is critical yet lacking in most mitigation and adaptation strategies, including the United Nation's Sustainable Development Goals., (Copyright © 2017, American Association for the Advancement of Science.)
Published: 2017
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34. HydDB: A web tool for hydrogenase classification and analysis.

Author: Søndergaard D, Pedersen CN, and Greening C
Abstract: H 2 metabolism is proposed to be the most ancient and diverse mechanism of energy-conservation. The metalloenzymes mediating this metabolism, hydrogenases, are encoded by over 60 microbial phyla and are present in all major ecosystems. We developed a classification system and web tool, HydDB, for the structural and functional analysis of these enzymes. We show that hydrogenase function can be predicted by primary sequence alone using an expanded classification scheme (comprising 29 [NiFe], 8 [FeFe], and 1 [Fe] hydrogenase classes) that defines 11 new classes with distinct biological functions. Using this scheme, we built a web tool that rapidly and reliably classifies hydrogenase primary sequences using a combination of k-nearest neighbors' algorithms and CDD referencing. Demonstrating its capacity, the tool reliably predicted hydrogenase content and function in 12 newly-sequenced bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes. HydDB provides the capacity to browse the amino acid sequences of 3248 annotated hydrogenase catalytic subunits and also contains a detailed repository of physiological, biochemical, and structural information about the 38 hydrogenase classes defined here. The database and classifier are freely and publicly available at http://services.birc.au.dk/hyddb/.
Published: 2016
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35. A Population Biology Perspective on the Stepwise Infection Process of the Bacterial Pathogen Pasteuria ramosa in Daphnia.

Author: Ebert D, Duneau D, Hall MD, Luijckx P, Andras JP, Du Pasquier L, and Ben-Ami F
Subjects: Animals, Biological Evolution, Daphnia genetics, Environment, Host Specificity, Host-Pathogen Interactions, Pasteuria genetics, Pasteuria pathogenicity, Phylogeny, Virulence, Daphnia microbiology, Pasteuria physiology
Abstract: The infection process of many diseases can be divided into series of steps, each one required to successfully complete the parasite's life and transmission cycle. This approach often reveals that the complex phenomenon of infection is composed of a series of more simple mechanisms. Here we demonstrate that a population biology approach, which takes into consideration the natural genetic and environmental variation at each step, can greatly aid our understanding of the evolutionary processes shaping disease traits. We focus in this review on the biology of the bacterial parasite Pasteuria ramosa and its aquatic crustacean host Daphnia, a model system for the evolutionary ecology of infectious disease. Our analysis reveals tremendous differences in the degree to which the environment, host genetics, parasite genetics and their interactions contribute to the expression of disease traits at each of seven different steps. This allows us to predict which steps may respond most readily to selection and which steps are evolutionarily constrained by an absence of variation. We show that the ability of Pasteuria to attach to the host's cuticle (attachment step) stands out as being strongly influenced by the interaction of host and parasite genotypes, but not by environmental factors, making it the prime candidate for coevolutionary interactions. Furthermore, the stepwise approach helps us understanding the evolution of resistance, virulence and host ranges. The population biological approach introduced here is a versatile tool that can be easily transferred to other systems of infectious disease., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
Published: 2016
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36. Tomato yield heterosis is triggered by a dosage sensitivity of the florigen pathway that fine-tunes shoot architecture.

Author: Jiang K, Liberatore KL, Park SJ, Alvarez JP, and Lippman ZB
Subjects: Arabidopsis genetics, Flowers genetics, Flowers growth & development, Heterozygote, Solanum lycopersicum genetics, Solanum lycopersicum growth & development, Mutation, Plant Shoots growth & development, Species Specificity, Florigen metabolism, Hybrid Vigor genetics, Metabolic Networks and Pathways genetics, Plant Shoots genetics
Abstract: The superiority of hybrids has long been exploited in agriculture, and although many models explaining "heterosis" have been put forth, direct empirical support is limited. Particularly elusive have been cases of heterozygosity for single gene mutations causing heterosis under a genetic model known as overdominance. In tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), plants carrying mutations in SINGLE FLOWER TRUSS (SFT) encoding the flowering hormone florigen are severely delayed in flowering, become extremely large, and produce few flowers and fruits, but when heterozygous, yields are dramatically increased. Curiously, this overdominance is evident only in the background of "determinate" plants, in which the continuous production of side shoots and inflorescences gradually halts due to a defect in the flowering repressor SELF PRUNING (SP). How sp facilitates sft overdominance is unclear, but is thought to relate to the opposing functions these genes have on flowering time and shoot architecture. We show that sft mutant heterozygosity (sft/+) causes weak semi-dominant delays in flowering of both primary and side shoots. Using transcriptome sequencing of shoot meristems, we demonstrate that this delay begins before seedling meristems become reproductive, followed by delays in subsequent side shoot meristems that, in turn, postpone the arrest of shoot and inflorescence production. Reducing SFT levels in sp plants by artificial microRNAs recapitulates the dose-dependent modification of shoot and inflorescence production of sft/+ heterozygotes, confirming that fine-tuning levels of functional SFT transcripts provides a foundation for higher yields. Finally, we show that although flowering delays by florigen mutant heterozygosity are conserved in Arabidopsis, increased yield is not, likely because cyclical flowering is absent. We suggest sft heterozygosity triggers a yield improvement by optimizing plant architecture via its dosage response in the florigen pathway. Exploiting dosage sensitivity of florigen and its family members therefore provides a path to enhance productivity in other crops, but species-specific tuning will be required., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Published: 2013
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37. Using bacteria to treat diseases.

Author: Caragata EP and Walker T
Subjects: Animals, Culicidae growth & development, Dengue epidemiology, Dengue parasitology, Dengue transmission, Humans, Larva microbiology, Larva parasitology, Malaria epidemiology, Malaria parasitology, Malaria transmission, Symbiosis, Culicidae microbiology, Culicidae parasitology, Dengue prevention & control, Insect Vectors, Malaria prevention & control, Mosquito Control methods, Wolbachia pathogenicity
Abstract: Introduction: Mosquito-borne diseases such as malaria and dengue fever result in significant morbidity and mortality in developing countries. Vector control is often the most effective strategy to prevent disease transmission and novel methods are required to complement existing insecticide-based strategies. Biological control uses natural predators or pathogens to kill mosquitoes or reduce their capacity to transmit disease. Bacteria such as Wolbachia have been proposed to have the potential to provide effective biological control of mosquitoes., Areas Covered: A review of the potential role of bacteria in the control of mosquito-borne diseases highlighting the advantages and disadvantages of each strategy. In particular, a comprehensive summary of the progress made using the bacterial endosymbiont Wolbachia for dengue control., Expert Opinion: Pathogenic bacteria such as Bti can be used to kill mosquito larvae and several endosymbiotic bacteria such as Asaia could be genetically transformed to alter the mosquito's ability to transmit pathogens. The endosymbiotic bacterium Wolbachia has been successfully introduced into the principal vector of dengue, Aedes aegypti, and induces a variety of phenotypic effects that are predicted to reduce dengue transmission. The release of Wolbachia-infected mosquitoes has been undertaken as part of preliminary trials to determine the applied use of this bacterium for mosquito-borne disease control.
Published: 2012
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38. The impacts of a high CO₂ environment on a bicarbonate user: the cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii.

Author: Holland DP, Pantorno A, Orr PT, Stojkovic S, and Beardall J
Subjects: Batch Cell Culture Techniques, Bicarbonates pharmacology, Carbon metabolism, Climate Change, Cylindrospermopsis drug effects, Cylindrospermopsis metabolism, Cylindrospermopsis radiation effects, Electron Transport, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Light, Photosynthesis drug effects, Bicarbonates metabolism, Carbon Dioxide pharmacology, Cylindrospermopsis growth & development
Abstract: The potentially toxic cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (Wołoszyńska) Seenya et Subba Raju, originally described as a tropical-subtropical species, is increasingly found in temperate regions and its range is expanding. Climate change is hypothesised to be a factor in this expansion. We studied the effects of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and pH on growth and photosynthesis of this species. We prepared six treatments in a continuous culture (turbidostat) grown at high light, two at low light, and eight in batch cultures grown under low light, by manipulating pH, HCO(3)(-) and CO(2) to assess the effect, if any, of these parameters on the growth rate, inorganic carbon acquisition and photosynthetic parameters of C. raciborskii. When the turbidostats were grown at 100 μmol photons (PAR) m(-2) s(-1), HCO(3)(-) concentration and pH had a positive effect on growth rate; the specific growth rate in 6 mM HCO(3)(-), for example, was twice what it was in 0.6 mM HCO(3)(-) (0.84 ± 0.10 and 0.44 ± 0.04 d(-1) respectively). Growth was lower in turbidostats grown at 20 μmol photons (PAR) m(-2) s(-1). Isotope disequilibrium experiments showed that the contribution of HCO(3)(-) to DIC acquisition is proportionately greater at the higher light. The maximum relative electron transport rate (rETR(max)) was significantly higher at the higher light, while the slope of the linear portion of the rETR(max) versus irradiance curve (α) was unchanged. In low light batch cultures, increasing HCO(3)(-) concentration and pH had a negative effect on growth, while CO(2) concentration had a small, positive effect. This species of cyanobacterium has an efficient CCM and under ideal growing conditions gets most of its carbon from HCO(3)(-). It may, therefore, be at a competitive disadvantage in a high CO(2) world., (Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
Published: 2012
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39. Response of the agile antechinus to habitat edge, configuration and condition in fragmented forest.

Author: Johnstone CP, Lill A, and Reina RD
Subjects: Animals, Conservation of Natural Resources, Female, Hematocrit, Hematologic Tests, Hemoglobins, Lipids analysis, Male, Population Dynamics, South Australia, Ecosystem, Environment, Marsupialia physiology, Trees
Abstract: Habitat fragmentation and degradation seriously threaten native animal communities. We studied the response of a small marsupial, the agile antechinus Antechinus agilis, to several environmental variables in anthropogenically fragmented Eucalyptus forest in south-east Australia. Agile antechinus were captured more in microhabitats dominated by woody debris than in other microhabitats. Relative abundances of both sexes were positively correlated with fragment core area. Male and female mass-size residuals were smaller in larger fragments. A health status indicator, haemoglobin-haematocrit residuals (HHR), did not vary as a function of any environmental variable in females, but male HHR indicated better health where sites' microhabitats were dominated by shrubs, woody debris and trees other than Eucalyptus. Females were trapped less often in edge than interior fragment habitat and their physiological stress level, indicated by the neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio in peripheral blood, was higher where fragments had a greater proportion of edge habitat. The latter trend was potentially due to lymphopoenia resulting from stress hormone-mediated leukocyte trafficking. Using multiple indicators of population condition and health status facilitates a comprehensive examination of the effects of anthropogenic disturbances, such as habitat fragmentation and degradation, on native vertebrates. Male agile antechinus' health responded negatively to habitat degradation, whilst females responded negatively to the proportion of edge habitat. The health and condition indicators used could be employed to identify conservation strategies that would make habitat fragments less stressful for this or similar native, small mammals.
Published: 2011
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