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This paper reviews the potential of whey protein to promote gut health. The high digestibility and specific amino acid composition of whey protei, as present in whey powder, whey protein concentrate and whey protein isolate, explain why ingestion of whey protein will exert this beneficial effect. The high true digestibility will reduce the flow of nitrogen from the ileum into the colon and limit the formation by the intestinal flora of nitrogenous compounds that are toxic to the colonic epithelial cells. Whey protein is an excellent source of threonine, S-containing- and branched-chain- essential amino acids (BCAA). Threonine is largely and directly incorporated into intestinal mucins, which protect the intestinal cells and strengthen the barrier junction of the gut. Sulfur-containing amino acids serve as precursors of the anti-oxidant compounds glutathione and taurine, which display anti-inflammatory properties. This is important in the prevention and/or reduction of inflammatory bowel disease. Glutamine in whey and glutamine derived from the precursor BCAA serve as substrate for immune competent cells, which are largely present in the gut-associated lymphoid tissue. Other issues relating whey protein to gut health are antimicrobial and anti-viral proteins in whey and piptides with anti-microbial activity that are formed during whey protein digestion.

Since the food matrix determines β-carotene availability for intestinal absorption, food matrix effects on the bioaccessibility of β-carotene from two diets were investigated in vitro and compared with in vivo data. The "mixed diet" consisted of β-carotene-rich vegetables, and the "oil diet" contained β-carotene-low vegetables with supplemental β-carotene. The application of extrinsically labeled β-carotene was also investigated. The bioaccessibility of β-carotene was 28 μg/100 μg β-carotene from the mixed diet and 53 μg/100 μg β-carotene from the oil diet. This ratio of 1.9:1 was consistent with in vivo data, where the apparent absorption was 1.9-fold higher in the oil diet than in the mixed diet. The labeled β-carotene was not equally distributed over time. In conclusion, the food matrix effects on bioaccessibility of β-carotene could be measured using an in vitro model and were consistent with in vivo data. The application of extrinsically labeled β-carotene was not confirmed. © 2014 American Chemical Society.

Quantification of skin absorption is an essential step in reducing the uncertainty of dermal risk assessment. Data from literature indicate that the relative dermal absorption of substances is dependent on dermal loading. Therefore, an internal exposure calculated with absorption data determined at a dermal loading not comparable to the actual loading may lead to a wrong assessment of the actual health risk. To investigate the relationship between dermal loading and relative absorption in a quantitative manner, 138 dermal publicly available absorption experiments with 98 substances were evaluated (87 in vitro, 51 in vivo; molecular weight between 40 and 950, log P between -5 and 13), with dermal loading ranging mostly between 0.001 and 10 mg/cm2. In 87 experiments (63%) an inverse relationship was observed between relative dermal absorption and dermal loading, with an average decrease of factor 33 ± 69. Known skin irritating and volatile substances less frequently showed an inverse relationship between dermal loading and relative absorption. © 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

De Gezondheidsraad adviseert de minister van VWS om de voorlichting over het belang van extra vitamine D eenduidig te maken teneinde de inname ervan te stimuleren. Vitamine-D-tekort komt voor bij mensen met een donkere huidskleur, bij mensen die onvoldoende buiten komen, bij vrouwen die een sluier dragen, zwanger zijn of borstvoeding geven, en bij ouderen. Het hoogste risico hebben bewoners van verpleeg- en verzorgingshuizen, alsook jonge kinderen die geen vitamine-D-supplement of flesvoeding krijgen. Deze risicogroepen hebben dagelijks 10 of 20 microgram extra vitamine D nodig. Daarbij moet ook de calciuminname voldoende zijn

The increasing prevalence in many countries of people with overweight and obesity is undoubtedly one of the biggest threats to public health. Dietary proteins, because of their positive effects on satiation/satiety, may help to reduce energy intake and promote a healthy body composition with Less body fat. Several mechanisms have been put forward to explain why proteins, as compared to fats and carbohydrates, enhance satiation. These are diet-induced thermogenesis, increased post-prandial concentration of plasma amino acids and effects on gut hormones, playing a role in the brain-gut axis. In this paper these mechanisms are discussed and the significance of whey proteins for weight management is evaluated. It is concluded that replacement of either fat or carbohydrates by whey proteins can be helpful in reduction of energy intake. To what extent whey proteins offer a specific advantage in this regard as compared to other dietary proteins, should be investigated in more detail.

Loss of muscle mass as a consequence of changes in protein metabolism during periods of catabolic stress is a serious complication in a variety of conditions. These conditions are weight loss programs, sarcopenia in the elderly and several clinical states. It appears from many studies that improved protein nutrition by ingestion of high-quality proteins can help to decrease loss of lean body mass. Essential amino acids, especially branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) and cysteine are implicated as key factors in this regard. Since whey protein is one of the best naturally occurring proteins in terms of digestibility and concentration of BCAA and cysteine, this paper reviews the significance of whey protein for protection of lean body mass. It is concluded that whey proteins will help to reduce unwanted loss of muscle mass during weight loss regimens. Ingestion of whey will contribute to an increase of muscle mass during exercise programs, designed to prevent or reduce sarcopenia in the very old. Moreover, ingestion of whey protein is useful in the prevention of muscle mass loss in (clinical) catabolic conditions. The extent to which whey protein offers a specific nutritional advantage in humans over other high-quality proteins needs to be assessed. Copyright © 2006 by New Century Health Publishers, LLC.

The increasing prevalence in many countries of people with overweight and obesity is undoubtedly one of the biggest threats to public health. Dietary proteins, because of their positive effects on satiation/ satiety, may help to reduce energy intake and promote a healthy body composition with less body fat. Several mechanisms have been put forward to explain why proteins, as compared to fats and carbohydrates, enhance satiation. These are diet-induced thermogenesis, increased post-prandial concentration of plasma amino acids and effects on gut hormones, playing a role in the brain gut axis. In this paper these mechanisms are discussed and the significance of whey proteins for weight management is evaluated. It is concluded that replacement of either fat or carbohydrates by whey proteins can be helpful in reduction of energy intake. To what extent whey proteins offer a specific advantage in this regard as compared to other dietary proteins, should be investigated in more detail. Copyright © 2006 by New Century Health Publishers, LLC.