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1. Wildfire management in Mediterranean-type regions: paradigm change needed

Author

Filipe X. Catry, Scott L. Stephens, Gavriil Xanthopoulos, José M. Moreno, Hugh D. Safford, Owen Price, Lachlan McCaw, Juli G. Pausas, V. Ramón Vallejo, Mauro E. González, Mark A. Adams, William J. Bond, Çağatay Tavşanoğlu, Francisco Moreira, Juan J. Armesto, Paulo Fernandes, Brian W. van Wilgen, José M. C. Pereira, Nikos Koutsias, Davide Ascoli, Thomas Curt, Eric Rigolot, Sch Agron, CIBIO InBIO, University of Lisbon, Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra [Torino], Università degli studi di Torino (UNITO), USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Swinburne University of Technology [Melbourne], University of Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM), Forest Research Centre, School of Agriculture, Technical University of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017, Lisboa, Portugal, Centre for Applied Ecology 'Prof. Baeta Neves' (CEABN – InBIO), School of Agriculture, Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, Center for Climate Change and Resilience Research (CR2), Universidad Austral de Chile, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales [La Plata] (FCAyF), Universidad Nacional de la Plata [Argentine] (UNLP), Centro de Estudios Científicos, Valdivia, Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Risques, Ecosystèmes, Vulnérabilité, Environnement, Résilience (RECOVER), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), University of Patras [Patras], Centre for Sustainable Ecosystem Solutions, University of Wollongong, Centro de Investigaciones sobre Desertificacion (CIDE), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Ecologie des Forêts Méditerranéennes (URFM), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE POLICY AND MANAGEMENT UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA BERKELEY USA, Partenaires IRSTEA, Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), University of California [Berkeley], University of California, Hacettepe University = Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Stellenbosch University, Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Hellenic Agricultural Organization Demeter (HAO Demeter), Centro de Investigação e de Tecnologias Agro-Ambientais e Biológicas (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro [Portugal] (UTAD), Foundation for Science and Technology, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), Moreira, Francisco, Pausas, J. G., Moreno, José M. 0000-0002-3729-9523], Wilgen, Brian W. van, Fernandes, Paulo M., Universidade de Lisboa = University of Lisbon (ULISBOA), Università degli studi di Torino = University of Turin (UNITO), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha = University of Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (UC), University of Patras, University of California [Berkeley] (UC Berkeley), University of California (UC), Moreira, Francisco [0000-0003-4393-8018], Pausas, J. G. [0000-0003-3533-5786], Wilgen, Brian W. van[0000-0002-1536-7521], and Fernandes, Paulo M. [0000-0003-0336-439]

Subjects
Mediterranean climate, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Natural resource economics, Incendis forestals, Forest fires, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Firefighting, 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, Business as usual, California, Mediterrània (Regió), Fire weather, South Africa, Fire protection, Chile, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, General Environmental Science, [SDV.EE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment, Land use, management policy, Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment, Mediterranean Region, Global warming, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Australia, 15. Life on land, Mediterranean-type regions, 13. Climate action, Paradigm shift, Environmental science, wildfires, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology
Abstract

During the last decades, climate and land use changes led to an increased prevalence of megafires in Mediterranean-type climate regions (MCRs). Here, we argue that current wildfire management policies in MCRs are destined to fail. Focused on fire suppression, these policies largely ignore ongoing climate warming and landscape-scale buildup of fuels. The result is a 'firefighting trap' that contributes to ongoing fuel accumulation precluding suppression under extreme fire weather, and resulting in more severe and larger fires. We believe that a 'business as usual' approach to wildfire in MCRs will not solve the fire problem, and recommend that policy and expenditures be rebalanced between suppression and mitigation of the negative impacts of fire. This requires a paradigm shift: policy effectiveness should not be primarily measured as a function of area burned (as it usually is), but rather as a function of avoided socio-ecological damage and loss., This work was financed by national funds through FCT—Foundation for Science and Technology, within the scope of project PCIF/AGT/0136/2017 (People&Fire: reducing risk, living with risk) and PTDC/AGR-FOR/2586/2014 (RurIntFIre: Fire in the Rural-Urban Interface: characterisation, risk mapping, and fuel break design). FM was funded through contract IF/01053/2015 (FCT). JMCP was supported by the Forest Research Centre, a research unit funded by Foundation for Science and Technology I.P. (FCT), Portugal (UID/AGR/00239/2019). PF work was carried under project UID/AGR/04033/2019 supported by FCT. JMM acknowledges funding from Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (project CGL2016-78357-R)

Published
2020
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2. Priority questions for biodiversity conservation in the Mediterranean biome: Heterogeneous perspectives across continents and stakeholders

Author

Maria Jose Martinez-Harms, Eliezer Frankenberg, Pablo A. Marquet, Linda Olsvig-Whittaker, Phil Rundel, Miguel Clavero, Ana Filipa Filipe, Grant Wardell-Johnson, Patricio Pliscoff, Danilo Russo, Jeffrey Clary, Adriano Martinoli, Leonardo Ancillotto, Karen J. Esler, Jasper A. Slingsby, Milena Holmgren, Ben P. Miller, Lluís Brotons, John Thompson, Nicky Allsopp, Raquel Fagoaga, Panayiotis G. Dimitrakopoulos, Peggy L. Fiedler, Angela Wardell-Johnson, Francisco Moreira, Margarita Arianoutsou, Pedro Beja, Sch Agron, CIBIO InBIO, University of Lisbon, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Laboratory of Molecular Microbial Ecology and Ecogenomics, Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University [Shanghai], Università degli studi di Napoli Federico II, Department of Ecology and Systematics, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUA), Estación Biológica de Doñana, EBD (CSIC), Department of the Built Environment [Eindhoven], Eindhoven University of Technology [Eindhoven] (TU/e), Resource Ecology Group, Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), CIBIO/UP, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem (HUJ), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (UC), Center of applied ecology & sustainability (CAPES), Facultad de ciencias biologicas [Santiago], Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (UC)-Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (UC), Dipartimento di scienze teoriche e applicate [Università degli Studi dell'Insubria] (DiSTA), Universitá degli Studi dell’Insubria, Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Université de Vienne, Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM), Centro de Investigacão em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos (CIBIO), Universidade do Porto = University of Porto, Curtin University [Perth], Planning and Transport Research Centre (PATREC), University of Naples Federico II = Università degli studi di Napoli Federico II, University of the Aegean, Universitá degli Studi dell’Insubria = University of Insubria [Varese] (Uninsubria), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Moreira, Francisco, Allsopp, Nicky, Esler, Karen J., Wardell‐johnson, Grant, Ancillotto, Leonardo, Arianoutsou, Margarita, Clary, Jeffrey, Brotons, Llui, Clavero, Miguel, Dimitrakopoulos, Panayiotis G., Fagoaga, Raquel, Fiedler, Peggy, Filipe, Ana F., Frankenberg, Eliezer, Holmgren, Milena, Marquet, Pablo A., Martinez‐harms, Maria J., Martinoli, Adriano, Miller, Ben P., Olsvig‐whittaker, Linda, Pliscoff, Patricio, Rundel, Phil, Russo, Danilo, Slingsby, Jasper A., Thompson, John, Wardell‐johnson, Angela, and Beja, Pedro

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, lcsh:QH1-199.5, Biome, Biodiversity, Climate change, Recommendations, lcsh:General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, stakeholder differences, lcsh:QH540-549.5, Life Science, Threats, Environmental planning, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, General Environmental Science, Governance, threats, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Corporate governance, Stakeholder, 15. Life on land, PE&RC, [SDE.ES]Environmental Sciences/Environmental and Society, Biodiversity hotspot, research questions, Policy, Geography, climate change, Research questions, governance, 13. Climate action, Public participation, Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, recommendations, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Identification (biology), lcsh:Ecology, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Stakeholder differences, policy
Abstract

The identification of research questions with high relevance for biodiversity conservation is an important step towards designing more effective policies and management actions, and to better allocate funding among alternative conservation options. However, the identification of priority questions may be influenced by regional differences in biodiversity threats and social contexts, and to variations in the perceptions and interests of different stakeholders. Here we describe the results of a prioritization exercise involving six types of stakeholders from the Mediterranean biome, which includes several biodiversity hotspots spread across five regions of the planet (Europe, Africa, North and South America, and Australia). We found great heterogeneity across regions and stakeholder types in the priority topics identified and disagreement among the priorities of research scientists and other stakeholders. However, governance, climate change, and public participation issues were key topics in most regions. We conclude that the identification of research priorities should be targeted in a way that integrates the spectrum of stakeholder interests, potential funding sources and regional needs, and that further development of interdisciplinary studies is required. The key questions identified here provide a basis to identify priorities for research funding aligned with biodiversity conservation needs in this biome. AFB, Grant/Award Number: 17008; Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, Grant/Award Number: IF/01053/2015; National Research Foundation Incentive Funding, Grant/Award Number: 103841; REN Biodiversity Chair; EDP Biodiversity Chair; COMPETE, Grant/Award Number: PTDC/AAG‐MAA/2261/2014 POCI‐01‐0145‐FEDER‐356 016824; The Society for Conservation Biology

Published
2019
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3. A greener path for the EU common agricultural policy

Author

Stefan Schindler, Aletta Bonn, Jenny Schmidt, Sebastian Lakner, Robert Müller, Vasileios Bontzorlos, Dagmar Clough, Guy Pe'er, Gioele Passoni, Christian Schleyer, Yves Zinngrebe, Stefan Möckel, Bernd Hansjürgens, Peter Bezák, Francisco Moreira, Clélia Sirami, Angela Lomba, Dept Ecosystem Serv, Helmholtz Ctr Environm Res, Dept Econ, Helmholtz Ctr Environm Res, Helmholtz Zentrum für Umweltforschung = Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research, Dept Agr Econ & Rural Dev, University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), Sch Agron, CIBIO InBIO, University of Lisbon, Dynamiques Forestières dans l'Espace Rural (DYNAFOR), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-École nationale supérieure agronomique de Toulouse [ENSAT]-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Div Conservat Biol Vegetat & Landscape Ecol, University of Vienna [Vienna], Bridge Builders UG, Social Science Research Center Berlin, Dept Forestry & Management Nat Environm, University of Thessaly, Ctr Environm & Climate Res, Lund University, Inst Landscape Ecol, Slovak Academy of Sciences (SAS), Inst Biodivers, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität = Friedrich Schiller University Jena [Jena, Germany], Fac Law & Econ, Martin Luther University Halle Wittenberg, Res Ctr Biodivers & Genet Resources CIBIO, Res Network Biodivers & Evolut Biol InBIO, Universidade do Porto, Dept Environm & Planning Law, Helmholtz Ctr Environm Res, Dept Econ, DTP Environm Res, University of Oxford [Oxford], Sect Int Agr Policy & Environm Governance, University of Kassel, Inst Geog, Universität Augsburg [Augsburg], Inst Ecol, Fac Sustainabil, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Dept Environm Polit, Helmholtz Ctr Environm Res, CoKnow Consulting, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), University Medical Center Göttingen, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure Agronomique de Toulouse-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), University of Vienna, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, University of Porto, and University of Oxford

Subjects
2. Zero hunger, Multidisciplinary, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Ecology (disciplines), [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Agriculture, 010501 environmental sciences, 15. Life on land, Environmental economics, Sustainable Development, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, 13. Climate action, 11. Sustainability, Path (graph theory), Business, European Union, Common Agricultural Policy, Biology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) of the European Union (EU) is one of the world's largest agricultural policies and the EU's longest-prevailing one. Originally focused mostly on supporting production and farm income, the CAP has progressively integrated instruments to support the environment. Nonetheless, there is considerable agreement among EU citizens that the CAP still does not do enough to address ongoing environmental degradation and climate change (92% of nonfarmers, 64% of farmers) (1). In May and June 2018, the European Commission (EC) published the financial plan and legislative proposal for the CAP post-2020 (2), prompting numerous proposed amendments that the newly elected European Parliament (EP) will now have to consider. With an eye toward the next and final reform stages, including budget discussions and “trilogue” negotiations between the EC, the Council, and the EP to begin in autumn 2019, we examine whether the proposed post-2020 CAP can address key sustainability issues and meet societal demands for higher environmental performance.

Published
2019
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