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Thema: Die Ruptur des vorderen Kreuzbandes ist eine häufige Knieverletzung und wird meist operativ mit einer Einzelbündelplastik versorgt. Bekannte Probleme dieser Operationstechnik sind Restinsta-bilitäten oder Re-Rupturen. Die Doppelbündeltechnik soll den anatomischen Faserbündelverlauf genauer rekonstruieren und die Rotationsstabilität des Kniegelenkes verbessern. Inhalt dieser Arbeit ist es die angelegten Bohrkanäle beider Operationsmethoden miteinander zu vergleichen. Methode: In einer retrospektiven klinischen Langzeitstudie wurden 17 Patienten mit einer Doppelbündelplastik mit 19 Patienten nach Anwendung der Einzelbündeltechnik verglichen. Die Probanden wurden im Zeitraum zwischen 2007 bis 2010 an der Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin von demselben Operateur behandelt. Der Schwerpunkt dieser Arbeit liegt auf der Auswertung der Bohrkanäle nach 3D-Computer-tomographie-Rekonstruktion – primär hinsichtlich relativer Aufweitung und sekundär bezüglich der Platzierung in einem relativen Koordinatensystem. Weitere Teile der Studie wie ein standardisierter Patientenfragebogen, eine manuelle Kniegelenksuntersuchung sowie eine in-vivo Analyse der rotatorischen Kniegelenkslaxizität via Fluoroskopie fließen in die abschließende Diskussion der Ergebnisse ein. Ergebnisse: Es zeigte sich bei Patienten mit Doppelbündelplastik eine signifikant größere Aufweitung des anteromedialen tibialen Kanals gegenüber dem Einzelbündeltunnel (Aufweitungsfaktor anteromedialer tibialer Kanal: 1,17, Aufweitungsfaktor tibialer Einzelbündelkanal: 1,04). Die Platzierungsanalyse der angelegten Bohrkanäle ergab die folgenden Werte: femoraler anteromedialer Kanal: 27,6 ± 5,5 % Breite und 28,9 ± 9,1 % Höhe, femoraler posterolateraler Kanal: 41,9 ± 4,1 % Breite und 44,1 ± 8,2 % Höhe, tibialer anteromedialer Kanal: 48,4 ± 2,1 % Breite und 41,0 ± 5,0 % Höhe, tibialer posterolateraler Kanal: 49,9 ± 1,9 % Breite und 53,7 ± 4,8 % Höhe. Die Einzelbündelkanäle zeigten innerhalb ihrer Doppelbündelmatrix ein akzeptables mid positioning (femoraler Kanal: 31,2 ± 5,6 % Breite und 34,7 ± 8,5 % Höhe, tibialer Kanal: 50,1 ± 1,7 % Breite und 48,8 ± 4,8 % Höhe). Schlussfolgerung: Im Langzeit-Follow-up trat eine signifikant größere Aufweitung des anteromedialen tibialen Tunnels auf. Die Ergebnisse des Vergleichs der postoperativen Bohrkanalgrößen sprechen daher gegen eine Überlegenheit der Doppelbündeloperation gegenüber der Einzelbündeltechnik. Zudem stimmte die Position der Bohrkanäle nicht mit der relevanten Vergleichsliteratur überein. Der anteromediale tibiale Tunnel der Doppelbündelplastiken zeigte sich weiter posterior lokalisiert. Ebenso weichen die femoralen posterolateralen Kanäle vor allem in der Höhenposition ab. Die exakte Positionierung der Kanäle scheint somit fehleranfällig., Theme: The rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament is one of the most frequent knee injuries and it is commonly treated with a single-bundle reconstruction. Known complications of this technique are residual instability or re-ruptures. The double-bundle technique is known to reconstruct the anatomic bundles of the ligament more exactly and likewise to improve the rotational stability. The aim of this study was to compare the characteristics of the generated bone tunnels of both operation methods. Method: In a retrospective clinical long-term study 17 patients with a double-bundle plastic and 19 patients with a single-bundle plastic were included. The patients were all treated between 2007 and 2010 at the Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin and sugery was performed by the same surgeon. The focus of this paper lies on the analysis of the bone tunnels after 3D-CAT-scan reconstruction in concern to relative widening and placement in a relative coordinate system. Alternative components of the study like a standardized questionnaire, a manual examination and an in-vivo analysis of the rotational laxity via fluorscopy were included in the discussion. Results: Double-bundle plastics showed a significant bigger widening of the tibial anteromedial tunnel (factor of widening: 1,17) than the tibial single-bundle equivalent (factor of widening: 1,04). The analysis of the tunnel placement produced the following results: femoral anteromedial tunnel: 27,6 ± 5,5 % width and 28,9 ± 9,1 % height, femoral posterolateral tunnel: 41,9 ± 4,1 % width and 44,1 ± 8,2 % height, tibial anteromedial tunnel: 48,4 ± 2,1 % width and 41,0 ± 5,0 % height, tibial posterolateral tunnel: 49,9 ± 1,9 % width and 53,7 ± 4,8 % height. The single-bundle tunnels showed within their double-bundle matrix an acceptable mid positioning (femoral tunnel: 31,2 ± 5,6 % width and 34,7 ± 8,5 % height, tibial tunnel: 50,1 ± 1,7 % width and 48,8 ± 4,8 % height). Conclusion: In the long-term follow-up there was a significant bigger widening of the anteromedial tibial tunnel. Therefore, the assessment of the postoperative widening of the tunnels can not validate a superiority of the double-bundle technique. Furthermore, the positioning of the tunnels was not in accordance to relevant comperative literature. The anteromedial tibial tunnel of the double-bundle plastics were more posterior localized. Similarly, the femoral posterolateral tunnel deviated especially in the position of its height. Therefore, the exact positioning of the tunnels seems to be error-prone.

The straight-tusked elephants Palaeoloxodon spp. were widespread across Eurasia during the Pleistocene. Phylogenetic reconstructions using morphological traits have grouped them with Asian elephants (Elephas maximus), and many paleontologists place Palaeoloxodon within Elephas. Here, we report the recovery of full mitochondrial genomes from four and partial nuclear genomes from two P. antiquus fossils. These fossils were collected at two sites in Germany, Neumark-Nord and Weimar-Ehringsdorf, and likely date to interglacial periods ~120 and ~244 thousand years ago, respectively. Unexpectedly, nuclear and mitochondrial DNA analyses suggest that P. antiquus was a close relative of extant African forest elephants (Loxodonta cyclotis). Species previously referred to Palaeoloxodon are thus most parsimoniously explained as having diverged from the lineage of Loxodonta, indicating that Loxodonta has not been constrained to Africa. Our results demonstrate that the current picture of elephant evolution is in need of substantial revision. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.25413.001, eLife digest Understanding how extinct species are related to each other or to their living relatives is often a difficult task. Many extinct species have been identified only from incomplete fragments of some of their bones. However, even if complete skeletons have been found, determining the relationships between species can be tricky because researchers often have to rely solely on the shapes of the bones. It is sometimes possible to retrieve DNA sequences from fossil bones. This is easier with younger fossils and those that have been recovered from cold environments. Ancient DNA sequences have been retrieved from only a few fossils older than 100,000 years, but such DNA sequences can be tremendously useful in determining how different species are related to each other. Today there are three living elephant species: the African forest elephant, the African savanna elephant and the Asian elephant. However, there are many extinct elephant species. For example, the European straight-tusked elephant went extinct at least 30,000 years ago, although most of the fossils that have been discovered are at least 100,000 years old. Straight-tusked elephants are generally assumed to be closely related to the Asian elephant, but this conclusion had been based solely on reconstructing skeletons. Meyer et al. have now obtained DNA sequences from fossils of four straight-tusked elephants ranging from around 120,000 to 240,000 years in age. These sequences were analysed to determine how straight-tusked elephants are related to the three living elephant species and the extinct mammoth, the DNA sequences for which can be found in public databases. The analyses revealed that straight-tusked elephants are in fact most closely related to the African forest elephant, not the Asian elephant as previously thought. This result completely changes our picture of elephant evolution and suggests that it is extremely difficult to determine elephant relationships based on the shape of their skeleton alone. It also shows that the African elephant lineage was not restricted to the African continent (the place where all elephant lineages originated), but that it also left Africa. Overall, the results presented by Meyer et al. confirm that DNA sequences are of critical importance for understanding the evolution of animals. Future research should include obtaining DNA sequences from additional extinct elephant species as well as careful re-evaluation of skeletal measurements for reconstructing elephant evolution. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.25413.002

Die Menschenreste aus der Maszycka-Höhle (woj. małopolskie / PL): zur Totenbehandlung im Magdalénien Menschliche Skelettreste sind aus dem mitteleuropäischen Magdalénien eher selten erhalten. In Mittel- und Westeuropa liegen menschliche Gebeine zumeist stark fragmentiert vor und zeigen mitunter auch Manipulationsspuren. Die 1884 und in den 1960er Jahren untersuchte Maszycka-Höhle liegt ca. 20 km nördlich von Krakau und gehört zu den bedeutenden Magdalénien-Fundstellen Mitteleuropas. Besonders hervorzuheben sind 50 Menschenreste, die in der Höhle und auf ihrem Vorplatz in der späteiszeitlichen Fundschicht entdeckt wurden. Es liegen vor allem Schädelfragmente und nur wenige postkraniale Skelettelemente vor, an denen bei einer neuen Untersuchung z. T . Schnittspuren zweifelsfrei bestätigt werden konnten. AMS -Daten stellen die Fundschicht mit den Menschenresten in die Zeit um ca. 16 200 cal BC. Gemeinsamkeiten mit der Totenbehandlung dieser Zeit in Westeuropa sprechen ebenso wie typologische Argumente für eine Wiederbesiedlung Zentraleuropas nach dem letzten Kältemaximum von Westeuropa aus., Archäologisches Korrespondenzblatt, Bd. 47 Nr. 4 (2017): Archäologisches Korrespondenzblatt

Weimarer Monographien zur Ur- und Frühgeschichte, vol. 44, 1

Weimarer Monographien zur Ur- und Frühgeschichte, vol. 44, 2

The straight-tusked elephants Palaeoloxodon spp. were widespread across Eurasia during the Pleistocene. Phylogenetic reconstructions using morphological traits have grouped them with Asian elephants (Elephas maximus), and many paleontologists place Palaeoloxodon within Elephas. Here, we report the recovery of full mitochondrial genomes from four and partial nuclear genomes from two P. antiquus fossils. These fossils were collected at two sites in Germany, Neumark-Nord and Weimar-Ehringsdorf, and likely date to interglacial periods similar to 120 and similar to 244 thousand years ago, respectively. Unexpectedly, nuclear and mitochondrial DNA analyses suggest that P. antiquus was a close relative of extant African forest elephants (Loxodonta cyclotis). Species previously referred to Palaeoloxodon are thus most parsimoniously explained as having diverged from the lineage of Loxodonta, indicating that Loxodonta has not been constrained to Africa. Our results demonstrate that the current picture of elephant evolution is in need of substantial revision., Postprints der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe, 790

Acknowledgements: The authors thank G. Marciani and O. Jöris for comments on archaeology; C. Jeong, M. Spyrou and K. Prüfer for comments on genetics; M. O’Reilly for graphical support for Fig. 5 and Extended Data Fig. 9; the entire IT and laboratory teams at the Department of Archaeogenetics of MPI-SHH for technical assistance; M. Meyer and S. Nagel for support with single-stranded library preparation; K. Post, P. van Es, J. Glimmerveen, M. Medendorp, M. Sier, S. Dikstra, M. Dikstra, R. van Eerden, D. Duineveld and A. Hoekman for providing access to human specimens from the North Sea (The Netherlands); M. D. Garralda and A. Estalrrich for providing access to human specimens from La Riera (Spain); J. Górski and M. Zając for providing access to human specimens from Maszycka cave; C. Di Patti for providing access to human specimens from San Teodoro 2 (Italy); P. Blaževičius for providing access to the Donkalnis human remains and the new radiocarbon dates; the Italian Ministry of Culture and Soprintendenza Archeologia Belle Arti e Paesaggio for the Provinces of Verona, Rovigo, and Vicenza for granting access to the human remains of Tagliente 2; F. Fontana, who carries out investigations of the Riparo Tagliente site (Italy); the Friuli Venezia Giulia Superintendency for providing access to the human tooth Pradis 1; and the Soprintendenza Archeologia Belle Arti e Paesaggio for the Provinces of Barletta-Andria-Trani and Foggia for providing access to the Paglicci human remains. This project has received funding by the European Research Council under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreements no. 803147-RESOLUTION (to S.T.), no. 771234-PALEoRIDER (to W.H.), no. 864358 (to K.M.), no. 724703 and no. 101019659 (to K.H.). K.H. is also supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG FOR 2237). E.A. has received funding from the Van de Kamp fonds. PACEA co-authors of this research benefited from the scientific framework of the University of Bordeaux’s IdEx Investments for the Future programme/GPR Human Past. A.G.-O. is supported by a Ramón y Cajal fellowship (RYC-2017-22558). L. Sineo, M.L. and D.C. have received funding from the Italian Ministry of University and Research (MUR) PRIN 2017 grants 20177PJ9XF and 20174BTC4R_002. H. Rougier received support from the College of Social and Behavioral Sciences of CSUN and the CSUN Competition for RSCA Awards. C.L.S. and T. Saupe received support from the European Union through the European Regional Development Fund (project no. 2014-2020.4.01.16-0030) and C.L.S. received support from the Estonian Research Council grant PUT (PRG243). S. Shnaider received support from the Russian Science Foundation (no. 19-78-10053)., Modern humans have populated Europe for more than 45,000 years1,2. Our knowledge of the genetic relatedness and structure of ancient hunter-gatherers is however limited, owing to the scarceness and poor molecular preservation of human remains from that period3. Here we analyse 356 ancient hunter-gatherer genomes, including new genomic data for 116 individuals from 14 countries in western and central Eurasia, spanning between 35,000 and 5,000 years ago. We identify a genetic ancestry profile in individuals associated with Upper Palaeolithic Gravettian assemblages from western Europe that is distinct from contemporaneous groups related to this archaeological culture in central and southern Europe4, but resembles that of preceding individuals associated with the Aurignacian culture. This ancestry profile survived during the Last Glacial Maximum (25,000 to 19,000 years ago) in human populations from southwestern Europe associated with the Solutrean culture, and with the following Magdalenian culture that re-expanded northeastward after the Last Glacial Maximum. Conversely, we reveal a genetic turnover in southern Europe suggesting a local replacement of human groups around the time of the Last Glacial Maximum, accompanied by a north-to-south dispersal of populations associated with the Epigravettian culture. From at least 14,000 years ago, an ancestry related to this culture spread from the south across the rest of Europe, largely replacing the Magdalenian-associated gene pool. After a period of limited admixture that spanned the beginning of the Mesolithic, we find genetic interactions between western and eastern European hunter-gatherers, who were also characterized by marked differences in phenotypically relevant variants.