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Microalgae as one of the key components of food chains in aquatic environments are promising biological models for investigating gamma irradiation effects on eukaryotic organisms. Understanding resistance mechanisms in these organisms as simple models might illuminate how gamma irradiation resistance improves in these algae and even more complex organisms. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of ionizing irradiation on Chlorella vulgaris as a stress-tolerant microalga and to find how the eukaryotic cells would tolerate such stressful conditions. The physiological responses and biochemical alterations of C. vulgaris were analyzed at three different time points (0, 16, and 48 h) after 600 Gy gamma irradiation. Compared to the control, gamma-irradiated algae had slower growth rate with significantly longer lag phase, less chlorophyll and protein contents at time 0, which were compensated and recovered during the next 48 h. The results also showed spontaneous H2O2 burst accompanied by a higher rate of lipid peroxidation and electrolyte leakage, a rapid increase of catalase activity and more ferric reducing antioxidant power immediately after irradiation. During a 48-h period, most alterations stabilized. Raising trends were observed in the carotenoid contents, the ratios of carbohydrates, amide I and amide II to fatty acids. Principal component analysis and hierarchical clustering suggest two possible distinct mechanisms: a “quick” one including spontaneous responses by boosting H2O2, amplifying enzymatic antioxidant systems, and increasing compatible solutes like proline and a “delayed” responsive strategy including the increase of soluble carbohydrates, carotenoids, and stress-related proteins triggered several hours after irradiation.

Introduction: Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) is a serious health problem which is considered as a silent epidemic. Early rehabilitation interventions are among significant factors affecting the functional improvement, reduction of disability and impairment in patients. Initial observations indicate evidence for the effectiveness of such interventions; however, there is no related systematic review study conducted so far. The main objective of the present study is to investigate the prevalence of the interventions and to determine the effectiveness of such interventions on functional outcomes for patients with TBI. Methodology: In order to find related studies, several data bases such as Embase, Medline, Scopus, PubMed and Web of Science and also Gray Literature are observed. Inclusion and exclusion criteria are designed and modified by a team of experts. Observation of the content of the titles and abstracts will be done by two reviewers and then the data will be extracted and evaluated. All the studies published in English between 1990 and 2019 were included. Primary outcomes include the frequency of early rehabilitation interventions and the effects of such interventions on functional outcomes. If possible, meta-analysis will be conducted as well. Discussion: The results of this systematic review study will contribute to identification and clarification of different types of rehabilitation interventions and the effects of such interventions on TBI patients’ functional outcomes.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of Echinacea purpurea on the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), interleukin-17F (IL-17F) in seven-day-old broiler chickens. Four groups were fed with concentration of 0 g/kg, 5 g/kg, 10 g/kg and 20 g/kg from the root of E. purpurea in the basal diet and two other groups were only fed with the basal diet for 21 days. At the 28th day, lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 2 mg/kg diet) was injected in four groups and the basal diet group was injected by saline as control. The chickens’ spleen RNA expression was measured for the COX-2 and IL-17F genes by Real-Time PCR. The results have shown that chickens which were fed E. purpurea had a lower COX-2 and IL-17F mRNA expression. The chickens who have received LPS only, lymphocyte was lower than other treatments. Vital organ weights were not significantly different, but body weight loss was recovered by dietary herbs inclusion. The results of this study have shown the positive effect of an anti-inflammatory herb to prevent the undesirable effect of inflammation., {"references":["Lai, Huong TL, et al. \"Effects of repeated intratracheally administered lipopolysaccharide on primary and secondary specific antibody responses and on body weight gain of broilers.\" Poultry science 90.2 (2011): 337-351.‏","Wisse, Brent E., et al. \"Evidence that lipopolysaccharide-induced anorexia depends upon central, rather than peripheral, inflammatory signals.\" Endocrinology 148.11 (2007): 5230-5237.","Ngkelo, Anta, et al. \"LPS induced inflammatory responses in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells is mediated through NOX4 and G i α dependent PI-3kinase signalling.\" Journal of inflammation 9.1 (2012): 1.‏","Chiang, Yi‐Ming, et al. \"Ethyl caffeate suppresses NF‐κB activation and its downstream inflammatory mediators, iNOS, COX‐2, and PGE2in vitro or in mouse skin.\" British journal of pharmacology 146.3 (2005): 352-363.‏","Wynn, T. 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In this work, we investigated the importance of phytoene desaturase (PDS) during salt stress in plants. For this aim, we transiently suppressed the corresponding gene of Nicotiana benthamiana using a Tobacco Rattle Virus silencing system. After salinity stress, the silenced plants were assayed for different growth and physiological parameters. The silenced plants were found to be induced more stunted and feeble shoots and roots than the negative controls. The results indicated that the concurrent incidence of salinity stress and viral infection did not have an additive influences on the plant growth and physiological parameters. Importantly, our results showed a more detrimental influence of salinity on plant growth and physiology after PDS silencing. Compared to the control, salt-stressed plants contained more proline, and malondialdehyde, less amount of photosynthetic pigments, higher Na+/K+ ratios in shoots and roots and lower relative water content after PDS silencing. The activity of antioxidant enzymes were also decreased in the plants coped with salinity or Tobacco Rattle Virus. It was also represented that simultaneous silencing of the PDS gene and salinity treatment resulted in a significant decrease of the performance index (PIABS) and an increase of dissipation per active reaction center (DIo/RC) reflecting severe injuries in photosynthetic machinery under such a condition. Overall results suggested that PDS silencing could increase the sensitivity of plants to salinity.

Objectives: This study investigates the impact of neurofeedback on perceptual-motor skills of5 to 12 years old children with Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD). Methods: In this clinical study, 40 children between the ages of 5-12 years, who were patientsof the Tavanesh Clinic and diagnosed with ADHD, were randomly chosen and divided intotwo groups of control and test. 20-neurofeedback intervention sessions were performed.The tools utilized in this study included Bruninks–Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency andChild behavior checklist (CBCL) survey questionnaire. For evaluation after the intervention,Bruninks–Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency scale for children, along with CBCLquestionnaire surveys were asked to fill up by the participants’ mothers. Results: After the intervention, the analysis of the scores in all perceptual-motor skills showedsignificant differences in both groups, but no significant difference was observed in the subtestof strength. The CBCL survey questionnaire revealed that the average scores on attentiondisorder, aggression, lack of attention and hyperactivity, externalizing and general problems inthe test group is significantly less than that of the control group. However, in the confrontationalbehavior (internalization), there was no statistically significant difference between the test andcontrol groups. There was a correlation between the change of motor skills and change ofbehavioral patterns in ADHD children. Discussion: Neurofeedback intervention can have positive effects on improving the perceptualmotorskills of children with ADHD.

Improved and efficient methods were developed for isolating high quality DNA and RNA from different sources of Iranian Yew (Taxus baccata L.). The methods were based on CTAB extraction buffer added with high levels of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and beta-mercaptoethanol to properly remove polysaccharides and prevent oxidation of phenolics. The pellets obtained by ethanol precipitation were washed only with Chloroform: isoamyl alcohol (24:1). So, we could successfully eliminate the dangerous phenol/chloroform extraction steps from the isolation procedure. Both spectrophotometric (A(260)/A(280) and A(260)/A(230) ratios) and agarose electrophoresis analysis of isolated nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) indicated good results. DNA with the average yield of 100-300 microg/g leaf and stem tissue and total RNA with an average yield of 20-30 microg/g cell culture and 80-100 microg/g leaf and stem tissue of Iranian yew could be obtained. Successful amplification of pam and pds by PCR and RT-PCR, showed the integrity of isolated DNA and RNA, respectively.