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Background: Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the primary cause of death in developed countries and is one of the leading causes of disease burden in developing countries. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study included 124 purposively selected patients who underwent elective CAG in the department of cardiology, Chittagong medical college hospital, Chattogram, from July 2020 to June 2021. SPSS 23.0 software was used for processing and analysis at the end of the data collection period. Results: According to the Gensini score, patients were categorized into two groups (score

This report estimates the effects of Coronavirus (COVID-19) on learning and earnings in Cambodia, analyzes the country’s EdTech readiness and the extent to which EdTech access and use are correlated with learning, and discusses the policy implications of the study findings for enhancing learning and for improving system resilience through EdTech based teaching and learning. More specifically, it first analyzes the state of learning outcomes in Cambodia in the immediate post-COVID period (November 2021) using the government’s national learning assessment (NLA) data for grade six students and estimates the declines in learning outcomes experienced by students in this grade between 2016 and 2021 in Khmer and mathematics. Additionally, using a learning loss simulation model developed at the World Bank, it also estimates losses in learning adjusted years of schooling (LAYS) and future earnings of students resulting from pandemic. Second, it analyzes the relationship between the EdTech based distance learning measures implemented at the school level and learning outcomes, as well as the extent to which the country is prepared to systematically integrate and expand the use of EdTech in the education system. And third, it provides recommendations for enhancing learning recovery and learning outcomes, and for addressing gaps in policy provision and implementation to support the scaling up of EdTech for the purpose of improving system resilience.

This report reviews the landscape of the ECE system in Bangladesh, focusing on the following key aspects related to the provision of ECE services: (a) access and equity, (b) quality, (c) governance and management, and (d) financing. It is based primarily on a desk review of existing documents and literature on ECE, and quantitative analyses of existing survey data. The desk review focuses on policies, plans, and strategies; existing studies; and pertinent records related to ECE in Bangladesh. The quantitative analyses are based on data from two rounds of the Household Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES 2010, 2016–17); the Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS 2013); survey data from an ongoing impact evaluation of a small-scale ECE intervention in one district of the country; and administrative data from the Directorate of Primary Education (DPE). In addition, the study also uses some primary data collected using the World Bank’s Systems Approach for Better Education Results (SABER) tool to analyze the governance and management status of ECE in Bangladesh.

This report reviews the landscape of the ECE system in Bangladesh, focusing on the following key aspects related to the provision of ECE services: (a) access and equity, (b) quality, (c) governance and management, and (d) financing. It is based primarily on a desk review of existing documents and literature on ECE, and quantitative analyses of existing survey data. The desk review focuses on policies, plans, and strategies; existing studies; and pertinent records related to ECE in Bangladesh. The quantitative analyses are based on data from two rounds of the Household Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES 2010, 2016–17); the Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS 2013); survey data from an ongoing impact evaluation of a small-scale ECE intervention in one district of the country; and administrative data from the Directorate of Primary Education (DPE). In addition, the study also uses some primary data collected using the World Bank’s Systems Approach for Better Education Results (SABER) tool to analyze the governance and management status of ECE in Bangladesh.

Adequate investment in human capital development is critical for enabling Bangladesh to reach its goal of becoming an upper middle-income country. Bangladesh, currently a lower-middle country with an annual per capita gross national income (GNI) of USD 1,470 (WDI 2019), aims to attain upper-middle income status by 2021 and eliminate poverty by 2030. Recognizing the importance of investing in education for building its human capital base, the government of Bangladesh (GoB) has been allocating a large portion of the national budget to the education sector each year during the past two decades. Effective utilization and equitable distribution of allocated public spending is important for ensuring adequate progress in education outcomes. This report analyzes major spending and outcomes trends in the overall education sector in recent years, with a focus on primary and secondary education. Responding to the recommendation of the 2015 Bangladesh Public Expenditure Review Update for more analytical work on public spending in different sectors, including education, the current study analyzes the trends in major education expenditures, access to education, quality of education, and disparities in education outcomes in the past two decades. It also looks at the composition of education expenditure, consistency between budget allocations and actual expenditures, equity in education spending, and potential links between spending and key educational outcomes. Because of data limitations, this report focuses mainly on primary and secondary education. It is expected that this analysis will add to the literature on investments in the Bangladesh education sector and inform discussions on identifying policy priorities and making resource allocation decisions in the sector.

Tax increment financing (TIF) has been both applauded and castigated for causing rapid appreciation of nearby residential properties. We study the spillover effects of TIF on the appreciation of single-family Chicago homes that sold multiple times between 1993 and 1999. After controlling for structural characteristics of the home, neighborhood conditions, and information about the nature and scale of activities within TIF districts, we find that proximity to industrial TIF districts is actually associated with a decrease in the rate of appreciation. However, proximity to mixed-use TIF districts that contain both commercial and residential parcels increases the appreciation of nearby houses. We discuss some of the policy implications of our findings in the conclusion.

We estimate the probability that a residential building in a gentrifying neighborhood will be demolished, situating the decision within a context of consumer preferences, neighborhood change, and p...

This article reviews the recent literature on the long-term economic benefits of public investments in transportation. It organizes the literature into six groups according to the type of benefit being measured, namely, output; productivity; production costs; income, property values, employment, and real wages; rate of return; and noncommercial travel time. The central question addressed by the papers reviewed is whether public investments in transportation yield long-term economic benefits. While the different studies arrive at different numerical answers, most of them do indicate a positive and statistically significant relationship between such investments and economic benefit measures. Transportation planners engaged in the effort to win funding for the best of competing projects would gain by an awareness of that economic benefit literature and by applying the methods to measuring benefits of their projects.

The economic impact of freight transportation has been the focus of policy debate for many years. Attempts have been made to measure the benefits of freight policy. However, the overall economic impact, as reflected in increased output from efficiency improvements or generated employment, has not been evaluated effectively in long-range planning. This study attempts to quantify the economic benefits of freight policy relative to recommendations in the 2020 Regional Transportation Plan (RTP) for a six-county region of Chicago, Illinois. RTP projections for fuel consumption savings and shorter delays (and thus lower labor costs) were translated into output changes for the motor freight industry and, subsequently, demand changes. Using rather conservative assumptions, annual savings of $270 million were calculated as the total direct economic impact of RTP policy and project implementation on the regional motor freight and warehousing industry. Increases in output and demand for the motor freight industry were fed into an input–output model. The model found that direct, indirect, and induced impacts on the regional economy exceeded $675 million and generated nearly 7,000 jobs annually. In particular, both wholesale and retail markets were expected to increase output by almost $30 million because of freight movement efficiency improvements.

This article contributes to our understanding of the relationship between globalization and world income inequality by analyzing the trend in global inequality for the period 1960-1989. Using Penn World Tables data and time-series econometric techniques, it analyzes how the increase in worldwide openness to trade has been related to global income inequality during this period. When differential population growth rates among the countries are taken into account, the results indicate that (i) global income inequality exhibited a downward trend between 1960 and 1989, and (ii) while there is a positive relationship between inequality and openness, the relationship is not statistically significant.

This article explores how initial income inequality and poverty are related to subsequent economic growth in the metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) of the United States. In contradiction to many recent findings based on cross-country regressions, the results of this investigation show a robust positive relationship between initial (1980) MSA income inequality and subsequent MSA per capita personal income (PCPI) growth rate. Initial MSA poverty rate, on the other hand, is negatively associated with MSA PCPI growth rate. But this relationship is not statistically significant in some of the regressions. The results also show that MSAs with higher PCPI growth rates have lower end-of-period poverty and inequality; hence, there may exist a virtuous cycle of poverty reduction and economic growth. A by-product of this study is the compilation of a dataset on MSA income inequality and poverty for the years 1980 and 1990.

This article analyzes the extent to which human capital differences can explain the differences in gross state product (GSP) per capita levels between the richer and poorer states of the US. It uses 1990 Census and Bureau of Economic Analysis data on educational attainment, wage levels of different segments of the labor force, and GSP to compare New York – our representative rich state – with the poorest third of the states. The findings indicate that human capital differences explain at least 49% of the observed difference in GSP per capita between New York and each of the poor states.

This edited book analyses what traps people in chronic poverty, and what allows them to escape from it, using long-term panel surveys from six Asian and African countries. The distinguishing feature of these studies, which were commissioned by the Chronic Poverty Research Centre, is they span longer periods or have more survey waves than most developing country panels. This allows a detailed account of the maintainers of chronic poverty and drivers of poverty dynamics. Many of the studies (from Bangladesh, Ethiopia, Nepal, Pakistan, South Africa and Vietnam) are written by leading development economists, and all pay careful attention to the difficult issues of attrition, measurement error and tracking. The book’s comparative perspective highlights the common factors which cause people to fall into chronic poverty and allow them to break-free from it. A number of promising policies and interventions for reducing chronic poverty are identified.

Although there is now substantial international literature on poverty dynamics, both academic and policy discussions on poverty in Nepal continue to focus on static notions of poverty. This paper, for the first time, studies poverty dynamics in Nepal by analysing the determinants of chronic and transient poverty using data from a nationally representative panel of 962 households surveyed in 1995/96 and 2003/04. Suggesting that one of the consequences of poverty is its negative impact on asset accumulation, it also looks at how human capital accumulation differs between transient and chronically poor individuals. The findings indicate that while the average per-capita consumption of households increased between 1995/96 and 2003/04, over 47% of the households were poor in at least one of those two years. Among them, around 43% were chronically poor and the remaining 57% were transient poor. In studying the determinants of poverty, we focus on three factors, namely ethnicity, human capital and wealth. Our multinomial logit regression results indicate that while household wealth and human capital have a significant association with both chronic and transient poverty, they are more strongly related to chronic poverty. Another important factor related to poverty is the intensity of violent conflict in the household's district. Ethnicity, on the other hand, does not have a significant relationship with either type of poverty. Our investigation of the effects of transient and chronic poverty on human capital accumulation reveals that, on average, the chronically poor have a lower level of human capital. This gap can be largely explained by the differences in the characteristics of the chronic and transient poverty groups. Our findings suggest that since both the transient and chronic poor occur in large numbers, the government should have concrete policies to address both types of poverty. In particular, emphasis on human capital development and rural asset enhancement could have a beneficial impact on both transient and chronic poverty.

The first part of this paper proposed a methodology for estimating the short-run economic impact of freight projects. The methodology quantifies three types of impacts; savings in travel time and distance, pavement damage, and broad economic development via multiplier effects. The second part of the paper assesses the sensitivity of the impacts calculated by the proposed methodology with respect to the breakdown of vehicle miles traveled by vehicle configuration using a hypothetical road-widening project in Chicago. The analyses revealed that the overall economic impact is not particularly sensitive to the vehicle configuration since the decrease in pavement damage is only a small portion of the overall impact and also other costs are not affected significantly by vehicle configuration. In contrast, the split of the vehicle miles traveled between for-hire and in-house trucks is crucial since it has a direct effect on the value of time and subsequently, the cost reduction associated with travel time saving.