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Natural polyphenol assisted fabrication of nanohybrids with improved stability and bioactivity have gained considerable interest in material science. In this study, the anticancer flavone chrysin (...

Simple Summary Greener fabrication of silver nanoparticles has received extensive attention owing to their low cytotoxicity, tunable surface features, and stability. Fabrication of AgNPs using natural entities has received substantial consideration as an alternative to toxic chemicals. In this study, we have screened the potential of an endophytic fungi Penicillium oxalicum strain LA-1 for the synthesis of AgNPs and analyzed their potential multipurpose values in biology and medicine. Abstract To develop a benign nanomaterial from biogenic sources, we have attempted to formulate and fabricate silver nanoparticles synthesized from the culture filtrate of an endophytic fungus Penicillium oxalicum strain LA-1 (PoAgNPs). The synthesized PoAgNPs were exclusively characterized through UV–vis absorption spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infra-Red spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The synthesized nanoparticles showed strong absorbance around 430 nm with surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and exhibited a face-centered cubic crystalline nature in XRD analysis. Proteins presented in the culture filtrate acted as reducing, capping, and stabilization agents to form PoAgNPs. TEM analysis revealed the generation of polydispersed spherical PoAgNPs with an average size of 52.26 nm. The PoAgNPs showed excellent antibacterial activity against bacterial pathogens. The PoAgNPs induced a dose-dependent cytotoxic activity against human adenocarcinoma breast cancer cell lines (MDA-MB-231), and apoptotic morphological changes were observed by dual staining. Additionally, PoAgNPs demonstrated better larvicidal activity against the larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus. Moreover, the hemolytic test indicated that the as-synthesized PoAgNPs are a safe and biocompatible nanomaterial with versatile bio-applications.

In the quest for developing a biological-based nanomaterial for therapeutic applications, here we report a novel benign method of silver nanoparticles synthesized using the endophytic fungi Phomopsis liquidambaris strain SA1 (SAAgNPs). A viable method was developed to generate silver nanoparticles by reacting with silver nitrate and an extracellular filtrate of P.liquidambaris as a reducing and stabilizing agent. After formation of brown color, synthesized SAAgNPs was measured for its Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) which produces an intense absorption spectrum at 430 nm. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) revealed the functional group moieties involved as a capping and reducing agent in SAAgNPs synthesis. Stable, spherical and polydispersed nanoparticles with an average size of 18.7 nm were affirmed by Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM). X-ray Diffraction study showed the diffraction peaks corresponds to (111), (200), (220) and (311) planes resembling cubic crystalline in nature. Energy dispersive analysis (EDAX) identifies the silver as a major compositional element. Moreover, SAAgNPs performed better growth inhibitory activity against the tested pathogens. Further, SAAgNPs arrest the growth of IInd and IVth instar larvae of Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus in a dose-dependent method. Finally, SAAgNPs exhibited very low hemolytic activity; suggesting the biocompatibility and feasibility of SAAgNPs as a therapeutic agent. Thus, the study bestowed the isolation of endophytic fungi Phomopsis liquidambaris and its mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles. Further, SAAgNPs proved its efficacy as an effective antimicrobial and mosquitocidal agent.

Herein, we report a facile route to synthesize palladium nanoparticles (CGPdNPs) using the aqueous fruit extract of C. guianensis Aubl. as a potent biological reducing agent. Reduction of PdCl2 solution into their nano scale was confirmed with the formation of a black precipitate which gives a reduced absorbance in UV–vis spectroscopy. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) reveals the active role of phenolic constituents from C. guianensis in reduction and surface functionalization of nanoparticles (NPs). Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and zeta potential analysis confirms the generation of polydispersed highly stable NPs with large negative zeta value (−17.7 mV). Interestingly, X-ray Diffraction (XRD) pattern shows that the synthesized CGPdNPs were face centered cubic crystalline in nature. The HRTEM micrographs of CGPdNPs displays well-dispersed, spherical NPs in the size ranges between 5 and 15 nm with an average of 6 nm. It was also noticed that the synthesized CGPdNPs possess an effective antimicrobial activity against different bacterial pathogens. On the other hand, in vitro cell viability (MTT) assays reveals that the synthesized CGPdNPs exhibited an extraordinary anticancer properties. Eventually, hemocompatibility assay depicts the safe nature of synthesized NPs for biomedical application.

Functionalization of biocompounds on a nanomaterials surface will decrease their detrimental side effects and escape them from immunological rejection. In this study, we developed a sustainable green chemistry route to fabricate natural honeycomb flavone chrysin (5,7-dihydroxyflavone ChR)-reduced graphene oxide nanosheets (ChR-rGONSs) using a simple experimental setup. The hydroxyl (O–H) functional group of ChR wires the reduction and generation of functionalized ChR-rGONSs, and it was characterized through Raman, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), and X-ray photo electron (XPS) spectroscopic analyses. Effective reduction of graphene oxide (GO) into ChR-rGONSs was further revealed with X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscope (AFM), and field emission scanning electron microscopic (FE-SEM) measurements. Using the high resolution transmission electron microscopic (HR-TEM) images, zeta potential, and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopic (EDAX) analyses, we have shown the fine morphological feature...

Upon screening for novel and potential biocompounds with larvicidal activities, we successfully isolated hamisonine (HMSN) a limonoid compound from endophytic fungi Penicillium oxalicum LA-1 of Limonia acidissima. The extracted compound structure was elucidated by spectral studies such as UV-vis spectroscopy, thin-layer chromatography, FTIR, LC-ESI-MS, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR upon comparing with the spectral data available in the literature. Further, the isolated HMSN was tested against III and IV instar Culex quinquefasciatus larvae. The outcome of this study clearly emphasize that the extracted compound HMSN possesses a stupendous larvicidal activity in a dose-dependent manner with the LC50 and LC90 values of 1.779 and 7.685 ppm against III instar larvae and 3.031 and 28.498 ppm against IV instar larvae of C. quinquefasciatus, respectively. Interestingly, the histological studies evidently showing the damage of peritrophic membrane and epithelial cells of testing mosquito larvae.

Crescentia cujete L. (Calabash tree) is a common tree distributed throughout the world. The tree and its fruit have high ethnobotanical value and practiced in Indian folk medicine. Nanotechnology is gaining more importance due to its myriad of application in physical, chemical and biological sciences. Herewith we present a comprehensive study on the benign synthesis of gold nanoparticles using an aqueous leaf extract of Crescentia cujete L. (CCAuNPs). In a shorter period of time, the reaction completed when an aqueous extract of Crescentia cujete was employed as a reducing agent to reduce Au 3+ ions into nanoparticles. Generated CCAuNPs generates a shift in the reaction medium due to the excitation of surface Plasmon resonance (SPR) which produces an intense absorbance peak at 560 nm in UV–Vis spectroscopy. Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) reveals the functional group moieties involved in reduction and stabilization of CCAuNPs. Transmissions Electron Microscope (TEM) studies depict the anisotropic shape of CCAuNPs with mean size 32.89 mm. Additionally, X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) study depicts face centered cubic crystalline structure and Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) revealed that synthesized CCAuNPs were stable with highly negatively charged. CCAuNPs exhibited extraordinary bactericidal activity against the tested pathogens. 3-(4, 5-Dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2, 5-diphenyl-2H tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay determined that CCAuNPS conferred strong cytotoxicity against the HeLa cell line. Therefore, the present study shows the utility in synthesizing gold nanoparticles with Phytoconstituents and having a wide range of applications in medical science.

At present scenario, due to the rapid outbreak of endemic diseases and developing resistance against infectious diseases drive the researchers to search for new natural insecticides from plant origins. Plant latex is a naturally abundant resource secreted by laticifer cells containing various groups of secondary metabolites having diverse biological activities. The aim of this study is to evaluate antimicrobial and mosquitocidal activity of the latex extracts of Euphorbia antiquorum . The chloroform, methanol and aqueous latex extract were screened for their toxicity against developmental stages of mosquito larvae and pathogenic bacteria. The latex extracts responded good inhibitory activity against the tested human pathogens. In the mosquitocidal study, the latex extracts, particular chloroform extract show dose-dependent activity and causing 100% mortality in 24hr against Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus . In addition, the chloroform extract was subjected to phytochemical profiling studies. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis infers the presence of aliphatic, aromatic, ketones, phenols, alcohols, esters, ethers, proteins and terpenoids. Gas Chromatography - Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of the chloroform extract gave a tentative identification of 82 compounds. Squalene, a terpenoid was identified as the major compound in the GC-MS spectrum that could be attributed to enhanced bactericidal and larvicidal activity. These results suggest that latex is an effective stratagem to combat the diseases caused by vectors and microbes and need further investigation for the development of an effective insecticide.

Nanocarrier mediated targeted delivery and biosensing in reproductive health care is a major exploratory domain. This work demonstrates the loading of silver nanoparticle (AgNP) inside the multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) and their targetability to the intracellular part of the sperm cell for its further application in biosensing based infertility diagnosis. Ocimum tenuiflorum (tulsi extract) mediated photosynthesized AgNP exhibited spherical shape, 5–40 nm size and surface plasmonic resonance at 430 nm. After loading of freshly prepared AgNP into emulsified MWCNT, the loading was confirmed with spectroscopic and microscopic methods. FTIR analysis displayed significant shifting at 3450 cm−1 (–OH stretching) and 1615 cm−1 (CNT back bone) which validated the binding of AgNP with MWCNT and interestingly heat flow analysis revealed that Ag loaded MWCNT has greater stability than AgNP. Moreover, AFM based surface profile height analysis clearly showed the loading of AgNP inside MWCNT as surface heig...

Chrysin (5,7-dihydroxy flavone, ChR) is a flavone of plant origin, possessing numerous biomedical properties, such as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anxiolytic, hepatoprotective, anti-aging and anticonvulsant activities. In this study, chrysin-producing fungal endophytes (A. alternata KT380662, C. capsici KT373967, and C. taiwanense PI-3 KX580307) were isolated from the leaves of Passiflora incarnata L. and characterised via morphology and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences. Thin layer chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography profiles of fungal extracts showed Rf values and retention times that closely match those of standard chrysin (ChR). Further, the production of fungal chrysin (FChR) was confirmed through UV-vis spectroscopy, FT-IR, LC-ESI-MS, and 1H1 NMR analysis. Among the isolated strains, A. alternata KT380662 was identified as having a high-level of ChR production, with rates measuring approximately 846 mg L−1. On the other hand, in vitro anticancer and radical scavenging studies proved that FChR has significant cytotoxic activity against human liver carcinoma cells (HepG2). These results clearly imply that the isolated A. alternata KT380662 could serve as an alternative source for the commercial production of ChR, which holds anticancer and radical scavenging activities, and the fungal-derived ChR can be used in chemotherapy or in prodrug development.

In the present study, commercially important crop Carica papaya latex extract was used as potential bioreductant to fabricate high-stable silver nanoparticles (CPAgNPs). The reduction of Ag + in Ag 0 nanostructures was initially observed with a color change from light to dark brown and further confirmed through SPR spectra at 410 nm in UV–vis spectroscopy. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis reveals that protein moieties present in the latex extract act as reducing/capping agent for nanoparticle synthesis. Interestingly, X-ray diffraction (XRD) study confirms that synthesized CPAgNPs were face centered cubic crystalline (fcc) in structure. High resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM) micrographs display polydispersed spherical CPAgNPs with an average size of 12 ± 6 nm. The CPAgNPs display tremendous antibacterial activity against human pathogens such as Bacillus subtilis, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholerae, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus mirabilis . On the other hand, in vitro anticancer studies were performed to assess the chemotherapeutic potential of formulating NPs against human breast carcinoma cell line (MCF-7). It was observed that fabricated CPAgNPs show excellent anticancer effect in a dose-dependent manner with the IC 50 value 19.88 μg/ml. These results clearly impelled that biogenic CPAgNPs can be used as promising nano-drug formulation to combat against bacterial infections and also for breast cancer chemotherapy

This study manifests the larvicidal efficacy of Carica papaya latex extract and silver nanoparticles (CPAgNPs) synthesized using latex, against developing immature juveniles of Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus. Briefly, the latex was collected and fractioned with different solvents such as chloroform, methanol and aqueously. The obtained crude extracts were subjected to larvicidal activity in the dose-dependent method. After 24 h, the mortality rate was calculated and statistically analyzed. From the results, it was demonstrated that the chloroform extract displayed prominent activity in IInd and IIIrd instar larvae of A. aegypti and C. quinquefasciatus with better LC50 values followed by methanol and aqueous extract. Subsequently, we profiled the qualitative analysis of a chloroform extract through biochemical tests; Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Moreover, we authenticated the major secondary metabolites and activated larvicidal compound present in the extract. Further, we synthesized CPAgNPs using aqueous latex extract and challenged with IInd and IIIrd instar larvae of A. aegypti and C. quinquefasciatus. Noticeably, the synthesized nanoproducts were showed 100% mortality in a 24-h treatment with significant LC50 values. Hence, this study has opened up new vistas in the field of parasitological research to develop Carica papaya latex as a new stratagem in the insect vector management program.

In this study, extracellular metabolites of symbiotic bacteria Xenorhabdus stockiae (KT835471) was employed for the synthesis of silver (XsAgNPs) and gold nanoparticles (XsAuNPs). Synthesized NPs were characterized using high throughput instrumentation which confirms the generation of stable, crystalline XsAgNPs and XsAuNPs with the mean size of 14 ± 6 and 14 ± 5, respectively. Further, the NPs exhibits an excellent bactericidal effect against six different pathogens. On the other hand, NPs displayed an outstanding anticancer activity against human lung adenocarcinoma epithelial cells (A549). Therefore, the present study strongly suggests that metal NPs encrusted with functional bio-moieties can be used for different biomedical applications.