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1. Detection of Biochemically Recurrent Prostate Cancer with [18F]DCFPyL PET/CT: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis with a Focus on Correlations with Serum Prostate-Specific Antigen Parameters

Author: Mohammad S. Sadaghiani, Sara Sheikhbahaei, Abdullah Al-Zaghal, Lilja B. Solnes, Martin G. Pomper, Jorge D. Oldan, Gary A. Ulaner, Michael A. Gorin, and Steven P. Rowe
Subjects: PSMA, prostate-specific membrane antigen, molecular imaging, Computer applications to medicine. Medical informatics, R858-859.7
Abstract: [18F]DCFPyL is increasingly used for prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) mediated imaging of men with biochemically recurrent prostate cancer (BRPCa). In this meta-analysis, which is updated with the addition of multiple new studies, including the definitive phase III CONDOR trial, we discuss the detection efficiency of [18F]DCFPyL in BRPCa patients. PubMed was searched on 29 September 2022. Studies evaluating the diagnostic performance of [18F]DCFPyL among patients with BRPCa were included. The overall pooled detection rate with a 95% confidence interval (95% CI) was calculated among all included studies and stratified among patients with PSA ≥ 2 vs. 18F]DCFPyL in men with BRPCa has trended down since a previous meta-analysis, which may reflect increasingly stringent inclusion criteria for studies over time.
Published: 2023
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2. Burden of tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer in North Africa and Middle East countries, 1990 to 2019: Results from the GBD study 2019

Author: Shaghayegh Khanmohammadi, Sahar Saeedi Moghaddam, Sina Azadnajafabad, Negar Rezaei, Zahra Esfahani, Nazila Rezaei, GBD 2019 NAME Tracheal, Bronchus and Lung Cancer Collaborators, Mohsen Naghavi, Bagher Larijani, Farshad Farzadfar, Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari, Zeinab Abbasi-Kangevari, Meriem Abdoun, Zahra Abrehdari-Tafreshi, Ahmed Abu-Zaid, Aqeel Ahmad, Sepideh Ahmadi, Hanadi Al Hamad, Rumailah Hospital, Saleh Ali Alessy, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Mehrdad Amir-Behghadami, Alireza Ansari-Moghaddam, Jalal Arabloo, Mohammadreza Azangou-Khyavy, Nayereh Baghcheghi, Khuloud Bajbouj, Ali Bijani, Mariah Malak Bilalaga, Souad Bouaoud, Daniela Calina, William C S Cho, Omar B Da’ar, Shirin Djalalinia, Hesham Elghazaly, Muhammed Elhadi, Rana Ezzeddini, Alireza Feizkhah, Ahmad Ghashghaee, Mohamad Golitaleb, Atlas Haddadi Avval, Nima Hafezi-Nejad, Randah R Hamadeh, Mahsa Jalili, Elham Jamshidi, Amirali Karimi, Yousef Saleh Khader, Javad Khanali, Farzad Kompani, Hamid Reza Koohestani, Burcu Kucuk Bicer, Ahmad R Mafi, Ata Mahmoodpoor, Mohammad-Reza Malekpour, Ahmad Azam Malik, Reza Mirfakhraie, Esmaeil Mohammadi, Sara Momtazmanesh, Rahmatollah Moradzadeh, Paula Moraga, Zuhair S Natto, Maryam Noori, Simone Perna, Raffaele Pezzani, AIROB (Associazione Italiana Ricerca Oncologica di Base), Majid Pirestani, Ashkan Pourabhari Langroudi, Mohammad Rabiee, Navid Rabiee, Shayan Rahmani, Elrashdy Moustafa Mohamed Redwan, Nima Rezaei, Gholamreza Roshandel, Erfan Sadeghi, Amir Salek Farrokhi, Abdallah M Samy, Brijesh Sathian, Saeed Shahabi, Javad Sharifi-Rad, Sara Sheikhbahaei, Zahra Shokri Varniab, Seyed Afshin Shorofi, Moslem Taheri Soodejani, Abdelghani Tbakhi, Arash Tehrani-Banihashemi, Sahel Valadan Tahbaz, Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh Jabbari, Zabihollah Yousefi, Maryam Zamanian, Iman Zare, Armin Zarrintan, and Mohammad Zoladl
Subjects: tracheal cancer, bronchus cancer, lung neoplasms, global burden of disease, attributable risks, tobacco use, Neoplasms. Tumors. Oncology. Including cancer and carcinogens, RC254-282
Abstract: ObjectiveTo provide estimates on the regional and national burden of tracheal, bronchus, and lung (TBL) cancer and its attributable risk factors from 1990 to 2019 in the North Africa and Middle East (NAME) region.Methods and materialsThe Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2019 data were used. Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), death, incidence, and prevalence rates were categorized by sex and age groups in the NAME region, in 21 countries, from 1990 to 2019. Decomposition analysis was performed to calculate the proportion of responsible factors in the emergence of new cases. Data are presented as point estimates with their 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs).ResultsIn the NAME region, TBL cancer caused 15,396 and 57,114 deaths in women and men, respectively, in 2019. The age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) increased by 0.7% (95% UI -20.6 to 24.1) and reached 16.8 per 100,000 (14.9 to 19.0) in 2019. All the age-standardized indices had a decreasing trend in men and an increasing trend in women from 1990 to 2019. Turkey (34.9 per 100,000 [27.6 to 43.5]) and Sudan (8.0 per 100,000 [5.2 to 12.5]) had the highest and lowest age-standardized prevalence rates (ASPRs) in 2019, respectively. The highest and lowest absolute slopes of change in ASPR, from 1990 to 2019, were seen in Bahrain (-50.0% (-63.6 to -31.7)) and the United Arab Emirates (-1.2% (-34.1 to 53.8)), respectively. The number of deaths attributable to risk factors was 58,816 (51,709 to 67,323) in 2019 and increased by 136.5%. Decomposition analysis showed that population growth and age structure change positively contributed to new incident cases. More than 80% of DALYs could be decreased by controlling risk factors, particularly tobacco use.ConclusionThe incidence, prevalence, and DALY rates of TBL cancer increased, and the death rate remained unchanged from 1990 to 2019. All the indices and contribution of risk factors decreased in men but increased in women. Tobacco is still the leading risk factor. Early diagnosis and tobacco cessation policies should be improved.
Published: 2023
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3. Mapping development and health effects of cooking with solid fuels in low-income and middle-income countries, 2000–18: a geospatial modelling study

Author: Joseph Jon Frostad, QuynhAnh P Nguyen, Mathew M Baumann, Brigette F Blacker, Laurie B Marczak, Aniruddha Deshpande, Kirsten E Wiens, Kate E LeGrand, Kimberly B Johnson, Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari, Amir Abdoli, Hassan Abolhassani, Lucas Guimarães Abreu, Michael R M Abrigo, Niveen ME Abu-Rmeileh, Victor Adekanmbi, Anurag Agrawal, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Ziyad Al-Aly, Fahad Mashhour Alanezi, Jacqueline Elizabeth Alcalde-Rabanal, Vahid Alipour, Khalid A Altirkawi, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Nelson J Alvis-Zakzuk, Adeladza Kofi Amegah, Saeed Amini, Fatemeh Amiri, Dickson A Amugsi, Robert Ancuceanu, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Tudorel Andrei, Ernoiz Antriyandarti, Davood Anvari, Jalal Arabloo, Morteza Arab-Zozani, Seyyed Shamsadin Athari, Marcel Ausloos, Getinet Ayano, Yared Asmare Aynalem, Samad Azari, Ashish D Badiye, Atif Amin Baig, Kalpana Balakrishnan, Maciej Banach, Sanjay Basu, Neeraj Bedi, Michelle L Bell, Derrick A Bennett, Krittika Bhattacharyya, Zulfiqar A Bhutta, Sadia Bibi, Somayeh Bohlouli, Soufiane Boufous, Nicola Luigi Bragazzi, Dejana Braithwaite, Sharath Burugina Nagaraja, Zahid A Butt, Florentino Luciano Caetano dos Santos, Josip Car, Rosario Cárdenas, Felix Carvalho, Joao Mauricio Castaldelli-Maia, Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela, Ester Cerin, Soosanna Kumary Chattu, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Pankaj Chaturvedi, Sarika Chaturvedi, Simiao Chen, Dinh-Toi Chu, Sheng-Chia Chung, Saad M A Dahlawi, Giovanni Damiani, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi Dandona, Aso Mohammad Darwesh, Jai K Das, Aditya Prasad Dash, Claudio Alberto Dávila-Cervantes, Diego De Leo, Jan-Walter De Neve, Getu Debalkie Demissie, Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez, Sagnik Dey, Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne, Meghnath Dhimal, Govinda Prasad Dhungana, Daniel Diaz, Isaac Oluwafemi Dipeolu, Fariba Dorostkar, Leila Doshmangir, Andre Rodrigues Duraes, Hisham Atan Edinur, Ferry Efendi, Maha El Tantawi, Sharareh Eskandarieh, Ibtihal Fadhil, Nazir Fattahi, Nelsensius Klau Fauk, Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad, Morenike Oluwatoyin Folayan, Masoud Foroutan, Takeshi Fukumoto, Abhay Motiramji Gaidhane, Mansour Ghafourifard, Ahmad Ghashghaee, Syed Amir Gilani, Tiffany K Gill, Alessandra C Goulart, Bárbara Niegia Garcia Goulart, Ayman Grada, Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen Gubari, Davide Guido, Yuming Guo, Rajat Das Gupta, Rajeev Gupta, Reyna Alma Gutiérrez, Nima Hafezi-Nejad, Randah R Hamadeh, Ahmed I Hasaballah, Soheil Hassanipour, Khezar Hayat, Behzad Heibati, Reza Heidari-Soureshjani, Nathaniel J Henry, Claudiu Herteliu, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Mohamed Hsairi, Guoqing Hu, Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Irena M Ilic, Milena D Ilic, Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Chidozie C D Iwu, Jalil Jaafari, Mihajlo Jakovljevic, Tahereh Javaheri, Ravi Prakash Jha, John S Ji, Jost B Jonas, Ali Kabir, Zubair Kabir, Rohollah Kalhor, Naser Kamyari, Tanuj Kanchan, Umesh Kapil, Neeti Kapoor, Gbenga A Kayode, Peter Njenga Keiyoro, Yousef Saleh Khader, Nauman Khalid, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Maseer Khan, Md Nuruzzaman Khan, Khaled Khatab, Mona M Khater, Mahalaqua Nazli Khatib, Maryam Khayamzadeh, Jagdish Khubchandani, Gyu Ri Kim, Yun Jin Kim, Ruth W Kimokoti, Adnan Kisa, Sezer Kisa, Luke D Knibbs, Parvaiz A Koul, Ai Koyanagi, Kewal Krishan, G Anil Kumar, Manasi Kumar, Dian Kusuma, Carlo La Vecchia, Ben Lacey, Faris Hasan Lami, Qing Lan, Savita Lasrado, Paolo Lauriola, Paul H Lee, Sonia Lewycka, Shanshan Li, Daiane Borges Machado, Phetole Walter Mahasha, Mina Maheri, Azeem Majeed, Afshin Maleki, Reza Malekzadeh, Deborah Carvalho Malta, Borhan Mansouri, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Natalie Maria Martinez, Santi Martini, Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo, Benjamin K Mayala, Man Mohan Mehndiratta, Walter Mendoza, Ritesh G Menezes, Endalkachew Worku Mengesha, Tuomo J Meretoja, Tomislav Mestrovic, Irmina Maria Michalek, Erkin M Mirrakhimov, Maryam Mirzaei, Roya Mirzaei, Babak Moazen, Yousef Mohammad, Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Shafiu Mohammed, Ali H Mokdad, Lorenzo Monasta, Maziar Moradi-Lakeh, Paula Moraga, Lidia Morawska, Abbas Mosapour, Simin Mouodi, Amin Mousavi Khaneghah, Satinath Mukhopadhyay, Sandra B Munro, Christopher J L Murray, Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan, Mohsen Naghavi, Sanjeev Nair, Vinay Nangia, Bruno Ramos Nascimento, Javad Nazari, Ionut Negoi, Henok Biresaw Netsere, Josephine W Ngunjiri, Huong Lan Thi Nguyen, Jean Jacques Noubiap, Bogdan Oancea, Felix Akpojene Ogbo, In-Hwan Oh, Andrew T Olagunju, Bolajoko Olubukunola Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun Olusanya, Ahmed Omar Bali, Obinna E Onwujekwe, Nikita Otstavnov, Stanislav S Otstavnov, Mayowa O Owolabi, Mahesh P A, Anamika Pandey, Eun-Cheol Park, Eun-Kee Park, Sangram Kishor Patel, Hai Quang Pham, Thomas Pilgrim, Meghdad Pirsaheb, Khem Narayan Pokhrel, Maarten J Postma, Zahiruddin Quazi Syed, Navid Rabiee, Amir Radfar, Fakher Rahim, Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman, Muhammad Aziz Rahman, Amir Masoud Rahmani, Chhabi Lal Ranabhat, Sowmya J Rao, Davide Rasella, Prateek Rastogi, Goura Kishor Rath, David Laith Rawaf, Salman Rawaf, Lal Rawal, Reza Rawassizadeh, Andre M N Renzaho, Bhageerathy Reshmi, Negar Rezaei, Nima Rezaei, Aziz Rezapour, Jennifer Rickard, Leonardo Roever, Luca Ronfani, Morteza Rostamian, Enrico Rubagotti, Godfrey M Rwegerera, Basema Saddik, Ehsan Sadeghi, Sahar Saeedi Moghaddam, Rajesh Sagar, Amirhossein Sahebkar, Biniyam Sahiledengle, Marwa Rashad Salem, Abdallah M Samy, Milena M Santric-Milicevic, Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer Saraswathy, Brijesh Sathian, Thirunavukkarasu Sathish, David C Schwebel, Sadaf G Sepanlou, Saeed Shahabi, Amira A Shaheen, Izza Shahid, Masood Ali Shaikh, Ali S Shalash, Mehran Shams-Beyranvand, Mohammed Shannawaz, Kiomars Sharafi, Aziz Sheikh, Sara Sheikhbahaei, Ranjitha S Shetty, Wondimeneh Shibabaw Shiferaw, Mika Shigematsu, Jae Il Shin, K M Shivakumar, Soraya Siabani, Tariq Jamal Siddiqi, Balbir Bagicha Singh, Jasvinder A Singh, Yitagesu Sintayehu, Muluken Bekele Sorrie, Ireneous N Soyiri, Emma Elizabeth Spurlock, Chandrashekhar T Sreeramareddy, Leo Stockfelt, Mu'awiyyah Babale Sufiyan, Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader, Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos, Takahiro Tabuchi, Amir Taherkhani, Mohamad-Hani Temsah, Kavumpurathu Raman Thankappan, Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone, Eugenio Traini, Saif Ullah, Bhaskaran Unnikrishnan, Era Upadhyay, Sahel Valadan Tahbaz, Santosh Varughese, Francesco S Violante, Bay Vo, Giang Thu Vu, Yasir Waheed, Yuan-Pang Wang, Catherine A Welgan, Andrea Werdecker, Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh Jabbari, Sanni Yaya, Vahid Yazdi-Feyzabadi, Mekdes Tigistu Yilma, Naohiro Yonemoto, Mustafa Z Younis, Taraneh Yousefinezhadi, Chuanhua Yu, Yong Yu, Sojib Bin Zaman, Yunquan Zhang, Zhi-Jiang Zhang, Michael Brauer, Simon I Hay, and Robert C Reiner, Jr
Subjects: Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270
Abstract: Summary: Background: More than 3 billion people do not have access to clean energy and primarily use solid fuels to cook. Use of solid fuels generates household air pollution, which was associated with more than 2 million deaths in 2019. Although local patterns in cooking vary systematically, subnational trends in use of solid fuels have yet to be comprehensively analysed. We estimated the prevalence of solid-fuel use with high spatial resolution to explore subnational inequalities, assess local progress, and assess the effects on health in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) without universal access to clean fuels. Methods: We did a geospatial modelling study to map the prevalence of solid-fuel use for cooking at a 5 km × 5 km resolution in 98 LMICs based on 2·1 million household observations of the primary cooking fuel used from 663 population-based household surveys over the years 2000 to 2018. We use observed temporal patterns to forecast household air pollution in 2030 and to assess the probability of attaining the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) target indicator for clean cooking. We aligned our estimates of household air pollution to geospatial estimates of ambient air pollution to establish the risk transition occurring in LMICs. Finally, we quantified the effect of residual primary solid-fuel use for cooking on child health by doing a counterfactual risk assessment to estimate the proportion of deaths from lower respiratory tract infections in children younger than 5 years that could be associated with household air pollution. Findings: Although primary reliance on solid-fuel use for cooking has declined globally, it remains widespread. 593 million people live in districts where the prevalence of solid-fuel use for cooking exceeds 95%. 66% of people in LMICs live in districts that are not on track to meet the SDG target for universal access to clean energy by 2030. Household air pollution continues to be a major contributor to particulate exposure in LMICs, and rising ambient air pollution is undermining potential gains from reductions in the prevalence of solid-fuel use for cooking in many countries. We estimated that, in 2018, 205 000 (95% uncertainty interval 147 000–257 000) children younger than 5 years died from lower respiratory tract infections that could be attributed to household air pollution. Interpretation: Efforts to accelerate the adoption of clean cooking fuels need to be substantially increased and recalibrated to account for subnational inequalities, because there are substantial opportunities to improve air quality and avert child mortality associated with household air pollution. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Published: 2022
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4. The burden of prostate cancer in North Africa and Middle East, 1990–2019: Findings from the global burden of disease study

Author: Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari, Sahar Saeedi Moghaddam, Seyyed-Hadi Ghamari, Mohammadreza Azangou-Khyavy, Mohammad-Reza Malekpour, Negar Rezaei, Nazila Rezaei, Ali-Asghar Kolahi, GBD 2019 NAME Prostate Cancer Collaborators, Erfan Amini, Ali H. Mokdad, Hamidreza Jamshidi, Mohsen Naghavi, Bagher Larijani, Farshad Farzadfar, Behzad Abbasi, Hassan Abidi, Eman Abu-Gharbieh, Muhammad Sohail Afzal, Araz Ramazan Ahmad, Sajjad Ahmad, Ali Ahmadi, Sepideh Ahmadi, Haroon Ahmed, Mostafa Akbarzadeh-Khiavi, Hamed Akhavizadegan, Hanadi Al Hamad, Fadwa Alhalaiqa Naji Alhalaiqa, Yousef Alimohamadi, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Omar Almidani, Jalal Arabloo, Morteza Arab-Zozani, Seyyed Shamsadin Athari, Sina Azadnajafabad, Amirhossein Azari Jafari, Nayereh Baghcheghi, Nader Bagheri, Sara Bagherieh, Abdul-Monim Mohammad Batiha, Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula, Ali Bijani, Nadeem Shafique Butt, Reza Darvishi Cheshmeh Soltani, Ahmad Daryani, Mostafa Dianatinasab, Iman El Sayed, Muhammed Elhadi, Ali Fatehizadeh, Masood Fereidoonnezhad, Masoud Foroutan, Maryam Gholamalizadeh, Pouya Goleij, Mohamad Golitaleb, Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen Gubari, Nima Hafezi-Nejad, Arvin Haj-Mirzaian, Samer Hamidi, Shafiul Haque, Khezar Hayat, Mohammad-Salar Hosseini, Mowafa Househ, Elham Jamshidi, Amirreza Javadi Mamaghani, Farahnaz Joukar, Ali Kabir, Rohollah Kalhor, Amirali Karimi, Yousef Saleh Khader, Javad Khanali, Behzad Kiani, Hamid Reza Koohestani, Somayeh Livani, Farzan Madadizadeh, Ahmad R. Mafi, Ata Mahmoodpoor, Keivan Majidzadeh-A, Reza Malekzadeh, Ahmad Azam Malik, Fariborz Mansour-Ghanaei, Seyed Farzad Maroufi, Entezar Mehrabi Nasab, Seyyedmohammadsadeq Mirmoeeni, Yousef Mohammad, Esmaeil Mohammadi, Saeed Mohammadi, Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Sara Momtazmanesh, Rahmatollah Moradzadeh, Paula Moraga, Mohammadreza Naghipour, Zuhair S. Natto, Seyed Aria Nejadghaderi, Maryam Noori, Ali Nowroozi, Hassan Okati-Aliabad, Reza Pakzad, Zahra Zahid Piracha, Faheem Hyder Pottoo, Alireza Rafiei, Vahid Rahmanian, Mahsa Rashidi, Mohammad-Mahdi Rashidi, Mohammad Sadegh Razeghinia, Mohsen Rezaeian, Umar Saeed, Maryam Sahebazzamani, Amirhossein Sahebkar, Abdallah M. Samy, Muhammad Arif Nadeem Saqib, Brijesh Sathian, Sadaf G. Sepanlou, Saeed Shahabi, Masood Ali Shaikh, Sara Sheikhbahaei, Reza Shirkoohi, Parnian Shobeiri, Muhammad Suleman, Amir Tiyuri, Irfan Ullah, Faezeh Vakhshiteh, Sahel Valadan Tahbaz, Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh Jabbari, Fereshteh Yazdanpanah, Deniz Yuce, Mazyar Zahir, Maryam Zamanian, Iman Zare, and Mohammad Zoladl
Subjects: cancer, global burden of disease, incidence, mortality, prostate-specific antigen, prostatic neoplasms, Neoplasms. Tumors. Oncology. Including cancer and carcinogens, RC254-282
Abstract: BackgroundProstate cancer (PCa) is the second most prevalent cancer among men worldwide. This study presents estimates of PCa prevalence, incidence, death, years-of-life-lost (YLLs), years-lived-with-disability (YLDs), disability-adjusted-life-years (DALYs), and the burden attributable to smoking during 1990-2019 in North Africa and Middle East using data of Global Burden of Diseases (GBD) Study 2019.MethodsThis study is a part of GBD 2019. Using vital registration and cancer registry data, the estimates on PCa burden were modeled. Risk factor analysis was performed through the six-step conceptual framework of Comparative Risk Assessment.ResultsThe age-standardized rates (95% UI) of PCa incidence, prevalence, and death in 2019 were 23.7 (18.5-27.9), 161.1 (126.6-187.6), and 11.7 (9.4-13.9) per 100,000 population. While PCa incidence and prevalence increased by 77% and 144% during 1990-2019, respectively, the death rate stagnated. Of the 397% increase in PCa new cases, 234% was due to a rise in the age-specific incidence rate, 79% due to population growth, and 84% due to population aging. The YLLs, YLDs, and DALYs of PCa increased by 2% (-11.8-23.1), 108% (75.5-155.1), and 6% (-8.9-28.1). The death rate and DALYs rate attributable to smoking have decreased 12% and 10%, respectively. The DALYs rate attributable to smoking was 37.4 (15.9-67.8) in Lebanon and 5.9 (2.5-10.6) in Saudi Arabia, which were the highest and lowest in the region, respectively.ConclusionsThe PCa incidence and prevalence rates increased during 1990-2019; however, the death rate stagnated. The increase in the incidence was mostly due to the rise in the age-specific incidence rate, rather than population growth or aging. The burden of PCa attributable to smoking has decreased in the past 30 years.
Published: 2022
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5. Global, regional and national burden of bladder cancer and its attributable risk factors in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease study 2019

Author: Azeem Majeed, Jasvinder A Singh, Vesna Zadnik, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Alessandra Lugo, Silvano Gallus, Amir Almasi-Hashiani, Saeid Safiri, Mahdi Sepidarkish, Mohsen Naghavi, Fares Alahdab, Félix Carvalho, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi Dandona, Farshad Farzadfar, Eduarda Fernandes, Irina Filip, Samer Hamidi, Simon I Hay, Reza Malekzadeh, Tomislav Mestrovic, Shafiu Mohammed, Ali H Mokdad, Lorenzo Monasta, Huong Lan Thi Nguyen, Amir Radfar, Alireza Rafiei, Gholamreza Roshandel, Khanh Bao Tran, Ahmad Ghashghaee, Giuseppe Gorini, Mariam Molokhia, Ahad Ashrafi-Asgarabad, Salman Rawaf, Dejana Braithwaite, Nicholas L S Roberts, Vahid Alipour, Jalal Arabloo, Ali Bijani, Mowafa Househ, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Bartosz Miazgowski, Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Reza Mohammadpourhodki, Cuong Tat Nguyen, Navid Rabiee, David Laith Rawaf, Abdallah M Samy, Sadaf G Sepanlou, Bach Xuan Tran, Zhi-Jiang Zhang, Giulia Carreras, Masood Ali Shaikh, Hai Quang Pham, Faris Hasan Lami, Stanislav S Otstavnov, Rajan Nikbakhsh, Roman Topor-Madry, G Anil Kumar, Tone Bjørge, Nima Hafezi-Nejad, Dinh-Toi Chu, Farahnaz Joukar, Mukhammad David Naimzada, Ali-Asghar Kolahi, Amir Abdoli, Atif Amin Baig, Mansour Ghafourifard, Soheil Hassanipour, Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye, Milena D Ilic, Carlo La Vecchia, Masoud Moghadaszadeh, Priya Rathi, Feng Sha, Maryam Zamanian, Mahaveer Golechha, Shailesh M Advani, Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula, Artem Alekseevich Fomenkov, Rahmatollah Moradzadeh, Mariya Vladimirovna Titova, Yohannes Tekalegn, Xiaochen Dai, Yonas Getaye Tefera, Bingyu Li, Iman El Sayed, Seyed Aria Nejadghaderi, Mark J M Sullman, Eman Abu-Gharbieh, Erfan Amini, Etsay Woldu Anbesu, Jason A Anderson, Atalel Fentahun Awedew, Antonio Biondi, Florentino Luciano Caetano dos Santos, Kelly Compton, Vera Marisa Costa, Meseret Derbew Molla, Abebaw Alemayehu Desta, Mostafa Dianatinasab, Hedyeh Ebrahimi, Sahar Eftekharzadeh, Babak Eshrati, Berhanu Elfu Feleke, Kebebe Bekele Gonfa, James D Harvey, Hannah Jacqueline Henrikson, Irena M Ilic, Seyedeh-Sanam Ladi-Seyedian, Iván Landires, Irmina Maria Michalek, Osama Mohamad, Behnam Nabavizadeh, Mohammad Reza Nowroozi, Virginia Nuñez-Samudio, Majid Pirestani, Faheem Hyder Pottoo, Nima Rezaei, Sara Sheikhbahaei, Sudeep K Siddappa Malleshappa, Emma Elizabeth Spurlock, Eyayou Girma Tadesse, Eugenio Traini, Ravensara S Travillian, Marco Vacante, Rixing Xu, and Yordanos Gizachew Yeshitila
Subjects: Medicine (General), R5-920, Infectious and parasitic diseases, RC109-216
Abstract: Introduction The current study determined the level and trends associated with the incidence, death and disability rates for bladder cancer and its attributable risk factors in 204 countries and territories, from 1990 to 2019, by age, sex and sociodemographic index (SDI; a composite measure of sociodemographic factors).Methods Various data sources from different countries, including vital registration and cancer registries were used to generate estimates. Mortality data and incidence data transformed to mortality estimates using the mortality to incidence ratio (MIR) were used in a cause of death ensemble model to estimate mortality. Mortality estimates were divided by the MIR to produce incidence estimates. Prevalence was calculated using incidence and MIR-based survival estimates. Age-specific mortality and standardised life expectancy were used to estimate years of life lost (YLLs). Prevalence was multiplied by disability weights to estimate years lived with disability (YLDs), while disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) are the sum of the YLLs and YLDs. All estimates were presented as counts and age-standardised rates per 100 000 population.Results Globally, there were 524 000 bladder cancer incident cases (95% uncertainty interval 476 000 to 569 000) and 229 000 bladder cancer deaths (211 000 to 243 000) in 2019. Age-standardised death rate decreased by 15.7% (8.6 to 21.0), during the period 1990–2019. Bladder cancer accounted for 4.39 million (4.09 to 4.70) DALYs in 2019, and the age-standardised DALY rate decreased significantly by 18.6% (11.2 to 24.3) during the period 1990–2019. In 2019, Monaco had the highest age-standardised incidence rate (31.9 cases (23.3 to 56.9) per 100 000), while Lebanon had the highest age-standardised death rate (10.4 (8.1 to 13.7)). Cabo Verde had the highest increase in age-standardised incidence (284.2% (214.1 to 362.8)) and death rates (190.3% (139.3 to 251.1)) between 1990 and 2019. In 2019, the global age-standardised incidence and death rates were higher among males than females, across all age groups and peaked in the 95+ age group. Globally, 36.8% (28.5 to 44.0) of bladder cancer DALYs were attributable to smoking, more so in males than females (43.7% (34.0 to 51.8) vs 15.2% (10.9 to 19.4)). In addition, 9.1% (1.9 to 19.6) of the DALYs were attributable to elevated fasting plasma glucose (FPG) (males 9.3% (1.6 to 20.9); females 8.4% (1.6 to 19.1)).Conclusions There was considerable variation in the burden of bladder cancer between countries during the period 1990–2019. Although there was a clear global decrease in the age-standardised death, and DALY rates, some countries experienced an increase in these rates. National policy makers should learn from these differences, and allocate resources for preventative measures, based on their country-specific estimates. In addition, smoking and elevated FPG play an important role in the burden of bladder cancer and need to be addressed with prevention programmes.
Published: 2021
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6. Serum thyroid stimulating hormone, total and free T4 during the neonatal period: Establishing regional reference intervals

Author: Sara Sheikhbahaei, Behnaz Mahdaviani, Alireza Abdollahi, and Fatemeh Nayeri
Subjects: Congenital hypothyroidism, infant, newborn, reference values, thyroid hormones, thyrotropin, Diseases of the endocrine glands. Clinical endocrinology, RC648-665, Diseases of the digestive system. Gastroenterology, RC799-869
Abstract: Context: Congenital hypothyroidism (CH), the most common etiology of preventable mental retardation in children, is estimated to be more prevalent among Asian population. Aims: Since thyroid function tests (TFTs) varied among different ages and geographical regions, in this study, the neonatal thyroid reference intervals in a healthy neonatal population is determined for the first time in Iran. Settings and Design: A cross-sectional study performed on 246 healthy term newborns aged between 2 days and 1 month. Materials and Methods: Blood samples were obtained by venipuncture from all subjects. The median, 2.5 th , 5 th , 95 th , and 97.5 th percentile of serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), as well as the total and free T4 were assessed among different age groups. Statistical Analysis Used: Predictive Analytics Software (PASW Statistics 18) was used for the analysis. Results: Serum TSH, total and free T4 concentration peaked in 5 th to 7 th days of life, continued over 2 weeks, then decreased and started reaching to adult reference range. A significant negative correlation between age and serum concentration of TSH (P = 0.02), total T4 (P = 0.01) and free T4 (P = 0.01) was found. Conclusion: This study yielded fairly different values for TFTs compared compared values found in other countries and also different from values reported for laboratory kits we used. These differences were assumed to be due to variations in ethnicity, age, and laboratory methods used. Due to the lack of international standardization, conducting multicenter studies helps in making a more precise evaluation of thyroid status in neonates.
Published: 2014
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7. Health in times of uncertainty in the eastern Mediterranean region, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013

Author: Prof. Ali H Mokdad, PhD, Mohammad Hossein Forouzanfar, PhD, Farah Daoud, BS, Charbel El Bcheraoui, PhD, Maziar Moradi-Lakeh, MD, Ibrahim Khalil, MD, Ashkan Afshin, DSc, Marwa Tuffaha, MD, Raghid Charara, MD, Ryan M Barber, BS, Joseph Wagner, BS, Kelly Cercy, BS, Hannah Kravitz, BS, Matthew M Coates, BA, Margaret Robinson, BA, Kara Estep, MPA, Caitlyn Steiner, MPH, Sara Jaber, MD, Ali A Mokdad, MD, Kevin F O'Rourke, MFA, Adrienne Chew, ND, Pauline Kim, BA, Mohamed Magdy Abd El Razek, MBBCh, Safa Abdalla, MD, Prof. Foad Abd-Allah, MD, Jerry P Abraham, MD, Laith J Abu-Raddad, PhD, Niveen M E Abu-Rmeileh, PhD, Abdulwahab A Al-Nehmi, MD, Ali S Akanda, PhD, Hanan Al Ahmadi, DrPH, Mazin J Al Khabouri, PhD, Faris H Al Lami, PhD, Zulfa A Al Rayess, ABFM, Deena Alasfoor, MSc, Fadia S AlBuhairan, MD, Saleh F Aldhahri, MD, Suliman Alghnam, PhD, Samia Alhabib, PhD, Nawal Al-Hamad, PhD, Raghib Ali, FRCP, Syed Danish Ali, BA, Mohammad Alkhateeb, RN, Mohammad A AlMazroa, MD, Mahmoud A Alomari, PhD, Rajaa Al-Raddadi, PhD, Ubai Alsharif, MPH, Nihaya Al-Sheyab, PhD, Shirina Alsowaidi, FRCPC, Mohamed Al-Thani, FRCPCH, Khalid A Altirkawi, MD, Azmeraw T Amare, MPH, Heresh Amini, MSPH, Walid Ammar, PhD, Palwasha Anwari, MD, Hamid Asayesh, PhD, Rana Asghar, MD, Prof. Ali M Assabri, PhD, Reza Assadi, PhD, Umar Bacha, PhM, Alaa Badawi, PhD, Talal Bakfalouni, MD, Mohammed O Basulaiman, PhD, Shahrzad Bazargan-Hejazi, PhD, Neeraj Bedi, MD, Amit R Bhakta, MD, Zulfiqar A Bhutta, PhD, Aref A Bin Abdulhak, MD, Soufiane Boufous, PhD, Rupert R A Bourne, FRCOphth, Hadi Danawi, PhD, Jai Das, MBA, Amare Deribew, PhD, Eric L Ding, ScD, Adnan M Durrani, MD, Yousef Elshrek, PhD, Mohamed E Ibrahim, MPhil, Babak Eshrati, PhD, Alireza Esteghamati, MD, Imad A D Faghmous, MPH, Farshad Farzadfar, MD, Andrea B Feigl, ScD, Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad, MD, Irina Filip, MD, Florian Fischer, MPH, Fortuné G Gankpé, MD, Ibrahim Ginawi, MD, Melkamu Dedefo Gishu, MS, Rahul Gupta, MD, Rami M Habash, MPH, Nima Hafezi-Nejad, MD, Prof. Randah R Hamadeh, DPhil, Hayet Hamdouni, PhD, Samer Hamidi, PhD, Hilda L Harb, MPH, Mohammad Sadegh Hassanvand, PhD, Mohammad T Hedayati, PhD, Pouria Heydarpour, MD, Prof. Mohamed Hsairi, MD, Abdullatif Husseini, PhD, Nader Jahanmehr, PhD, Prof. Vivekanand Jha, DM, Jost B Jonas, MD, Nadim E Karam, MD, Amir Kasaeian, PhD, Nega Assefa Kassa, PhD, Anil Kaul, MD, Prof. Yousef Khader, ScD, Shams Eldin A Khalifa, MSc, Ejaz A Khan, MPH, Gulfaraz Khan, PhD, Tawfik Khoja, FRCP, Ardeshir Khosravi, PhD, Yohannes Kinfu, PhD, Barthelemy Kuate Defo, PhD, Arjun Lakshmana Balaji, MPH, Raimundas Lunevicius, PhD, Prof. Carla Makhlouf Obermeyer, DSc, Reza Malekzadeh, MD, Morteza Mansourian, PhD, Prof. Wagner Marcenes, PhD, Habibolah Masoudi Farid, MD, Alem Mehari, MD, Abla Mehio-Sibai, PhD, Prof. Ziad A Memish, MD, George A Mensah, MD, Karzan A Mohammad, PhD, Prof. Ziad Nahas, MD, Jamal T Nasher, MSc, Haseeb Nawaz, MD, Prof. Chakib Nejjari, PhD, Muhammad Imran Nisar, MSc, Saad B Omer, PhD, Mahboubeh Parsaeian, PhD, Emmanuel K Peprah, PhD, Aslam Pervaiz, MHA, Farshad Pourmalek, PhD, Prof. Dima M Qato, PhD, Mostafa Qorbani, PhD, Amir Radfar, MD, Anwar Rafay, MS, Kazem Rahimi, DM, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar, MD, Sajjad Ur Rahman, FRCPCH, Rajesh K Rai, MPH, Prof. Saleem M Rana, PhD, Sowmya R Rao, PhD, Amany H Refaat, PhD, Serge Resnikoff, MD, Gholamreza Roshandel, PhD, Georges Saade, MD, Mohammad Y Saeedi, PhD, Mohammad Ali Sahraian, MD, Shadi Saleh, PhD, Lidia Sanchez-Riera, PhD, Maheswar Satpathy, PhD, Sadaf G Sepanlou, MD, Tesfaye Setegn, MPH, Amira Shaheen, PhD, Saeid Shahraz, PhD, Sara Sheikhbahaei, MD, Kawkab Shishani, PhD, Prof. Karen Sliwa, PhD, Mohammad Tavakkoli, MD, Abdullah S Terkawi, MD, Olalekan A Uthman, PhD, Ronny Westerman, PhD, Mustafa Z Younis, DrPH, Prof. Maysaa El Sayed Zaki, PhD, Faiez Zannad, MD, Gregory A Roth, MD, Haidong Wang, PhD, Prof. Mohsen Naghavi, PhD, Prof. Theo Vos, PhD, Abdullah A Al Rabeeah, MBBS, Prof. Alan D Lopez, PhD, and Prof. Christopher J L Murray, DPhil
Subjects: Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270
Abstract: Background: The eastern Mediterranean region is comprised of 22 countries: Afghanistan, Bahrain, Djibouti, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Oman, Pakistan, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, the United Arab Emirates, and Yemen. Since our Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 (GBD 2010), the region has faced unrest as a result of revolutions, wars, and the so-called Arab uprisings. The objective of this study was to present the burden of diseases, injuries, and risk factors in the eastern Mediterranean region as of 2013. Methods: GBD 2013 includes an annual assessment covering 188 countries from 1990 to 2013. The study covers 306 diseases and injuries, 1233 sequelae, and 79 risk factors. Our GBD 2013 analyses included the addition of new data through updated systematic reviews and through the contribution of unpublished data sources from collaborators, an updated version of modelling software, and several improvements in our methods. In this systematic analysis, we use data from GBD 2013 to analyse the burden of disease and injuries in the eastern Mediterranean region specifically. Findings: The leading cause of death in the region in 2013 was ischaemic heart disease (90·3 deaths per 100 000 people), which increased by 17·2% since 1990. However, diarrhoeal diseases were the leading cause of death in Somalia (186·7 deaths per 100 000 people) in 2013, which decreased by 26·9% since 1990. The leading cause of disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) was ischaemic heart disease for males and lower respiratory infection for females. High blood pressure was the leading risk factor for DALYs in 2013, with an increase of 83·3% since 1990. Risk factors for DALYs varied by country. In low-income countries, childhood wasting was the leading cause of DALYs in Afghanistan, Somalia, and Yemen, whereas unsafe sex was the leading cause in Djibouti. Non-communicable risk factors were the leading cause of DALYs in high-income and middle-income countries in the region. DALY risk factors varied by age, with child and maternal malnutrition affecting the younger age groups (aged 28 days to 4 years), whereas high bodyweight and systolic blood pressure affected older people (aged 60–80 years). The proportion of DALYs attributed to high body-mass index increased from 3·7% to 7·5% between 1990 and 2013. Burden of mental health problems and drug use increased. Most increases in DALYs, especially from non-communicable diseases, were due to population growth. The crises in Egypt, Yemen, Libya, and Syria have resulted in a reduction in life expectancy; life expectancy in Syria would have been 5 years higher than that recorded for females and 6 years higher for males had the crisis not occurred. Interpretation: Our study shows that the eastern Mediterranean region is going through a crucial health phase. The Arab uprisings and the wars that followed, coupled with ageing and population growth, will have a major impact on the region's health and resources. The region has historically seen improvements in life expectancy and other health indicators, even under stress. However, the current situation will cause deteriorating health conditions for many countries and for many years and will have an impact on the region and the rest of the world. Based on our findings, we call for increased investment in health in the region in addition to reducing the conflicts. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Published: 2016
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8. Inter/Intra-Observer Reproducibility of Gleason Scoring in Prostate Adenocarcinoma in Iranian Pathologists

Author: Hassan Hosseinzadeh, Mohammadreza Bakhshandeh, Ali Ahmadi, Hedieh Moradi-Tabriz, Sara Sheikhbahaei, Alipasha Meysamie, and Alireza Abdollahi
Subjects: prostatic neoplasms, neoplasm grading, methods, humans, Diseases of the genitourinary system. Urology, RC870-923
Abstract: PURPOSE: To measure the level of inter/intra-observer reproducibility among pathologists as far as Gleason scoring of adenocarcinoma of the prostate is concerned. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 101 prostate biopsy slides, diagnosed with adenocarcinoma of the prostate by five pathologists from different education centers, were exposed to Gleason scoring. Two months later, the slides were re-examined by three of the same pathologists. Thereafter, the kappa was calculated for the data provided in the first and second reports of each pathologist and compared between pathologists. RESULTS: Inter-observer reproducibility was inappropriate, but intra-observer diagnostic reproducibility was almost perfect with a corresponding percentage of agreement of 85.2%. CONCLUSION: The inter-observer reproducibility was poor.
Published: 2012

9. Does Serum N-Terminal pro-Brain Natriuretic Peptide Level Predict the Severity of Angiographic Lesions in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome?

Author: Afsaneh Rajabiani, Abbas Mohaghgheghi, Daryoush Kamal- Hedayat, Sara Sheikhbahaei, Alireza Abdollahi, Sepideh Rezaei-Adl, and Hossein Sateh
Subjects: Natriuretic peptide, brain • Acute coronary syndrome • Risk assessment, Diseases of the circulatory (Cardiovascular) system, RC666-701
Abstract: Background: Serum N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), a polypeptide secreted by ventricular myocytes in response to stretch, was suggested as a predictor of adverse prognosis of the acute coronary syndrome (ACS). We examined the association between NT-proBNP level and angiographic findings in ACS patients to determine whether it could be used as a predictor of the severity of angiographic lesions. Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 126 patients with chest pain or other ischemic heart symptoms suggestive of ACS. Venous blood samples were drawn to measure serum levels of NT-proBNP. Afterward, coronary angiography was performed and the patients were categorized into four groups according to the number of coronary vessels with significant stenosis. The severity of angiographic lesions was assessed with the Gensini scoring system. Results: According to angiographic diagnosis, 11 (8.7%) patients had normal coronary arteries (no coronary artery disease [CAD]) and 115 (91.3%) had CAD, of whom 108 (85.7%) had obstructive CAD and 7 (5.6%) had minimal CAD. The serum NT-proBNP concentration was higher in the CAD group than in the non-CAD group (p value
Published: 2015

10. Is the Evaluation of Entamoeba Histolytica Infection in HIV-Positive Patients of any Clinical Significance?

Author: Alireza Abdollahi, Hana Saffar, Hiva Saffar, Sara Sheikhbahaei, and Mehrnaz Rasoulinejad
Subjects: Entamoeba histolytica, Seroprevalence, HIV infection, Medicine (General), R5-920
Abstract: Amoebiasis caused by Entamoeba histolytica (E. histolytica) is one of the most problematic parasitic infections worldwide. Data regarding the effect of HIV-induced immunodeficiency on the status of E. histolytica infection are sparse in Iran. This study aimed to assess the seroprevalence of anti-E. histolytica IgG among Iranian HIV patients. Further, it determined whether the advancement of immunodeficiency accompanies an increased risk of amoebiasis. A total of 91 HIV-infected patients and 91 controls were enrolled in this case-control study. Controls were matched to cases with respect to age, gender, and where possible socioeconomic status. Patients with a history of treatment for intestinal parasitism within last two weeks were not included in the study. Blood samples were obtained from all participants. Serum IgG against E. histolytica measured using a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The mean serum anti-E. histolytica IgG was significantly higher in HIV patients than controls (9.34 ± 4.18 vs. 2.07 ± 0.60, P
Published: 2015

11. Seroprevalence of Epstein-Barr virus among HIV Positive Patients Moreover and its Association with CD4 Positive Lymphocyte Count

Author: Alireza Abdollahi, Saeed Shoar, Mehrnaz Rasoulinejad, and Sara Sheikhbahaei
Subjects: Epstein Barr virus, Seroprevalence, HIV, CD4 Lymphocye, Medicine (General), R5-920
Abstract: Opportunistic infections are the leading cause of hospitalization and morbidity in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive patients and are the most common cause of death between them. We aimed to measure IgG antibody against EBV viral capsid antigen (EBV-VCA IgG) to determine the seroprevalence of this infection in HIV-positive population. A case-control study between September 2011 and October 2012 was conducted in a teaching hospital enrolling 114 HIV-positive patients as case group and 114 healthy individuals as control with similar age and sex. Enzyme-linked immunosurbant assay (ELISA) technique was used for determination of EBV-VAC IgG in obtained samples. Of 114 serum samples obtained from HIV-positive patients, 103 (90.4%) samples were found positive for EBV-VCA IgG antibody. There was no significant difference in seroprevalence of EBV VCA IgG antibody between patients received antiretroviral therapy and naive patients (91.5% vs. 87.5%, P>0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in EBV-VCA IgG seroprevalence between three groups of CD4+ in HIV positive group. In conclusion current study showed that seroprevalence of EBV in HIV-positive patients is higher than HIV-negative healthy participants; however, administration of HAART and CD4+ lymphocyte count did not reveal a significant effect in seroprevalence of EBV. Due to the significance of this virus in mortality and morbidity and causing certain malignancies in patients with AIDS, these patients are strongly recommended to be tested for this virus.
Published: 2014

12. Does Birth Weight affect on Coagulation Profile?

Author: alireza abdollahi and sara sheikhbahaei
Subjects: Birth Weight, Neonate, Coagulation, Diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs, RC633-647.5
Abstract: There are limited studies assessing haemostatic factors in relation to birth weight. Our study aimed to assess the differences in values of coagulation factors between 3 groups of neonates with different birth weight. A cross-sectional study enrolling 53 healthy neonates compared coagulation factors according to the birth weight for their gestational age. For this, PT, APTT, INR, TT, and levels of fibrinogen, anti thrombin III, protein S and protein C were compared between neonates divided into 3 different groups including small, appropriate, and large for gestational age. There was statistically significant difference in levels of protein S (p0.05). Protein S concentration, directly (B: 0.76, PV
Published: 2014

13. Inter-Observer Reproducibility before and after Web-Based Education in the Gleason Grading of the Prostate Adenocarcinoma among the Iranian Pathologists

Author: Alireza Abdollahi, Sara Sheikhbahaei, Alipasha Meysamie, Mohammadreza Bakhshandeh, and Hasan Hosseinzadeh
Subjects: Inter-observer reproducibility, Gleason grading, Prostate adenocarcinoma, Pathologist, Medicine (General), R5-920
Abstract: This study was aimed at determining intra and inter-observer concordance rates in the Gleason scoring of prostatic adenocarcinoma, before and after a web-based educational course. In this self-controlled study, 150 tissue samples of prostatic adenocarcinoma are re-examined to be scored according to the Gleason scoring system. Then all pathologists attend a free web-based course. Afterwards, the same 150 samples [with different codes compared to the previous ones] are distributed differently among the pathologists to be assigned Gleason scores. After gathering the data, the concordance rate in the first and second reports of pathologists is determined. In the pre web-education, the mean kappa value of Interobserver agreement was 0.25 [fair agreement]. Post web-education significantly improved with the mean kappa value of 0.52 [moderate agreement]. Using weighted kappa values, significant improvement was observed in inter-observer agreement in higher scores of Gleason grade; Score 10 was achieved for the mean kappa value in post web-education was 0.68 [substantial agreement] compared to 0.25 (fair agreement) in pre web-education. Web-based training courses are attractive to pathologists as they do not need to spend much time and money. Therefore, such training courses are strongly recommended for significant pathological issues including the grading of the prostate adenocarcinoma. Through web-based education, pathologists can exchange views and contribute to the rise in the level of reproducibility. Such programs need to be included in post-graduation programs.
Published: 2014

14. Patterns of Antimicrobial Resistance in the Causative Organisms of Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis: A Single Centre, Six-Year Experience of 1981 Samples

Author: Sara Sheikhbahaei, Alireza Abdollahi, Nima Hafezi-Nejad, and Elham Zare
Subjects: Diseases of the digestive system. Gastroenterology, RC799-869
Abstract: Background/Aims. Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in patients with cirrhosis. This study aims to determine the microbial agents of SBP and the pattern of antibiotic resistance, in a large number of ascitic samples. Methodology. In a cross-sectional, single center, hospital based study, 1981 consecutive ascitic fluid samples were recruited from 2005 to 2011. Samples were dichotomized into three-year periods, in order to assess the trend of resistance to the first-line empirical antibiotics. Results. SBP was found in 482 (24.33%) of samples, of which 314 (65.15%) were culture positive. The most prevalent isolated pathogen was E. coli (33.8%), followed by staphylococcus aureus (8.9%) and Enterococcus (8.6%). No significant changes in the proportion of gram-negative/gram-positive infections occurred during this period. A percentage of resistant strains to cefotaxime (62.5%, 85.7%), ceftazidim (73%, 82.1%), ciprofloxacin (30, 59.8%), ofloxacin (36.8%, 50%), and oxacilin (35%, 51.6%) were significantly increased. E. coli was most sensitive to imipenem, piperacillin-tazobactam, amikacin, ceftizoxime, and gentamicin. Conclusions. The microbial aetiology of SBP remains relatively constant. However, the resistance rate especially to the first-line recommended antibiotics was significantly increased. This pattern must be watched closely and taken into account in empirical antibiotic treatment.
Published: 2014
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15. Multi-timepoint imaging with PSMA-targeted [18F]F-Florastamin PET/CT: lesion detection and comparison to conventional imaging

Author: Sara Sheikhbahaei, Ricardo Bello Martinez, Mark C. Markowski, Mario A. Eisenberger, Kenneth J. Pienta, Diane Reyes, Mary Katherine Brosnan, Ergi Spiro, Rehab AbdAllah, Daniel P. Holt, Robert F. Dannals, Rudolf A. Werner, Martin G. Pomper, Michael A. Gorin, Lilja B. Solnes, and Steven P. Rowe
Subjects: Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging, General Medicine
Published: 2023

16. 18F-FDG PET/CT for Response Assessment in Lung Cancer

Author: Charles Marcus, Shahein H. Tajmir, Steven P. Rowe, Sara Sheikhbahaei, and Lilja B. Solnes
Subjects: Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging
Published: 2022

17. Global, regional, and national burden of colorectal cancer and its risk factors, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Author: Rajesh Sharma, Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari, Rami Abd-Rabu, Hassan Abidi, Eman Abu-Gharbieh, Juan Manuel Acuna, Sangeet Adhikari, Shailesh M Advani, Muhammad Sohail Afzal, Mohamad Aghaie Meybodi, Bright Opoku Ahinkorah, Sajjad Ahmad, Ali Ahmadi, Sepideh Ahmadi, Haroon Ahmed, Luai A Ahmed, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Hanadi Al Hamad, Fares Alahdab, Fahad Mashhour Alanezi, Turki M Alanzi, Fadwa Alhalaiqa Naji Alhalaiqa, Yousef Alimohamadi, Vahid Alipour, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Motasem Alkhayyat, Sami Almustanyir, Rajaa M Al-Raddadi, Saba Alvand, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Saeed Amini, Robert Ancuceanu, Amir Anoushiravani, Ali Arash Anoushirvani, Alireza Ansari-Moghaddam, Jalal Arabloo, Armin Aryannejad, Mohammad Asghari Jafarabadi, Seyyed Shamsadin Athari, Floriane Ausloos, Marcel Ausloos, Atalel Fentahun Awedew, Mamaru Ayenew Awoke, Tegegn Mulatu Ayana, Sina Azadnajafabad, Hiva Azami, Mohammadreza Azangou-Khyavy, Amirhossein Azari Jafari, Ashish D Badiye, Sara Bagherieh, Saeed Bahadory, Atif Amin Baig, Jennifer L Baker, Maciej Banach, Amadou Barrow, Alemshet Yirga Berhie, Sima Besharat, Devidas S Bhagat, Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula, Neeraj Bhala, Krittika Bhattacharyya, Vijayalakshmi S Bhojaraja, Sadia Bibi, Ali Bijani, Antonio Biondi, Tone Bjørge, Belay Boda Abule Bodicha, Dejana Braithwaite, Hermann Brenner, Daniela Calina, Chao Cao, Yin Cao, Giulia Carreras, Felix Carvalho, Ester Cerin, Raja Chandra Chakinala, William C S Cho, Dinh-Toi Chu, Joao Conde, Vera Marisa Costa, Natália Cruz-Martins, Omid Dadras, Xiaochen Dai, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi Dandona, Anna Danielewicz, Feleke Mekonnen Demeke, Getu Debalkie Demissie, Rupak Desai, Deepak Dhamnetiya, Mostafa Dianatinasab, Daniel Diaz, Mojtaba Didehdar, Saeid Doaei, Linh Phuong Doan, Milad Dodangeh, Fatemeh Eghbalian, Debela Debela Ejeta, Michael Ekholuenetale, Temitope Cyrus Ekundayo, Iman El Sayed, Muhammed Elhadi, Daniel Berhanie Enyew, Tahir Eyayu, Rana Ezzeddini, Ildar Ravisovich Fakhradiyev, Umar Farooque, Hossein Farrokhpour, Farshad Farzadfar, Ali Fatehizadeh, Hamed Fattahi, Nima Fattahi, Masood Fereidoonnezhad, Eduarda Fernandes, Getahun Fetensa, Irina Filip, Florian Fischer, Masoud Foroutan, Peter Andras Gaal, Mohamed M Gad, Silvano Gallus, Tushar Garg, Tamiru Getachew, Seyyed-Hadi Ghamari, Ahmad Ghashghaee, Nermin Ghith, Maryam Gholamalizadeh, Jamshid Gholizadeh Navashenaq, Abraham Tamirat Gizaw, James C Glasbey, Mahaveer Golechha, Pouya Goleij, Kebebe Bekele Gonfa, Giuseppe Gorini, Avirup Guha, Sapna Gupta, Veer Bala Gupta, Vivek Kumar Gupta, Rasool Haddadi, Nima Hafezi-Nejad, Arvin Haj-Mirzaian, Rabih Halwani, Shafiul Haque, Sanam Hariri, Ahmed I Hasaballah, Soheil Hassanipour, Simon I Hay, Claudiu Herteliu, Ramesh Holla, Mohammad-Salar Hosseini, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Mihaela Hostiuc, Mowafa Househ, Junjie Huang, Ayesha Humayun, Ivo Iavicoli, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Irena M Ilic, Milena D Ilic, Farhad Islami, Masao Iwagami, Mohammad Ali Jahani, Mihajlo Jakovljevic, Tahereh Javaheri, Ranil Jayawardena, Rime Jebai, Ravi Prakash Jha, Tamas Joo, Nitin Joseph, Farahnaz Joukar, Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak, Ali Kabir, Rohollah Kalhor, Ashwin Kamath, Neeti Kapoor, Ibraheem M Karaye, Amirali Karimi, Joonas H Kauppila, Asma Kazemi, Mohammad Keykhaei, Yousef Saleh Khader, Himanshu Khajuria, Rovshan Khalilov, Javad Khanali, Maryam Khayamzadeh, Mahmoud Khodadost, Hanna Kim, Min Seo Kim, Adnan Kisa, Sezer Kisa, Ali-Asghar Kolahi, Hamid Reza Koohestani, Jacek A Kopec, Rajasekaran Koteeswaran, Ai Koyanagi, Yuvaraj Krishnamoorthy, G Anil Kumar, Manoj Kumar, Vivek Kumar, Carlo La Vecchia, Faris Hasan Lami, Iván Landires, Caterina Ledda, Sang-woong Lee, Wei-Chen Lee, Yeong Yeh Lee, Elvynna Leong, Bingyu Li, Stephen S Lim, Stany W Lobo, Joana A Loureiro, Raimundas Lunevicius, Farzan Madadizadeh, Ata Mahmoodpoor, Azeem Majeed, Mohammad-Reza Malekpour, Reza Malekzadeh, Ahmad Azam Malik, Fariborz Mansour-Ghanaei, Lorenzo Giovanni Mantovani, Miquel Martorell, Sahar Masoudi, Prashant Mathur, Jitendra Kumar Meena, Entezar Mehrabi Nasab, Walter Mendoza, Alexios-Fotios A Mentis, Tomislav Mestrovic, Junmei Miao Jonasson, Bartosz Miazgowski, Tomasz Miazgowski, Gelana Fekadu Worku Mijena, Seyyedmohammadsadeq Mirmoeeni, Mohammad Mirza-Aghazadeh-Attari, Hamed Mirzaei, Sanjeev Misra, Karzan Abdulmuhsin Mohammad, Esmaeil Mohammadi, Saeed Mohammadi, Seyyede Momeneh Mohammadi, Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Shafiu Mohammed, Teroj Abdulrahman Mohammed, Nagabhishek Moka, Ali H Mokdad, Zeinab Mokhtari, Mariam Molokhia, Sara Momtazmanesh, Lorenzo Monasta, Ghobad Moradi, Rahmatollah Moradzadeh, Paula Moraga, Joana Morgado-da-Costa, Sumaira Mubarik, Francesk Mulita, Mohsen Naghavi, Mukhammad David Naimzada, Hae Sung Nam, Zuhair S Natto, Biswa Prakash Nayak, Javad Nazari, Ehsan Nazemalhosseini-Mojarad, Ionut Negoi, Cuong Tat Nguyen, Son Hoang Nguyen, Nurulamin M Noor, Maryam Noori, Seyyed Mohammad Ali Noori, Virginia Nuñez-Samudio, Chimezie Igwegbe Nzoputam, Bogdan Oancea, Oluwakemi Ololade Odukoya, Ayodipupo Sikiru Oguntade, Hassan Okati-Aliabad, Andrew T Olagunju, Tinuke O Olagunju, Sokking Ong, Samuel M Ostroff, Alicia Padron-Monedero, Reza Pakzad, Adrian Pana, Anamika Pandey, Fatemeh Pashazadeh Kan, Urvish K Patel, Uttam Paudel, Renato B Pereira, Navaraj Perumalsamy, Richard G Pestell, Zahra Zahid Piracha, Richard Charles G Pollok, Akram Pourshams, Naeimeh Pourtaheri, Akila Prashant, Mohammad Rabiee, Navid Rabiee, Amir Radfar, Sima Rafiei, Mosiur Rahman, Amir Masoud Rahmani, Vahid Rahmanian, Nazanin Rajai, Aashish Rajesh, Vajiheh Ramezani-Doroh, Kiana Ramezanzadeh, Kamal Ranabhat, Sina Rashedi, Amirfarzan Rashidi, Mahsa Rashidi, Mohammad-Mahdi Rashidi, Mandana Rastegar, David Laith Rawaf, Salman Rawaf, Reza Rawassizadeh, Mohammad Sadegh Razeghinia, Andre M N Renzaho, Negar Rezaei, Nima Rezaei, Saeid Rezaei, Mohsen Rezaeian, Sahba Rezazadeh-Khadem, Gholamreza Roshandel, Maha Mohamed Saber-Ayad, Bahar Saberzadeh-Ardestani, Basema Saddik, Hossein Sadeghi, Umar 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A., Braithwaite, D., Brenner, H., Calina, D., Cao, C., Cao, Y., Carreras, G., Carvalho, F., Cerin, E., Chakinala, R. C., Cho, W. C. S., Chu, D. -T., Conde, J., Costa, V. M., Cruz-Martins, N., Dadras, O., Dai, X., Dandona, L., Dandona, R., Danielewicz, A., Demeke, F. M., Demissie, G. D., Desai, R., Dhamnetiya, D., Dianatinasab, M., Diaz, D., Didehdar, M., Doaei, S., Doan, L. P., Dodangeh, M., Eghbalian, F., Ejeta, D. D., Ekholuenetale, M., Ekundayo, T. C., El Sayed, I., Elhadi, M., Enyew, D. B., Eyayu, T., Ezzeddini, R., Fakhradiyev, I. R., Farooque, U., Farrokhpour, H., Farzadfar, F., Fatehizadeh, A., Fattahi, H., Fattahi, N., Fereidoonnezhad, M., Fernandes, E., Fetensa, G., Filip, I., Fischer, F., Foroutan, M., Gaal, P. A., Gad, M. M., Gallus, S., Garg, T., Getachew, T., Ghamari, S. -H., Ghashghaee, A., Ghith, N., Gholamalizadeh, M., Gholizadeh Navashenaq, J., Gizaw, A. T., Glasbey, J. C., Golechha, M., Goleij, P., Gonfa, K. B., Gorini, G., Guha, A., Gupta, S., Gupta, V. B., Gupta, V. K., Haddadi, R., Hafezi-Nejad, N., Haj-Mirzaian, A., Halwani, R., Haque, S., Hariri, S., Hasaballah, A. I., Hassanipour, S., Hay, S. I., Herteliu, C., Holla, R., Hosseini, M. -S., Hosseinzadeh, M., Hostiuc, M., Househ, M., Huang, J., Humayun, A., Iavicoli, I., Ilesanmi, O. S., Ilic, I. M., Ilic, M. D., Islami, F., Iwagami, M., Jahani, M. A., Jakovljevic, M., Javaheri, T., Jayawardena, R., Jebai, R., Jha, R. P., Joo, T., Joseph, N., Joukar, F., Jozwiak, J. J., Kabir, A., Kalhor, R., Kamath, A., Kapoor, N., Karaye, I. M., Karimi, A., Kauppila, J. H., Kazemi, A., Keykhaei, M., Khader, Y. S., Khajuria, H., Khalilov, R., Khanali, J., Khayamzadeh, M., Khodadost, M., Kim, H., Kim, M. S., Kisa, A., Kisa, S., Kolahi, A. -A., Koohestani, H. R., Kopec, J. A., Koteeswaran, R., Koyanagi, A., Krishnamoorthy, Y., Kumar, G. A., Kumar, M., Kumar, V., La Vecchia, C., Lami, F. H., Landires, I., Ledda, C., Lee, S. -W., Lee, W. -C., Lee, Y. Y., Leong, E., Li, B., Lim, S. S., Lobo, S. W., Loureiro, J. A., Lunevicius, R., Madadizadeh, F., Mahmoodpoor, A., Majeed, A., Malekpour, M. -R., Malekzadeh, R., Malik, A. A., Mansour-Ghanaei, F., Mantovani, L. G., Martorell, M., Masoudi, S., Mathur, P., Meena, J. K., Mehrabi Nasab, E., Mendoza, W., Mentis, A. -F. A., Mestrovic, T., Miao Jonasson, J., Miazgowski, B., Miazgowski, T., Mijena, G. F. W., Mirmoeeni, S., Mirza-Aghazadeh-Attari, M., Mirzaei, H., Misra, S., Mohammad, K. A., Mohammadi, E., Mohammadi, S., Mohammadi, S. M., Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A., Mohammed, S., Mohammed, T. A., Moka, N., Mokdad, A. H., Mokhtari, Z., Molokhia, M., Momtazmanesh, S., Monasta, L., Moradi, G., Moradzadeh, R., Moraga, P., Morgado-da-Costa, J., Mubarik, S., Mulita, F., Naghavi, M., Naimzada, M. D., Nam, H. S., Natto, Z. S., Nayak, B. P., Nazari, J., Nazemalhosseini-Mojarad, E., Negoi, I., Nguyen, C. T., Nguyen, S. H., Noor, N. M., Noori, M., Noori, S. M. A., Nunez-Samudio, V., Nzoputam, C. I., Oancea, B., Odukoya, O. O., Oguntade, A. S., Okati-Aliabad, H., Olagunju, A. T., Olagunju, T. O., Ong, S., Ostroff, S. M., Padron-Monedero, A., Pakzad, R., Pana, A., Pandey, A., Pashazadeh Kan, F., Patel, U. K., Paudel, U., Pereira, R. B., Perumalsamy, N., Pestell, R. G., Piracha, Z. Z., Pollok, R. C. G., Pourshams, A., Pourtaheri, N., Prashant, A., Rabiee, M., Rabiee, N., Radfar, A., Rafiei, S., Rahman, M., Rahmani, A. M., Rahmanian, V., Rajai, N., Rajesh, A., Ramezani-Doroh, V., Ramezanzadeh, K., Ranabhat, K., Rashedi, S., Rashidi, A., Rashidi, M., Rashidi, M. -M., Rastegar, M., Rawaf, D. L., Rawaf, S., Rawassizadeh, R., Razeghinia, M. S., Renzaho, A. M. N., Rezaei, N., Rezaei, S., Rezaeian, M., Rezazadeh-Khadem, S., Roshandel, G., Saber-Ayad, M. M., Saberzadeh-Ardestani, B., Saddik, B., Sadeghi, H., Saeed, U., Sahebazzamani, M., Sahebkar, A., Salek Farrokhi, A., Salimi, A., Salimzadeh, H., Samadi, P., Samaei, M., Samy, A. M., Sanabria, J., Santric-Milicevic, M. M., Saqib, M. A. 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H., Yang, L., Yazdanpanah, F., Yu, C., Yuce, D., Yunusa, I., Zadnik, V., Zahir, M., Zare, I., Zhang, Z. -J., Zoladl, M., Epidemiologie, RS: NUTRIM - R3 - Respiratory & Age-related Health, and Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
Subjects: Adult, MED/42 - IGIENE GENERALE E APPLICATA, IMPACT, colorectal cancer, Colorectal Neoplasm, GBD 2019 Colorectal Cancer Collaborators, HEREDITARY, Global Burden of Disease, Cancer screening, DISPARITIES, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, Cancer treatment strategies, Risk Factors, Quality-Adjusted Life Year, COLON, Global studies, DALY, GBD, colorectal cancer, risk factors, Humans, Global Burden of Disease Study, Early Detection of Cancer, Hepatology, MORTALITY, Gastroenterology, Cancer incidence rates, Middle Aged, Cancer burden, SURVIVAL, SEX, GENDER, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, Colorectal Neoplasms, Human
Abstract: Correction to Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 7: 627-47. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022 Aug;7(8):704. doi: 10.1016/S2468-1253(22)00210-2. PMID: 35809605. Background: Colorectal cancer is the third leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. Given the recent increasing trends in colorectal cancer incidence globally, up-to-date information on the colorectal cancer burden could guide screening, early detection, and treatment strategies, and help effectively allocate resources. We examined the temporal patterns of the global, regional, and national burden of colorectal cancer and its risk factors in 204 countries and territories across the past three decades. Methods: Estimates of incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for colorectal cancer were generated as a part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 by age, sex, and geographical location for the period 1990-2019. Mortality estimates were produced using the cause of death ensemble model. We also calculated DALYs attributable to risk factors that had evidence of causation with colorectal cancer. Findings: Globally, between 1990 and 2019, colorectal cancer incident cases more than doubled, from 842 098 (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 810 408-868 574) to 2·17 million (2·00-2·34), and deaths increased from 518 126 (493 682-537 877) to 1·09 million (1·02-1·15). The global age-standardised incidence rate increased from 22·2 (95% UI 21·3-23·0) per 100 000 to 26·7 (24·6-28·9) per 100 000, whereas the age-standardised mortality rate decreased from 14·3 (13·5-14·9) per 100 000 to 13·7 (12·6-14·5) per 100 000 and the age-standardised DALY rate decreased from 308·5 (294·7-320·7) per 100 000 to 295·5 (275·2-313·0) per 100 000 from 1990 through 2019. Taiwan (province of China; 62·0 [48·9-80·0] per 100 000), Monaco (60·7 [48·5-73·6] per 100 000), and Andorra (56·6 [42·8-71·9] per 100 000) had the highest age-standardised incidence rates, while Greenland (31·4 [26·0-37·1] per 100 000), Brunei (30·3 [26·6-34·1] per 100 000), and Hungary (28·6 [23·6-34·0] per 100 000) had the highest age-standardised mortality rates. From 1990 through 2019, a substantial rise in incidence rates was observed in younger adults (age
Published: 2022

18. Imaging of Cancer Immunotherapy: Response Assessment Methods, Atypical Response Patterns, and Immune-Related Adverse Events, From theAJRSpecial Series on Imaging of Inflammation

Author: Steven P. Rowe, Mohammad Salehi Sadaghiani, Charles Marcus, Sara Sheikhbahaei, Martin G. Pomper, and Lilja B. Solnes
Subjects: Oncology, medicine.medical_specialty, business.industry, medicine.medical_treatment, Inflammation, General Medicine, Immunotherapy, Cancer treatment, Response assessment, Immune system, Cancer immunotherapy, Internal medicine, medicine, Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging, medicine.symptom, Adverse effect, business
Abstract: Please see the Editorial Comment by Jennifer Schroeder discussing this article. The introduction of immunotherapy with immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has revolutionized cancer treatment paradi...
Published: 2022

19. Diagnostic performance of IQ·SPECT with high-speed scanning: A preliminary quality control study in obese patients

Author: Rudolf A. Werner, Ricardo Bello Martinez, Charles Marcus, Matthew J. Kruse, Sara Sheikhbahaei, Lilja B. Solnes, Takahiro Higuchi, Mehrbod S. Javadi, and Steven P. Rowe
Subjects: Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine
Published: 2022

20. 2-Deoxy-2-[18F] Fluoro-d-Glucose PET/Computed Tomography

Author: Sara Sheikhbahaei, Rathan M. Subramaniam, and Lilja B. Solnes
Subjects: Radiation, Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging, General Medicine
Published: 2022

21. 177 Lu‐PSMA radioligand therapy effectiveness in metastatic castration‐resistant prostate cancer: An updated systematic review and meta‐analysis

Author: Mohammad S. Sadaghiani, Sara Sheikhbahaei, Rudolf A. Werner, Kenneth J. Pienta, Martin G. Pomper, Michael A. Gorin, Lilja B. Solnes, and Steven P. Rowe
Subjects: Oncology, Urology
Published: 2022

22. Physician Burnout versus Moral Injury and the Importance of Distinguishing Them

Author: Sara Sheikhbahaei, Tushar Garg, and Christos Georgiades
Subjects: Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging
Published: 2023

23. PET Imaging for Head and Neck Cancers

Author: Rathan M. Subramaniam, Veeresh Kumar N. Shivamurthy, Greg Avey, Charles Marcus, and Sara Sheikhbahaei
Subjects: PET-CT, medicine.medical_specialty, Prognosis prediction, Tumor hypoxia, business.industry, Head and neck cancer, Soft tissue, General Medicine, Pet imaging, medicine.disease, Fluorodeoxyglucose F18, Head and Neck Neoplasms, Positron Emission Tomography Computed Tomography, medicine, Humans, Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging, Radiology, Radiopharmaceuticals, Head and neck, business, Radiation treatment planning, Neoplasm Staging
Abstract: Head and neck cancers are commonly encountered cancers in clinical practice in the United States. Fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) PET/CT has been clinically applied in staging, occult primary tumor detection, treatment planning, response assessment, follow-up, recurrent disease detection, and prognosis prediction in these patients. Alternative PET tracers remain investigational and can provide additional valuable information such as radioresistant tumor hypoxia. The recent introduction of 18F-FDG PET/MR imaging has provided the advantage of combining the superior soft tissue resolution of MR imaging with the functional information provided by 18F-FDG PET. This article is a concise review of recent advances in PET imaging in head and neck cancer.
Published: 2021

24. Global, regional, and national burden of respiratory tract cancers and associated risk factors from 1990 to 2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Author: Chi Linh Hoang, Christopher J L Murray, Faheem Hyder Pottoo, Feng Sha, Simon I. Hay, Jianrong Zhang, Nikita Otstavnov, Eman Abu-Gharbieh, Azeem Majeed, Lorenzo Monasta, Jasvinder A. Singh, Zhi-Jiang Zhang, Jalal Arabloo, Jonathan M. Kocarnik, Sadaf G. Sepanlou, Rahmatollah Moradzadeh, Freddy Sitas, Sanjeev Misra, Lisa M. Force, Irina Filip, Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos, Shahabeddin Rezaei, Amir Radfar, Luca Ronfani, Iván Landires, Rovshan Khalilov, Brijesh Sathian, Bingyu Li, Farhad Pishgar, Mario Šekerija, Priya Rathi, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Michael T. Chung, Ali Bijani, Ritesh G. Menezes, Odgerel Chimed-Ochir, Ken Takahashi, Nobuyuki Horita, Supreet Kaur, Rakhi Dandona, Alan D. Lopez, Alireza Rafiei, Joana Morgado-da-Costa, Kelly Compton, Akram Pourshams, G Anil Kumar, Dinh-Toi Chu, Deniz Yuce, Huong Lan Thi Nguyen, Virginia Núñez-Samudio, Ahmad Ghashghaee, Cuong Tat Nguyen, Kazem Zendehdel, Maria Teresa Bustamante-Teixeira, Aaron Cohen, Mohsen Naghavi, Mukhammad David Naimzada, Lalit Dandona, Pradhum Ram, Ione Jayce Ceola Schneider, Thomas Roberts, Michael Brauer, Meseret Derbew Molla, Vesna Zadnik, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Morteza Arab-Zozani, Lidia Morawska, Abebaw Alemayehu Desta, Qing Lan, Rajesh Sharma, Mahesh P A, David Laith Rawaf, Ali H. Mokdad, Tomasz Miazgowski, Zabihollah Yousefi, Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani, Reza Malekzadeh, Paul J. Villeneuve, Masood Ali Shaikh, Muhammad Aziz Rahman, Sohail Ahmad, Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Gholamreza Roshandel, Atalel Fentahun Awedew, Hassan Abolhassani, Hermann Brenner, Sara Sheikhbahaei, Elvynna Leong, Mohammad Rabiee, Abdallah M. Samy, Eyayou Girma Tadesse, Milena Santric-Milicevic, Silvano Gallus, Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela, Mowafa Househ, Xiaochen Dai, Marco Vacante, Mihaela Hostiuc, Adrian Pana, Salman Rawaf, Sahar Saeedi Moghaddam, Francesco Saverio Violante, Weijia Fu, Paschalis Steiropoulos, Vahid Alipour, Tone Bjørge, Savita Lasrado, Burcu Kucuk Bicer, Farshad Farzadfar, Shafiu Mohammed, Fares Alahdab, Paolo Lauriola, Saeed Amini, Eugenio Traini, Maryam Zamanian, Samer Hamidi, Rajan Nikbakhsh, Pawan Faris, Birhan Gebresillassie Gebregiorgis, Emerito Jose A. Faraon, Stanislav S. Otstavnov, Shane D. Morrison, Marcel Ausloos, Aziz Sheikh, Eun-Kee Park, Antonio Biondi, Zahra Aryan, Claudiu Herteliu, Ivo Iavicoli, Hedyeh Ebrahimi, Nicholas L S Roberts, Navid Rabiee, Tudorel Andrei, Catherine Bisignano, Giulia Carreras, Andrew T Olagunju, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Dejana Braithwaite, Alex Molassiotis, Kebebe Bekele Gonfa, Bárbara Niegia Garcia de Goulart, Javad Nazari, Giuseppe Gorini, Mahaveer Golechha, Bach Xuan Tran, Ravensara S. Travillian, Zahid A Butt, Baye Dagnew, Atif Amin Baig, Nima Rezaei, Nima Hafezi-Nejad, Khanh Bao Tran, Malke Asaad, Tim Driscoll, Navid Manafi, Frances E. Dean, Shailesh Advani, Stephen S Lim, Robert Ancuceanu, Milena Ilic, Maximiliano Ribeiro Guerra, Ashwin Kamath, Carlo La Vecchia, Farhad Islami, Sudeep K Siddappa Malleshappa, Irena Ilic, Emma Elizabeth Spurlock, Florian Fischer, GBD 2019 Respiratory Tract Cancer Collaborator, and Francesco S. Violante
Subjects: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine, medicine.medical_specialty, CELL LUNG-CANCER, EGFR, Respiratory System, GBD 2019 Respiratory Tract Cancers Collaborators, Global Burden of Disease, 1117 Public Health and Health Services, Critical Care Medicine, Risk Factors, Neoplasms, General & Internal Medicine, Internal medicine, Tobacco Smoking, Humans, Medicine, Risk factor, Lung cancer, Bronchus, Science & Technology, SARS-CoV-2, MUTATIONS, business.industry, Risk Factor, MORTALITY, Incidence, Mortality rate, Incidence (epidemiology), cancer, GBD, respiratory tract, Smoking, COVID-19, Cancer, 1103 Clinical Sciences, Articles, AIR-POLLUTION, respiratory system, medicine.disease, Respiratory Tract Neoplasms, Respiratory Tract Neoplasm, medicine.anatomical_structure, Years of potential life lost, Socioeconomic Factors, Relative risk, CIGARETTE-SMOKING, business, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, Human, SMOKERS, 1199 Other Medical and Health Sciences
Abstract: Summary Background Prevention, control, and treatment of respiratory tract cancers are important steps towards achieving target 3.4 of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)—a one-third reduction in premature mortality due to non-communicable diseases by 2030. We aimed to provide global, regional, and national estimates of the burden of tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer and larynx cancer and their attributable risks from 1990 to 2019. Methods Based on the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 methodology, we evaluated the incidence, mortality, years lived with disability, years of life lost, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) of respiratory tract cancers (ie, tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer and larynx cancer). Deaths from tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer and larynx cancer attributable to each risk factor were estimated on the basis of risk exposure, relative risks, and the theoretical minimum risk exposure level input from 204 countries and territories, stratified by sex and Socio-demographic Index (SDI). Trends were estimated from 1990 to 2019, with an emphasis on the 2010–19 period. Findings Globally, there were 2·26 million (95% uncertainty interval 2·07 to 2·45) new cases of tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer, and 2·04 million (1·88 to 2·19) deaths and 45·9 million (42·3 to 49·3) DALYs due to tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer in 2019. There were 209 000 (194 000 to 225 000) new cases of larynx cancer, and 123 000 (115 000 to 133 000) deaths and 3·26 million (3·03 to 3·51) DALYs due to larynx cancer globally in 2019. From 2010 to 2019, the number of new tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer cases increased by 23·3% (12·9 to 33·6) globally and the number of larynx cancer cases increased by 24·7% (16·0 to 34·1) globally. Global age-standardised incidence rates of tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer decreased by 7·4% (−16·8 to 1·6) and age-standardised incidence rates of larynx cancer decreased by 3·0% (−10·5 to 5·0) in males over the past decade; however, during the same period, age-standardised incidence rates in females increased by 0·9% (−8·2 to 10·2) for tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer and decreased by 0·5% (−8·4 to 8·1) for larynx cancer. Furthermore, although age-standardised incidence and death rates declined in both sexes combined from 2010 to 2019 at the global level for tracheal, bronchus, lung and larynx cancers, some locations had rising rates, particularly those on the lower end of the SDI range. Smoking contributed to an estimated 64·2% (61·9–66·4) of all deaths from tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer and 63·4% (56·3–69·3) of all deaths from larynx cancer in 2019. For males and for both sexes combined, smoking was the leading specific risk factor for age-standardised deaths from tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer per 100 000 in all SDI quintiles and GBD regions in 2019. However, among females, household air pollution from solid fuels was the leading specific risk factor in the low SDI quintile and in three GBD regions (central, eastern, and western sub-Saharan Africa) in 2019. Interpretation The numbers of incident cases and deaths from tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer and larynx cancer increased globally during the past decade. Even more concerning, age-standardised incidence and death rates due to tracheal, bronchus, lung cancer and larynx cancer increased in some populations—namely, in the lower SDI quintiles and among females. Preventive measures such as smoking control interventions, air quality management programmes focused on major air pollution sources, and widespread access to clean energy should be prioritised in these settings. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Published: 2021

25. A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of the Effectiveness and Toxicities of Lutetium-177–labeled Prostate-specific Membrane Antigen–targeted Radioligand Therapy in Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer

Author: Kenneth J. Pienta, Martin G. Pomper, Sara Sheikhbahaei, Mohammad Salehi Sadaghiani, Nae Yuh Wang, Rudolf A. Werner, Lilja B. Solnes, Steven P. Rowe, and Michael A. Gorin
Subjects: Male, Oncology, medicine.medical_specialty, Urology, 030232 urology & nephrology, Context (language use), Lutetium, urologic and male genital diseases, Article, Heterocyclic Compounds, 1-Ring, 03 medical and health sciences, Prostate cancer, 0302 clinical medicine, Internal medicine, Humans, Medicine, Prospective Studies, Adverse effect, Prospective cohort study, Radioisotopes, business.industry, Hazard ratio, Prostate, Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events, Dipeptides, Prostate-Specific Antigen, medicine.disease, 3. Good health, Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant, Treatment Outcome, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Meta-analysis, Toxicity, business
Abstract: CONTEXT: Castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) treatment is an evolving challenge. Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-targeted endoradiotherapy/radioligand therapy (PRLT) with small-molecule, urea-based agents labeled with the β-particle–emitting radionuclide lutetium-177 ((177)Lu) is a promising new approach. OBJECTIVE: In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we evaluated the efficacy and toxicity of PRLT. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: A systematic search was performed in PubMed/Medline (last updated February 18, 2019). A total of 250 studies were reviewed, and 24 studies with 1192 patients were included in the analysis. Proportions of patients with ≥50% serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) decrease, any PSA decrease, and any PSA increase were extracted. Proportions of patients showing any grade toxicity and those with grade 3/4 toxicities based on Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) grading were extracted from manuscripts. Overall survival and progression-free survival were evaluated. A meta-analysis of single proportions was carried out. Furthermore, we compared the two most common PRLT agents, (177)Lu-PSMA with (177)Lu-PSMA-I&T, for effectiveness and toxicity. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: Among the 24 included studies, 20 included data on (177)Lu-PSMA-617, three included data on (177)Lu-PSMA-I&T, and one study had aggregated data for (177)Lu-PSMA-617 and (177)Lu-PSMA-I&T. The estimated proportion of (177)Lu-PSMA-617–treated patients who showed a serum PSA decrease of ≥50% with at least an 8-wk interval between therapy and PSA measurement was 0.44 (0.39; 0.50). Therapy with (177)Lu-PSMA-I&T demonstrated an estimated proportion of patients with ≥50% PSA reduction to be 0.36 (0.26; 0.47). The aggregate results for men treated with more than one cycle of any kind of PRLT showed an estimated proportion of 0.46 (0.41; 0.51) for PSA response ≥50%. Regarding aggregate data from all of the PRLT agents, we found that grade 3 and 4 toxicities were uncommon, with estimated proportions from 0.01 (0.00;0.04) for nausea, fatigue, diarrhea, and elevated aspartate transaminase up to 0.08 (0.05; 0.12) for anemia. There was considerable heterogeneity among the studies in the “any-grade toxicity” groups. Meta-regression showed that more than one cycle of PRLT is associated with a greater proportion of patients with ≥50% PSA reduction. Overall survival according to pooled hazard ratios (HRs) for any PSA decline was 0.29 (0.18; 0.46), and for >50% PSA reduction was 0.67 (0.43; 1.07). Progression-free survival according to a pooled HR of >50% PSA reduction was 0.53 (0.32; 0.86). CONCLUSIONS: The relatively high number of PSA responders alongside the low rate of severe toxicity reflects the potentially promising role of PRLT in treating CRPC. The ultimate utility of this treatment modality will become clearer as multiple prospective studies continue to accrue. In the interim, this systematic review and meta-analysis can serve as a compendium of effectiveness and adverse events associated with PRLT for treating clinicians. PATIENT SUMMARY: Prostate-specific membrane antigen–targeted endoradiotherapy/radioligand therapy (PRLT) is associated with ≥50% reduction in prostate-specific antigen level in a large number of patients and a low rate of toxicity, reflecting its potential in treating castration-resistant prostate cancer. This systematic review and meta-analysis presents as a compendium of the effectiveness and adverse events related to PRLT for treating clinicians.
Published: 2021

26. Exposing the Hidden Curriculum in Radiology Training: A True 360° Evaluation

Author: Michail E. Klontzas, M. Hunter Lanier, Sara Sheikhbahaei, and Harprit Bedi
Subjects: Humans, Internship and Residency, Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging, Curriculum, Radiology
Published: 2022

27. Population-level risks of alcohol consumption by amount, geography, age, sex, and year: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2020

Author: Dana Bryazka, Marissa B Reitsma, Max G Griswold, Kalkidan Hassen Abate, Cristiana Abbafati, Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari, Zeinab Abbasi-Kangevari, Amir Abdoli, Mohammad Abdollahi, Abu Yousuf Md Abdullah, E S Abhilash, Eman Abu-Gharbieh, Juan Manuel Acuna, Giovanni Addolorato, Oladimeji M Adebayo, Victor Adekanmbi, Kishor Adhikari, Sangeet Adhikari, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani, Saira Afzal, Wubetu Yimam Agegnehu, Manik Aggarwal, Bright Opoku Ahinkorah, Araz Ramazan Ahmad, Sajjad Ahmad, Tauseef Ahmad, Ali Ahmadi, Sepideh Ahmadi, Haroon Ahmed, Tarik Ahmed Rashid, Chisom Joyqueenet Akunna, Hanadi Al Hamad, Md Zakiul Alam, Dejene Tsegaye Alem, Kefyalew Addis Alene, Yousef Alimohamadi, Atiyeh Alizadeh, Kasim Allel, Jordi Alonso, Saba Alvand, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Firehiwot Amare, Edward Kwabena Ameyaw, Sohrab Amiri, Robert Ancuceanu, Jason A Anderson, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Tudorel Andrei, Jalal Arabloo, Muhammad Arshad, Anton A Artamonov, Zahra Aryan, Malke Asaad, Mulusew A Asemahagn, Thomas Astell-Burt, Seyyed Shamsadin Athari, Desta Debalkie Atnafu, Prince Atorkey, Alok Atreya, Floriane Ausloos, Marcel Ausloos, Getinet Ayano, Martin Amogre ayanore Ayanore, Olatunde O Ayinde, Jose L Ayuso-Mateos, Sina Azadnajafabad, Melkalem Mamuye Azanaw, Mohammadreza Azangou-Khyavy, Amirhossein Azari Jafari, Ahmed Y Azzam, Ashish D Badiye, Nasser Bagheri, Sara Bagherieh, Mohan Bairwa, Shankar M Bakkannavar, Ravleen Kaur Bakshi, Awraris Hailu Balchut/Bilchut, Till Winfried Bärnighausen, Fabio Barra, Amadou Barrow, Pritish Baskaran, Luis Belo, Derrick A Bennett, Isabela M Benseñor, Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula, Neeraj Bhala, Ashish Bhalla, Nikha Bhardwaj, Pankaj Bhardwaj, Sonu Bhaskar, Krittika Bhattacharyya, Vijayalakshmi S Bhojaraja, Bagas Suryo Bintoro, Elena A Elena Blokhina, Belay Boda Abule Bodicha, Archith Boloor, Cristina Bosetti, Dejana Braithwaite, Hermann Brenner, Nikolay Ivanovich Briko, Andre R Brunoni, Zahid A Butt, Chao Cao, Yin Cao, Rosario Cárdenas, Andre F Carvalho, Márcia Carvalho, Joao Mauricio Castaldelli-Maia, Giulio Castelpietra, Luis F S Castro-de-Araujo, Maria Sofia Cattaruzza, Promit Ananyo Chakraborty, Jaykaran Charan, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Akhilanand Chaurasia, Nicolas Cherbuin, Dinh-Toi Chu, Nandita Chudal, Sheng-Chia Chung, Chuchu Churko, Liliana G Ciobanu, Massimo Cirillo, Rafael M Claro, Simona Costanzo, Richard G Cowden, Michael H Criqui, Natália Cruz-Martins, Garland T Culbreth, Berihun Assefa Dachew, Omid Dadras, Xiaochen Dai, Giovanni Damiani, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi Dandona, Beniam Darge Daniel, Anna Danielewicz, Jiregna Darega Gela, Kairat Davletov, Jacyra Azevedo Paiva de Araujo, Antonio Reis de Sá-Junior, Sisay Abebe Debela, Azizallah Dehghan, Andreas K Demetriades, Meseret Derbew Molla, Rupak Desai, Abebaw Alemayehu Desta, Diana Dias da Silva, Daniel Diaz, Lankamo Ena Digesa, Mengistie Diress, Milad Dodangeh, Deepa Dongarwar, Fariba Dorostkar, Haneil Larson Dsouza, Bereket Duko, Bruce B Duncan, Kristina Edvardsson, Michael Ekholuenetale, Frank J Elgar, Muhammed Elhadi, Mohamed A Elmonem, Aman Yesuf Endries, Sharareh Eskandarieh, Azin Etemadimanesh, Adeniyi Francis Fagbamigbe, Ildar Ravisovich Fakhradiyev, Fatemeh Farahmand, Carla Sofia e Sá Farinha, Andre Faro, Farshad Farzadfar, Ali Fatehizadeh, Nelsensius Klau Fauk, Valery L Feigin, Rachel Feldman, Xiaoqi Feng, Zinabu Fentaw, Simone Ferrero, Lorenzo Ferro Desideri, Irina Filip, Florian Fischer, Joel Msafiri Francis, Richard Charles Franklin, Peter Andras Gaal, Mohamed M Gad, Silvano Gallus, Fabio Galvano, Balasankar Ganesan, Tushar Garg, Mesfin Gebrehiwot Damtew Gebrehiwot, Teferi Gebru Gebremeskel, Mathewos Alemu Gebremichael, Tadele Regasa Gemechu, Lemma Getacher, Motuma Erena Getachew, Abera Getachew Obsa, Asmare Getie, Amir Ghaderi, Mansour Ghafourifard, Alireza Ghajar, Seyyed-Hadi Ghamari, Lilian A Ghandour, Mohammad Ghasemi Nour, Ahmad Ghashghaee, Sherief Ghozy, Franklin N Glozah, Ekaterina Vladimirovna Glushkova, Justyna Godos, Amit Goel, Salime Goharinezhad, Mahaveer Golechha, Pouya Goleij, Mohamad Golitaleb, Felix Greaves, Michal Grivna, Giuseppe Grosso, Temesgen Worku Gudayu, Bhawna Gupta, Rajeev Gupta, Sapna Gupta, Veer Bala Gupta, Vivek Kumar Gupta, Nima Hafezi-Nejad, Arvin Haj-Mirzaian, Brian J Hall, Rabih Halwani, Tiilahun Beyene Handiso, Graeme J Hankey, Sanam Hariri, Josep Maria Haro, Ahmed I Hasaballah, Hossein Hassanian-Moghaddam, Simon I Hay, Khezar Hayat, Golnaz Heidari, Mohammad Heidari, Delia Hendrie, Claudiu Herteliu, Demisu Zenbaba Heyi, Kamal Hezam, Mbuzeleni Mbuzeleni Hlongwa, Ramesh Holla, Md Mahbub Hossain, Sahadat Hossain, Seyed Kianoosh Hosseini, Mehdi hosseinzadeh, Mihaela Hostiuc, Sorin Hostiuc, Guoqing Hu, Junjie Huang, Salman Hussain, Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye, Irena M Ilic, Milena D Ilic, Mustapha Immurana, Lalu Muhammad Irham, M Mofizul Islam, Rakibul M Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Hiroyasu Iso, Ramaiah Itumalla, Masao Iwagami, Roxana Jabbarinejad, Louis Jacob, Mihajlo Jakovljevic, Zahra Jamalpoor, Elham Jamshidi, Sathish Kumar Jayapal, Umesh Umesh Jayarajah, Ranil Jayawardena, Rime Jebai, Seyed Ali Jeddi, Alelign Tasew Jema, Ravi Prakash Jha, Har Ashish Jindal, Jost B Jonas, Tamas Joo, Nitin Joseph, Farahnaz Joukar, Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak, Mikk Jürisson, Ali Kabir, Robel Hussen Kabthymer, Bhushan Dattatray Kamble, Himal Kandel, Girum Gebremeskel Kanno, Neeti Kapoor, Ibraheem M Karaye, Salah Eddin Karimi, Bekalu Getnet Kassa, Rimple Jeet Kaur, Gbenga A Kayode, Mohammad Keykhaei, Himanshu Khajuria, Rovshan Khalilov, Imteyaz A Khan, Moien AB Khan, Hanna Kim, Jihee Kim, Min Seo Kim, Ruth W Kimokoti, Mika Kivimäki, Vitalii Klymchuk, Ann Kristin Skrindo Knudsen, Ali-Asghar Kolahi, Vladimir Andreevich Korshunov, Ai Koyanagi, Kewal Krishan, Yuvaraj Krishnamoorthy, G Anil Kumar, Narinder Kumar, Nithin Kumar, Ben Lacey, Tea Lallukka, Savita Lasrado, Jerrald Lau, Sang-woong Lee, Wei-Chen Lee, Yo Han Lee, Lee-Ling Lim, Stephen S Lim, Stany W Lobo, Platon D Lopukhov, Stefan Lorkowski, Rafael Lozano, Giancarlo Lucchetti, Farzan Madadizadeh, Áurea M Madureira-Carvalho, Soleiman Mahjoub, Ata Mahmoodpoor, Rashidul Alam Mahumud, Alaa Makki, Mohammad-Reza Malekpour, Narayana Manjunatha, Borhan Mansouri, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Jose Martinez-Raga, Francisco A Martinez-Villa, Richard Matzopoulos, Pallab K Maulik, Mahsa Mayeli, John J McGrath, Jitendra Kumar Meena, Entezar Mehrabi Nasab, Ritesh G Menezes, Gert B M Mensink, Alexios-Fotios A Mentis, Atte Meretoja, Bedasa Taye Merga, Tomislav Mestrovic, Junmei Miao Jonasson, Bartosz Miazgowski, Ana Carolina Micheletti Gomide Nogueira de Sá, Ted R Miller, GK Mini, Andreea Mirica, Antonio Mirijello, Seyyedmohammadsadeq Mirmoeeni, Erkin M Mirrakhimov, Sanjeev Misra, Babak Moazen, Maryam Mobarakabadi, Marcello Moccia, Yousef Mohammad, Esmaeil Mohammadi, Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Teroj Abdulrahman Mohammed, Nagabhishek Moka, Ali H Mokdad, Sara Momtazmanesh, Yousef Moradi, Ebrahim Mostafavi, Sumaira Mubarik, Erin C Mullany, Beemnet Tekabe Mulugeta, Efrén Murillo-Zamora, Christopher J L Murray, Julius C Mwita, Mohsen Naghavi, Mukhammad David Naimzada, Vinay Nangia, Biswa Prakash Nayak, Ionut Negoi, Ruxandra Irina Negoi, Seyed Aria Nejadghaderi, Samata Nepal, Sudan Prasad Prasad Neupane, Sandhya Neupane Kandel, Yeshambel T Nigatu, Ali Nowroozi, Khan M Nuruzzaman, Chimezie Igwegbe Nzoputam, Kehinde O Obamiro, Felix Akpojene Ogbo, Ayodipupo Sikiru Oguntade, Hassan Okati-Aliabad, Babayemi Oluwaseun Olakunde, Gláucia Maria Moraes Oliveira, Ahmed Omar Bali, Emad Omer, Doris V Ortega-Altamirano, Adrian Otoiu, Stanislav S Otstavnov, Bilcha Oumer, Mahesh P A, Alicia Padron-Monedero, Raffaele Palladino, Adrian Pana, Songhomitra Panda-Jonas, Anamika Pandey, Ashok Pandey, Shahina Pardhan, Tarang Parekh, Eun-Kee Park, Charles D H Parry, Fatemeh Pashazadeh Kan, Jay Patel, Siddhartha Pati, George C Patton, Uttam Paudel, Shrikant Pawar, Amy E Peden, Ionela-Roxana Petcu, Michael R Phillips, Marina Pinheiro, Evgenii Plotnikov, Pranil Man Singh Pradhan, Akila Prashant, Jianchao Quan, Amir Radfar, Alireza Rafiei, Pankaja Raghav Raghav, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar, Azizur Rahman, Md Mosfequr Rahman, Mosiur Rahman, Amir Masoud Rahmani, Shayan Rahmani, Chhabi Lal Ranabhat, Priyanga Ranasinghe, Chythra R Rao, Drona Prakash Rasali, Mohammad-Mahdi Rashidi, Zubair Ahmed Ratan, David Laith Rawaf, Salman Rawaf, Lal Rawal, Andre M N Renzaho, Negar Rezaei, Saeid Rezaei, Mohsen Rezaeian, Seyed Mohammad Riahi, Esperanza Romero-Rodríguez, Gregory A Roth, Godfrey M Rwegerera, Basema Saddik, Erfan Sadeghi, Reihaneh Sadeghian, Umar Saeed, Farhad Saeedi, Rajesh Sagar, Amirhossein Sahebkar, Harihar Sahoo, Mohammad Ali Sahraian, KM Saif-Ur-Rahman, Sarvenaz Salahi, Hamideh Salimzadeh, Abdallah M Samy, Francesco Sanmarchi, Milena M Santric-Milicevic, Yaser Sarikhani, Brijesh Sathian, Ganesh Kumar Saya, Mehdi Sayyah, Maria Inês Schmidt, Aletta Elisabeth Schutte, Michaël Schwarzinger, David C Schwebel, Abdul-Aziz Seidu, Nachimuthu Senthil Kumar, SeyedAhmad SeyedAlinaghi, Allen Seylani, Feng Sha, Sarvenaz Shahin, Fariba Shahraki-Sanavi, Shayan Shahrokhi, Masood Ali Shaikh, Elaheh Shaker, Murad Ziyaudinovich Shakhmardanov, Mehran Shams-Beyranvand, Sara Sheikhbahaei, Rahim Ali Sheikhi, Adithi Shetty, Jeevan K Shetty, Damtew Solomon Shiferaw, Mika Shigematsu, Rahman Shiri, Reza Shirkoohi, K M Shivakumar, Velizar Shivarov, Parnian Shobeiri, Roman Shrestha, Negussie Boti Sidemo, Inga Dora Sigfusdottir, Diego Augusto Santos Silva, Natacha Torres da Silva, Jasvinder A Singh, Surjit Singh, Valentin Yurievich Skryabin, Anna Aleksandrovna Skryabina, David A Sleet, Marco Solmi, YONATAN SOLOMON, Suhang Song, Yimeng Song, Reed J D Sorensen, Sergey Soshnikov, Ireneous N Soyiri, Dan J Stein, Sonu Hangma Subba, Miklós Szócska, Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos, Takahiro Tabuchi, Majid Taheri, Ker-Kan Tan, Minale Tareke, Elvis Enowbeyang Tarkang, Gebremaryam Temesgen, Worku Animaw Temesgen, Mohamad-Hani Temsah, Kavumpurathu Raman Thankappan, Rekha Thapar, Nikhil Kenny Thomas, Chalachew Tiruneh, Jovana Todorovic, Marco Torrado, Mathilde Touvier, Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone, Mai Thi Ngoc Tran, Sergi Trias-Llimós, Jaya Prasad Tripathy, Alireza Vakilian, Rohollah Valizadeh, Mehdi Varmaghani, Shoban Babu Varthya, Tommi Juhani Vasankari, Theo Vos, Birhanu Wagaye, Yasir Waheed, Mandaras Tariku Walde, Cong Wang, Yanzhong Wang, Yuan-Pang Wang, Ronny Westerman, Nuwan Darshana Wickramasinghe, Abate Dargie Wubetu, Suowen Xu, Kazumasa Yamagishi, Lin Yang, Gesila Endashaw E Yesera, Arzu Yigit, Vahit Yiğit, Ayenew Engida Ayenew Engida Yimaw, Dong Keon Yon, Naohiro Yonemoto, Chuanhua Yu, Siddhesh Zadey, Mazyar Zahir, Iman Zare, Mikhail Sergeevich Zastrozhin, Anasthasia Zastrozhina, Zhi-Jiang Zhang, Chenwen Zhong, Mohammad Zmaili, Yves Miel H Zuniga, Emmanuela Gakidou, University of St Andrews. School of Medicine, University of St Andrews. Population and Behavioural Science Division, Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Hjelt Institute (-2014), Helsinki Inequality Initiative (INEQ), Clinicum, Helsinki University Hospital Area, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, King Edward Medical University (Pakistán), Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, University of Oxford (Reino Unido), Medical Research Council (Reino Unido), NIH - National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) (Estados Unidos), Canada Research Chairs, National Health and Medical Research Council (Australia), National Heart Foundation of Australia, Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development (Serbia), Wellcome Trust, NIH - National Institute on Aging (NIA) (Estados Unidos), Finlands Akademi (Finlandia), Panjab University (India), Federal Ministry of Education & Research (Alemania), National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (Brasil), Danish National Research Foundation, Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research (Australia), South African Medical Research Council, National Natural Science Foundation of China, Charles Sturt University (Australia), Ain Shams University (Egipto), Mizoram University (India), Kasturba Medical College (India), Manipal Academy of Higher Education (India), Coordenação de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (Brasil), Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), Collaborators, GBD 2020 Alcohol, Bryazka, Dana, Reitsma, Marissa B, Griswold, Max G, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbasi-Kangevari, Mohsen, Abbasi-Kangevari, Zeinab, Abdoli, Amir, Abdollahi, Mohammad, Abdullah, Abu Yousuf Md, Abhilash, E S, Abu-Gharbieh, Eman, Acuna, Juan Manuel, Addolorato, Giovanni, Adebayo, Oladimeji M, Adekanmbi, Victor, Adhikari, Kishor, Adhikari, Sangeet, Adnani, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah, Afzal, Saira, Agegnehu, Wubetu Yimam, Aggarwal, Manik, Ahinkorah, Bright Opoku, Ahmad, Araz Ramazan, Ahmad, Sajjad, Ahmad, Tauseef, Ahmadi, Ali, Ahmadi, Sepideh, Ahmed, Haroon, Ahmed Rashid, Tarik, Akunna, Chisom Joyqueenet, Al Hamad, Hanadi, Alam, Md Zakiul, Alem, Dejene Tsegaye, Alene, Kefyalew Addi, Alimohamadi, Yousef, Alizadeh, Atiyeh, Allel, Kasim, Alonso, Jordi, Alvand, Saba, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Firehiwot, Ameyaw, Edward Kwabena, Amiri, Sohrab, Ancuceanu, Robert, Anderson, Jason A, Andrei, Catalina Liliana, Andrei, Tudorel, Arabloo, Jalal, Arshad, Muhammad, Artamonov, Anton A, Aryan, Zahra, Asaad, Malke, Asemahagn, Mulusew A, Astell-Burt, Thoma, Athari, Seyyed Shamsadin, Atnafu, Desta Debalkie, Atorkey, Prince, Atreya, Alok, Ausloos, Floriane, Ausloos, Marcel, Ayano, Getinet, Ayanore, Martin Amogre ayanore, Ayinde, Olatunde O, Ayuso-Mateos, Jose L, Azadnajafabad, Sina, Azanaw, Melkalem Mamuye, Azangou-Khyavy, Mohammadreza, Azari Jafari, Amirhossein, Azzam, Ahmed Y, Badiye, Ashish D, Bagheri, Nasser, Bagherieh, Sara, Bairwa, Mohan, Bakkannavar, Shankar M, Bakshi, Ravleen Kaur, Balchut/bilchut, Awraris Hailu, Bärnighausen, Till Winfried, Barra, Fabio, Barrow, Amadou, Baskaran, Pritish, Belo, Lui, Bennett, Derrick A, Benseñor, Isabela M, Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth, Bhala, Neeraj, Bhalla, Ashish, Bhardwaj, Nikha, Bhardwaj, Pankaj, Bhaskar, Sonu, Bhattacharyya, Krittika, Bhojaraja, Vijayalakshmi S, Bintoro, Bagas Suryo, Blokhina, Elena A Elena, Bodicha, Belay Boda Abule, Boloor, Archith, Bosetti, Cristina, Braithwaite, Dejana, Brenner, Hermann, Briko, Nikolay Ivanovich, Brunoni, Andre R, Butt, Zahid A, Cao, Chao, Cao, Yin, Cárdenas, Rosario, Carvalho, Andre F, Carvalho, Márcia, Castaldelli-Maia, Joao Mauricio, Castelpietra, Giulio, Castro-de-Araujo, Luis F S, Cattaruzza, Maria Sofia, Chakraborty, Promit Ananyo, Charan, Jaykaran, Chattu, Vijay Kumar, Chaurasia, Akhilanand, Cherbuin, Nicola, Chu, Dinh-Toi, Chudal, Nandita, Chung, Sheng-Chia, Churko, Chuchu, Ciobanu, Liliana G, Cirillo, Massimo, Claro, Rafael M, Costanzo, Simona, Cowden, Richard G, Criqui, Michael H, Cruz-Martins, Natália, Culbreth, Garland T, Dachew, Berihun Assefa, Dadras, Omid, Dai, Xiaochen, Damiani, Giovanni, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Daniel, Beniam Darge, Danielewicz, Anna, Darega Gela, Jiregna, Davletov, Kairat, de Araujo, Jacyra Azevedo Paiva, de Sá-Junior, Antonio Rei, Debela, Sisay Abebe, Dehghan, Azizallah, Demetriades, Andreas K, Derbew Molla, Meseret, Desai, Rupak, Desta, Abebaw Alemayehu, Dias da Silva, Diana, Diaz, Daniel, Digesa, Lankamo Ena, Diress, Mengistie, Dodangeh, Milad, Dongarwar, Deepa, Dorostkar, Fariba, Dsouza, Haneil Larson, Duko, Bereket, Duncan, Bruce B, Edvardsson, Kristina, Ekholuenetale, Michael, Elgar, Frank J, Elhadi, Muhammed, Elmonem, Mohamed A, Endries, Aman Yesuf, Eskandarieh, Sharareh, Etemadimanesh, Azin, Fagbamigbe, Adeniyi Franci, Fakhradiyev, Ildar Ravisovich, Farahmand, Fatemeh, Farinha, Carla Sofia e Sá, Faro, Andre, Farzadfar, Farshad, Fatehizadeh, Ali, Fauk, Nelsensius Klau, Feigin, Valery L, Feldman, Rachel, Feng, Xiaoqi, Fentaw, Zinabu, Ferrero, Simone, Ferro Desideri, Lorenzo, Filip, Irina, Fischer, Florian, Francis, Joel Msafiri, Franklin, Richard Charle, Gaal, Peter Andra, Gad, Mohamed M, Gallus, Silvano, Galvano, Fabio, Ganesan, Balasankar, Garg, Tushar, Gebrehiwot, Mesfin Gebrehiwot Damtew, Gebremeskel, Teferi Gebru, Gebremichael, Mathewos Alemu, Gemechu, Tadele Regasa, Getacher, Lemma, Getachew, Motuma Erena, Getachew Obsa, Abera, Getie, Asmare, Ghaderi, Amir, Ghafourifard, Mansour, Ghajar, Alireza, Ghamari, Seyyed-Hadi, Ghandour, Lilian A, Ghasemi Nour, Mohammad, Ghashghaee, Ahmad, Ghozy, Sherief, Glozah, Franklin N, Glushkova, Ekaterina Vladimirovna, Godos, Justyna, Goel, Amit, Goharinezhad, Salime, Golechha, Mahaveer, Goleij, Pouya, Golitaleb, Mohamad, Greaves, Felix, Grivna, Michal, Grosso, Giuseppe, Gudayu, Temesgen Worku, Gupta, Bhawna, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Sapna, Gupta, Veer Bala, Gupta, Vivek Kumar, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Haj-Mirzaian, Arvin, Hall, Brian J, Halwani, Rabih, Handiso, Tiilahun Beyene, Hankey, Graeme J, Hariri, Sanam, Haro, Josep Maria, Hasaballah, Ahmed I, Hassanian-Moghaddam, Hossein, Hay, Simon I, Hayat, Khezar, Heidari, Golnaz, Heidari, Mohammad, Hendrie, Delia, Herteliu, Claudiu, Heyi, Demisu Zenbaba, Hezam, Kamal, Hlongwa, Mbuzeleni Mbuzeleni, Holla, Ramesh, Hossain, Md Mahbub, Hossain, Sahadat, Hosseini, Seyed Kianoosh, Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi, Hostiuc, Mihaela, Hostiuc, Sorin, Hu, Guoqing, Huang, Junjie, Hussain, Salman, Ibitoye, Segun Emmanuel, Ilic, Irena M, Ilic, Milena D, Immurana, Mustapha, Irham, Lalu Muhammad, Islam, M Mofizul, Islam, Rakibul M, Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful, Iso, Hiroyasu, Itumalla, Ramaiah, Iwagami, Masao, Jabbarinejad, Roxana, Jacob, Loui, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo, Jamalpoor, Zahra, Jamshidi, Elham, Jayapal, Sathish Kumar, Jayarajah, Umesh Umesh, Jayawardena, Ranil, Jebai, Rime, Jeddi, Seyed Ali, Jema, Alelign Tasew, Jha, Ravi Prakash, Jindal, Har Ashish, Jonas, Jost B, Joo, Tama, Joseph, Nitin, Joukar, Farahnaz, Jozwiak, Jacek Jerzy, Jürisson, Mikk, Kabir, Ali, Kabthymer, Robel Hussen, Kamble, Bhushan Dattatray, Kandel, Himal, Kanno, Girum Gebremeskel, Kapoor, Neeti, Karaye, Ibraheem M, Karimi, Salah Eddin, Kassa, Bekalu Getnet, Kaur, Rimple Jeet, Kayode, Gbenga A, Keykhaei, Mohammad, Khajuria, Himanshu, Khalilov, Rovshan, Khan, Imteyaz A, Khan, Moien AB, Kim, Hanna, Kim, Jihee, Kim, Min Seo, Kimokoti, Ruth W, Kivimäki, Mika, Klymchuk, Vitalii, Knudsen, Ann Kristin Skrindo, Kolahi, Ali-Asghar, Korshunov, Vladimir Andreevich, Koyanagi, Ai, Krishan, Kewal, Krishnamoorthy, Yuvaraj, Kumar, G Anil, Kumar, Narinder, Kumar, Nithin, Lacey, Ben, Lallukka, Tea, Lasrado, Savita, Lau, Jerrald, Lee, Sang-woong, Lee, Wei-Chen, Lee, Yo Han, Lim, Lee-Ling, Lim, Stephen S, Lobo, Stany W, Lopukhov, Platon D, Lorkowski, Stefan, Lozano, Rafael, Lucchetti, Giancarlo, Madadizadeh, Farzan, Madureira-Carvalho, Áurea M, Mahjoub, Soleiman, Mahmoodpoor, Ata, Mahumud, Rashidul Alam, Makki, Alaa, Malekpour, Mohammad-Reza, Manjunatha, Narayana, Mansouri, Borhan, Mansournia, Mohammad Ali, Martinez-Raga, Jose, Martinez-Villa, Francisco A, Matzopoulos, Richard, Maulik, Pallab K, Mayeli, Mahsa, Mcgrath, John J, Meena, Jitendra Kumar, Mehrabi Nasab, Entezar, Menezes, Ritesh G, Mensink, Gert B M, Mentis, Alexios-Fotios A, Meretoja, Atte, Merga, Bedasa Taye, Mestrovic, Tomislav, Miao Jonasson, Junmei, Miazgowski, Bartosz, Micheletti Gomide Nogueira de Sá, Ana Carolina, Miller, Ted R, Mini, Gk, Mirica, Andreea, Mirijello, Antonio, Mirmoeeni, Seyyedmohammadsadeq, Mirrakhimov, Erkin M, Misra, Sanjeev, Moazen, Babak, Mobarakabadi, Maryam, Moccia, Marcello, Mohammad, Yousef, Mohammadi, Esmaeil, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Abdollah, Mohammed, Teroj Abdulrahman, Moka, Nagabhishek, Mokdad, Ali H, Momtazmanesh, Sara, Moradi, Yousef, Mostafavi, Ebrahim, Mubarik, Sumaira, Mullany, Erin C, Mulugeta, Beemnet Tekabe, Murillo-Zamora, Efrén, Murray, Christopher J L, Mwita, Julius C, Naghavi, Mohsen, Naimzada, Mukhammad David, Nangia, Vinay, Nayak, Biswa Prakash, Negoi, Ionut, Negoi, Ruxandra Irina, Nejadghaderi, Seyed Aria, Nepal, Samata, Neupane, Sudan Prasad Prasad, Neupane Kandel, Sandhya, Nigatu, Yeshambel T, Nowroozi, Ali, Nuruzzaman, Khan M, Nzoputam, Chimezie Igwegbe, Obamiro, Kehinde O, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Oguntade, Ayodipupo Sikiru, Okati-Aliabad, Hassan, Olakunde, Babayemi Oluwaseun, Oliveira, Gláucia Maria Morae, Omar Bali, Ahmed, Omer, Emad, Ortega-Altamirano, Doris V, Otoiu, Adrian, Otstavnov, Stanislav S, Oumer, Bilcha, P A, Mahesh, Padron-Monedero, Alicia, Palladino, Raffaele, Pana, Adrian, Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra, Pandey, Anamika, Pandey, Ashok, Pardhan, Shahina, Parekh, Tarang, Park, Eun-Kee, Parry, Charles D H, Pashazadeh Kan, Fatemeh, Patel, Jay, Pati, Siddhartha, Patton, George C, Paudel, Uttam, Pawar, Shrikant, Peden, Amy E, Petcu, Ionela-Roxana, Phillips, Michael R, Pinheiro, Marina, Plotnikov, Evgenii, Pradhan, Pranil Man Singh, Prashant, Akila, Quan, Jianchao, Radfar, Amir, Rafiei, Alireza, Raghav, Pankaja Raghav, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Azizur, Rahman, Md Mosfequr, Rahman, Mosiur, Rahmani, Amir Masoud, Rahmani, Shayan, Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal, Ranasinghe, Priyanga, Rao, Chythra R, Rasali, Drona Prakash, Rashidi, Mohammad-Mahdi, Ratan, Zubair Ahmed, Rawaf, David Laith, Rawaf, Salman, Rawal, Lal, Renzaho, Andre M N, Rezaei, Negar, Rezaei, Saeid, Rezaeian, Mohsen, Riahi, Seyed Mohammad, Romero-Rodríguez, Esperanza, Roth, Gregory A, Rwegerera, Godfrey M, Saddik, Basema, Sadeghi, Erfan, Sadeghian, Reihaneh, Saeed, Umar, Saeedi, Farhad, Sagar, Rajesh, Sahebkar, Amirhossein, Sahoo, Harihar, Sahraian, Mohammad Ali, Saif-Ur-Rahman, Km, Salahi, Sarvenaz, Salimzadeh, Hamideh, Samy, Abdallah M, Sanmarchi, Francesco, Santric-Milicevic, Milena M, Sarikhani, Yaser, Sathian, Brijesh, Saya, Ganesh Kumar, Sayyah, Mehdi, Schmidt, Maria Inê, Schutte, Aletta Elisabeth, Schwarzinger, Michaël, Schwebel, David C, Seidu, Abdul-Aziz, Senthil Kumar, Nachimuthu, Seyedalinaghi, Seyedahmad, Seylani, Allen, Sha, Feng, Shahin, Sarvenaz, Shahraki-Sanavi, Fariba, Shahrokhi, Shayan, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shaker, Elaheh, Shakhmardanov, Murad Ziyaudinovich, Shams-Beyranvand, Mehran, Sheikhbahaei, Sara, Sheikhi, Rahim Ali, Shetty, Adithi, Shetty, Jeevan K, Shiferaw, Damtew Solomon, Shigematsu, Mika, Shiri, Rahman, Shirkoohi, Reza, Shivakumar, K M, Shivarov, Velizar, Shobeiri, Parnian, Shrestha, Roman, Sidemo, Negussie Boti, Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Silva, Diego Augusto Santo, Silva, Natacha Torres da, Singh, Jasvinder A, Singh, Surjit, Skryabin, Valentin Yurievich, Skryabina, Anna Aleksandrovna, Sleet, David A, Solmi, Marco, Solomon, Yonatan, Song, Suhang, Song, Yimeng, Sorensen, Reed J D, Soshnikov, Sergey, Soyiri, Ireneous N, Stein, Dan J, Subba, Sonu Hangma, Szócska, Mikló, Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael, Tabuchi, Takahiro, Taheri, Majid, Tan, Ker-Kan, Tareke, Minale, Tarkang, Elvis Enowbeyang, Temesgen, Gebremaryam, Temesgen, Worku Animaw, Temsah, Mohamad-Hani, Thankappan, Kavumpurathu Raman, Thapar, Rekha, Thomas, Nikhil Kenny, Tiruneh, Chalachew, Todorovic, Jovana, Torrado, Marco, Touvier, Mathilde, Tovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto, Tran, Mai Thi Ngoc, Trias-Llimós, Sergi, Tripathy, Jaya Prasad, Vakilian, Alireza, Valizadeh, Rohollah, Varmaghani, Mehdi, Varthya, Shoban Babu, Vasankari, Tommi Juhani, Vos, Theo, Wagaye, Birhanu, Waheed, Yasir, Walde, Mandaras Tariku, Wang, Cong, Wang, Yanzhong, Wang, Yuan-Pang, Westerman, Ronny, Wickramasinghe, Nuwan Darshana, Wubetu, Abate Dargie, Xu, Suowen, Yamagishi, Kazumasa, Yang, Lin, Yesera, Gesila Endashaw E, Yigit, Arzu, Yiğit, Vahit, Yimaw, Ayenew Engida Ayenew Engida, Yon, Dong Keon, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yu, Chuanhua, Zadey, Siddhesh, Zahir, Mazyar, Zare, Iman, Zastrozhin, Mikhail Sergeevich, Zastrozhina, Anasthasia, Zhang, Zhi-Jiang, Zhong, Chenwen, Zmaili, Mohammad, Zuniga, Yves Miel H, Gakidou, Emmanuela, Bryazka, D, Reitsma, Mb, Griswold, Mg, Abate, Kh, Abbafati, C, Kangevari, Ma, Kangevari, Za, Abdoli, A, Abdollahi, M, Abdullah, Am, Abhilash, E, Abu Gharbieh, E, Acuna, Jm, Addolorato, G, Adebayo, Om, Adekanmbi, V, Adhikari, K, Adhikari, S, Adnani, Qe, Afzal, S, Agegnehu, Wy, Aggarwal, M, Ahinkorah, Bo, Ahmad, Ar, Ahmad, S, Ahmad, T, Ahmadi, A, Ahmadi, S, Ahmed, H, Rashid, Ta, Akunna, Cj, Al Hamad, H, Alam, Mz, Alem, Dt, Alene, Ka, Alimohamadi, Y, Alizadeh, A, Allel, K, Alonso, J, Alvand, S, Guzman, Na, Amare, F, Ameyaw, Ek, Amiri, S, Ancuceanu, R, Anderson, Ja, Andrei, Cl, Andrei, T, Arabloo, J, Arshad, M, Artamonov, Aa, Aryan, Z, Asaad, M, Asemahagn, Ma, Burt, Ta, Athari, S, Atnafu, Dd, Atorkey, P, Atreya, A, Ausloos, F, Ausloos, M, Ayano, G, Ayanore, Ma, Ayinde, Oo, Mateos, Jla, Azadnajafabad, S, Azanaw, Mm, Khyavy, Ma, Jafari, Aa, Azzam, Ay, Badiye, Ad, Bagheri, N, Bagherieh, S, Bairwa, M, Bakkannavar, Sm, Bakshi, Rk, Balchut, Ah, Null, T, Barra, F, Barrow, A, Baskaran, P, Belo, L, Bennett, Da, Bensenor, Im, Bhagavathula, A, Bhala, N, Bhalla, A, Bhardwaj, N, Bhardwaj, P, Bhaskar, S, Bhattacharyya, K, Bhojaraja, V, Bintoro, B, Blokhina, Eae, Bodicha, Bba, Boloor, A, Bosetti, C, Braithwaite, D, Brenner, H, Briko, Ni, Brunoni, Ar, Butt, Za, Cao, C, Cao, Y, Cardenas, R, Carvalho, Af, Carvalho, M, Maia, Jmc, Castelpietra, G, de Araujo, Lfsc, Cattaruzza, M, Chakraborty, Pa, Charan, J, Chattu, Vk, Chaurasia, A, Cherbuin, N, Chu, Dt, Chudal, N, Chung, Sc, Churko, C, Ciobanu, Lg, Cirillo, M, Claro, Rm, Costanzo, S, Cowden, Rg, Criqui, Mh, Martins, Nc, Culbreth, Gt, Dachew, Ba, Dadras, O, Dai, Xc, Damiani, G, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Daniel, Bd, Danielewicz, A, Gela, Jd, Davletov, K, de Araujo, Jap, de Sa, Ar, Debela, Sa, Dehghan, A, Demetriades, Ak, Molla, Md, Desai, R, Desta, Aa, da Silva, Dd, Diaz, D, Digesa, Le, Diress, M, Dodangeh, M, Dongarwar, D, Dorostkar, F, Dsouza, Hl, Duko, B, Duncan, Bb, Edvardsson, K, Ekholuenetale, M, Elgar, Fj, Elhadi, M, Elmonem, Ma, Endries, Ay, Eskandarieh, S, Etemadimanesh, A, Fagbamigbe, Af, Fakhradiyev, Ir, Farahmand, F, Farinha, Cse, Faro, A, Farzadfar, F, Fatehizadeh, A, Fauk, Nk, Feigin, Vl, Feldman, R, Feng, Xq, Fentaw, Z, Ferrero, S, Desideri, Lf, Filip, I, Fischer, F, Francis, Jm, Franklin, Rc, Gaal, Pa, Gad, Mm, Gallus, S, Galvano, F, Ganesan, B, Garg, T, Gebrehiwot, Mgd, Gebremeskel, Tg, Gebremichael, Ma, Gemechu, Tr, Getacher, L, Getachew, Me, Obsa, Ag, Getie, A, Ghaderi, A, Ghafourifard, M, Ghajar, A, Ghamari, Sh, Ghandour, La, Nour, Mg, Ghashghaee, A, Ghozy, S, Glozah, Fn, Glushkova, Ev, Godos, J, Goel, A, Goharinezhad, S, Golechha, M, Goleij, P, Golitaleb, M, Greaves, F, Grivna, M, Grosso, G, Gudayu, Tw, Gupta, B, Gupta, R, Gupta, S, Gupta, Vb, Gupta, Vk, Nejad, Nh, Mirzaian, Ah, Hall, Bj, Halwani, R, Handiso, Tb, Hankey, Gj, Hariri, S, Haro, Jm, Hasaballah, Ai, Moghaddam, Hh, Hay, Si, Hayat, K, Heidari, G, Heidari, M, Hendrie, D, Herteliu, C, Heyi, Dz, Hezam, K, Hlongwa, Mm, Holla, R, Hossain, Mm, Hossain, S, Hosseini, Sk, Hosseinzadeh, M, Hostiuc, M, Hostiuc, S, Hu, Gq, Huang, Jj, Hussain, S, Ibitoye, Se, Ilic, Im, Ilic, Md, Immurana, M, Irham, Lm, Islam, Mm, Islam, Rm, Islam, Sm, Iso, H, Itumalla, R, Iwagami, M, Jabbarinejad, R, Jacob, L, Jakovljevic, M, Jamalpoor, Z, Jamshidi, E, Jayapal, Sk, Jayarajah, Uu, Jayawardena, R, Jebai, R, Jeddi, Sa, Jema, At, Jha, Rp, Jindal, Ha, Jonas, Jb, Joo, T, Joseph, N, Joukar, F, Jozwiak, Jj, Jurisson, M, Kabir, A, Kabthymer, Rh, Kamble, Bd, Kandel, H, Kanno, Gg, Kapoor, N, Karaye, Im, Karimi, Se, Kassa, Bg, Kaur, Rj, Kayode, Ga, Keykhaei, M, Khajuria, H, Khalilov, R, Khan, Ia, Ab Khan, M, Kim, H, Kim, J, Kim, M, Kimokoti, Rw, Kivimaki, M, Klymchuk, V, Knudsen, Ak, Kolahi, Aa, Korshunov, Va, Koyanagi, A, Krishan, K, Krishnamoorthy, Y, Kumar, Ga, Kumar, N, Ben, Lacey, Lallukka, T, Lasrado, S, Lau, J, Lee, Sw, Lee, Wc, Lee, Yh, Lim, Ll, Lim, S, Lobo, Sw, Lopukhov, Pd, Lorkowski, S, Lozano, R, Lucchetti, G, Madadizadeh, F, Mahjoub, S, Mahmoodpoor, A, Mahumud, Ra, Makki, A, Malekpour, Mr, Manjunatha, N, Mansouri, B, Mansournia, Ma, Raga, Jm, Villa, Fam, Matzopoulos, R, Maulik, Pk, Mayeli, M, Mcgrath, Jj, Meena, Jk, Nasab, Em, Menezes, Rg, Mensink, Gbm, Mentis, Afa, Meretoja, A, Merga, Bt, Mestrovic, T, Jonasson, Jm, Miazgowski, B, de Sa, Acmgn, Miller, Tr, Mini, G, Mirica, A, Mirijello, A, Mirmoeeni, S, Mirrakhimov, Em, Misra, S, Moazen, B, Mobarakabadi, M, Moccia, M, Mohammad, Y, Mohammadi, E, Hafshejani, Am, Mohammed, Ta, Moka, N, Mokdad, Ah, Momtazmanesh, S, Moradi, Y, Mostafavi, E, Mubarik, S, Mullany, Ec, Mulugeta, Bt, Zamora, Em, Murray, Cjl, Mwita, Jc, Naghavi, M, Naimzada, Md, Nangia, V, Nayak, Bp, Negoi, I, Negoi, Ri, Nejadghaderi, Sa, Nepal, S, Neupane, Spp, Kandel, Sn, Nigatu, Yt, Nowroozi, A, Nuruzzaman, Km, Nzoputam, Ci, Obamiro, Ko, Ogbo, Fa, Oguntade, A, Aliabad, Ho, Olakunde, Bo, Oliveira, Gmm, Bali, Ao, Omer, E, Altamirano, Dvo, Otoiu, A, Otstavnov, S, Oumer, B, Mahesh, Pa, Monedero, Ap, Palladino, R, Pana, A, Jonas, Sp, Pandey, A, Pardhan, S, Parekh, T, Park, Ek, Parry, Cdh, Kan, Fp, Patel, J, Pati, S, Patton, Gc, Paudel, U, Pawar, S, Peden, Ae, Petcu, Ir, Phillips, Mr, Pinheiro, M, Plotnikov, E, Pradhan, Pm, Prashant, A, Quan, Jc, Radfar, A, Rafiei, A, Raghav, Pr, Movaghar, Vr, Rahman, A, Rahman, Mm, Rahman, M, Rahmani, Am, Rahmani, S, Ranabhat, Cl, Ranasinghe, P, Rao, Cr, Rasali, Dp, Rashidi, Mm, Ratan, Za, Rawaf, Dl, Rawaf, S, Rawal, L, Renzaho, Amn, Rezaei, N, Rezaei, S, Rezaeian, M, Riahi, Sm, Rodriguez, Er, Roth, Ga, Rwegerera, Gm, Saddik, B, Sadeghi, E, Sadeghian, R, Saeed, U, Saeedi, F, Sagar, R, Sahebkar, A, Sahoo, H, Sahraian, Ma, Rahman, Ksu, Salahi, S, Salimzadeh, H, Samy, Am, Sanmarchi, F, Milicevic, Mm, Sarikhani, Y, Sathian, B, Saya, Gk, Sayyah, M, Schmidt, Mi, Schutte, Ae, Schwarzinger, M, Schwebel, Dc, Seidu, Aa, Seyedalinaghi, S, Seylani, A, Sha, F, Shahin, S, Sanavi, F, Shahrokhi, S, Shaikh, Ma, Shaker, E, Shakhmardanov, Mz, Beyranvand, M, Sheikhbahaei, S, Sheikhi, Ra, Shetty, A, Shetty, Jk, Shiferaw, D, Shigematsu, M, Shiri, R, Shirkoohi, R, Shivakumar, Km, Shivarov, V, Shobeiri, P, Shrestha, R, Sidemo, Nb, Sigfusdottir, Id, Silva, Da, da Silva, Nt, Singh, Ja, Singh, S, Skryabin, Vy, Skryabina, Aa, Sleet, Da, Solmi, M, Solomon, Y, Song, S, Song, Ym, Sorensen, Rjd, Soshnikov, S, Soyiri, In, Stein, Dj, Subba, Sh, Szocska, M, Seisdedos, Rt, Tabuchi, T, Taheri, M, Tan, Kk, Tareke, M, Tarkang, Ee, Temesgen, G, Temesgen, Wa, Temsah, Mh, Thankappan, Kr, Thapar, R, Thomas, Nk, Tiruneh, C, Todorovic, J, Torrado, M, Touvier, M, Palone, Mrt, Tran, Mtn, Llimos, St, Tripathy, Jp, Vakilian, A, Valizadeh, R, Varmaghani, M, Varthya, Sb, Vasankari, Tj, Vos, T, Wagaye, B, Waheed, Y, Walde, Mt, Wang, C, Wang, Yz, Wang, Yp, Westerman, R, Wickramasinghe, Nd, Wubetu, Ad, Xu, S, Yamagishi, K, Yang, L, Yesera, Gee, Yigit, A, Yimaw, Ae, Yon, Dk, Yonemoto, N, Yu, Ch, Zadey, S, Zahir, M, Zare, I, Zastrozhin, M, Zastrozhina, A, Zhang, Zj, Zhong, Cw, Zmaili, M, Zuniga, Ymh, Gakidou, E, Madureira-Carvalho, Am, Ciobanu, LG, Gakidou, Emma, and GBD 2020 Alcohol Collaborators
Subjects: Adult, Male, Alcohol Drinking, CONTROL POLICIES, adult, Child, Preschool, Female, Geography, Global Burden of Disease, Global Health, Humans, Middle Aged, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, Risk Factors, NDAS, ALL-CAUSE, GUIDELINES, GBD 2020 Alcohol Collaborators, COST-EFFECTIVENESS, Medicine, General & Internal, DRINKING, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, RA0421, General & Internal Medicine, Quality-Adjusted Life Year, RA0421 Public health. Hygiene. Preventive Medicine, DRINKERS, Child, Preschool, 11 Medical and Health Sciences, METAANALYSIS, MCC, Science & Technology, global burden of disease, Risk Factor, General Medicine, CANCER, alcohol drinking, AC, 3121 General medicine, internal medicine and other clinical medicine, REDUCED MORTALITY, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, Human
Abstract: Background: The health risks associated with moderate alcohol consumption continue to be debated. Small amounts of alcohol might lower the risk of some health outcomes but increase the risk of others, suggesting that the overall risk depends, in part, on background disease rates, which vary by region, age, sex, and year. Methods: For this analysis, we constructed burden-weighted dose-response relative risk curves across 22 health outcomes to estimate the theoretical minimum risk exposure level (TMREL) and non-drinker equivalence (NDE), the consumption level at which the health risk is equivalent to that of a non-drinker, using disease rates from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2020 for 21 regions, including 204 countries and territories, by 5-year age group, sex, and year for individuals aged 15-95 years and older from 1990 to 2020. Based on the NDE, we quantified the population consuming harmful amounts of alcohol. Findings: The burden-weighted relative risk curves for alcohol use varied by region and age. Among individuals aged 15-39 years in 2020, the TMREL varied between 0 (95% uncertainty interval 0-0) and 0·603 (0·400-1·00) standard drinks per day, and the NDE varied between 0·002 (0-0) and 1·75 (0·698-4·30) standard drinks per day. Among individuals aged 40 years and older, the burden-weighted relative risk curve was J-shaped for all regions, with a 2020 TMREL that ranged from 0·114 (0-0·403) to 1·87 (0·500-3·30) standard drinks per day and an NDE that ranged between 0·193 (0-0·900) and 6·94 (3·40-8·30) standard drinks per day. Among individuals consuming harmful amounts of alcohol in 2020, 59·1% (54·3-65·4) were aged 15-39 years and 76·9% (73·0-81·3) were male. Interpretation: There is strong evidence to support recommendations on alcohol consumption varying by age and location. Stronger interventions, particularly those tailored towards younger individuals, are needed to reduce the substantial global health loss attributable to alcohol. Research reported in this publication was supported by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. S Afzal acknowledges the support for intellectual contributions to this manuscript by the Department of Community Medicine and Epidemiology at King Edward Medical University, Lahore, Pakistan. T Bärnighausen was supported by the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation through the Alexander von Humboldt Professor award, funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research. L Belo acknowledges support from FCT in the scope of the project UIDP/04378/2020 and UIDB/04378/2020 of UCIBIO and the project LA/P/0140/2020 of i4HB. D Bennett is supported by the UK Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit at the University of Oxford (Oxford, UK). M Carvalho acknowledges support from FCT in the scope of the project UIDP/04378/2020 and UIDB/04378/2020 of UCIBIO and the project LA/P/0140/2020 of i4HB. L Castro-de-Araujo was funded by the Medical Research Council (UK), Grant no. MR/T03355X/1 and by the National Institute of Mental Health Grant no. R01MH128911. FJ Elgar is supported by the Canada Research Chairs program. F Greaves acknowledges support from the NIHR Applied Research Collaboration for NW London. V K Gupta acknowledges funding support from the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC), Australia. VB Gupta acknowledges funding support from the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC), Australia. C Herteliu is partially supported by a grant from the Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research and Innovation, CNDS-UEFISCDI, project number PN-III-P4-ID-PCCF-2016-0084. C Herteliu is partially supported by a grant from the Romanian Ministry of Research Innovation and Digitalization, MCID, project number ID-585-CTR-42-PFE-2021. S Hussain was supported by the Operational Programme Research, Development and Education –Project, Postdoc2MUNI “(No. CZ.02.2.69/0.0/0.0/18_053/0016952). S M S Islam is funded by the National Health and Medical Research Council and received funding from the National Heart Foundation of Australia. The Serbian part of this GBD-related contribution has been co-financed through Grant OI 175 014 of the Ministry of Education Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia. M Kivimaki was supported by the Wellcome Trust (221854/Z/20/Z), the UK Medical Research Council (MR/S011676/1), the US National Institute on Aging (R01AG056477), and the Academy of Finland (350426). K Krishan is supported by the UGC Centre of Advanced Study (Phase II), awarded to the Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India. B Lacey acknowledges support from the UK Biobank, funded largely by the UK Medical Research Council and Wellcome. S Lorkowski acknowledges institutional support from the Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD) Halle-Jena-Leipzig (Germany; German Federal Ministry of Education and Research; grant agreement number 01EA1808A). G Lucchetti received a productivity scholarship from the Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development — CNPq (Level 1D). J McGrath was supported by the Danish National Research Foundation (Niels Bohr Professor). J McGrath is employed by the Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research (Australia), which receives support from the Queensland Health Department. C Parry acknowleges the South African Medical Research Council. A Peden is supported by a National Health and Medical Research Council Emerging Leadership Fellowship (Grant ID: APP2009306). M R Phillips was supported in part by the Global Alliance for Chronic Diseases - National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC. No. 81761128031). M Pinheiro acknowledges FCT for funding through program DL 57/2016 – Norma transitória. A Rahman acknowledges the support from the Data Science Research Unit in Charles Sturt University (Bathurst, NSW, Australia). U Saeed would like to acknowledge the International Center of Medical Sciences Research (ICMSR), Islamabad, Pakistan. A M Samy acknowledges support from Ain Shams University (Cairo, Egypt) and the Egyptian Fulbright Mission Program. N Senthil Kumar acknowledges the DBT, New Delhi sponsored Advanced State Level Biotech Hub (BT/NER/143/SP44475/2021), Mizoram University (Aizawl, Mizoram, India) for facilitating this work. F Sha is supported by the Shenzhen Science and Technology Program (Grant No. KQTD20190929172835662). A Shetty acknowledges Kasturba Medical College (Mangalore, India) and Manipal Academy of Higher Education (Manipal, India) for all the academic support. R Shrestha acknowledges a career development award from the National Institutes of Health (K01DA051346). D Silva was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior-Brazil (CAPES)-Finance Code 001 and is supported in part by CNPq - Brazil (309589/2021-5). D Sleet acknowledges partial support from Veritas Management Group, Inc and The Bizzell Group, LLC. S Trias-Llimós acknowledges research funding from the Juan de la Cierva-Formación program of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (FJC-2019-039314-I). Sí
Published: 2022

28. Cellular and Molecular Imaging with SPECT and PET in Brain Tumors

Author: Martin G. Pomper, Lilja B. Solnes, Steven P. Rowe, Mohammad Salehi Sadaghiani, and Sara Sheikhbahaei
Subjects: Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon, medicine.diagnostic_test, Brain Neoplasms, business.industry, Brain tumor, Brain, General Medicine, medicine.disease, Molecular Imaging, 030218 nuclear medicine & medical imaging, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Positron emission tomography, Positron-Emission Tomography, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Humans, Medicine, Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging, Molecular imaging, business, Nuclear medicine, Emission computed tomography
Abstract: This review highlights the 2 major molecular imaging modalities that are used in clinics, namely single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET), and their added value in management of patients with brain tumors. There are a variety of SPECT and PET radiotracers that can allow imaging of different molecular processes. Those radiotracers target specific molecular features of tumors, resulting in improved specificity of these agents. Potential applications include staging of brain tumors and evaluating post-therapeutic changes.
Published: 2021

29. CT‐based assessment of body composition following neoadjuvant chemohormonal therapy in patients with castration‐naïve oligometastatic prostate cancer

Author: Steven P. Rowe, Sara Sheikhbahaei, Kenneth J. Pienta, and Diane K. Reyes
Subjects: Male, 0301 basic medicine, Biochemical recurrence, androgen deprivation, medicine.medical_specialty, Urology, medicine.medical_treatment, Subcutaneous Fat, Antineoplastic Agents, Docetaxel, castration sensitive, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, Prostate cancer, 0302 clinical medicine, medicine, Humans, Prospective Studies, Neoplasm Metastasis, Aged, Psoas Muscles, Prostatectomy, body composition, Chemotherapy, business.industry, Androgen Antagonists, Original Articles, Middle Aged, medicine.disease, Neoadjuvant Therapy, Clinical trial, Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant, 030104 developmental biology, Castration, Oncology, chemistry, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Cohort, Disease Progression, oligometastatic prostate cancer, Original Article, Tomography, X-Ray Computed, business, medicine.drug
Abstract: Background The purpose of this study is to assess the body composition changes in men with recently diagnosed oligometastatic prostate cancer following neoadjuvant chemohormonal therapy. Further, we evaluated whether CT‐based body composition parameters are associated with biochemical recurrence or imaging progression. Material and methods Recently diagnosed castration‐naïve oligometastatic prostate cancer patients who received neoadjuvant docetaxel chemotherapy and androgen deprivation treatment (ADT) before prostatectomy and consolidation of local and oligometastatic disease (total eradication therapy), as part of a phase‐II prospective clinical trial were included. Body composition parameters including cross‐sectional areas of the psoas muscle, total, visceral, and subcutaneous adipose tissue were measured on serial CT scans obtained before and following completion of neoadjuvant treatment. Results A total of 22 prostate cancer patients were included (median age 58 years, median Gleason score 8). The median time intervals between commencement of neoadjuvant chemohormonal therapy and first and second follow‐up CTs were 3 and 12 months, respectively. Compared to the baseline scan, there were significant declines in psoas muscle cross‐sectional areas with estimated percentage declines of −13.9% (IQR: 7.6%–16.5%, p
Published: 2020

30. 2-Deoxy-2-[

Author: Sara, Sheikhbahaei, Rathan M, Subramaniam, and Lilja B, Solnes
Subjects: Glucose, Fluorodeoxyglucose F18, Head and Neck Neoplasms, Positron Emission Tomography Computed Tomography, Positron-Emission Tomography, Carcinoma, Squamous Cell, Humans
Published: 2022

31. Diabetes mortality and trends before 25 years of age: an analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Author: Ewerton Cousin, Bruce B Duncan, Caroline Stein, Kanyin Liane Ong, Theo Vos, Cristiana Abbafati, Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari, Michael Abdelmasseh, Amir Abdoli, Rami Abd-Rabu, Hassan Abolhassani, Eman Abu-Gharbieh, Manfred Mario Kokou Accrombessi, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani, Muhammad Sohail Afzal, Gina Agarwal, Krishna K Agrawaal, Marcela Agudelo-Botero, Bright Opoku Ahinkorah, Sajjad Ahmad, Tauseef Ahmad, Keivan Ahmadi, Sepideh Ahmadi, Ali Ahmadi, Ali Ahmed, Yusra Ahmed Salih, Wuraola Akande-Sholabi, Tayyaba Akram, Hanadi Al Hamad, Ziyad Al-Aly, Jacqueline Elizabeth Alcalde-Rabanal, Vahid Alipour, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Rajaa M Al-Raddadi, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Saeed Amini, Robert Ancuceanu, Tudorel Andrei, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Ranjit Mohan Anjana, Adnan Ansar, Ippazio Cosimo Antonazzo, Benny Antony, Anayochukwu Edward Anyasodor, Jalal Arabloo, Damian Arizmendi, Benedetta Armocida, Anton A Artamonov, Judie Arulappan, Zahra Aryan, Samaneh Asgari, Tahira Ashraf, Thomas Astell-Burt, Prince Atorkey, Maha Moh'd Wahbi Atout, Martin Amogre Ayanore, Ashish D Badiye, Atif Amin Baig, Mohan Bairwa, Jennifer L Baker, Ovidiu Constantin Baltatu, Palash Chandra Banik, Anthony Barnett, Mark Thomaz Ugliara Barone, Francesco Barone-Adesi, Amadou Barrow, Neeraj Bedi, Rebuma Belete, Uzma Iqbal Belgaumi, Arielle Wilder Bell, Derrick A Bennett, Isabela M Bensenor, David Beran, Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula, Sonu Bhaskar, Krittika Bhattacharyya, Vijayalakshmi S Bhojaraja, Ali Bijani, Boris Bikbov, Setognal Birara, Virginia Bodolica, Aime Bonny, Hermann Brenner, Nikolay Ivanovich Briko, Zahid A Butt, Florentino Luciano Caetano dos Santos, Luis Alberto Cámera, Ismael R Campos-Nonato, Yin Cao, Chao Cao, Ester Cerin, Promit Ananyo Chakraborty, Joht Singh Chandan, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Simiao Chen, Jee-Young Jasmine Choi, Sonali Gajanan Choudhari, Enayet Karim Chowdhury, Dinh-Toi Chu, Barbara Corso, Omid Dadras, Xiaochen Dai, Albertino Antonio Moura Damasceno, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi Dandona, Claudio Alberto Dávila-Cervantes, Jan-Walter De Neve, Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez, Deepak Dhamnetiya, Daniel Diaz, Sanam Ebtehaj, Hisham Atan Edinur, Sahar Eftekharzadeh, Iman El Sayed, Islam Y Elgendy, Muhammed Elhadi, Mohamed A Elmonem, Mohammed Faisaluddin, Umar Farooque, Xiaoqi Feng, Eduarda Fernandes, Florian Fischer, David Flood, Marisa Freitas, Peter Andras Gaal, Mohamed M Gad, Piyada Gaewkhiew, Lemma Getacher, Mansour Ghafourifard, Reza Ghanei Gheshlagh, Ahmad Ghashghaee, Nermin Ghith, Ghozali Ghozali, Paramjit Singh Gill, Ibrahim Abdelmageed Ginawi, Ekaterina Vladimirovna Glushkova, Mahaveer Golechha, Sameer Vali Gopalani, Rafael Alves Guimarães, Rajat Das Gupta, Rajeev Gupta, Vivek Kumar Gupta, Veer Bala Gupta, Sapna Gupta, Tesfa Dejenie Habtewold, Nima Hafezi-Nejad, Rabih Halwani, Asif Hanif, Graeme J Hankey, Shafiul Haque, Ahmed I Hasaballah, Syed Shahzad Hasan, Abdiwahab Hashi, Soheil Hassanipour, Simon I Hay, Khezar Hayat, Mohammad Heidari, Mohammad Bellal Hossain Hossain, Sahadat Hossain, Mostafa Hosseini, Soodabeh Hoveidamanesh, Junjie Huang, Ayesha Humayun, Rabia Hussain, Bing-Fang Hwang, Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye, Kevin S Ikuta, Leeberk Raja Inbaraj, Usman Iqbal, Md Shariful Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Rakibul M Islam, Nahlah Elkudssiah Ismail, Gaetano Isola, Ramaiah Itumalla, Masao Iwagami, Ihoghosa Osamuyi Iyamu, Mohammad Ali Jahani, Mihajlo Jakovljevic, Ranil Jayawardena, Ravi Prakash Jha, Oommen John, Jost B Jonas, Tamas Joo, Ali Kabir, Rohollah Kalhor, Ashwin Kamath, Tanuj Kanchan, Himal Kandel, Neeti Kapoor, Gbenga A Kayode, Sewnet Adem Kebede, Pedram Keshavarz, Mohammad Keykhaei, Yousef Saleh Khader, Himanshu Khajuria, Moien AB Khan, Md Nuruzzaman Khan, Maseer Khan, Amir M Khater, Tawfik Ahmed Muthafer Khoja, Jagdish Khubchandani, Min Seo Kim, Yun Jin Kim, Ruth W Kimokoti, Sezer Kisa, Adnan Kisa, Mika Kivimäki, Vladimir Andreevich Korshunov, Oleksii Korzh, Ai Koyanagi, Kewal Krishan, Barthelemy Kuate Defo, G Anil Kumar, Nithin Kumar, Dian Kusuma, Carlo La Vecchia, Ben Lacey, Anders O Larsson, Savita Lasrado, Wei-Chen Lee, Chiachi Bonnie Lee, Paul H Lee, Shaun Wen Huey Lee, Ming-Chieh Li, Stephen S Lim, Lee-Ling Lim, Giancarlo Lucchetti, Azeem Majeed, Ahmad Azam Malik, Borhan Mansouri, Lorenzo Giovanni Mantovani, Santi Martini, Prashant Mathur, Colm McAlinden, Nafiul Mehedi, Teferi Mekonnen, Ritesh G Menezes, Amanual Getnet Mersha, Junmei Miao Jonasson, Tomasz Miazgowski, Irmina Maria Michalek, Andreea Mirica, Erkin M Mirrakhimov, Agha Zeeshan Mirza, Prasanna Mithra, Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Reza Mohammadpourhodki, Arif Mohammed, Ali H Mokdad, Mariam Molokhia, Lorenzo Monasta, Mohammad Ali Moni, Farhad Moradpour, Rahmatollah Moradzadeh, Ebrahim Mostafavi, Ulrich Otto Mueller, Christopher J L Murray, Ahmad Mustafa, Gabriele Nagel, Vinay Nangia, Atta Abbas Naqvi, Biswa Prakash Nayak, Javad Nazari, Rawlance Ndejjo, Ruxandra Irina Negoi, Sandhya Neupane Kandel, Cuong Tat Nguyen, Huong Lan Thi Nguyen, Jean Jacques Noubiap, Christoph Nowak, Bogdan Oancea, Oluwakemi Ololade Odukoya, Ayodipupo Sikiru Oguntade, Temitope T Ojo, Andrew T Olagunju, Obinna E Onwujekwe, Alberto Ortiz, Mayowa O Owolabi, Raffaele Palladino, Songhomitra Panda-Jonas, Seithikurippu R Pandi-Perumal, Shahina Pardhan, Tarang Parekh, Mojtaba Parvizi, Veincent Christian Filipino Pepito, Arokiasamy Perianayagam, Ionela-Roxana Petcu, Manju Pilania, Vivek Podder, Roman V Polibin, Maarten J Postma, Akila Prashant, Navid Rabiee, Mohammad Rabiee, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar, Muhammad Aziz Rahman, Md. Mosfequr Rahman, Mosiur Rahman, Setyaningrum Rahmawaty, Nazanin Rajai, Pradhum Ram, Juwel Rana, Kamal Ranabhat, Priyanga Ranasinghe, Chythra R Rao, Satish Rao, Salman Rawaf, David Laith Rawaf, Lal Rawal, Andre M N Renzaho, Nima Rezaei, Aziz Rezapour, Seyed Mohammad Riahi, Daniela Ribeiro, Jefferson Antonio Buendia Rodriguez, Leonardo Roever, Peter Rohloff, Godfrey M Rwegerera, Paul MacDaragh Ryan, Maha Mohamed Saber-Ayad, Siamak Sabour, Basema Saddik, Sahar Saeedi Moghaddam, Amirhossein Sahebkar, Harihar Sahoo, KM Saif-Ur-Rahman, Hamideh Salimzadeh, Mehrnoosh Samaei, Juan Sanabria, Milena M Santric-Milicevic, Brijesh Sathian, Thirunavukkarasu Sathish, Markus P Schlaich, Abdul-Aziz Seidu, Mario Šekerija, Nachimuthu Senthil Kumar, Allen Seylani, Masood Ali Shaikh, Hina Shamshad, Md Shajedur Rahman Shawon, Sara Sheikhbahaei, Jeevan K Shetty, Rahman Shiri, K M Shivakumar, Kerem Shuval, Jasvinder A Singh, Ambrish Singh, Valentin Yurievich Skryabin, Anna Aleksandrovna Skryabina, Ahmad Sofi-Mahmudi, Amin Soheili, Jing Sun, Viktória Szerencsés, Miklós Szócska, Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos, Hooman Tadbiri, Eyayou Girma Tadesse, Md. Tariqujjaman, Kavumpurathu Raman Thankappan, Rekha Thapar, Nihal Thomas, Binod Timalsina, Ruoyan Tobe-Gai, Marcello Tonelli, Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone, Bach Xuan Tran, Jaya Prasad Tripathy, Lorainne Tudor Car, Biruk Shalmeno Tusa, Riaz Uddin, Era Upadhyay, Sahel Valadan Tahbaz, Pascual R Valdez, Tommi Juhani Vasankari, Madhur Verma, Victor E Villalobos-Daniel, Sergey Konstantinovitch Vladimirov, Bay Vo, Giang Thu Vu, Rade Vukovic, Yasir Waheed, Richard G Wamai, Andrea Werdecker, Nuwan Darshana Wickramasinghe, Andrea Sylvia Winkler, Befikadu Legesse Wubishet, Xiaoyue Xu, Suowen Xu, Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh Jabbari, Hiroshi Yatsuya, Sanni Yaya, Taklo Simeneh Yazie Yazie, Siyan Yi, Naohiro Yonemoto, Ismaeel Yunusa, Siddhesh Zadey, Sojib Bin Zaman, Maryam Zamanian, Nelson Zamora, Mikhail Sergeevich Zastrozhin, Anasthasia Zastrozhina, Zhi-Jiang Zhang, Chenwen Zhong, Mohammad Zmaili, Alimuddin Zumla, Mohsen Naghavi, Maria Inês Schmidt, Tampere University, Clinical Medicine, QE Econometrics, RS: GSBE other - not theme-related research, Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Cousin, E, Duncan, B, Stein, C, Ong, K, Vos, T, Abbafati, C, Abbasi-Kangevari, M, Abdelmasseh, M, Abdoli, A, Abd-Rabu, R, Abolhassani, H, Abu-Gharbieh, E, Accrombessi, M, Adnani, Q, Afzal, M, Agarwal, G, Agrawaal, K, Agudelo-Botero, M, Ahinkorah, B, Ahmad, S, Ahmad, T, Ahmadi, K, Ahmadi, S, Ahmadi, A, Ahmed, A, Ahmed Salih, Y, Akande-Sholabi, W, Akram, T, Al Hamad, H, Al-Aly, Z, Alcalde-Rabanal, J, Alipour, V, Aljunid, S, Al-Raddadi, R, Alvis-Guzman, N, Amini, S, Ancuceanu, R, Andrei, T, Andrei, C, Anjana, R, Ansar, A, Antonazzo, I, Antony, B, Anyasodor, A, Arabloo, J, Arizmendi, D, Armocida, B, Artamonov, A, Arulappan, J, Aryan, Z, Asgari, S, Ashraf, T, Astell-Burt, T, Atorkey, P, Atout, M, Ayanore, M, Badiye, A, Baig, A, Bairwa, M, Baker, J, Baltatu, O, Banik, P, Barnett, A, Barone, M, Barone-Adesi, F, Barrow, A, Bedi, N, Belete, R, Belgaumi, U, Bell, A, Bennett, D, 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Saif-Ur-Rahman, K, Salimzadeh, H, Samaei, M, Sanabria, J, Santric-Milicevic, M, Sathian, B, Sathish, T, Schlaich, M, Seidu, A, Sekerija, M, Senthil Kumar, N, Seylani, A, Shaikh, M, Shamshad, H, Shawon, M, Sheikhbahaei, S, Shetty, J, Shiri, R, Shivakumar, K, Shuval, K, Singh, J, Singh, A, Skryabin, V, Skryabina, A, Sofi-Mahmudi, A, Soheili, A, Sun, J, Szerencses, V, Szocska, M, Tabares-Seisdedos, R, Tadbiri, H, Tadesse, E, Tariqujjaman, M, Thankappan, K, Thapar, R, Thomas, N, Timalsina, B, Tobe-Gai, R, Tonelli, M, Tovani-Palone, M, Tran, B, Tripathy, J, Tudor Car, L, Tusa, B, Uddin, R, Upadhyay, E, Valadan Tahbaz, S, Valdez, P, Vasankari, T, Verma, M, Villalobos-Daniel, V, Vladimirov, S, Vo, B, Vu, G, Vukovic, R, Waheed, Y, Wamai, R, Werdecker, A, Wickramasinghe, N, Winkler, A, Wubishet, B, Xu, X, Xu, S, Yahyazadeh Jabbari, S, Yatsuya, H, Yaya, S, Yazie, T, Yi, S, Yonemoto, N, Yunusa, I, Zadey, S, Zaman, S, Zamanian, M, Zamora, N, Zastrozhin, M, Zastrozhina, A, Zhang, Z, Zhong, C, Zmaili, M, Zumla, A, Naghavi, M, Schmidt, M, GBD 2019 Diabetes Mortality Collaborators, Real World Studies in PharmacoEpidemiology, -Genetics, -Economics and -Therapy (PEGET), Value, Affordability and Sustainability (VALUE), Microbes in Health and Disease (MHD), Cousin, E., Duncan, B. B., Stein, C., Ong, K. L., Vos, T., Abbafati, C., Abbasi-Kangevari, M., Abdelmasseh, M., Abdoli, A., Abd-Rabu, R., Abolhassani, H., Abu-Gharbieh, E., Accrombessi, M. M. K., Adnani, Q. E. S., Afzal, M. S., Agarwal, G., Agrawaal, K. K., Agudelo-Botero, M., Ahinkorah, B. O., Ahmad, S., Ahmad, T., Ahmadi, K., Ahmadi, S., Ahmadi, A., Ahmed, A., Ahmed Salih, Y., Akande-Sholabi, W., Akram, T., Al Hamad, H., Al-Aly, Z., Alcalde-Rabanal, J. E., Alipour, V., Aljunid, S. M., Al-Raddadi, R. M., Alvis-Guzman, N., Amini, S., Ancuceanu, R., Andrei, T., Andrei, C. L., Anjana, R. M., Ansar, A., Antonazzo, I. C., Antony, B., Anyasodor, A. E., Arabloo, J., Arizmendi, D., Armocida, B., Artamonov, A. A., Arulappan, J., Aryan, Z., Asgari, S., Ashraf, T., Astell-Burt, T., Atorkey, P., Atout, M. M. W., Ayanore, M. A., Badiye, A. D., Baig, A. A., Bairwa, M., Baker, J. L., Baltatu, O. C., Banik, P. C., Barnett, A., Barone, M. T. U., Barone-Adesi, F., Barrow, A., Bedi, N., Belete, R., Belgaumi, U. I., Bell, A. W., Bennett, D. A., Bensenor, I. M., Beran, D., Bhagavathula, A. S., Bhaskar, S., Bhattacharyya, K., Bhojaraja, V. S., Bijani, A., Bikbov, B., Birara, S., Bodolica, V., Bonny, A., Brenner, H., Briko, N. I., Butt, Z. A., Caetano dos Santos, F. L., Camera, L. A., Campos-Nonato, I. R., Cao, Y., Cao, C., Cerin, E., Chakraborty, P. A., Chandan, J. S., Chattu, V. K., Chen, S., Choi, J. -Y. J., Choudhari, S. G., Chowdhury, E. K., Chu, D. -T., Corso, B., Dadras, O., Dai, X., Damasceno, A. A. M., Dandona, L., Dandona, R., Davila-Cervantes, C. A., De Neve, J. -W., Denova-Gutierrez, E., Dhamnetiya, D., Diaz, D., Ebtehaj, S., Edinur, H. A., Eftekharzadeh, S., El Sayed, I., Elgendy, I. Y., Elhadi, M., Elmonem, M. A., Faisaluddin, M., Farooque, U., Feng, X., Fernandes, E., Fischer, F., Flood, D., Freitas, M., Gaal, P. A., Gad, M. M., Gaewkhiew, P., Getacher, L., Ghafourifard, M., Ghanei Gheshlagh, R., Ghashghaee, A., Ghith, N., Ghozali, G., Gill, P. S., Ginawi, I. A., Glushkova, E. V., Golechha, M., Gopalani, S. V., Guimaraes, R. A., Gupta, R. D., Gupta, R., Gupta, V. K., Gupta, V. B., Gupta, S., Habtewold, T. D., Hafezi-Nejad, N., Halwani, R., Hanif, A., Hankey, G. J., Haque, S., Hasaballah, A. I., Hasan, S. S., Hashi, A., Hassanipour, S., Hay, S. I., Hayat, K., Heidari, M., Hossain, M. B. H., Hossain, S., Hosseini, M., Hoveidamanesh, S., Huang, J., Humayun, A., Hussain, R., Hwang, B. -F., Ibitoye, S. E., Ikuta, K. S., Inbaraj, L. R., Iqbal, U., Islam, M. S., Islam, S. M. S., Islam, R. M., Ismail, N. E., Isola, G., Itumalla, R., Iwagami, M., Iyamu, I. O., Jahani, M. A., Jakovljevic, M., Jayawardena, R., Jha, R. P., John, O., Jonas, J. B., Joo, T., Kabir, A., Kalhor, R., Kamath, A., Kanchan, T., Kandel, H., Kapoor, N., Kayode, G. A., Kebede, S. A., Keshavarz, P., Keykhaei, M., Khader, Y. S., Khajuria, H., Khan, M. A., Khan, M. N., Khan, M., Khater, A. M., Khoja, T. A. M., Khubchandani, J., Kim, M. S., Kim, Y. J., Kimokoti, R. W., Kisa, S., Kisa, A., Kivimaki, M., Korshunov, V. A., Korzh, O., Koyanagi, A., Krishan, K., Kuate Defo, B., Kumar, G. A., Kumar, N., Kusuma, D., La Vecchia, C., Lacey, B., Larsson, A. O., Lasrado, S., Lee, W. -C., Lee, C. B., Lee, P. H., Lee, S. W. H., Li, M. -C., Lim, S. S., Lim, L. -L., Lucchetti, G., Majeed, A., Malik, A. A., Mansouri, B., Mantovani, L. G., Martini, S., Mathur, P., Mcalinden, C., Mehedi, N., Mekonnen, T., Menezes, R. G., Mersha, A. G., Miao Jonasson, J., Miazgowski, T., Michalek, I. M., Mirica, A., Mirrakhimov, E. M., Mirza, A. Z., Mithra, P., Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A., Mohammadpourhodki, R., Mohammed, A., Mokdad, A. H., Molokhia, M., Monasta, L., Moni, M. A., Moradpour, F., Moradzadeh, R., Mostafavi, E., Mueller, U. O., Murray, C. J. L., Mustafa, A., Nagel, G., Nangia, V., Naqvi, A. A., Nayak, B. P., Nazari, J., Ndejjo, R., Negoi, R. I., Neupane Kandel, S., Nguyen, C. T., Nguyen, H. L. T., Noubiap, J. J., Nowak, C., Oancea, B., Odukoya, O. O., Oguntade, A. S., Ojo, T. T., Olagunju, A. T., Onwujekwe, O. E., Ortiz, A., Owolabi, M. O., Palladino, R., Panda-Jonas, S., Pandi-Perumal, S. R., Pardhan, S., Parekh, T., Parvizi, M., Pepito, V. C. F., Perianayagam, A., Petcu, I. -R., Pilania, M., Podder, V., Polibin, R. V., Postma, M. J., Prashant, A., Rabiee, N., Rabiee, M., Rahimi-Movaghar, V., Rahman, M. A., Rahman, M. M., Rahman, M., Rahmawaty, S., Rajai, N., Ram, P., Rana, J., Ranabhat, K., Ranasinghe, P., Rao, C. R., Rao, S., Rawaf, S., Rawaf, D. L., Rawal, L., Renzaho, A. M. N., Rezaei, N., Rezapour, A., Riahi, S. M., Ribeiro, D., Rodriguez, J. A. B., Roever, L., Rohloff, P., Rwegerera, G. M., Ryan, P. M., Saber-Ayad, M. M., Sabour, S., Saddik, B., Saeedi Moghaddam, S., Sahebkar, A., Sahoo, H., Saif-Ur-Rahman, K. M., Salimzadeh, H., Samaei, M., Sanabria, J., Santric-Milicevic, M. M., Sathian, B., Sathish, T., Schlaich, M. P., Seidu, A. -A., Sekerija, M., Senthil Kumar, N., Seylani, A., Shaikh, M. A., Shamshad, H., Shawon, M. S. R., Sheikhbahaei, S., Shetty, J. K., Shiri, R., Shivakumar, K. M., Shuval, K., Singh, J. A., Singh, A., Skryabin, V. Y., Skryabina, A. A., Sofi-Mahmudi, A., Soheili, A., Sun, J., Szerencses, V., Szocska, M., Tabares-Seisdedos, R., Tadbiri, H., Tadesse, E. G., Tariqujjaman, M., Thankappan, K. R., Thapar, R., Thomas, N., Timalsina, B., Tobe-Gai, R., Tonelli, M., Tovani-Palone, M. R., Tran, B. X., Tripathy, J. P., Tudor Car, L., Tusa, B. S., Uddin, R., Upadhyay, E., Valadan Tahbaz, S., Valdez, P. R., Vasankari, T. J., Verma, M., Villalobos-Daniel, V. E., Vladimirov, S. K., Vo, B., Vu, G. T., Vukovic, R., Waheed, Y., Wamai, R. G., Werdecker, A., Wickramasinghe, N. D., Winkler, A. S., Wubishet, B. L., Xu, X., Xu, S., Yahyazadeh Jabbari, S. H., Yatsuya, H., Yaya, S., Yazie, T. S. Y., Yi, S., Yonemoto, N., Yunusa, I., Zadey, S., Zaman, S. B., Zamanian, M., Zamora, N., Zastrozhin, M. S., Zastrozhina, A., Zhang, Z. -J., Zhong, C., Zmaili, M., Zumla, A., Naghavi, M., Schmidt, M. I., Collaborators, GBD 2019 Diabetes Mortality, and Lacey, BWH
Subjects: Adult, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, CHILDHOOD, universal health coverage, Global Health, 3121 Internal medicine, Global Burden of Disease, 1117 Public Health and Health Services, Endocrinology, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, Risk Factors, RA0421, Internal Medicine, Humans, Diabetes mortality, diabetes, mortality, global burden of disease, under 25 years, COHORT, health care services, COMPLICATIONS, CHALLENGES, Diabetes, Mortality trends, Age-specific diabetes, 1103 Clinical Sciences, Public Health, Global Health, Social Medicine and Epidemiology, BRAZIL, Type I Diabetes, INSULIN, 3142 Public health care science, environmental and occupational health, the Socio-demographic Index, Treatment, Folkhälsovetenskap, global hälsa, socialmedicin och epidemiologi, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, 1101 Medical Biochemistry and Metabolomics, diabete, 3121 General medicine, internal medicine and other clinical medicine, ACCESS, RA, RC
Abstract: Background:Diabetes, particularly type 1 diabetes, at younger ages can be a largely preventable cause of death with the correct health care and services. We aimed to evaluate diabetes mortality and trends at ages younger than 25 years globally using data from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019. Methods:We used estimates of GBD 2019 to calculate international diabetes mortality at ages younger than 25 years in 1990 and 2019. Data sources for causes of death were obtained from vital registration systems, verbal autopsies, and other surveillance systems for 1990–2019. We estimated death rates for each location using the GBD Cause of Death Ensemble model. We analysed the association of age-standardised death rates per 100 000 population with the Socio-demographic Index (SDI) and a measure of universal health coverage (UHC) and described the variability within SDI quintiles. We present estimates with their 95% uncertainty intervals. Findings:In 2019, 16 300 (95% uncertainty interval 14 200 to 18 900) global deaths due to diabetes (type 1 and 2 combined) occurred in people younger than 25 years and 73·7% (68·3 to 77·4) were classified as due to type 1 diabetes. The age-standardised death rate was 0·50 (0·44 to 0·58) per 100 000 population, and 15 900 (97·5%) of these deaths occurred in low to high-middle SDI countries. The rate was 0·13 (0·12 to 0·14) per 100 000 population in the high SDI quintile, 0·60 (0·51 to 0·70) per 100 000 population in the low-middle SDI quintile, and 0·71 (0·60 to 0·86) per 100 000 population in the low SDI quintile. Within SDI quintiles, we observed large variability in rates across countries, in part explained by the extent of UHC (r2=0·62). From 1990 to 2019, age-standardised death rates decreased globally by 17·0% (−28·4 to −2·9) for all diabetes, and by 21·0% (–33·0 to −5·9) when considering only type 1 diabetes. However, the low SDI quintile had the lowest decline for both all diabetes (−13·6% [–28·4 to 3·4]) and for type 1 diabetes (−13·6% [–29·3 to 8·9]). Interpretation:Decreasing diabetes mortality at ages younger than 25 years remains an important challenge, especially in low and low-middle SDI countries. Inadequate diagnosis and treatment of diabetes is likely to be major contributor to these early deaths, highlighting the urgent need to provide better access to insulin and basic diabetes education and care. This mortality metric, derived from readily available and frequently updated GBD data, can help to monitor preventable diabetes-related deaths over time globally, aligned with the UN's Sustainable Development Targets, and serve as an indicator of the adequacy of basic diabetes care for type 1 and type 2 diabetes across nations. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Published: 2022

32. Global, regional, and national burden of colorectal cancer and its risk factors, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Author: Sharma, R, Abbasi-Kangevari, M, Abd-Rabu, R, Abidi, H, Abu-Gharbieh, E, Manuel Acuna, J, Adhikari, S, M Advani, S, Sohail Afzal, M, Aghaie Meybodi, M, Opoku Ahinkorah, B, Ahmad, S, Ahmadi, A, Ahmadi, S, Ahmed, H, A Ahmed, L, Beshir Ahmed, M, Al Hamad, H, Alahdab, F, Mashhour Alanezi, F, M Alanzi, T, Alhalaiqa Naji Alhalaiqa, F, Alimohamadi, Y, Alipour, V, Mohamed Aljunid, S, Alkhayyat, M, Almustanyir, S, M Al-Raddadi, R, Alvand, S, Alvis-Guzman, N, Amini, S, Ancuceanu, R, Anoushiravani, A, Arash Anoushirvani, A, Ansari-Moghaddam, A, Arabloo, J, Aryannejad, A, Asghari Jafarabadi, M, Shamsadin Athari, S, Ausloos, F, Ausloos, M, Fentahun Awedew, A, Ayenew Awoke, M, Mulatu Ayana, T, Azadnajafabad, S, Azami, H, Azangou-Khyavy, M, Azari Jafari, A, D Badiye, A, Bagherieh, S, Bahadory, S, Amin Baig, A, L Baker, J, Banach, M, Barrow, A, Yirga Berhie, A, Besharat, S, S Bhagat, D, Srikanth Bhagavathula, A, Bhala, N, Bhattacharyya, K, S Bhojaraja, V, Bibi, S, Bijani, A, Biondi, A, Bj??rge, T, Boda Abule Bodicha, B, Braithwaite, D, Brenner, H, Calina, D, Cao, C, Cao, Y, Carreras, G, Carvalho, F, Cerin, E, Chandra Chakinala, R, S Cho, W, Chu, D, Conde, J, Marisa Costa, V, Cruz-Martins, N, Dadras, O, Dai, X, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Danielewicz, A, Mekonnen Demeke, F, Debalkie Demissie, G, Desai, R, Dhamnetiya, D, Dianatinasab, M, Diaz, D, Didehdar, M, Doaei, S, Phuong Doan, L, Dodangeh, M, Eghbalian, F, Debela Ejeta, D, Ekholuenetale, M, Cyrus Ekundayo, T, El Sayed, I, Elhadi, M, Berhanie Enyew, D, Eyayu, T, Ezzeddini, R, Ravisovich Fakhradiyev, I, Farooque, U, Farrokhpour, H, Farzadfar, F, Fatehizadeh, A, Fattahi, H, Fattahi, N, Fereidoonnezhad, M, Fernandes, E, Fetensa, G, Filip, I, Fischer, F, Foroutan, M, Andras Gaal, P, M Gad, M, Gallus, S, Garg, T, Getachew, T, Ghamari, S, Ghashghaee, A, Ghith, N, Gholamalizadeh, M, Gholizadeh Navashenaq, J, Tamirat Gizaw, A, C Glasbey, J, Golechha, M, Goleij, P, Bekele Gonfa, K, Gorini, G, Guha, A, Gupta, S, Bala Gupta, V, Kumar Gupta, V, Haddadi, R, Hafezi-Nejad, N, Haj-Mirzaian, A, Halwani, R, Haque, S, Hariri, S, I Hasaballah, A, Hassanipour, S, I Hay, S, Herteliu, C, Holla, R, Hosseini, M, Hosseinzadeh, M, Hostiuc, M, Househ, M, Huang, J, Humayun, A, Iavicoli, I, Stephen Ilesanmi, O, M Ilic, I, D Ilic, M, Islami, F, Iwagami, M, Ali Jahani, M, Jakovljevic, M, Javaheri, T, Jayawardena, R, Jebai, R, Prakash Jha, R, Joo, T, Joseph, N, Joukar, F, Jerzy Jozwiak, J, Kabir, A, Kalhor, R, Kamath, A, Kapoor, N, M Karaye, I, Karimi, A, H Kauppila, J, Kazemi, A, Keykhaei, M, Saleh Khader, Y, Khajuria, H, Khalilov, R, Khanali, J, Khayamzadeh, M, Khodadost, M, Kim, H, Seo Kim, M, Kisa, A, Kisa, S, Kolahi, A, Reza Koohestani, H, A Kopec, J, Koteeswaran, R, Koyanagi, A, Krishnamoorthy, Y, Anil Kumar, G, Kumar, M, Kumar, V, La Vecchia, C, Hasan Lami, F, Landires, I, Ledda, C, Lee, S, Lee, W, Yeh Lee, Y, Leong, E, Li, B, S Lim, S, W Lobo, S, A Loureiro, J, Lunevicius, R, Madadizadeh, F, Mahmoodpoor, A, Majeed, A, Malekpour, M, Malekzadeh, R, Azam Malik, A, Mansour-Ghanaei, F, Mantovani, L, Martorell, M, Masoudi, S, Mathur, P, Kumar Meena, J, Mehrabi Nasab, E, Mendoza, W, A Mentis, A, Mestrovic, T, Miao Jonasson, J, Miazgowski, B, Miazgowski, T, Fekadu Worku Mijena, G, Mirmoeeni, S, Mirza-Aghazadeh-Attari, M, Mirzaei, H, Misra, S, Abdulmuhsin Mohammad, K, Mohammadi, E, Mohammadi, S, Momeneh Mohammadi, S, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A, Mohammed, S, Abdulrahman Mohammed, T, Moka, N, H Mokdad, A, Mokhtari, Z, Molokhia, M, Momtazmanesh, S, Monasta, L, Moradi, G, Moradzadeh, R, Moraga, P, Morgado-da-Costa, J, Mubarik, S, Mulita, F, Naghavi, M, David Naimzada, M, Sung Nam, H, S Natto, Z, Prakash Nayak, B, Nazari, J, Nazemalhosseini-Mojarad, E, Negoi, I, Tat Nguyen, C, Hoang Nguyen, S, M Noor, N, Noori, M, Mohammad Ali Noori, S, Nu??ez-Samudio, V, Igwegbe Nzoputam, C, Oancea, B, Ololade Odukoya, O, Sikiru Oguntade, A, Okati-Aliabad, H, T Olagunju, A, O Olagunju, T, Ong, S, M Ostroff, S, Padron-Monedero, A, Pakzad, R, Pana, A, Pandey, A, Pashazadeh Kan, F, K Patel, U, Paudel, U, B Pereira, R, Perumalsamy, N, G Pestell, R, Zahid Piracha, Z, G Pollok, R, Pourshams, A, Pourtaheri, N, Prashant, A, Rabiee, M, Rabiee, N, Radfar, A, Rafiei, S, Rahman, M, Masoud Rahmani, A, Rahmanian, V, Rajai, N, Rajesh, A, Ramezani-Doroh, V, Ramezanzadeh, K, Ranabhat, K, Rashedi, S, Rashidi, A, Rashidi, M, Rastegar, M, Laith Rawaf, D, Rawaf, S, Rawassizadeh, R, Sadegh Razeghinia, M, N Renzaho, A, Rezaei, N, Rezaei, S, Rezaeian, M, Rezazadeh-Khadem, S, Roshandel, G, Mohamed Saber-Ayad, M, Saberzadeh-Ardestani, B, Saddik, B, Sadeghi, H, Saeed, U, Sahebazzamani, M, Sahebkar, A, Salek Farrokhi, A, Salimi, A, Salimzadeh, H, Samadi, P, Samaei, M, M Samy, A, Sanabria, J, M Santric-Milicevic, M, Arif Nadeem Saqib, M, Sarveazad, A, Sathian, B, Satpathy, M, Jayce Ceola Schneider, I, ??ekerija, M, G Sepanlou, S, Seylani, A, Sha, F, Mohammad Shafiee, S, Shaghaghi, Z, Shahabi, S, Shaker, E, Sharifian, M, Sharifi-Rad, J, Sheikhbahaei, S, K Shetty, J, Shirkoohi, R, Shobeiri, P, K Siddappa Malleshappa, S, Augusto Santos Silva, D, Silva Julian, G, Dinesh Singh, A, A Singh, J, Shahjahan Siraj, M, Reza Sivandzadeh, G, Yurievich Skryabin, V, Aleksandrovna Skryabina, A, Socea, B, Solmi, M, Sadegh Soltani-Zangbar, M, Song, S, Szerencs??s, V, Sz??cska, M, Tabar??s-Seisdedos, R, Tabibian, E, Taheri, M, Taheriabkenar, Y, Taherkhani, A, M Talaat, I, Tan, K, Tbakhi, A, Tesfaye, B, Tiyuri, A, Nigusse Tollosa, D, Touvier, M, Xuan Tran, B, Shalmeno Tusa, B, Ullah, I, Ullah, S, Vacante, M, Valadan Tahbaz, S, Veroux, M, Vo, B, Vos, T, Wang, C, Westerman, R, Woldemariam, M, Hossein Yahyazadeh Jabbari, S, Yang, L, Yazdanpanah, F, Yu, C, Yuce, D, Yunusa, I, Zadnik, V, Zahir, M, Zare, I, Zhang, Z, Zoladl, M, Rajesh Sharma, Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari, Rami Abd-Rabu, Hassan Abidi, Eman Abu-Gharbieh, Juan Manuel Acuna, Sangeet Adhikari, Shailesh M Advani, Muhammad Sohail Afzal, Mohamad Aghaie Meybodi, Bright Opoku Ahinkorah, Sajjad Ahmad, Ali Ahmadi, Sepideh Ahmadi, Haroon Ahmed, Luai A Ahmed, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Hanadi Al Hamad, Fares Alahdab, Fahad Mashhour Alanezi, Turki M Alanzi, Fadwa Alhalaiqa Naji Alhalaiqa, Yousef Alimohamadi, Vahid Alipour, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Motasem Alkhayyat, Sami Almustanyir, Rajaa M Al-Raddadi, Saba Alvand, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Saeed Amini, Robert Ancuceanu, Amir Anoushiravani, Ali Arash Anoushirvani, Alireza Ansari-Moghaddam, Jalal Arabloo, Armin Aryannejad, Mohammad Asghari Jafarabadi, Seyyed Shamsadin Athari, Floriane Ausloos, Marcel Ausloos, Atalel Fentahun Awedew, Mamaru Ayenew Awoke, Tegegn Mulatu Ayana, Sina Azadnajafabad, Hiva Azami, Mohammadreza Azangou-Khyavy, Amirhossein Azari Jafari, Ashish D Badiye, Sara Bagherieh, Saeed Bahadory, Atif Amin Baig, Jennifer L Baker, Maciej Banach, Amadou Barrow, Alemshet Yirga Berhie, Sima Besharat, Devidas S Bhagat, Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula, Neeraj Bhala, Krittika Bhattacharyya, Vijayalakshmi S Bhojaraja, Sadia Bibi, Ali Bijani, Antonio Biondi, Tone Bj??rge, Belay Boda Abule Bodicha, Dejana Braithwaite, Hermann Brenner, Daniela Calina, Chao Cao, Yin Cao, Giulia Carreras, Felix Carvalho, Ester Cerin, Raja Chandra Chakinala, William C S Cho, Dinh-Toi Chu, Joao Conde, Vera Marisa Costa, Nat??lia Cruz-Martins, Omid Dadras, Xiaochen Dai, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi Dandona, Anna Danielewicz, Feleke Mekonnen Demeke, Getu Debalkie Demissie, Rupak Desai, Deepak Dhamnetiya, Mostafa Dianatinasab, Daniel Diaz, Mojtaba Didehdar, Saeid Doaei, Linh Phuong Doan, Milad Dodangeh, Fatemeh Eghbalian, Debela Debela Ejeta, Michael Ekholuenetale, Temitope Cyrus Ekundayo, Iman El Sayed, Muhammed Elhadi, Daniel Berhanie Enyew, Tahir Eyayu, Rana Ezzeddini, Ildar Ravisovich Fakhradiyev, Umar Farooque, Hossein Farrokhpour, Farshad Farzadfar, Ali Fatehizadeh, Hamed Fattahi, Nima Fattahi, Masood Fereidoonnezhad, Eduarda Fernandes, Getahun Fetensa, Irina Filip, Florian Fischer, Masoud Foroutan, Peter Andras Gaal, Mohamed M Gad, Silvano Gallus, Tushar Garg, Tamiru Getachew, Seyyed-Hadi Ghamari, Ahmad Ghashghaee, Nermin Ghith, Maryam Gholamalizadeh, Jamshid Gholizadeh Navashenaq, Abraham Tamirat Gizaw, James C Glasbey, Mahaveer Golechha, Pouya Goleij, Kebebe Bekele Gonfa, Giuseppe Gorini, Avirup Guha, Sapna Gupta, Veer Bala Gupta, Vivek Kumar Gupta, Rasool Haddadi, Nima Hafezi-Nejad, Arvin Haj-Mirzaian, Rabih Halwani, Shafiul Haque, Sanam Hariri, Ahmed I Hasaballah, Soheil Hassanipour, Simon I Hay, Claudiu Herteliu, Ramesh Holla, Mohammad-Salar Hosseini, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Mihaela Hostiuc, Mowafa Househ, Junjie Huang, Ayesha Humayun, Ivo Iavicoli, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Irena M Ilic, Milena D Ilic, Farhad Islami, Masao Iwagami, Mohammad Ali Jahani, Mihajlo Jakovljevic, Tahereh Javaheri, Ranil Jayawardena, Rime Jebai, Ravi Prakash Jha, Tamas Joo, Nitin Joseph, Farahnaz Joukar, Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak, Ali Kabir, Rohollah Kalhor, Ashwin Kamath, Neeti Kapoor, Ibraheem M Karaye, Amirali Karimi, Joonas H Kauppila, Asma Kazemi, Mohammad Keykhaei, Yousef Saleh Khader, Himanshu Khajuria, Rovshan Khalilov, Javad Khanali, Maryam Khayamzadeh, Mahmoud Khodadost, Hanna Kim, Min Seo Kim, Adnan Kisa, Sezer Kisa, Ali-Asghar Kolahi, Hamid Reza Koohestani, Jacek A Kopec, Rajasekaran Koteeswaran, Ai Koyanagi, Yuvaraj Krishnamoorthy, G Anil Kumar, Manoj Kumar, Vivek Kumar, Carlo La Vecchia, Faris Hasan Lami, Iv??n Landires, Caterina Ledda, Sang-woong Lee, Wei-Chen Lee, Yeong Yeh Lee, Elvynna Leong, Bingyu Li, Stephen S Lim, Stany W Lobo, Joana A Loureiro, Raimundas Lunevicius, Farzan Madadizadeh, Ata Mahmoodpoor, Azeem Majeed, Mohammad-Reza Malekpour, Reza Malekzadeh, Ahmad Azam Malik, Fariborz Mansour-Ghanaei, Lorenzo Giovanni Mantovani, Miquel Martorell, Sahar Masoudi, Prashant Mathur, Jitendra Kumar Meena, Entezar Mehrabi Nasab, Walter Mendoza, Alexios-Fotios A Mentis, Tomislav Mestrovic, Junmei Miao Jonasson, Bartosz Miazgowski, Tomasz Miazgowski, Gelana Fekadu Worku Mijena, Seyyedmohammadsadeq Mirmoeeni, Mohammad Mirza-Aghazadeh-Attari, Hamed Mirzaei, Sanjeev Misra, Karzan Abdulmuhsin Mohammad, Esmaeil Mohammadi, Saeed Mohammadi, Seyyede Momeneh Mohammadi, Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Shafiu Mohammed, Teroj Abdulrahman Mohammed, Nagabhishek Moka, Ali H Mokdad, Zeinab Mokhtari, Mariam Molokhia, Sara Momtazmanesh, Lorenzo Monasta, Ghobad Moradi, Rahmatollah Moradzadeh, Paula Moraga, Joana Morgado-da-Costa, Sumaira Mubarik, Francesk Mulita, Mohsen Naghavi, Mukhammad David Naimzada, Hae Sung Nam, Zuhair S Natto, Biswa Prakash Nayak, Javad Nazari, Ehsan Nazemalhosseini-Mojarad, Ionut Negoi, Cuong Tat Nguyen, Son Hoang Nguyen, Nurulamin M Noor, Maryam Noori, Seyyed Mohammad Ali Noori, Virginia Nu??ez-Samudio, Chimezie Igwegbe Nzoputam, Bogdan Oancea, Oluwakemi Ololade Odukoya, Ayodipupo Sikiru Oguntade, Hassan Okati-Aliabad, Andrew T Olagunju, Tinuke O Olagunju, Sokking Ong, Samuel M Ostroff, Alicia Padron-Monedero, Reza Pakzad, Adrian Pana, Anamika Pandey, Fatemeh Pashazadeh Kan, Urvish K Patel, Uttam Paudel, Renato B Pereira, Navaraj Perumalsamy, Richard G Pestell, Zahra Zahid Piracha, Richard Charles G Pollok, Akram Pourshams, Naeimeh Pourtaheri, Akila Prashant, Mohammad Rabiee, Navid Rabiee, Amir Radfar, Sima Rafiei, Mosiur Rahman, Amir Masoud Rahmani, Vahid Rahmanian, Nazanin Rajai, Aashish Rajesh, Vajiheh Ramezani-Doroh, Kiana Ramezanzadeh, Kamal Ranabhat, Sina Rashedi, Amirfarzan Rashidi, Mahsa Rashidi, Mohammad-Mahdi Rashidi, Mandana Rastegar, David Laith Rawaf, Salman Rawaf, Reza Rawassizadeh, Mohammad Sadegh Razeghinia, Andre M N Renzaho, Negar Rezaei, Nima Rezaei, Saeid Rezaei, Mohsen Rezaeian, Sahba Rezazadeh-Khadem, Gholamreza Roshandel, Maha Mohamed Saber-Ayad, Bahar Saberzadeh-Ardestani, Basema Saddik, Hossein Sadeghi, Umar Saeed, Maryam Sahebazzamani, Amirhossein Sahebkar, Amir Salek Farrokhi, Amir Salimi, Hamideh Salimzadeh, Pouria Samadi, Mehrnoosh Samaei, Abdallah M Samy, Juan Sanabria, Milena M Santric-Milicevic, Muhammad Arif Nadeem Saqib, Arash Sarveazad, Brijesh Sathian, Maheswar Satpathy, Ione Jayce Ceola Schneider, Mario ??ekerija, Sadaf G Sepanlou, Allen Seylani, Feng Sha, Sayed Mohammad Shafiee, Zahra Shaghaghi, Saeed Shahabi, Elaheh Shaker, Maedeh Sharifian, Javad Sharifi-Rad, Sara Sheikhbahaei, Jeevan K Shetty, Reza Shirkoohi, Parnian Shobeiri, Sudeep K Siddappa Malleshappa, Diego Augusto Santos Silva, Guilherme Silva Julian, Achintya Dinesh Singh, Jasvinder A Singh, Md Shahjahan Siraj, Gholam Reza Sivandzadeh, Valentin Yurievich Skryabin, Anna Aleksandrovna Skryabina, Bogdan Socea, Marco Solmi, Mohammad Sadegh Soltani-Zangbar, Suhang Song, Vikt??ria Szerencs??s, Mikl??s Sz??cska, Rafael Tabar??s-Seisdedos, Elnaz Tabibian, Majid Taheri, Yasaman TaheriAbkenar, Amir Taherkhani, Iman M Talaat, Ker-Kan Tan, Abdelghani Tbakhi, Bekele Tesfaye, Amir Tiyuri, Daniel Nigusse Tollosa, Mathilde Touvier, Bach Xuan Tran, Biruk Shalmeno Tusa, Irfan Ullah, Saif Ullah, Marco Vacante, Sahel Valadan Tahbaz, Massimiliano Veroux, Bay Vo, Theo Vos, Cong Wang, Ronny Westerman, Melat Woldemariam, Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh Jabbari, Lin Yang, Fereshteh Yazdanpanah, Chuanhua Yu, Deniz Yuce, Ismaeel Yunusa, Vesna Zadnik, Mazyar Zahir, Iman Zare, Zhi-Jiang Zhang, Mohammad Zoladl, Sharma, R, Abbasi-Kangevari, M, Abd-Rabu, R, Abidi, H, Abu-Gharbieh, E, Manuel Acuna, J, Adhikari, S, M Advani, S, Sohail Afzal, M, Aghaie Meybodi, M, Opoku Ahinkorah, B, Ahmad, S, Ahmadi, A, Ahmadi, S, Ahmed, H, A Ahmed, L, Beshir Ahmed, M, Al Hamad, H, Alahdab, F, Mashhour Alanezi, F, M Alanzi, T, Alhalaiqa Naji Alhalaiqa, F, Alimohamadi, Y, Alipour, V, Mohamed Aljunid, S, Alkhayyat, M, Almustanyir, S, M Al-Raddadi, R, Alvand, S, Alvis-Guzman, N, Amini, S, Ancuceanu, R, Anoushiravani, A, Arash Anoushirvani, A, Ansari-Moghaddam, A, Arabloo, J, Aryannejad, A, Asghari Jafarabadi, M, Shamsadin Athari, S, Ausloos, F, Ausloos, M, Fentahun Awedew, A, Ayenew Awoke, M, Mulatu Ayana, T, Azadnajafabad, S, Azami, H, Azangou-Khyavy, M, Azari Jafari, A, D Badiye, A, Bagherieh, S, Bahadory, S, Amin Baig, A, L Baker, J, Banach, M, Barrow, A, Yirga Berhie, A, Besharat, S, S Bhagat, D, Srikanth Bhagavathula, A, Bhala, N, Bhattacharyya, K, S Bhojaraja, V, Bibi, S, Bijani, A, Biondi, A, Bj??rge, T, Boda Abule Bodicha, B, Braithwaite, D, Brenner, H, Calina, D, Cao, C, Cao, Y, Carreras, G, Carvalho, F, Cerin, E, Chandra Chakinala, R, S Cho, W, Chu, D, Conde, J, Marisa Costa, V, Cruz-Martins, N, Dadras, O, Dai, X, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Danielewicz, A, Mekonnen Demeke, F, Debalkie Demissie, G, Desai, R, Dhamnetiya, D, Dianatinasab, M, Diaz, D, Didehdar, M, Doaei, S, Phuong Doan, L, Dodangeh, M, Eghbalian, F, Debela Ejeta, D, Ekholuenetale, M, Cyrus Ekundayo, T, El Sayed, I, Elhadi, M, Berhanie Enyew, D, Eyayu, T, Ezzeddini, R, Ravisovich Fakhradiyev, I, Farooque, U, Farrokhpour, H, Farzadfar, F, Fatehizadeh, A, Fattahi, H, Fattahi, N, Fereidoonnezhad, M, Fernandes, E, Fetensa, G, Filip, I, Fischer, F, Foroutan, M, Andras Gaal, P, M Gad, M, Gallus, S, Garg, T, Getachew, T, Ghamari, S, Ghashghaee, A, Ghith, N, Gholamalizadeh, M, Gholizadeh Navashenaq, J, Tamirat Gizaw, A, C Glasbey, J, Golechha, M, Goleij, P, Bekele Gonfa, K, Gorini, G, Guha, A, Gupta, S, Bala Gupta, V, Kumar Gupta, V, Haddadi, R, Hafezi-Nejad, N, Haj-Mirzaian, A, Halwani, R, Haque, S, Hariri, S, I Hasaballah, A, Hassanipour, S, I Hay, S, Herteliu, C, Holla, R, Hosseini, M, Hosseinzadeh, M, Hostiuc, M, Househ, M, Huang, J, Humayun, A, Iavicoli, I, Stephen Ilesanmi, O, M Ilic, I, D Ilic, M, Islami, F, Iwagami, M, Ali Jahani, M, Jakovljevic, M, Javaheri, T, Jayawardena, R, Jebai, R, Prakash Jha, R, Joo, T, Joseph, N, Joukar, F, Jerzy Jozwiak, J, Kabir, A, Kalhor, R, Kamath, A, Kapoor, N, M Karaye, I, Karimi, A, H Kauppila, J, Kazemi, A, Keykhaei, M, Saleh Khader, Y, Khajuria, H, Khalilov, R, Khanali, J, Khayamzadeh, M, Khodadost, M, Kim, H, Seo Kim, M, Kisa, A, Kisa, S, Kolahi, A, Reza Koohestani, H, A Kopec, J, Koteeswaran, R, Koyanagi, A, Krishnamoorthy, Y, Anil 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Maryam Sahebazzamani, Amirhossein Sahebkar, Amir Salek Farrokhi, Amir Salimi, Hamideh Salimzadeh, Pouria Samadi, Mehrnoosh Samaei, Abdallah M Samy, Juan Sanabria, Milena M Santric-Milicevic, Muhammad Arif Nadeem Saqib, Arash Sarveazad, Brijesh Sathian, Maheswar Satpathy, Ione Jayce Ceola Schneider, Mario ??ekerija, Sadaf G Sepanlou, Allen Seylani, Feng Sha, Sayed Mohammad Shafiee, Zahra Shaghaghi, Saeed Shahabi, Elaheh Shaker, Maedeh Sharifian, Javad Sharifi-Rad, Sara Sheikhbahaei, Jeevan K Shetty, Reza Shirkoohi, Parnian Shobeiri, Sudeep K Siddappa Malleshappa, Diego Augusto Santos Silva, Guilherme Silva Julian, Achintya Dinesh Singh, Jasvinder A Singh, Md Shahjahan Siraj, Gholam Reza Sivandzadeh, Valentin Yurievich Skryabin, Anna Aleksandrovna Skryabina, Bogdan Socea, Marco Solmi, Mohammad Sadegh Soltani-Zangbar, Suhang Song, Vikt??ria Szerencs??s, Mikl??s Sz??cska, Rafael Tabar??s-Seisdedos, Elnaz Tabibian, Majid Taheri, Yasaman TaheriAbkenar, Amir Taherkhani, Iman M Talaat, Ker-Kan Tan, Abdelghani Tbakhi, Bekele Tesfaye, Amir Tiyuri, Daniel Nigusse Tollosa, Mathilde Touvier, Bach Xuan Tran, Biruk Shalmeno Tusa, Irfan Ullah, Saif Ullah, Marco Vacante, Sahel Valadan Tahbaz, Massimiliano Veroux, Bay Vo, Theo Vos, Cong Wang, Ronny Westerman, Melat Woldemariam, Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh Jabbari, Lin Yang, Fereshteh Yazdanpanah, Chuanhua Yu, Deniz Yuce, Ismaeel Yunusa, Vesna Zadnik, Mazyar Zahir, Iman Zare, Zhi-Jiang Zhang, and Mohammad Zoladl
Abstract: Background: Colorectal cancer is the third leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. Given the recent increasing trends in colorectal cancer incidence globally, up-to-date information on the colorectal cancer burden could guide screening, early detection, and treatment strategies, and help effectively allocate resources. We examined the temporal patterns of the global, regional, and national burden of colorectal cancer and its risk factors in 204 countries and territories across the past three decades. Methods: Estimates of incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for colorectal cancer were generated as a part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 by age, sex, and geographical location for the period 1990–2019. Mortality estimates were produced using the cause of death ensemble model. We also calculated DALYs attributable to risk factors that had evidence of causation with colorectal cancer. Findings: Globally, between 1990 and 2019, colorectal cancer incident cases more than doubled, from 842 098 (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 810 408–868 574) to 2·17 million (2·00–2·34), and deaths increased from 518 126 (493 682–537 877) to 1·09 million (1·02–1·15). The global age-standardised incidence rate increased from 22·2 (95% UI 21·3–23·0) per 100 000 to 26·7 (24·6–28·9) per 100 000, whereas the age-standardised mortality rate decreased from 14·3 (13·5–14·9) per 100 000 to 13·7 (12·6–14·5) per 100 000 and the age-standardised DALY rate decreased from 308·5 (294·7–320·7) per 100 000 to 295·5 (275·2–313·0) per 100 000 from 1990 through 2019. Taiwan (province of China; 62·0 [48·9–80·0] per 100 000), Monaco (60·7 [48·5–73·6] per 100 000), and Andorra (56·6 [42·8–71·9] per 100 000) had the highest age-standardised incidence rates, while Greenland (31·4 [26·0–37·1] per 100 000), Brunei (30·3 [26·6–34·1] per 100 000), and Hungary (28·6 [23·6–34·0] per 100 000) had the highest age-standardised mortality rates. From 199
Published: 2022

33. Imaging in Therapy Response Assessment and Surveillance of Lung Cancer: Evidenced-based Review With Focus on the Utility of 18F-FDG PET/CT

Author: Lilja B. Solnes, Russell K. Hales, Sara Sheikhbahaei, Steven P. Rowe, and Franco Verde
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine, Cancer Research, medicine.medical_specialty, Focus (geometry), business.industry, medicine.medical_treatment, Evidenced based, Immunotherapy, medicine.disease, Asymptomatic, 03 medical and health sciences, 030104 developmental biology, 0302 clinical medicine, Oncology, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Therapy assessment, medicine, Fdg pet ct, Radiology, medicine.symptom, business, Lung cancer, Adverse effect
Abstract: This review covers the state-of-the-art imaging in therapy assessment and surveillance of lung cancer with focus on the utility of fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (18F-FDG PET/CT). We review different qualitative and quantitative response assessment criteria in lung cancer, common pitfalls and atypical patterns of response to immunotherapy, and imaging features of common immune-related adverse events. In addition, the currently recommended imaging workup in surveillance of asymptomatic patients with non-small-cell and small-cell lung cancer and future developments will be discussed.
Published: 2020

34. Malignant Paraganglioma with Brown Adipose Tissue Activation

Author: Sara Sheikhbahaei, Ciléin Kearns, Jolie Jean, and Tushar Garg
Subjects: Paraganglioma, Adipose Tissue, Adipose Tissue, Brown, Fluorodeoxyglucose F18, Peripheral Nervous System Neoplasms, Humans, Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging
Published: 2022

35. The global burden of cancer attributable to risk factors, 2010–19 : A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Author: Khanh Bao Tran, Justin J Lang, Kelly Compton, Rixing Xu, Alistair R Acheson, Hannah Jacqueline Henrikson, Jonathan M Kocarnik, Louise Penberthy, Amirali Aali, Qamar Abbas, Behzad Abbasi, Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari, Zeinab Abbasi-Kangevari, Hedayat Abbastabar, Michael Abdelmasseh, Sherief Abd-Elsalam, Ahmed Abdelwahab Abdelwahab, Gholamreza Abdoli, Hanan Abdulkadir Abdulkadir, Aidin Abedi, Kedir Hussein Abegaz, Hassan Abidi, Richard Gyan Aboagye, Hassan Abolhassani, Abdorrahim Absalan, Yonas Derso Abtew, Hiwa Abubaker Ali, Eman Abu-Gharbieh, Basavaprabhu Achappa, Juan Manuel Acuna, Daniel Addison, Isaac Yeboah Addo, Oyelola A Adegboye, Miracle Ayomikun Adesina, Mohammad Adnan, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani, Shailesh M Advani, Sumia Afrin, Muhammad Sohail Afzal, Manik Aggarwal, Bright Opoku Ahinkorah, Araz Ramazan Ahmad, Rizwan Ahmad, Sajjad Ahmad, Sohail Ahmad, Sepideh Ahmadi, Haroon Ahmed, Luai A Ahmed, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Tarik Ahmed Rashid, Wajeeha Aiman, Marjan Ajami, Gizachew Taddesse Akalu, Mostafa Akbarzadeh-Khiavi, Addis Aklilu, Maxwell Akonde, Chisom Joyqueenet Akunna, Hanadi Al Hamad, Fares Alahdab, Fahad Mashhour Alanezi, Turki M Alanzi, Saleh Ali Alessy, Abdelazeem M Algammal, Mohammed Khaled Al-Hanawi, Robert Kaba Alhassan, Beriwan Abdulqadir Ali, Liaqat Ali, Syed Shujait Ali, Yousef Alimohamadi, Vahid Alipour, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Motasem Alkhayyat, Sadeq Ali Ali Al-Maweri, Sami Almustanyir, Nivaldo Alonso, Shehabaldin Alqalyoobi, Rajaa M Al-Raddadi, Rami H Hani Al-Rifai, Salman Khalifah Al-Sabah, Ala'a B Al-Tammemi, Haya Altawalah, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Firehiwot Amare, Edward Kwabena Ameyaw, Javad Javad Aminian Dehkordi, Mohammad Hosein Amirzade-Iranaq, Hubert Amu, Ganiyu Adeniyi Amusa, Robert Ancuceanu, Jason A Anderson, Yaregal Animut Animut, Amir Anoushiravani, Ali Arash Anoushirvani, Alireza Ansari-Moghaddam, Mustafa Geleto Ansha, Benny Antony, Maxwell Hubert Antwi, Sumadi Lukman Anwar, Razique Anwer, Anayochukwu Edward Anyasodor, 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Melinda Gates Foundation, Kuwait University (Kuwait), Ministry of Higher Education (Malasia), Lega Italiana per la Lotta ai Tumori, Health Effects Institute (Estados Unidos), Unión Europea. Comisión Europea. European Research Council (ERC), Unión Europea. Comisión Europea. H2020, Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (Portugal), African-German Network of Excellence in Science (AGNES), Federal Ministry of Education & Research (Alemania), Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, Novo Nordisk Foundation, National Institute for Health Research (Reino Unido), National Health and Medical Research Council (Australia), Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research and Innovation, Romanian Ministry of Research Innovation and Digitalization, Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development (Serbia), Sigrid Jusélius Foundation, Finnish Cancer Foundation, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences (India), Xiamen University (Malasia), Manipal Academy of Higher Education (India), Panjab University (India), Sistema Nacional de Investigación (Panamá), Secretaría Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (Panamá), Ministry of Science and Technology (Taiwan), Lung Foundation Australia, National Natural Science Foundation of China, Wellcome Trust, UNSW Sydney (Australia), ICMR - National Institute of Epidemiology (India), University of Tasmania (Australia), National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (Brasil), Coordenação de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (Brasil), Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (Irán), Ain Shams University (Egipto), International Center of Medical Sciences Research (Islamabad), National Institutes of Health (Estados Unidos), University of Oxford (Reino Unido), National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (Irán), Marga und Walter Boll - Stiftung, Ministero della Salute (Italia), IRCCS Materno Infantile Burlo Garofolo (Italia), King College London, Wellcome Trust/DBT India Alliance (India), Public Health, University of St Andrews. School of Medicine, and University of St Andrews. Population and Behavioural Science Division
Subjects: Male, DEATHS, DALY, cancer, risk factors, Medizin, systematic analysis, Global Health, Risk Assessment, Cancer prevention, Global Burden of Disease, RC0254, Risk-attributable cancer deaths, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, RA0421, Risk Factors, RA0421 Public health. Hygiene. Preventive Medicine, Quality-Adjusted Life Year, Neoplasms, cancer, Humans, Global Burden of Disease Study, UK, Medicine(all), MCC, RC0254 Neoplasms. Tumors. Oncology (including Cancer), Risk Factor, Smoking, COVID-19, 3rd-DAS, General Medicine, Disability-adjusted life-years, SOCIAL DETERMINANTS, Risk assessments, risk factor, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, 3121 General medicine, internal medicine and other clinical medicine, OBESITY, Cancer burden, Neoplasm, Female, LIFE-STYLE, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, HEALTH, RA, Human, RC
Abstract: Background: Understanding the magnitude of cancer burden attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors is crucial for development of effective prevention and mitigation strategies. We analysed results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 to inform cancer control planning efforts globally. Methods: The GBD 2019 comparative risk assessment framework was used to estimate cancer burden attributable to behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risk factors. A total of 82 risk-outcome pairs were included on the basis of the World Cancer Research Fund criteria. Estimated cancer deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in 2019 and change in these measures between 2010 and 2019 are presented. Findings: Globally, in 2019, the risk factors included in this analysis accounted for 4·45 million (95% uncertainty interval 4·01-4·94) deaths and 105 million (95·0-116) DALYs for both sexes combined, representing 44·4% (41·3-48·4) of all cancer deaths and 42·0% (39·1-45·6) of all DALYs. There were 2·88 million (2·60-3·18) risk-attributable cancer deaths in males (50·6% [47·8-54·1] of all male cancer deaths) and 1·58 million (1·36-1·84) risk-attributable cancer deaths in females (36·3% [32·5-41·3] of all female cancer deaths). The leading risk factors at the most detailed level globally for risk-attributable cancer deaths and DALYs in 2019 for both sexes combined were smoking, followed by alcohol use and high BMI. Risk-attributable cancer burden varied by world region and Socio-demographic Index (SDI), with smoking, unsafe sex, and alcohol use being the three leading risk factors for risk-attributable cancer DALYs in low SDI locations in 2019, whereas DALYs in high SDI locations mirrored the top three global risk factor rankings. From 2010 to 2019, global risk-attributable cancer deaths increased by 20·4% (12·6-28·4) and DALYs by 16·8% (8·8-25·0), with the greatest percentage increase in metabolic risks (34·7% [27·9-42·8] and 33·3% [25·8-42·0]). Interpretation: The leading risk factors contributing to global cancer burden in 2019 were behavioural, whereas metabolic risk factors saw the largest increases between 2010 and 2019. Reducing exposure to these modifiable risk factors would decrease cancer mortality and DALY rates worldwide, and policies should be tailored appropriately to local cancer risk factor burden. We are grateful to the surveillance systems, including cancer registries, that generated and shared observed cancer burden data. S M Aljunid acknowledges the Department of Health Policy and Management, College of Public Health, Kuwait University for the approval and support to participate in this research project. H Ariffin acknowledges support from the Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia (grant FRGS/1/2021/SKK0/UM/01/1). F Barra acknowledges support from Lega Italiana per la Lotta contro i Tumori - LILT - Bando 5 x 1000 anno 2019. L Belo and M Carvalho acknowledge the support from FCT in the scope of the project UIDP/04378/2020 and UIDB/04378/2020 of UCIBIO and the project LA/P/0140/2020 of i4HB. A J Cohen was supported by the Health Effects Institute, Boston, MA, USA. J Conde acknowledges financial support from the European Research Council - ERC Starting Grant 848325. V M Costa acknowledges her grant (SFRH/BHD/110001/2015), received by Portuguese national funds through Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT), IP, under the Norma Transitória DL57/2016/CP1334/CT0006. T C Ekundayo was supported by the African-German Network of Excellence in Science (AGNES), the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) and the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation (AvH). N Ghith acknowledges support from a grant from Novo Nordisk Foundation (NNF16OC0021856). J C Glasbey is support by a Doctoral Research Fellowship from the National Institute of Health Research (NIHR300175). V K Gupta and V B Gupta acknowledge funding support from National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC), Australia. C Herteliu, A Pana, and M Ausloos acknowledge partial support by a grant of the Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research and Innovation, CNDS-UEFISCDI, project number PN-III-P4-ID-PCCF-2016-0084. C Herteliu is also partially supported by a grant of the Romanian Ministry of Research Innovation and Digitalization, MCID, project number ID-585-CTR-42-PFE-2021. S Hussain was supported from Operational Programme Research, Development and Education–Project, Postdoc2MUNI (number CZ.02.2. 69/0.0/0.0/18_053/0016952). M Jakovljevic acknowledges partial support through the grant OI 175 014 of the Ministry of Education Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia. J H Kauppila acknowledges research grants from Sigrid Jusélius Foundation and the Finnish Cancer Foundation. M N Khatib acknowledges support from Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences (deemed-to-be-university). Y J Kim was supported by the Research Management Centre, Xiamen University Malaysia [XMUMRF/2020-C6/ITCM/0004]. S L Koulmane Laxminarayana acknowledges institutional assistance by Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal. K Krishan is supported by the UGC Centre of Advanced Study (Phase II), awarded to the Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India. I Landires is a member of the Sistema Nacional de Investigación (SNI), which is supported by Panama’s Secretaría Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (SENACYT). M-C Li was supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan (MOST 110-2314-B-003-001). G Liu acknowledges support from the CREATE Hope scientific fellowship from Lung Foundation Australia. J Liu acknowledges support from the National Natural Science Foundation (72122001). J A Loureiro was supported by Scientific Employment Stimulus (FCT; CEECINST/00049/2018). E Mathews is supported by a Clinical and Public Health Early Career Fellowship (grant number IA/CPHE/17/1/503345) from the DBT India Alliance/Wellcome Trust Department of Biotechnology, India Alliance (2018–2023). T J Meretoja was supported by an unrestricted grant from Cancer Foundation Finland sr. S Mohammed acknowledges a fellowship grant from Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, outside the submitted work. M Molokhia is supported by the National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Center at Guy’s and St Thomas’ National Health Service Foundation Trust and King’s College London. L Monasta received support from the Italian Ministry of Health at the Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste - Italy (RC 34/2017). U Mons is supported by the Marga and Walter Boll Foundation, Kerpen, Germany. M A Moosavi acknowledges the financial support of National Institute of Genetics Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB). J Musa acknowledges support from the NIH/FICK43TW011416 for research-protected time for cervical cancer research and career development at University of Jos. V Nuñez-Samudio is a member of the Sistema Nacional de Investigación (SNI), which is supported by Panama’s Secretaría Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (SENACYT). O O Odukoya acknowledges support by the Fogarty International Center of the National Institutes of Health under the award number K43TW010704 for research-protected time. The content is solely the responsibility of all the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health. A S Oguntade acknowledges funding by a doctoral scholarship from the Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford (Oxford Population Health). J R Padubidri acknowledges Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal for their constant support in research collaborations. R G Pestell acknowledges support from NIH grant W81XWH1810605 Breast Cancer Research, Breakthrough Grant R21 CA235139-01. Z Z Piracha acknowledges the International Center of Medical Sciences Research (ICMSR), Islamabad (44000), Pakistan. R A Radhakrishnan acknowledges support from Wellcome Trust/DBT India Alliance - IA/CPHI/18/1/503927. U Saeed acknowledges the International Center of Medical Sciences Research (ICMSR), Islamabad, Pakistan. A M Samy acknowledges the support from Ain Shams University and the Egyptian Fulbright Mission Program. F Sha was supported by the Shenzhen Science and Technology Program (grant number KQTD20190929172835662). H R Shahsavari acknowledges the Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS) Research Council. A Shetty acknowledges Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal for all the academic support. D A S Silva acknowledges financing in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior—Brazil (CAPES)—Finance Code 001 and D A S Silva is supported in part by CNPq-Brazil (309589/2021-5). L M L R Silva was supported by project CENTRO-04-3559-FSE-000162, Fundo Social Europeu (FSE). Am Singh is supported by the International Graduate Research Scholarship, University of Tasmania. R Suliankatchi Abdulkader acknowledges support from ICMR—National Institute of Epidemiology. B Unnikrishnan acknowledges Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal. H Xiao acknowledges support from the Public Health Sciences Division of the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center. X Xu is supported by the University of New South Wales (Australia) Scientia Program. C Yu was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant number 82173626) and Wuhan Medical Research Program of Joint Fund of Hubei Health Committee (grant number WJ2019H304). Sí
Published: 2022

36. The global burden of adolescent and young adult cancer in 2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Author: Elysia M Alvarez, Lisa M Force, Rixing Xu, Kelly Compton, Dan Lu, Hannah Jacqueline Henrikson, Jonathan M Kocarnik, James D Harvey, Alyssa Pennini, Frances E Dean, Weijia Fu, Martina T Vargas, Theresa H M Keegan, Hany Ariffin, Ronald D Barr, Yana Arturovna Erdomaeva, D Sanjeeva Gunasekera, Yetunde O John-Akinola, Tyler G Ketterl, Tezer Kutluk, Marcio Henrique Malogolowkin, Prashant Mathur, Venkatraman Radhakrishnan, Lynn Ann Gloeckler Ries, Carlos Rodriguez-Galindo, Garik Barisovich Sagoyan, Iyad Sultan, Behzad Abbasi, Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari, Zeinab Abbasi-Kangevari, Hedayat Abbastabar, Michael Abdelmasseh, Sherief Abd-Elsalam, Amir Abdoli, Haimanot Abebe, Aidin Abedi, Hassan Abidi, Hassan Abolhassani, Hiwa Abubaker Ali, Eman Abu-Gharbieh, Basavaprabhu Achappa, Juan Manuel Acuna, Isaac Akinkunmi Adedeji, Oyelola A Adegboye, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani, Shailesh M Advani, Muhammad Sohail Afzal, Mohamad Aghaie Meybodi, Bahman Ahadinezhad, Bright Opoku Ahinkorah, Sajjad Ahmad, Sepideh Ahmadi, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Tarik Ahmed Rashid, Yusra Ahmed Salih, Wajeeha Aiman, Gizachew Taddesse Akalu, Hanadi Al Hamad, Fares Alahdab, Abdulhadi A AlAmodi, Fahad Mashhour Alanezi, Turki M Alanzi, Adugnaw Zeleke Alem, Dejene Tsegaye Alem, Yosef Alemayehu, Fadwa Naji Alhalaiqa, Robert Kaba Alhassan, Saqib Ali, Gianfranco Alicandro, Vahid Alipour, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Motasem Alkhayyat, Sunitha Alluri, Nihad A Almasri, Sadeq Ali Al-Maweri, Sami Almustanyir, Rajaa M Al-Raddadi, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Edward Kwabena Ameyaw, Saeed Amini, Hubert Amu, Robert Ancuceanu, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Tudorel Andrei, Fereshteh Ansari, Alireza Ansari-Moghaddam, Davood Anvari, Anayochukwu Edward Anyasodor, Jalal Arabloo, Morteza Arab-Zozani, Ayele Mamo Argaw, Muhammad Arshad, Judie Arulappan, Armin Aryannejad, Zatollah Asemi, Mohammad Asghari Jafarabadi, Mohammad Reza Atashzar, Prince Atorkey, Alok Atreya, Sameh Attia, Avinash Aujayeb, Marcel Ausloos, Leticia Avila-Burgos, Atalel Fentahun Awedew, Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla, Alemu Degu Ayele, Solomon Shitu Ayen, Mohammed A Azab, Sina Azadnajafabad, Hiva Azami, Mohammadreza Azangou-Khyavy, Amirhossein Azari Jafari, Ghasem Azarian, Ahmed Y Azzam, Saeed Bahadory, Jianjun Bai, Atif Amin Baig, Jennifer L Baker, Maciej Banach, Till Winfried Bärnighausen, Francesco Barone-Adesi, Fabio Barra, Amadou Barrow, Huda Basaleem, Abdul-Monim Mohammad Batiha, Masoud Behzadifar, Niguss Cherie Bekele, Rebuma Belete, Uzma Iqbal Belgaumi, Arielle Wilder Bell, Alemshet Yirga Berhie, Devidas S Bhagat, Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula, Nikha Bhardwaj, Pankaj Bhardwaj, Sonu Bhaskar, Krittika Bhattacharyya, Vijayalakshmi S Bhojaraja, Sadia Bibi, Ali Bijani, Antonio Biondi, Setognal Birara, Tone Bjørge, Obasanjo Afolabi Bolarinwa, Srinivasa Rao Bolla, Archith Boloor, Dejana Braithwaite, Hermann Brenner, Norma B Bulamu, Katrin Burkart, Maria Teresa Bustamante-Teixeira, Nadeem Shafique Butt, Zahid A Butt, Florentino Luciano Caetano dos Santos, Chao Cao, Yin Cao, Giulia Carreras, Ferrán Catalá-López, Francieli Cembranel, Ester Cerin, Raja Chandra Chakinala, Promit Ananyo Chakraborty, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Pankaj Chaturvedi, Akhilanand Chaurasia, Prachi P Chavan, Odgerel Chimed-Ochir, Jee-Young Jasmine Choi, Devasahayam J Christopher, Dinh-Toi Chu, Michael T Chung, Joao Conde, Vera Marisa Costa, Omar B Da'ar, Omid Dadras, Saad M A Dahlawi, Xiaochen Dai, Giovanni Damiani, Emanuele D'Amico, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi Dandona, Parnaz Daneshpajouhnejad, Amira Hamed Darwish, Ahmad Daryani, Fernando Pio De la Hoz, Sisay Abebe Debela, Takele Gezahegn G Demie, Getu Debalkie Demissie, Zeleke Geto Demissie, Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez, Meseret Derbew Molla, Rupak Desai, Abebaw Alemayehu Desta, Deepak Dhamnetiya, Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne, Mandira Lamichhane Dhimal, Meghnath Dhimal, Mostafa Dianatinasab, Mojtaba Didehdar, Mengistie Diress, Shirin Djalalinia, Huyen Phuc Do, Saeid Doaei, Fariba Dorostkar, Wendel Mombaque dos Santos, Thomas M Drake, Michael Ekholuenetale, Iman El Sayed, Maysaa El Sayed Zaki, Maha El Tantawi, Hassan El-Abid, Mostafa Ahmed Elbahnasawy, Iffat Elbarazi, Hala Rashad Elhabashy, Muhammed Elhadi, Shaimaa I El-Jaafary, Daniel Berhanie Enyew, Ryenchindorj Erkhembayar, Babak Eshrati, Sharareh Eskandarieh, Mohammed Faisaluddin, Jawad Fares, Umar Farooque, Abidemi Omolara Fasanmi, Wafa Fatima, José Miguel P Ferreira de Oliveira, Simone Ferrero, Lorenzo Ferro Desideri, Getahun Fetensa, Irina Filip, Florian Fischer, James L Fisher, Masoud Foroutan, Takeshi Fukumoto, Peter Andras Gaal, Mohamed M Gad, Piyada Gaewkhiew, Silvano Gallus, Tushar Garg, Teferi Gebru Gebremeskel, Belete Negese Belete Gemeda, Tamiru Getachew, Mansour Ghafourifard, Seyyed-Hadi Ghamari, Ahmad Ghashghaee, Fariba Ghassemi, Nermin Ghith, Ali Gholami, Jamshid Gholizadeh Navashenaq, Syed Amir Gilani, Themba G Ginindza, Abraham Tamirat Gizaw, James C Glasbey, Amit Goel, Mahaveer Golechha, Pouya Goleij, Davide Golinelli, Sameer Vali Gopalani, Giuseppe Gorini, Houman Goudarzi, Bárbara Niegia Garcia Goulart, Ayman Grada, Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen Gubari, Maximiliano Ribeiro Guerra, Avirup Guha, Bhawna Gupta, Sapna Gupta, Veer Bala Gupta, Vivek Kumar Gupta, Rasool Haddadi, Nima Hafezi-Nejad, Alemayehu Hailu, Arvin Haj-Mirzaian, Rabih Halwani, Randah R Hamadeh, Mitiku Teshome Hambisa, Sajid Hameed, Samer Hamidi, Shafiul Haque, Sanam Hariri, Josep Maria Haro, Ahmed I Hasaballah, S M Mahmudul Hasan, Seyedeh Melika Hashemi, Treska S Hassan, Soheil Hassanipour, Simon I Hay, Khezar Hayat, Sultan H Hebo, Golnaz Heidari, Mohammad Heidari, Brenda Yuliana Herrera-Serna, Claudiu Herteliu, Demisu Zenbaba Heyi, Kamal Hezam, Michael K Hole, Ramesh Holla, Nobuyuki Horita, Md Mahbub Hossain, Mohammad Bellal Hossain, Mohammad-Salar Hosseini, Mostafa Hosseini, Ali Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Mihaela Hostiuc, Sorin Hostiuc, Mowafa Househ, Mohamed Hsairi, Junjie Huang, Nawfal R Hussein, Bing-Fang Hwang, Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Irena M Ilic, Milena D Ilic, Kaire Innos, Lalu Muhammad Irham, Rakibul M Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Nahlah Elkudssiah Ismail, Gaetano Isola, Masao Iwagami, Louis Jacob, Farhad Jadidi-Niaragh, Vardhmaan Jain, Mihajlo Jakovljevic, Roksana Janghorban, Amirreza Javadi Mamaghani, Shubha Jayaram, Ranil Jayawardena, Seyed Behzad Jazayeri, Rime Jebai, Ravi Prakash Jha, Tamas Joo, Nitin Joseph, Farahnaz Joukar, Mikk Jürisson, Billingsley Kaambwa, Ali Kabir, Leila R Kalankesh, Feroze Kaliyadan, Zul Kamal, Ashwin Kamath, Himal Kandel, Sitanshu Sekhar Kar, Ibraheem M Karaye, Amirali Karimi, Bekalu Getnet Kassa, Joonas H Kauppila, Phillip M Kemp Bohan, Andre Pascal Kengne, Amene Abebe Kerbo, Mohammad Keykhaei, Yousef Saleh Khader, Himanshu Khajuria, Nastaran Khalili, Neda Khalili, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Gulfaraz Khan, Maseer Khan, Md Nuruzzaman Khan, Moien AB Khan, Javad Khanali, Maryam Khayamzadeh, Omid Khosravizadeh, Jagdish Khubchandani, Roba Khundkar, Min Seo Kim, Yun Jin Kim, Adnan Kisa, Sezer Kisa, Katarzyna Kissimova-Skarbek, Ali-Asghar Kolahi, Jacek A Kopec, Rajasekaran Koteeswaran, Sindhura Lakshmi Koulmane Laxminarayana, Ai Koyanagi, Nuworza Kugbey, G Anil Kumar, Nithin Kumar, Alexander Kwarteng, Carlo La Vecchia, Qing Lan, Iván Landires, Savita Lasrado, Paolo Lauriola, Caterina Ledda, Sang-woong Lee, Wei-Chen Lee, Yeong Yeh Lee, Yo Han Lee, James Leigh, Elvynna Leong, Bingyu Li, Jiarui Li, Ming-Chieh Li, Stephen S Lim, Xuefeng Liu, Stany W Lobo, Joana A Loureiro, Alessandra Lugo, Raimundas Lunevicius, Hassan Magdy Abd El Razek, Muhammed Magdy Abd El Razek, Morteza Mahmoudi, Azeem Majeed, Alaa Makki, Shilpa Male, Mohammad-Reza Malekpour, Reza Malekzadeh, Ahmad Azam Malik, Mohammed A Mamun, Navid Manafi, Fariborz Mansour-Ghanaei, Borhan Mansouri, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Santi Martini, Seyedeh Zahra Masoumi, Clara N Matei, Manu Raj Mathur, Colm McAlinden, Ravi Mehrotra, Walter Mendoza, Ritesh G Menezes, Alexios-Fotios A Mentis, Tuomo J Meretoja, Amanual Getnet Mersha, Mohamed Kamal Mesregah, Tomislav Mestrovic, Junmei Miao Jonasson, Bartosz Miazgowski, Irmina Maria Michalek, Ted R Miller, Alemu Basazin Mingude, Seyyedmohammadsadeq Mirmoeeni, Hamed Mirzaei, Sanjeev Misra, Prasanna Mithra, Karzan Abdulmuhsin Mohammad, Mokhtar Mohammadi, Seyyede Momeneh Mohammadi, Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Reza Mohammadpourhodki, Arif Mohammed, Shafiu Mohammed, Teroj Abdulrahman Mohammed, Nagabhishek Moka, Ali H Mokdad, Mariam Molokhia, Sara Momtazmanesh, Lorenzo Monasta, Mohammad Ali Moni, Ghobad Moradi, Yousef Moradi, Maliheh Moradzadeh, Rahmatollah Moradzadeh, Paula Moraga, Shane Douglas Morrison, Ebrahim Mostafavi, Amin Mousavi Khaneghah, Christine Mpundu-Kaambwa, Sumaira Mubarik, Lillian Mwanri, Ashraf F Nabhan, Shankar Prasad Nagaraju, Chie Nagata, Mohsen Naghavi, Mukhammad David Naimzada, Luigi Naldi, Vinay Nangia, Atta Abbas Naqvi, Sreenivas Narasimha Swamy, Aparna Ichalangod Narayana, Biswa Prakash Nayak, Vinod C Nayak, Javad Nazari, Sabina Onyinye Nduaguba, Ionut Negoi, Serban Mircea Negru, Seyed Aria Nejadghaderi, Samata Nepal, Sandhya Neupane Kandel, Haruna Asura Nggada, Cuong Tat Nguyen, Chukwudi A Nnaji, Hamed Nosrati, Hasti Nouraei, Ali Nowroozi, Virginia Nuñez-Samudio, Vincent Ebuka Nwatah, Chimezie Igwegbe Nzoputam, Bogdan Oancea, Oluwakemi Ololade Odukoya, Ayodipupo Sikiru Oguntade, In-Hwan Oh, Andrew T Olagunju, Tinuke O Olagunju, Babayemi Oluwaseun Olakunde, Mojisola Morenike Oluwasanu, Emad Omar, Ahmed Omar Bali, Sokking Ong, Obinna E Onwujekwe, Doris V Ortega-Altamirano, Nikita Otstavnov, Stanislav S Otstavnov, Bilcha Oumer, Mayowa O Owolabi, Mahesh P A, Alicia Padron-Monedero, Jagadish Rao Padubidri, Keyvan Pakshir, Adrian Pana, Anamika Pandey, Shahina Pardhan, Fatemeh Pashazadeh Kan, Maja Pasovic, Jenil R Patel, Siddhartha Pati, Sanjay M Pattanshetty, Uttam Paudel, Renato B Pereira, Mario F P Peres, Arokiasamy Perianayagam, Maarten J Postma, Hadi Pourjafar, Akram Pourshams, Akila Prashant, Thejodhar Pulakunta, Mirza Muhammad Fahd Fahd Qadir, Mohammad Rabiee, Navid Rabiee, Amir Radfar, Raghu Anekal Radhakrishnan, Ata Rafiee, Alireza Rafiei, Sima Rafiei, Fakher Rahim, Shadi Rahimzadeh, Mosiur Rahman, Muhammad Aziz Rahman, Amir Masoud Rahmani, Aashish Rajesh, Vajiheh Ramezani-Doroh, Kamal Ranabhat, Priyanga Ranasinghe, Chythra R Rao, Sowmya J Rao, Sina Rashedi, Mahsa Rashidi, Mohammad-Mahdi Rashidi, Goura Kishor Rath, David Laith Rawaf, Salman Rawaf, Lal Rawal, Reza Rawassizadeh, Mohammad Sadegh Razeghinia, Misganu Teshoma Regasa, Andre M N Renzaho, Maryam Rezaei, Negar Rezaei, Nima Rezaei, Mohsen Rezaeian, Aziz Rezapour, Sahba Rezazadeh-Khadem, Abanoub Riad, Ligia Estefania Rios Lopez, Jefferson Antonio Buendia Rodriguez, Luca Ronfani, Gholamreza Roshandel, Godfrey M Rwegerera, Maha Mohamed Saber-Ayad, Siamak Sabour, Basema Saddik, Erfan Sadeghi, Saeid Sadeghian, Umar Saeed, Amirhossein Sahebkar, KM Saif-Ur-Rahman, S Mohammad Sajadi, Sarvenaz Salahi, Sana Salehi, Marwa Rashad Salem, Hamideh Salimzadeh, Abdallah M Samy, Juan Sanabria, Francesco Sanmarchi, Arash Sarveazad, Brijesh Sathian, Monika Sawhney, Susan M Sawyer, Mete Saylan, Ione Jayce Ceola Schneider, Abdul-Aziz Seidu, Mario Šekerija, Endalew Gemechu Sendo, Sadaf G Sepanlou, Allen Seylani, Kenbon Seyoum, Feng Sha, Omid Shafaat, Masood Ali Shaikh, Erfan Shamsoddin, Mohammed Shannawaz, Rajesh Sharma, Sara Sheikhbahaei, Adithi Shetty, B Suresh Kumar Shetty, Pavanchand H Shetty, Jae Il Shin, Reza Shirkoohi, K M Shivakumar, Parnian Shobeiri, Soraya Siabani, Migbar Mekonnen Sibhat, Sudeep K Siddappa Malleshappa, Negussie Boti Sidemo, Diego Augusto Santos Silva, Guilherme Silva Julian, Achintya Dinesh Singh, Jasvinder A Singh, Jitendra Kumar Singh, Surjit Singh, Abiy H Sinke, Yitagesu Sintayehu, Valentin Yurievich Skryabin, Anna Aleksandrovna Skryabina, Lee Smith, Ahmad Sofi-Mahmudi, Mohammad Sadegh Soltani-Zangbar, Suhang Song, Emma Elizabeth Spurlock, Paschalis Steiropoulos, Kurt Straif, Ranjeeta Subedi, Mu'awiyyah Babale Sufiyan, Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader, Saima Sultana, Viktória Szerencsés, Miklós Szócska, Seidamir Pasha Tabaeian, Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos, Mohammadreza Tabary, Takahiro Tabuchi, Hooman Tadbiri, Majid Taheri, Amir Taherkhani, Ken Takahashi, Mircea Tampa, Ker-Kan Tan, Vivian Y Tat, Ahmad Tavakoli, Abdelghani Tbakhi, Arash Tehrani-Banihashemi, Mohamad-Hani Temsah, Fisaha Haile Tesfay, Bekele Tesfaye, Jarnail Singh Thakur, Rekha Thapar, Aravind Thavamani, Arulmani Thiyagarajan, Nihal Thomas, Ruoyan Tobe-Gai, Munkhsaikhan Togtmol, Seyed Abolfazl Tohidast, Hamid Reza Tohidinik, Musliu Adetola Tolani, Daniel Nigusse Tollosa, Mathilde Touvier, Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone, Eugenio Traini, Bach Xuan Tran, Mai Thi Ngoc Tran, Jaya Prasad Tripathy, Biruk Shalmeno Tusa, Gebresilasea Gendisha Ukke, Irfan Ullah, Saif Ullah, Krishna Kishore Umapathi, Bhaskaran Unnikrishnan, Era Upadhyay, Tolassa Wakayo Ushula, Marco Vacante, Sahel Valadan Tahbaz, Shoban Babu Varthya, Massimiliano Veroux, Paul J Villeneuve, Francesco S Violante, Vasily Vlassov, Giang Thu Vu, Yasir Waheed, Ning Wang, Paul Ward, Adisu Birhanu Weldesenbet, Yi Feng Wen, Ronny Westerman, Andrea Sylvia Winkler, Befikadu Legesse Wubishet, Suowen Xu, Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh Jabbari, Lin Yang, Sanni Yaya, Vahid Yazdi-Feyzabadi, Taklo Simeneh Yazie, Sisay Shewasinad Yehualashet, Alex Yeshaneh, Yigizie Yeshaw, Birhanu Wubale Yirdaw, Naohiro Yonemoto, Mustafa Z Younis, Zabihollah Yousefi, Chuanhua Yu, Ismaeel Yunusa, Vesna Zadnik, Mazyar Zahir, Telma Zahirian Moghadam, Mohammad Zamani, Maryam Zamanian, Hamed Zandian, Fariba Zare, Mikhail Sergeevich Zastrozhin, Anasthasia Zastrozhina, Jianrong Zhang, Zhi-Jiang Zhang, Arash Ziapour, Mohammad Zoladl, Christopher J L Murray, Christina Fitzmaurice, Archie Bleyer, Nickhill Bhakta, Alvarez E.M., Force L.M., Xu R., Compton K., Lu D., Henrikson H.J., Kocarnik J.M., Harvey J.D., Pennini A., Dean F.E., Fu W., Vargas M.T., Keegan T.H.M., Ariffin H., Barr R.D., Erdomaeva Y.A., Gunasekera D.S., John-Akinola Y.O., Ketterl T.G., Kutluk T., Malogolowkin M.H., Mathur P., Radhakrishnan V., Ries L.A.G., Rodriguez-Galindo C., Sagoyan G.B., Sultan I., Abbasi B., Abbasi-Kangevari M., Abbasi-Kangevari Z., Abbastabar H., Abdelmasseh M., Abd-Elsalam S., Abdoli A., Abebe H., Abedi A., Abidi H., Abolhassani H., Abubaker Ali H., Abu-Gharbieh E., Achappa B., Acuna J.M., Adedeji I.A., Adegboye O.A., Adnani Q.E.S., Advani S.M., Afzal M.S., Aghaie Meybodi M., Ahadinezhad B., Ahinkorah B.O., Ahmad S., Ahmadi S., Ahmed M.B., Ahmed Rashid T., Ahmed Salih Y., Aiman W., Akalu G.T., Al Hamad H., Alahdab F., AlAmodi A.A., Alanezi F.M., Alanzi T.M., Alem A.Z., Alem D.T., Alemayehu Y., Alhalaiqa F.N., Alhassan R.K., Ali S., Alicandro G., Alipour V., Aljunid S.M., Alkhayyat M., Alluri S., Almasri N.A., Al-Maweri S.A., Almustanyir S., Al-Raddadi R.M., Alvis-Guzman N., Ameyaw E.K., Amini S., Amu H., Ancuceanu R., Andrei C.L., Andrei T., Ansari F., Ansari-Moghaddam A., Anvari D., Anyasodor A.E., Arabloo J., Arab-Zozani M., Argaw A.M., Arshad M., Arulappan J., Aryannejad A., Asemi Z., Asghari Jafarabadi M., Atashzar M.R., Atorkey P., Atreya A., Attia S., Aujayeb A., Ausloos M., Avila-Burgos L., Awedew A.F., Ayala Quintanilla B.P., Ayele A.D., Ayen S.S., Azab M.A., Azadnajafabad S., Azami H., Azangou-Khyavy M., Azari Jafari A., Azarian G., Azzam A.Y., Bahadory S., Bai J., Baig A.A., Baker J.L., Banach M., Barnighausen T.W., Barone-Adesi F., Barra F., Barrow A., Basaleem H., Batiha A.-M.M., Behzadifar M., Bekele N.C., Belete R., Belgaumi U.I., Bell A.W., Berhie A.Y., Bhagat D.S., Bhagavathula A.S., Bhardwaj N., Bhardwaj P., Bhaskar S., Bhattacharyya K., Bhojaraja V.S., Bibi S., Bijani A., Biondi A., Birara S., Bjorge T., Bolarinwa O.A., Bolla S.R., Boloor A., Braithwaite D., Brenner H., Bulamu N.B., Burkart K., Bustamante-Teixeira M.T., Butt N.S., Butt Z.A., Caetano dos Santos F.L., Cao C., Cao Y., Carreras G., Catala-Lopez F., Cembranel F., Cerin E., Chakinala R.C., Chakraborty P.A., Chattu V.K., Chaturvedi P., Chaurasia A., Chavan P.P., Chimed-Ochir O., Choi J.-Y.J., Christopher D.J., Chu D.-T., Chung M.T., Conde J., Costa V.M., Da'ar O.B., Dadras O., Dahlawi S.M.A., Dai X., Damiani G., D'Amico E., Dandona L., Dandona R., Daneshpajouhnejad P., Darwish A.H., Daryani A., De la Hoz F.P., Debela S.A., Demie T.G.G., Demissie G.D., Demissie Z.G., Denova-Gutierrez E., Derbew Molla M., Desai R., Desta A.A., Dhamnetiya D., Dharmaratne S.D., Dhimal M.L., Dhimal M., Dianatinasab M., Didehdar M., Diress M., Djalalinia S., Do H.P., Doaei S., Dorostkar F., dos Santos W.M., Drake T.M., Ekholuenetale M., El Sayed I., El Sayed Zaki M., El Tantawi M., El-Abid H., Elbahnasawy M.A., Elbarazi I., Elhabashy H.R., Elhadi M., El-Jaafary S.I., Enyew D.B., Erkhembayar R., Eshrati B., Eskandarieh S., Faisaluddin M., Fares J., Farooque U., Fasanmi A.O., Fatima W., Ferreira de Oliveira J.M.P., Ferrero S., Ferro Desideri L., Fetensa G., Filip I., Fischer F., Fisher J.L., Foroutan M., Fukumoto T., Gaal P.A., Gad M.M., Gaewkhiew P., Gallus S., Garg T., Gebremeskel T.G., Gemeda B.N.B., Getachew T., Ghafourifard M., Ghamari S.-H., Ghashghaee A., Ghassemi F., Ghith N., Gholami A., Gholizadeh Navashenaq J., Gilani S.A., Ginindza T.G., Gizaw A.T., Glasbey J.C., Goel A., Golechha M., Goleij P., Golinelli D., Gopalani S.V., Gorini G., Goudarzi H., Goulart B.N.G., Grada A., Gubari M.I.M., Guerra M.R., Guha A., Gupta B., Gupta S., Gupta V.B., Gupta V.K., Haddadi R., Hafezi-Nejad N., Hailu A., Haj-Mirzaian A., Halwani R., Hamadeh R.R., Hambisa M.T., Hameed S., Hamidi S., Haque S., Hariri S., Haro J.M., Hasaballah A.I., Hasan S.M.M., Hashemi S.M., Hassan T.S., Hassanipour S., Hay S.I., Hayat K., Hebo S.H., Heidari G., Heidari M., Herrera-Serna B.Y., Herteliu C., Heyi D.Z., Hezam K., Hole M.K., Holla R., Horita N., Hossain M.M., Hossain M.B., Hosseini M.-S., Hosseini M., Hosseinzadeh A., Hosseinzadeh M., Hostiuc M., Hostiuc S., Househ M., Hsairi M., Huang J., Hussein N.R., Hwang B.-F., Ibitoye S.E., Ilesanmi O.S., Ilic I.M., Ilic M.D., Innos K., Irham L.M., Islam R.M., Islam S.M.S., Ismail N.E., Isola G., Iwagami M., Jacob L., Jadidi-Niaragh F., Jain V., Jakovljevic M., Janghorban R., Javadi Mamaghani A., Jayaram S., Jayawardena R., Jazayeri S.B., Jebai R., Jha R.P., Joo T., Joseph N., Joukar F., Jurisson M., Kaambwa B., Kabir A., Kalankesh L.R., Kaliyadan F., Kamal Z., Kamath A., Kandel H., Kar S.S., Karaye I.M., Karimi A., Kassa B.G., Kauppila J.H., Kemp Bohan P.M., Kengne A.P., Kerbo A.A., Keykhaei M., Khader Y.S., Khajuria H., Khalili N., Khan E.A., Khan G., Khan M., Khan M.N., Khan M.A., Khanali J., Khayamzadeh M., Khosravizadeh O., Khubchandani J., Khundkar R., Kim M.S., Kim Y.J., Kisa A., Kisa S., Kissimova-Skarbek K., Kolahi A.-A., Kopec J.A., Koteeswaran R., Koulmane Laxminarayana S.L., Koyanagi A., Kugbey N., Kumar G.A., Kumar N., Kwarteng A., La Vecchia C., Lan Q., Landires I., Lasrado S., Lauriola P., Ledda C., Lee S.-W., Lee W.-C., Lee Y.Y., Lee Y.H., Leigh J., Leong E., Li B., Li J., Li M.-C., Lim S.S., Liu X., Lobo S.W., Loureiro J.A., Lugo A., Lunevicius R., Magdy Abd El Razek H., Magdy Abd El Razek M., Mahmoudi M., Majeed A., Makki A., Male S., Malekpour M.-R., Malekzadeh R., Malik A.A., Mamun M.A., Manafi N., Mansour-Ghanaei F., Mansouri B., Mansournia M.A., Martini S., Masoumi S.Z., Matei C.N., Mathur M.R., McAlinden C., Mehrotra R., Mendoza W., Menezes R.G., Mentis A.-F.A., Meretoja T.J., Mersha A.G., Mesregah M.K., Mestrovic T., Miao Jonasson J., Miazgowski B., Michalek I.M., Miller T.R., Mingude A.B., Mirmoeeni S., Mirzaei H., Misra S., Mithra P., Mohammad K.A., Mohammadi M., Mohammadi S.M., Mohammadian-Hafshejani A., Mohammadpourhodki R., Mohammed A., Mohammed S., Mohammed T.A., Moka N., Mokdad A.H., Molokhia M., Momtazmanesh S., Monasta L., Moni M.A., Moradi G., Moradi Y., Moradzadeh M., Moradzadeh R., Moraga P., Morrison S.D., Mostafavi E., Mousavi Khaneghah A., Mpundu-Kaambwa C., Mubarik S., Mwanri L., Nabhan A.F., Nagaraju S.P., Nagata C., Naghavi M., Naimzada M.D., Naldi L., Nangia V., Naqvi A.A., Narasimha Swamy S., Narayana A.I., Nayak B.P., Nayak V.C., Nazari J., Nduaguba S.O., Negoi I., Negru S.M., Nejadghaderi S.A., Nepal S., Neupane Kandel S., Nggada H.A., Nguyen C.T., Nnaji C.A., Nosrati H., Nouraei H., Nowroozi A., Nunez-Samudio V., Nwatah V.E., Nzoputam C.I., Oancea B., Odukoya O.O., Oguntade A.S., Oh I.-H., Olagunju A.T., Olagunju T.O., Olakunde B.O., Oluwasanu M.M., Omar E., Omar Bali A., Ong S., Onwujekwe O.E., Ortega-Altamirano D.V., Otstavnov N., Otstavnov S.S., Oumer B., Owolabi M.O., P A M., Padron-Monedero A., Padubidri J.R., Pakshir K., Pana A., Pandey A., Pardhan S., Pashazadeh Kan F., Pasovic M., Patel J.R., Pati S., Pattanshetty S.M., Paudel U., Pereira R.B., Peres M.F.P., Perianayagam A., Postma M.J., Pourjafar H., Pourshams A., Prashant A., Pulakunta T., Qadir M.M.F.F., Rabiee M., Rabiee N., Radfar A., Radhakrishnan 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Foundation, NIH - National Cancer Institute (NCI) (Estados Unidos), Epidemiologie, and RS: NUTRIM - R3 - Respiratory & Age-related Health
Subjects: adolescent cancer, global burden of disease, epidemiology, Adult, Male, Adolescent, 3122 Cancers, UNITED-STATES, Disability-Adjusted Life Year, Adolescents, Socioeconomic Factor, Global Health, Global Burden of Disease, Young Adult, Life Expectancy, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, Risk Factors, WORLDWIDE, Neoplasms, Cause of Death, Prevalence, Humans, 1112 Oncology and Carcinogenesis, Oncology & Carcinogenesis, Mortality, Cancer burden analyses, Cancer, ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC-LEUKEMIA, disease, Global burden, OUTCOMES, CHILDHOOD-CANCER, Incidence, Risk Factor, the GBD 2019 methodology, Disability-Adjusted Life Years, GBD 2019 Adolescent Young Adult Cancer Collaborators, CARE, Cancer control efforts, Socioeconomic Factors, Oncology, Neoplasm, Female, Young adults, Human
Abstract: Funding: J A Loureiro acknowledges support from Base Funding UIDB/00511/2020 of the LEPABE funded by national funds through the FCT/MCTES (PIDDAC) and Scientific Employment Stimulus (FCT) [CEECINST/00049/2018]. Background: In estimating the global burden of cancer, adolescents and young adults with cancer are often overlooked, despite being a distinct subgroup with unique epidemiology, clinical care needs, and societal impact. Comprehensive estimates of the global cancer burden in adolescents and young adults (aged 15–39 years) are lacking. To address this gap, we analysed results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019, with a focus on the outcome of disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), to inform global cancer control measures in adolescents and young adults. Methods: Using the GBD 2019 methodology, international mortality data were collected from vital registration systems, verbal autopsies, and population-based cancer registry inputs modelled with mortality-to-incidence ratios (MIRs). Incidence was computed with mortality estimates and corresponding MIRs. Prevalence estimates were calculated using modelled survival and multiplied by disability weights to obtain years lived with disability (YLDs). Years of life lost (YLLs) were calculated as age-specific cancer deaths multiplied by the standard life expectancy at the age of death. The main outcome was DALYs (the sum of YLLs and YLDs). Estimates were presented globally and by Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintiles (countries ranked and divided into five equal SDI groups), and all estimates were presented with corresponding 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs). For this analysis, we used the age range of 15–39 years to define adolescents and young adults. Findings: There were 1·19 million (95% UI 1·11–1·28) incident cancer cases and 396 000 (370 000–425 000) deaths due to cancer among people aged 15–39 years worldwide in 2019. The highest age-standardised incidence rates occurred in high SDI (59·6 [54·5–65·7] per 100 000 person-years) and high-middle SDI countries (53·2 [48·8–57·9] per 100 000 person-years), while the highest age-standardised mortality rates were in low-middle SDI (14·2 [12·9–15·6] per 100 000 person-years) and middle SDI (13·6 [12·6–14·8] per 100 000 person-years) countries. In 2019, adolescent and young adult cancers contributed 23·5 million (21·9–25·2) DALYs to the global burden of disease, of which 2·7% (1·9–3·6) came from YLDs and 97·3% (96·4–98·1) from YLLs. Cancer was the fourth leading cause of death and tenth leading cause of DALYs in adolescents and young adults globally. Interpretation: Adolescent and young adult cancers contributed substantially to the overall adolescent and young adult disease burden globally in 2019. These results provide new insights into the distribution and magnitude of the adolescent and young adult cancer burden around the world. With notable differences observed across SDI settings, these estimates can inform global and country-level cancer control efforts. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, American Lebanese Syrian Associated Charities, St Baldrick's Foundation, and the National Cancer Institute. publishersversion published
Published: 2022

37. Diagnostic performance of IQ·SPECT with high-speed scanning: A preliminary quality control study in obese patients

Author: Rudolf A, Werner, Ricardo Bello, Martinez, Charles, Marcus, Matthew J, Kruse, Sara, Sheikhbahaei, Lilja B, Solnes, Takahiro, Higuchi, Mehrbod S, Javadi, and Steven P, Rowe
Abstract: IQ·SPECT is a recently introduced collimator design for myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI). Little data exist on use of this collimator type in obese patients, particularly Class 2 or 3 [body mass index (BMI)35 kg/mTwo consecutive rest-stress MPI scans were prospectively acquired using a conventional collimator and IQ·SPECT (acquisition times of 20 and 7 minutes, respectively) in 20 patients with a BMI of30 kg/mMean BMI was 39.6 ± 7.6 kg/mIQ·SPECT was comparable to conventional SPECT in obese patients. The reduced acquisition time of IQ·SPECT may allow for improved throughput with no loss in diagnostic accuracy.
Published: 2021

38. Imaging of Cancer Immunotherapy: Response Assessment Methods, Atypical Response Patterns, and Immune-Related Adverse Events, From the

Author: Sara, Sheikhbahaei, Charles V, Marcus, Mohammad S, Sadaghiani, Steven P, Rowe, Martin G, Pomper, and Lilja B, Solnes
Subjects: Inflammation, Neoplasms, Humans, Immunotherapy, Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors, Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors
Abstract: The introduction of immunotherapy with immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has revolutionized cancer treatment paradigms. Since FDA approval of the first ICI in 2011, multiple additional ICIs have been approved and granted marketing authorization, and many promising agents are in early clinical adoption. Due to the distinctive biologic mechanisms of ICIs, the patterns of tumor response and progression seen with immunotherapy differ from those observed with cytotoxic chemothera-pies. With increasing clinical adoption of immunotherapy, it is critical for radiologists to recognize different response patterns and common pitfalls to avoid misinterpretation of imaging studies or prompt premature cessation of potentially effective treatment. This review provides an overview of ICIs and their mechanisms of action and discusses anatomic and metabolic immune-related response assessment methods, typical and atypical patterns of immunotherapy response (including pseudoprogression, hyperprogression, dissociated response, and durable response), and common imaging features of immune-related adverse events. Future multicenter trials are needed to validate the proposed immune-related response criteria and identify the functional imaging markers of early treatment response and survival.
Published: 2021

39. Global, regional, and national burden of stroke and its risk factors, 1990–2019 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

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Hankey, Jiregna Darega Gela, Mohamed I Hegazy, Pedram Keshavarz, Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye, Maseer Khan, Hatem Abdelaziz Mohamed Wafa, Hualiang Lin, Enayet Karim Chowdhury, Simon I. Hay, Vanessa De la Cruz-Góngora, Xuefeng Liu, Arokiasamy Perianayagam, Maryam Zamanian, Sezer Kisa, Preetam Bhalchandra Mahajan, Junmei Miao Jonasson, Alberto Raggi, Shubha Jayaram, Tahira Ashraf, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Matthias Endres, Masoumeh Sadeghi, Dominique Vervoort, Hanadi Al Hamad, Mowafa Househ, Elena V. Gnedovskaya, Johan Ärnlöv, Andrea Sylvia Winkler, Yousef Khader, Mikhail Sergeevich Zastrozhin, Yuming Guo, Yunquan Zhang, Sami Almustanyir, Lalit Dandona, Amir Masoud Rahmani, Chythra R Rao, Giancarlo Lucchetti, Irena Ilic, Suzanne Barker-Collo, Priya Rathi, Emerito Jose A. Faraon, Mohamad-Hani Temsah, Reza Ghanei Gheshlagh, Gyu Ri Kim, Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela, Alaa Makki, Yun Jin Kim, Vida Abedi, Shanshan Li, Kewal Krishan, David Flood, Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Michele Romoli, Gregory A. 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Schutte, Zahra Kamiab, Lidia Morawska, Mohammad Ali Moni, Bo Norrving, Tommi Vasankari, Bruno Ramos Nascimento, Ai Koyanagi, Tissa Wijeratne, Rizwan Kalani, Chenwen Zhong, Bright Opoku Ahinkorah, Sepideh Ahmadi, Bruce Bartholow Duncan, Andrzej Rynkiewicz, Pradyumna Agasthi, Saeed Shahabi, Adnan Kisa, Fares Alahdab, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar, Adnan Ansar, Matilde Leonardi, Ali Koolivand, Jefferson Antonio Buendia Rodriguez, Leonardo Roever, Daniel Asfaw Erku, Alok Atreya, Jean Jacques Noubiap, Dhaval Kolte, Shajedur Rahman Shawon, Michael Ekholuenetale, Navid Manafi, Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian, Syed Amir Gilani, Mohamed M. Gad, Christopher J L Murray, Louis Jacob, Robert Ancuceanu, Simona Costanzo, Erkin M. Mirrakhimov, Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh Jabbari, Nazanin Rajai, Muhammed Elhadi, Abdelrahman Ibrahim Abushouk, Alireza Zandifar, Walter Muruet, Jagadish Rao Padubidri, Promit Ananyo Chakraborty, Hans Orru, Mikk Jürisson, Rajeev Gupta, Kurnia Dwi Artanti, Till Bärnighausen, Mark Woodward, Masao Iwagami, Brijesh Sathian, Bingyu Li, Vijay Krishnamoorthy, Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan, Sherief Ghozy, Amanda G. Thrift, Michael A. Piradov, Florian Fischer, Mayowa O. Owolabi, Lorenzo G. Mantovani, Aman Yesuf Endries, Sara Sheikhbahaei, Stefan Lorkowski, Muhammed Shahriar Zaman, Ali Yadollahpour, Abdiwahab Hashi, Sreenivas Narasimha Swamy, Krittika Bhattacharyya, Hiroshi Yatsuya, Mika Kivimäki, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Irmina Maria Michalek, Ruxandra Irina Negoi, Alberico L. Catapano, Gholamreza Bazmandegan, Ahmed Al Montasir, Fakher Rahim, Amirhossein Sahebkar, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Giang Thu Vu, G Anil Kumar, Juan Jesus Carrero, Hiroyasu Iso, Abdallah M. Samy, Stefan Stortecky, Reza Malekzadeh, Ashwin Kamath, Nevine El Nahas, Ayesha Humayun, Miguel A Barboza, Sheng-Chia Chung, Carlo La Vecchia, Oluwakemi Ololade Odukoya, Rita Krishnamurthi, Masood Ali Shaikh, Milena Ilic, Lalit Yadav, Nahlah Elkudssiah Ismail, Abdel Douiri, Yousef Mohammad, Jason H Y Wu, Sahar Saeedi Moghaddam, Ramesh Holla, Sadaf G. Sepanlou, Itamar S. Santos, Jost B. Jonas, Dian Kusuma, Atte Meretoja, Yasir Waheed, Ben Lacey, Zahra Aryan, Mulugeta Molla Birhanu, Moien Ab Khan, K. M. Saif-Ur-Rahman, Ramin Zand, Anna Aleksandrovna Skryabina, Sung In Jang, Rakhi Dandona, Emanuele D'Amico, Priyanga Ranasinghe, Jaykaran Charan, Bhaskaran Unnikrishnan, Davide Sattin, Akram Pourshams, Markus P. Schlaich, Arief Hargono, Samaneh Asgari, Ovidiu Baltatu, Ippazio Cosimo Antonazzo, Sandhya Neupane Kandel, Nizal Sarrafzadegan, Jakub Morze, Man Mohan Mehndiratta, Manjari Tripathi, Panniyammakal Jeemon, Rohollah Kalhor, Yogeshwar Kalkonde, Soraya Siabani, Sojib Bin Zaman, Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani, Shilpa Gaidhane, Sahel Valadan Tahbaz, Yihienew Mequanint Bezabih, Samath D Dharmaratne, Ingan Ukur Tarigan, Vivek Gupta, Klara Dokova, Alireza Vakilian, Vardhmaan Jain, Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula, Sarah Wulf Hanson, Umar Farooque, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Vera Marisa Costa, Alessandro Gialluisi, Valery L. Feigin, Himal Kandel, Suzanne Polinder, Nermin Ghith, Deepak Dhamnetiya, Michael H. Criqui, Asif Hanif, Ahmed Abualhasan, Veer Bala Gupta, Mahaveer Golechha, Bach Xuan Tran, Jason A. 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A., Johnson, C. O., Roth, G. A., Bisignano, C., Abady, G. G., Abbasifard, M., Abbasi-Kangevari, M., Abd-Allah, F., Abedi, V., Abualhasan, A., Abu-Rmeileh, N. M. E., Abushouk, A. I., Adebayo, O. M., Agarwal, G., Agasthi, P., Ahinkorah, B. O., Ahmad, S., Ahmadi, S., Salih, Y. A., Aji, B., Akbarpour, S., Akinyemi, R. O., Al Hamad, H., Alahdab, F., Alif, S. M., Alipour, V., Aljunid, S. M., Almustanyir, S., Al-Raddadi, R. M., Salman, R. A. -S., Alvis-Guzman, N., Ancuceanu, R., Anderlini, D., Anderson, J. A., Ansar, A., Antonazzo, I. C., Arabloo, J., Arnlov, J., Artanti, K. D., Aryan, Z., Asgari, S., Ashraf, T., Athar, M., Atreya, A., Ausloos, M., Baig, A. A., Baltatu, O. C., Banach, M., Barboza, M. A., Barker-Collo, S. L., Barnighausen, T. W., Barone, M. T. U., Basu, S., Bazmandegan, G., Beghi, E., Beheshti, M., Bejot, Y., Bell, A. W., Bennett, D. A., Bensenor, I. M., Bezabhe, W. M., Bezabih, Y. M., Bhagavathula, A. S., Bhardwaj, P., Bhattacharyya, K., Bijani, A., Bikbov, B., Birhanu, M. M., Boloor, A., Bonny, A., Brauer, M., Brenner, H., Bryazka, D., Butt, Z. A., Dos Santos, F. L. C., Campos-Nonato, I. R., Cantu-Brito, C., Carrero, J. J., Castaneda-Orjuela, C. A., Catapano, A. L., Chakraborty, P. A., Charan, J., Choudhari, S. G., Chowdhury, E. K., Chu, D. -T., Chung, S. -C., Colozza, D., Costa, V. M., Costanzo, S., Criqui, M. H., Dadras, O., Dagnew, B., Dai, X., Dalal, K., Damasceno, A. A. M., D'Amico, E., Dandona, L., Dandona, R., Gela, J. D., Davletov, K., De La Cruz-Gongora, V., Desai, R., Dhamnetiya, D., Dharmaratne, S. D., Dhimal, M. L., Dhimal, M., Diaz, D., Dichgans, M., Dokova, K., Doshi, R., Douiri, A., Duncan, B. B., Eftekharzadeh, S., Ekholuenetale, M., El Nahas, N., Elgendy, I. Y., Elhadi, M., El-Jaafary, S. I., Endres, M., Endries, A. Y., Erku, D. A., Faraon, E. J. A., Farooque, U., Farzadfar, F., Feroze, A. H., Filip, I., Fischer, F., Flood, D., Gad, M. M., Gaidhane, S., Gheshlagh, R. G., Ghashghaee, A., Ghith, N., Ghozali, G., Ghozy, S., Gialluisi, A., Giampaoli, S., Gilani, S. A., Gill, P. S., Gnedovskaya, E. V., Golechha, M., Goulart, A. C., Guo, Y., Gupta, R., Gupta, V. B., Gupta, V. K., Gyanwali, P., Hafezi-Nejad, N., Hamidi, S., Hanif, A., Hankey, G. J., Hargono, A., Hashi, A., Hassan, T. S., Hassen, H. Y., Havmoeller, R. J., Hay, S. I., Hayat, K., Hegazy, M. I., Herteliu, C., Holla, R., Hostiuc, S., Househ, M., Huang, J., Humayun, A., Hwang, B. -F., Iacoviello, L., Iavicoli, I., Ibitoye, S. E., Ilesanmi, O. S., Ilic, I. M., Ilic, M. D., Iqbal, U., Irvani, S. S. N., Islam, S. M. S., Ismail, N. E., Iso, H., Isola, G., Iwagami, M., Jacob, L., Jain, V., Jang, S. -I., Jayapal, S. K., Jayaram, S., Jayawardena, R., Jeemon, P., Jha, R. P., Johnson, W. D., Jonas, J. B., Joseph, N., Jozwiak, J. J., Jurisson, M., Kalani, R., Kalhor, R., Kalkonde, Y., Kamath, A., Kamiab, Z., Kanchan, T., Kandel, H., Karch, A., Katoto, P. D. M. C., Kayode, G. A., Keshavarz, P., Khader, Y. S., Khan, E. A., Khan, I. A., Khan, M., Khan, M. A. B., Khatib, M. N., Khubchandani, J., Kim, G. R., Kim, M. S., Kim, Y. J., Kisa, A., Kisa, S., Kivimaki, M., Kolte, D., Koolivand, A., Laxminarayana, S. L. K., Koyanagi, A., Krishan, K., Krishnamoorthy, V., Krishnamurthi, R. V., Kumar, G. A., Kusuma, D., Vecchia, C. L., Lacey, B., Lak, H. M., Lallukka, T., Lasrado, S., Lavados, P. M., Leonardi, M., Li, B., Li, S., Lin, H., Lin, R. -T., Liu, X., Lo, W. D., Lorkowski, S., Lucchetti, G., Saute, R. L., Abd El Razek, H. M., Magnani, F. G., Mahajan, P. B., Majeed, A., Makki, A., Malekzadeh, R., Malik, A. A., Manafi, N., Mansournia, M. A., Mantovani, L. G., Martini, S., Mazzaglia, G., Mehndiratta, M. M., Menezes, R. G., Meretoja, A., Mersha, A. G., Jonasson, J. M., Miazgowski, B., Miazgowski, T., Michalek, I. M., Mirrakhimov, E. M., Mohammad, Y., Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A., Mohammed, S., Mokdad, A. H., Mokhayeri, Y., Molokhia, M., Moni, M. A., Al Montasir, A., Moradzadeh, R., Morawska, L., Morze, J., Muruet, W., Musa, K. I., Nagarajan, A. J., Naghavi, M., Swamy, S. N., Nascimento, B. R., Negoi, R. I., Kandel, S. N., Nguyen, T. H., Norrving, B., Noubiap, J. J., Nwatah, V. E., Oancea, B., Odukoya, O. O., Olagunju, A. T., Orru, H., Owolabi, M. O., Padubidri, J. R., Pana, A., Parekh, T., Park, E. -C., Kan, F. P., Pathak, M., Peres, M. F. P., Perianayagam, A., Pham, T. -M., Piradov, M. A., Podder, V., Polinder, S., Postma, M. J., Pourshams, A., Radfar, A., Rafiei, A., Raggi, A., Rahim, F., Rahimi-Movaghar, V., Rahman, M., Rahman, M. A., Rahmani, A. M., Rajai, N., Ranasinghe, P., Rao, C. R., Rao, S. J., Rathi, P., Rawaf, D. L., Rawaf, S., Reitsma, M. B., Renjith, V., Renzaho, A. M. N., Rezapour, A., Rodriguez, J. A. B., Roever, L., Romoli, M., Rynkiewicz, A., Sacco, S., Sadeghi, M., Moghaddam, S. S., Sahebkar, A., Saif-Ur-Rahman, K. M., Salah, R., Samaei, M., Samy, A. M., Santos, I. S., Santric-Milicevic, M. M., Sarrafzadegan, N., Sathian, B., Sattin, D., Schiavolin, S., Schlaich, M. P., Schmidt, M. I., Schutte, A. E., Sepanlou, S. G., Seylani, A., Sha, F., Shahabi, S., Shaikh, M. A., Shannawaz, M., Shawon, Md. S. R., Sheikh, A., Sheikhbahaei, S., Shibuya, K., Siabani, S., Silva, D. A. S., Singh, J. A., Singh, J. K., Skryabin, V. Y., Skryabina, A. A., Sobaih, B. H., Stortecky, S., Stranges, S., Tadesse, E. G., Tarigan, I. U., Temsah, M. -H., Teuschl, Y., Thrift, A. G., Tonelli, M., Tovani-Palone, M. R., Tran, B. X., Tripathi, M., Tsegaye, G. W., Ullah, A., Unim, B., Unnikrishnan, B., Vakilian, A., Tahbaz, S. V., Vasankari, T. J., Venketasubramanian, N., Vervoort, D., Vo, B., Volovici, V., Vosoughi, K., Vu, G. T., Vu, L. G., Wafa, H. A., Waheed, Y., Wang, Y., Wijeratne, T., Winkler, A. S., Wolfe, C. D. A., Woodward, M., Wu, J. H., Hanson, S. W., Xu, X., Yadav, L., Yadollahpour, A., Jabbari, S. H. Y., Yamagishi, K., Yatsuya, H., Yonemoto, N., Yu, C., Yunusa, I., Zaman, M. S., Zaman, S. B., Zamanian, M., Zand, R., Zandifar, A., Zastrozhin, M. S., Zastrozhina, A., Zhang, Y., Zhang, Z. -J., Zhong, C., Zuniga, Y. M. H., Murray, C. J. L., Public Health, Neurosurgery, Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Faculty of Medicine, Helsinki Inequality Initiative (INEQ), HUS Neurocenter, Neurologian yksikkö, Helsinki University Hospital Area, Feigin, V, Stark, B, Johnson, C, Roth, G, Bisignano, C, Abady, G, Abbasifard, M, Abbasi-Kangevari, M, Abd-Allah, F, Abedi, V, Abualhasan, A, Abu-Rmeileh, N, Abushouk, A, Adebayo, O, Agarwal, G, Agasthi, P, Ahinkorah, B, Ahmad, S, Ahmadi, S, Salih, Y, Aji, B, Akbarpour, S, Akinyemi, R, Al Hamad, H, Alahdab, F, Alif, S, Alipour, V, Aljunid, S, Almustanyir, S, Al-Raddadi, R, Salman, R, Alvis-Guzman, N, Ancuceanu, R, Anderlini, D, Anderson, J, Ansar, A, Antonazzo, I, Arabloo, J, Arnlov, J, Artanti, K, Aryan, Z, Asgari, S, Ashraf, T, Athar, M, Atreya, A, Ausloos, M, Baig, A, Baltatu, O, Banach, M, Barboza, M, Barker-Collo, S, Barnighausen, T, Barone, M, Basu, S, Bazmandegan, G, Beghi, E, Beheshti, M, Bejot, Y, Bell, A, Bennett, D, Bensenor, I, Bezabhe, W, Bezabih, Y, Bhagavathula, A, Bhardwaj, P, Bhattacharyya, K, Bijani, A, Bikbov, B, Birhanu, M, Boloor, A, Bonny, A, Brauer, M, Brenner, H, Bryazka, D, Butt, Z, Dos Santos, F, Campos-Nonato, I, Cantu-Brito, C, Carrero, J, Castaneda-Orjuela, C, Catapano, A, Chakraborty, P, Charan, J, Choudhari, S, Chowdhury, E, Chu, D, Chung, S, Colozza, D, Costa, V, Costanzo, S, Criqui, M, Dadras, O, Dagnew, B, Dai, X, Dalal, K, Damasceno, A, D'Amico, E, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Gela, J, Davletov, K, De La Cruz-Gongora, V, Desai, R, Dhamnetiya, D, Dharmaratne, S, Dhimal, M, Diaz, D, Dichgans, M, Dokova, K, Doshi, R, Douiri, A, Duncan, B, Eftekharzadeh, S, Ekholuenetale, M, El Nahas, N, Elgendy, I, Elhadi, M, El-Jaafary, S, Endres, M, Endries, A, Erku, D, Faraon, E, Farooque, U, Farzadfar, F, Feroze, A, Filip, I, Fischer, F, Flood, D, Gad, M, Gaidhane, S, Gheshlagh, R, Ghashghaee, A, Ghith, N, Ghozali, G, Ghozy, S, Gialluisi, A, Giampaoli, S, Gilani, S, Gill, P, Gnedovskaya, E, Golechha, M, Goulart, A, Guo, Y, Gupta, R, Gupta, V, Gyanwali, P, Hafezi-Nejad, N, Hamidi, S, Hanif, A, Hankey, G, Hargono, A, Hashi, A, Hassan, T, Hassen, H, Havmoeller, R, Hay, S, Hayat, K, Hegazy, M, Herteliu, C, Holla, R, Hostiuc, S, Househ, M, Huang, J, Humayun, A, Hwang, B, Iacoviello, L, Iavicoli, I, Ibitoye, S, Ilesanmi, O, Ilic, I, Ilic, M, Iqbal, U, Irvani, S, Islam, S, Ismail, N, Iso, H, Isola, G, Iwagami, M, Jacob, L, Jain, V, Jang, S, Jayapal, S, Jayaram, S, Jayawardena, R, Jeemon, P, Jha, R, Johnson, W, Jonas, J, Joseph, N, Jozwiak, J, Jurisson, M, Kalani, R, Kalhor, R, Kalkonde, Y, Kamath, A, Kamiab, Z, Kanchan, T, Kandel, H, Karch, A, Katoto, P, Kayode, G, Keshavarz, P, Khader, Y, Khan, E, Khan, I, Khan, M, Khatib, M, Khubchandani, J, Kim, G, Kim, M, Kim, Y, Kisa, A, Kisa, S, Kivimaki, M, Kolte, D, Koolivand, A, Laxminarayana, S, Koyanagi, A, Krishan, K, Krishnamoorthy, V, Krishnamurthi, R, Kumar, G, Kusuma, D, Vecchia, C, Lacey, B, Lak, H, Lallukka, T, Lasrado, S, Lavados, P, Leonardi, M, Li, B, Li, S, Lin, H, Lin, R, Liu, X, Lo, W, Lorkowski, S, Lucchetti, G, Saute, R, Abd El Razek, H, Magnani, F, Mahajan, P, Majeed, A, Makki, A, Malekzadeh, R, Malik, A, Manafi, N, Mansournia, M, Mantovani, L, Martini, S, Mazzaglia, G, Mehndiratta, M, Menezes, R, Meretoja, A, Mersha, A, Jonasson, J, Miazgowski, B, Miazgowski, T, Michalek, I, Mirrakhimov, E, Mohammad, Y, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A, Mohammed, S, Mokdad, A, Mokhayeri, Y, Molokhia, M, Moni, M, Al Montasir, A, Moradzadeh, R, Morawska, L, Morze, J, Muruet, W, Musa, K, Nagarajan, A, Naghavi, M, Swamy, S, Nascimento, B, Negoi, R, Kandel, S, Nguyen, T, Norrving, B, Noubiap, J, Nwatah, V, Oancea, B, Odukoya, O, Olagunju, A, Orru, H, Owolabi, M, Padubidri, J, Pana, A, Parekh, T, Park, E, Kan, F, Pathak, M, Peres, M, Perianayagam, A, Pham, T, Piradov, M, Podder, V, Polinder, S, Postma, M, Pourshams, A, Radfar, A, Rafiei, A, Raggi, A, Rahim, F, Rahimi-Movaghar, V, Rahman, M, Rahmani, A, Rajai, N, Ranasinghe, P, Rao, C, Rao, S, Rathi, P, Rawaf, D, Rawaf, S, Reitsma, M, Renjith, V, Renzaho, A, Rezapour, A, Rodriguez, J, Roever, L, Romoli, M, Rynkiewicz, A, Sacco, S, Sadeghi, M, Moghaddam, S, Sahebkar, A, Saif-Ur-Rahman, K, Salah, R, Samaei, M, Samy, A, Santos, I, Santric-Milicevic, M, Sarrafzadegan, N, Sathian, B, Sattin, D, Schiavolin, S, Schlaich, M, Schmidt, M, Schutte, A, Sepanlou, S, Seylani, A, Sha, F, Shahabi, S, Shaikh, M, Shannawaz, M, Shawon, M, Sheikh, A, Sheikhbahaei, S, Shibuya, K, Siabani, S, Silva, D, Singh, J, Skryabin, V, Skryabina, A, Sobaih, B, Stortecky, S, Stranges, S, Tadesse, E, Tarigan, I, Temsah, M, Teuschl, Y, Thrift, A, Tonelli, M, Tovani-Palone, M, Tran, B, Tripathi, M, Tsegaye, G, Ullah, A, Unim, B, Unnikrishnan, B, Vakilian, A, Tahbaz, S, Vasankari, T, Venketasubramanian, N, Vervoort, D, Vo, B, Volovici, V, Vosoughi, K, Vu, G, Vu, L, Wafa, H, Waheed, Y, Wang, Y, Wijeratne, T, Winkler, A, Wolfe, C, Woodward, M, Wu, J, Hanson, S, Xu, X, Yadav, L, Yadollahpour, A, Jabbari, S, Yamagishi, K, Yatsuya, H, Yonemoto, N, Yu, C, Yunusa, I, Zaman, M, Zaman, S, Zamanian, M, Zand, R, Zandifar, A, Zastrozhin, M, Zastrozhina, A, Zhang, Y, Zhang, Z, Zhong, C, Zuniga, Y, Murray, C, Value, Affordability and Sustainability (VALUE), Real World Studies in PharmacoEpidemiology, -Genetics, -Economics and -Therapy (PEGET), and Microbes in Health and Disease (MHD)
Subjects: Male, Aging, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Stroke data, GUIDELINES, 3124 Neurology and psychiatry, Body Mass Index, Global Burden of Disease, 0302 clinical medicine, RA0421, Risk Factors, Epidemiology, Strokes, YOUNG-ADULTS, Prevalence, 80 and over, Aetiology, 610 Medicine & health, Stroke, POPULATION, 1103 Clinical Sciences, 1109 Neurosciences, Cause of death, Aged, 80 and over, education.field_of_study, Mortality rate, Incidence (epidemiology), Incidence, 1. No poverty, Articles, Hälsovetenskaper, Middle Aged, Stroke types, ddc, 3. Good health, ISCHEMIC-STROKE, Income, Female, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, Adult, medicine.medical_specialty, GBD, Population, Clinical Sciences, Clinical Neurology, 03 medical and health sciences, Clinical Research, MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES, Health Sciences, medicine, Humans, Risk factor, education, GBD 2019 Stroke Collaborators, Cerebral Hemorrhage, Aged, Ischemic Stroke, Global burden, Science & Technology, Neurology & Neurosurgery, HYPERTENSION, business.industry, MORTALITY, Prevention, 3112 Neurosciences, Neurosciences, 1103 Clinical Sciences, SERVICES, Subarachnoid Hemorrhage, medicine.disease, PREVENTION, Brain Disorders, Good Health and Well Being, Attributable risk, Human medicine, Neurology (clinical), Neurosciences & Neurology, business, 1109 Neurosciences, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Demography, 2.4 Surveillance and distribution, RC
Abstract: Background Regularly updated data on stroke and its pathological types, including data on their incidence, prevalence, mortality, disability, risk factors, and epidemiological trends, are important for evidence-based stroke care planning and resource allocation. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) aims to provide a standardised and comprehensive measurement of these metrics at global, regional, and national levels. Methods We applied GBD 2019 analytical tools to calculate stroke incidence, prevalence, mortality, disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and the population attributable fraction (PAF) of DALYs (with corresponding 95% uncertainty intervals [UIs]) associated with 19 risk factors, for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019. These estimates were provided for ischaemic stroke, intracerebral haemorrhage, subarachnoid haemorrhage, and all strokes combined, and stratified by sex, age group, and World Bank country income level. Findings In 2019, there were 12·2 million (95% UI 11·0–13·6) incident cases of stroke, 101 million (93·2–111) prevalent cases of stroke, 143 million (133–153) DALYs due to stroke, and 6·55 million (6·00–7·02) deaths from stroke. Globally, stroke remained the second-leading cause of death (11·6% [10·8–12·2] of total deaths) and the third-leading cause of death and disability combined (5·7% [5·1–6·2] of total DALYs) in 2019. From 1990 to 2019, the absolute number of incident strokes increased by 70·0% (67·0–73·0), prevalent strokes increased by 85·0% (83·0–88·0), deaths from stroke increased by 43·0% (31·0–55·0), and DALYs due to stroke increased by 32·0% (22·0–42·0). During the same period, age-standardised rates of stroke incidence decreased by 17·0% (15·0–18·0), mortality decreased by 36·0% (31·0–42·0), prevalence decreased by 6·0% (5·0–7·0), and DALYs decreased by 36·0% (31·0–42·0). However, among people younger than 70 years, prevalence rates increased by 22·0% (21·0–24·0) and incidence rates increased by 15·0% (12·0–18·0). In 2019, the age-standardised stroke-related mortality rate was 3·6 (3·5–3·8) times higher in the World Bank low-income group than in the World Bank high-income group, and the age-standardised stroke-related DALY rate was 3·7 (3·5–3·9) times higher in the low-income group than the high-income group. Ischaemic stroke constituted 62·4% of all incident strokes in 2019 (7·63 million [6·57–8·96]), while intracerebral haemorrhage constituted 27·9% (3·41 million [2·97–3·91]) and subarachnoid haemorrhage constituted 9·7% (1·18 million [1·01–1·39]). In 2019, the five leading risk factors for stroke were high systolic blood pressure (contributing to 79·6 million [67·7–90·8] DALYs or 55·5% [48·2–62·0] of total stroke DALYs), high body-mass index (34·9 million [22·3–48·6] DALYs or 24·3% [15·7–33·2]), high fasting plasma glucose (28·9 million [19·8–41·5] DALYs or 20·2% [13·8–29·1]), ambient particulate matter pollution (28·7 million [23·4–33·4] DALYs or 20·1% [16·6–23·0]), and smoking (25·3 million [22·6–28·2] DALYs or 17·6% [16·4–19·0]). Interpretation The annual number of strokes and deaths due to stroke increased substantially from 1990 to 2019, despite substantial reductions in age-standardised rates, particularly among people older than 70 years. The highest age-standardised stroke-related mortality and DALY rates were in the World Bank low-income group. The fastest-growing risk factor for stroke between 1990 and 2019 was high body-mass index. Without urgent implementation of effective primary prevention strategies, the stroke burden will probably continue to grow across the world, particularly in low-income countries. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Published: 2021

40. Burden of diabetes and hyperglycaemia in adults in the Americas, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Author: Ewerton Cousin, Maria Inês Schmidt, Kanyin Liane Ong, Rafael Lozano, Ashkan Afshin, Abdelrahman I Abushouk, Gina Agarwal, Marcela Agudelo-Botero, Ziyad Al-Aly, Jacqueline Elizabeth Alcalde-Rabanal, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Nelson J Alvis-Zakzuk, Benny Antony, Malke Asaad, Till Winfried Bärnighausen, Sanjay Basu, Isabela M Bensenor, Zahid A Butt, Ismael R Campos-Nonato, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Michael H Criqui, Parnaz Daneshpajouhnejad, Claudio Alberto Dávila-Cervantes, Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez, Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne, Daniel Diaz, Irina Filip, Mohamed M Gad, MA Garcia-Gordillo, Shakiba Ghasemi Assl, Sameer Vali Gopalani, Rafael Alves Guimarães, Rajat Das Gupta, Nima Hafezi-Nejad, Maryam Hashemian, Simon I Hay, Tanvir Kahlon, Jagdish Khubchandani, Ruth W Kimokoti, Adnan Kisa, Barthelemy Kuate Defo, Iván Landires, Ted R Miller, Ali H Mokdad, Linda Morales, Shane Douglas Morrison, Yeshambel T Nigatu, Virginia Nuñez-Samudio, Andrew T Olagunju, Seithikurippu R Pandi-Perumal, Urvish K Patel, Amir Radfar, Maria Rios-Blancas, Leonardo Roever, Seyedmohammad Saadatagah, Juan Sanabria, Itamar S Santos, Thirunavukkarasu Sathish, Mahsima Shabani, Omid Shafaat, Sara Sheikhbahaei, Diego Augusto Santos Silva, Ambrish Singh, Jasvinder A Singh, Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone, Diana Zuleika Velazquez, Siddhesh Zadey, Mohsen Naghavi, Theo Vos, and Bruce B Duncan
Subjects: Adult, Blood Glucose, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Global Health, Global Burden of Disease, Endocrinology, Life Expectancy, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Socioeconomic Factors, Risk Factors, Cause of Death, Hyperglycemia, Internal Medicine, Humans, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, Renal Insufficiency, Chronic
Abstract: High prevalence of diabetes has been reported in the Americas, but no comprehensive analysis of diabetes burden and related factors for the region is available. We aimed to describe the burden of type 1 and type 2 diabetes and that of hyperglycaemia in the Americas from 1990 to 2019.We used estimates from GBD 2019 to evaluate the burden of diabetes in adults aged 20 years or older and high fasting plasma glucose in adults aged 25 years or older in the 39 countries and territories of the six regions in the Americas from 1990 to 2019. The main source to estimate the mortality attributable to diabetes and to chronic kidney disease due to diabetes was vital registration. Mortality due to overall diabetes (ie, diabetes and diabetes due to chronic kidney disease) was estimated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model. Years of life lost (YLLs) were calculated as the number of deaths multiplied by standard life expectancy at the age that the death occurred, years lived with disability (YLDs) were estimated based on the prevalence and severity of complications of diabetes. Disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) were estimated as a sum of YLDs and YLLs. We assessed the association of diabetes burden with the level of development of a country (according to the Socio-demographic Index), health-care access and quality (estimated with the Healthcare Access and Quality Index), and diabetes prevalence. We also calculated the population attributable fraction (PAF) of diabetes burden due to each of its risk factors. We report the 95% uncertainty intervals for all estimates.In 2019, an estimated total of 409 000 (95% uncertainty interval 373 000-443 000) adults aged 20 years or older in the Americas died from diabetes, which represented 5·9% of all deaths. Diabetes was responsible for 2266 (1930-2649) crude DALYs per 100 000 adults in the Americas, and high fasting plasma glucose for 4401 DALYs (3685-5265) per 100 000 adults, with large variation across regions. DALYs were mostly due to type 2 diabetes and distribution was heterogeneous, being highest in central Latin America and the Caribbean and lowest in high-income North America and southern Latin America. Between 1990 and 2019, age-standardised DALYs due to type 2 diabetes increased 27·4% (22·0-32·5). This increase was particularly high in Andean Latin America and high-income North America. Burden for both type 1 and type 2 diabetes across countries increased with higher diabetes prevalence and decreased with greater Socio-demographic and Healthcare Access and Quality Indices. Main risk factors for the burden were high BMI, with a PAF of 63·2% and dietary risks, with a PAF of 27·5%. The fraction of burden due to disability has increased since 1990 and now represents nearly half of the overall burden in 2019.The burden of diabetes in the Americas is large, increasing, heterogeneous, and expanding. To confront the rising burden, population-based interventions aimed to reduce type 2 diabetes risk and strengthening health systems to provide effective and cost-efficient care for those affected are mandatory.BillMelinda Gates Foundation.
Published: 2021

41. Neuroendocrine Tumor Theranostics: An Update and Emerging Applications in Clinical Practice

Author: Sara Sheikhbahaei, Steven P. Rowe, Lilja B. Solnes, and Mohammad Salehi Sadaghiani
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Pheochromocytoma, Neuroendocrine tumors, Octreotide, 030218 nuclear medicine & medical imaging, Iodine Radioisotopes, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Organometallic Compounds, Medicine, Humans, Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging, In patient, Clinical efficacy, Precision Medicine, Intensive care medicine, business.industry, General Medicine, Precision medicine, medicine.disease, Disease control, Clinical Practice, 3-Iodobenzylguanidine, Neuroendocrine Tumors, Therapy response, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Radionuclide therapy, Radiopharmaceuticals, business
Abstract: OBJECTIVE. Theranostics have shown great promise for delivering precision medicine, particularly in neuroendocrine tumors (NETs). The clinical applications of radiolabeled somatostatin analogues in imaging and radionuclide therapy have been rapidly increasing over the past 2 decades and are currently integrated into the management guidelines of NETs. This article summarizes the available literature on different somatostatin receptor-targeting radiopharmaceuticals with theranostic potential in NETs, pheochromocytomas, and paragangliomas. We discuss the clinical application, administration, and toxicity of recent FDA-approved radionuclide therapies, including 177Lu-DOTATATE in advanced gastroenteropancreatic NETs and 131I-MIBG in advanced paragangliomas and pheochromocytomas. CONCLUSION. Several studies support the safety and clinical efficacy of peptide receptor radionuclide therapies in disease control and quality-of-life improvement in patients with NETs and report potential benefits of combined radionuclide treatment approaches. The utility and pitfalls of functional imaging in therapy response assessment and surveillance of NETs remain to be established.
Published: 2021

42. Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen (PSMA)-Targeted PET Imaging of Prostate Cancer: An Update on Important Pitfalls

Author: Lilja B. Solnes, Martin G. Pomper, Steven P. Rowe, Michael A. Gorin, Rudolf A. Werner, Sara Sheikhbahaei, and Kenneth J. Pienta
Subjects: Glutamate Carboxypeptidase II, Male, Oncology, medicine.medical_specialty, urologic and male genital diseases, 030218 nuclear medicine & medical imaging, Androgen deprivation therapy, 03 medical and health sciences, Prostate cancer, 0302 clinical medicine, Structured reporting, Internal medicine, medicine, Glutamate carboxypeptidase II, Humans, Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging, Lesion detection, Extramural, business.industry, Prostatic Neoplasms, Androgen Antagonists, Pet imaging, medicine.disease, Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic, Positron-Emission Tomography, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Antigens, Surface, Molecular imaging, business
Abstract: The continuing adoption of prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-targeted PET for prostate cancer molecular imaging requires imagers and clinicians alike to be aware of the increasing number of potential interpretive pitfalls that have been reported. This review summarizes and illustrates the spectrum of benign and malignant nonprostatic conditions with high PSMA-radiotracer uptake that may be mistaken for sites of prostate cancer and also discusses potential false negatives. We discuss the recent literature on the effect of androgen deprivation therapy on lesion detection. Furthermore, we briefly review the recently proposed structured reporting systems for the standardized interpretation of PSMA-targeted PET that can guide both imaging specialists and referring clinicians in the appropriate interpretation and work-up of pitfalls.
Published: 2019

43. Global, regional, and national burden of brain and other CNS cancer, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Author: Molly R Nixon, Saeid Safiri, Ahmad Daryani, Mostafa Qorbani, Nahla Anber, Tahiya Alam, Amir Kasaeian, Nima Hafezi-Nejad, Félix Carvalho, Yun Jin Kim, Khanh Bao Tran, Gebre Teklemariam Demoz, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Bach Xuan Tran, Irina Filip, Richard G. Ellenbogen, Mari Smith, Reza Shirkoohi, Sara Sheikhbahaei, Ibrahim A Khalil, Emma Nichols, Ebrahim M Yimer, Zoubida Zaidi, Ahmed Abdelalim, Ashish Awasthi, Mehdi Sharif, Foad Abd-Allah, Karzan Abdulmuhsin Mohammad, Christina Fitzmaurice, Eduarda Fernandes, Abdallah M. Samy, Shahabeddin Sarvi, Gabriel David Pinilla-Monsalve, Mihajlo Jakovljevic, Hosein Safari, Elisabete Weiderpass, Jee-Young Jasmine Choi, Huyen Phuc Do, Fares Alahdab, Gabriele Nagel, Gurudatta Naik, James D. Harvey, Hossein Poustchi, Simon I. Hay, Rajesh Sharma, Mohsen Naghavi, Huong Lan Thi Nguyen, Hamid Yimam Hassen, Abadi Kahsu Gebre, Andrew T Olagunju, Ali H. Mokdad, Masood Ali Shaikh, Dominic Agius, Christine A. Allen, Abate Bekele Belachew, Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani, Anoop P. Patel, Ravi Prakash Jha, Ali Bijani, Samer Hamidi, Jasvinder A. Singh, Kidu Gidey Weldegwergs, David M. Pereira, Theo Vos, Haftom Niguse Abraha, Yilma Chisha Dea Geramo, Kyle J Foreman, Meaza Girma Degefa, Irfan Ullah, Valery L. Feigin, James L. Fisher, Gholamreza Roshandel, Young-Ho Khang, Ferrán Catalá-López, Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos, Long Hoang Nguyen, Amir Radfar, Christopher J L Murray, Jemal Abdela, Robert Reiner, Vesna Zadnik, Manisha Dubey, Getnet Mengistu, Hamid Badali, Trang Huyen Nguyen, Tone Bjørge, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, and GBD 2016 Brain CNS Canc
Subjects: Adult, Male, Burden of disease, medicine.medical_specialty, Adolescent, Total fertility rate, CNS cancer, Global Burden of Disease, Central Nervous System Neoplasms, Young Adult, 03 medical and health sciences, Sex Factors, 0302 clinical medicine, Cost of Illness, Risk Factors, Epidemiology, Prevalence, Humans, Medicine, Child, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Estimation, Brain Neoplasms, business.industry, Incidence, Incidence (epidemiology), Age Factors, 1. No poverty, Infant, Middle Aged, 3. Good health, Cancer registry, Fertility, Years of potential life lost, Socioeconomic Factors, Child, Preschool, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Female, Human medicine, Neurology (clinical), business, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Demography
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Brain and CNS cancers (collectively referred to as CNS cancers) are a source of mortality and morbidity for which diagnosis and treatment require extensive resource allocation and sophisticated diagnostic and therapeutic technology. Previous epidemiological studies are limited to specific geographical regions or time periods, making them difficult to compare on a global scale. In this analysis, we aimed to provide a comparable and comprehensive estimation of the global burden of brain cancer between 1990 and 2016. METHODS: We report means and 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) for incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) estimates for CNS cancers (according to the International Classification of Diseases tenth revision: malignant neoplasm of meninges, malignant neoplasm of brain, and malignant neoplasm of spinal cord, cranial nerves, and other parts of CNS) from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016. Data sources include vital registration and cancer registry data. Mortality was modelled using an ensemble model approach. Incidence was estimated by dividing the final mortality estimates by mortality to incidence ratios. DALYs were estimated by summing years of life lost and years lived with disability. Locations were grouped into quintiles based on the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and total fertility rate. FINDINGS: In 2016, there were 330 000 (95% UI 299 000 to 349 000) incident cases of CNS cancer and 227 000 (205 000 to 241 000) deaths globally, and age-standardised incidence rates of CNS cancer increased globally by 17·3% (95% UI 11·4 to 26·9) between 1990 and 2016 (2016 age-standardised incidence rate 4·63 per 100 000 person-years [4·17 to 4·90]). The highest age-standardised incidence rate was in the highest quintile of SDI (6·91 [5·71 to 7·53]). Age-standardised incidence rates increased with each SDI quintile. East Asia was the region with the most incident cases of CNS cancer for both sexes in 2016 (108 000 [95% UI 98 000 to 122 000]), followed by western Europe (49 000 [37 000 to 54 000]), and south Asia (31 000 [29 000 to 37 000]). The top three countries with the highest number of incident cases were China, the USA, and India. CNS cancer was responsible for 7·7 million (95% UI 6·9 to 8·3) DALYs globally, a non-significant change in age-standardised DALY rate of -10·0% (-16·4 to 2·6) between 1990 and 2016. The age-standardised DALY rate decreased in the high SDI quintile (-10·0% [-27·1 to -0·1]) and high-middle SDI quintile (-10·5% [-18·4 to -1·4]) over time but increased in the low SDI quintile (22·5% [11·2 to 50·5]). INTERPRETATION: CNS cancer is responsible for substantial morbidity and mortality worldwide, and incidence increased between 1990 and 2016. Significant geographical and regional variation in the incidence of CNS cancer might be reflective of differences in diagnoses and reporting practices or unknown environmental and genetic risk factors. Future efforts are needed to analyse CNS cancer burden by subtype. FUNDING: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Sí
Published: 2019

44. 18F-NaF-PET/CT for the detection of bone metastasis in prostate cancer: a meta-analysis of diagnostic accuracy studies

Author: Mehrbod S. Javadi, Steven P. Rowe, Charles Marcus, Lilja B. Solnes, Takahiro Higuchi, Krystyna M. Jones, Sara Sheikhbahaei, Rudolf A. Werner, and Roberto A. Salas-Fragomeni
Subjects: PET-CT, medicine.diagnostic_test, Receiver operating characteristic, business.industry, Bone metastasis, General Medicine, medicine.disease, Scintigraphy, 030218 nuclear medicine & medical imaging, 03 medical and health sciences, Prostate cancer, 0302 clinical medicine, Bone scintigraphy, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Meta-analysis, medicine, Diagnostic odds ratio, Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging, business, Nuclear medicine
Abstract: This meta-analysis aims to establish the diagnostic performance of 18F-NaF-PET/CT for the detection of bone metastases in prostate cancer patients. The performance of 18F-NaF-PET/CT was compared with other imaging techniques in the same cohort of patients. A systematic search was performed in PubMed/Medline and EMBASE (last Updated, September 28, 2018). Studies with histopathology confirmation and/or clinical/imaging follow-up as reference standard were eligible for inclusion. A total of 14 studies were included. Twelve studies including 507 patients provided per-patient basis information. The pooled sensitivity, specificity, diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) and the area under the summary receiver operating characteristics curve (AUC) of 18F-NaF-PET/CT for the detection of bone metastases were 0.98 (95% CI 0.95–0.99), 0.90 (95% CI 0.86–0.93), 123.2 and 0.97, respectively. Seven studies provided the lesion-based accuracy information of 1812 lesions identified on 18F-NaF-PET/CT with the pooled sensitivity, specificity, DOR and AUC of 0.97 (95% CI 0.95–0.98), 0.84 (95% CI 0.81–0.87), 206.8 and 0.97, respectively. The overall diagnostic performance of 18F-NaF-PET/CT is superior to 99mTc-bone scintigraphy (AUC 0.842; P
Published: 2019

45. Spatial, temporal, and demographic patterns in prevalence of chewing tobacco use in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019: A systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Author: Mohsen Naghavi, Saman Esmaeilnejad, Irena Ilic, Chhabi Lal Ranabhat, Hubert Amu, Jalil Jaafari, Walter Mendoza, Yanzhong Wang, Atta Abbas Naqvi, Mahesh P A, Afshin Maleki, Songhomitra Panda-Jonas, Akila Prashant, Jessica Y Islam, Ali H. Mokdad, Rahmatollah Moradzadeh, Roman Shrestha, Muhammad Naveed, Andre M. N. Renzaho, Santi Martini, Reza Rawassizadeh, Chisom Joyqueenet Akunna, Tudorel Andrei, Jason A. Anderson, Martin McKee, Iffat Elbarazi, Golnaz Heidari, Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Soewarta Kosen, Davood Anvari, Randah R. Hamadeh, G. K. Mini, Emerito Jose A. Faraon, Farhad Islami, Yasir Waheed, Fahad Alanezi, Maciej Banach, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Ismaeel Yunusa, Suresh Mehata, Tarun Gupta, Mavra A Riaz, Derrick A Bennett, Nithin Kumar, Ali Soroush, Kurt Straif, Muhammad Aziz Rahman, Hasan Yusefzadeh, Avirup Guha, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Muhammed Shahriar Zaman, Arief Hargono, Sandhya Neupane Kandel, Adam E. Berman, Giulia Carreras, Ali Bijani, Christoph Nowak, Rafael Alves Guimarães, Aziz Sheikh, Kamal Hezam, Carlo Eduardo Medina-Solís, Simon I. Hay, Deborah Carvalho Malta, Rahman Shiri, Ashok Pandey, Ramesh Holla, Gyu Ri Kim, Aidin Abedi, Sharath Burugina Nagaraja, Andem Effiong, Samad Azari, Bhaskar Thakur, Mohsen Mazidi, Vahid Yazdi-Feyzabadi, Prashant Mathur, Bay Vo, Robert Ancuceanu, Eun-Kee Park, Mehdi Fazlzadeh, Thomas Hsiao, Richard G Pestell, Sindhura Lakshmi Koulmane Laxminarayana, Doo Woong Lee, Bayew Kelkay, Erkin M. Mirrakhimov, Hualiang Lin, Mohsen Bayati, Florian Fischer, Wei Liu, Stefan Stortecky, Javad Nazari, Fatemeh Pashazadeh Kan, Virginia Núñez-Samudio, Nitish Naik, Sreenivas Narasimha Swamy, Rajat Gupta, Rakhi Dandona, Hermann Brenner, Chandrashekhar T Sreeramareddy, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Yuichiro Yano, Pankaj Bhardwaj, Samath D Dharmaratne, Constantine I. Vardavas, Gabriela Fernanda Gil, Azeem Majeed, Akram Pourshams, Nachimuthu Senthil Kumar, Florentino Luciano Caetano dos Santos, Juan Sanabria, Iván Landires, Parkes J Kendrick, Dinh-Toi Chu, Asma Tahir Awan, Khem Narayan Pokhrel, Siddharudha Shivalli, Omid Shafaat, Shankar Prasad Nagaraju, Manu Raj Mathur, Rachel L Updike, Mohammad Ebrahimi Kalan, Ryan David Kennedy, Alessandra Lugo, Olalekan A. Uthman, Tarek Tawfik Amin, Jiregna Darega Gela, Zhi-Jiang Zhang, Yeshambel T. Nigatu, Bedanta Roy, Arielle Wilder Eagan, Jalal Arabloo, Milena Ilic, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Jost B. Jonas, Dian Kusuma, Shahrzad Bazargan-Hejazi, Yo Han Lee, Mohammed Shannawaz, Mohammad Ali Moni, Valery L. Feigin, Himal Kandel, Lalit Dandona, Milena Santric-Milicevic, Jasvinder A. Singh, Till Bärnighausen, Neeraj Bhala, Sara Sheikhbahaei, Alireza Ansari-Moghaddam, Borhan Mansouri, Narayana Manjunatha, Giuseppe Gorini, Saif Ullah, Sheikh M. Alif, Giang Thu Vu, Ai Koyanagi, Mahaveer Golechha, Ingan Ukur Tarigan, Sumaira Mubarik, Naohiro Yonemoto, Ahmad Ghashghaee, Yves Miel H Zuniga, Bach Xuan Tran, Sorin Hostiuc, Catherine P. Benziger, Ritesh G. Menezes, Leonardo Roever, Xiaochen Dai, Meghnath Dhimal, Medhat Farwati, Chenwen Zhong, Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani, G Anil Kumar, Jaya Prasad Tripathy, Amirhossein Sahebkar, Simiao Chen, Zubair Kabir, Meseret Derbew Molla, Tilahun Ali, Animut Tagele Tamiru, Negussie Boti Sidemo, Monika Sawhney, Bright Opoku Ahinkorah, Ruxandra Irina Negoi, Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye, Vin Gupta, Mona Pathak, Lorenzo Monasta, Andrew T Olagunju, Nermin Ghith, Nuwan Darshana Wickramasinghe, Kazumasa Yamagishi, Virendra Singh, Takahiro Tabuchi, Gholamreza Roshandel, Andre R. Brunoni, Hayley D. Tymeson, Madhur Verma, Eyayou Girma Tadesse, Adrian Pana, Isabela M. Benseñor, Abdullah Al Mamun, Jianrong Zhang, Hai Quang Pham, Mihaela Hostiuc, Sung-In Jang, Vinay Nangia, Luca Ronfani, Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader, Dhirendra N Sinha, Josip Car, Sohail Ahmad, Rekha Thapar, Salman Rawaf, Joanna L Whisnant, Sanjay Basu, Abdallah M. Samy, Michal Grivna, Zahid A Butt, Abera Getachew Obsa, Mahdi Nalini, Ted R. Miller, Sanjeev Misra, Utsav Parekh, Budi Aji, Saeed Amini, João Pedro Silva, Felix Akpojene Ogbo, Mihajlo Jakovljevic, Demosthenes B. Panagiotakos, Baye Dagnew, Yousef Khader, Atif Amin Baig, Habib Benzian, Keivan Ahmadi, Marco Vacante, Brijesh Sathian, Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula, Savita Lasrado, Maryam Khayamzadeh, Darshan B B, Mohammad Rifat Haider, Yonas Akalu, Irmina Maria Michalek, Simone Vidale, Getie Lake Aynalem, Rosa A. S. Couto, Yigizie Yeshaw, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Pradhum Ram, Shrikant Pawar, Kevin Welding, Suzanne Barker-Collo, Hamideh Salimzadeh, Luisa Sorio Flor, Priya Rathi, Hiba Jawdat Barqawi, Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone, K M Shivakumar, Gebiyaw Wudie Tsegaye, Fares Alahdab, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar, Om P Kurmi, Nataliya Foigt, André Karch, Marina Pinheiro, Basema Saddik, Paschalis Steiropoulos, Chuanhua Yu, Graeme J. Hankey, Panniyammakal Jeemon, Abdul-Aziz Seidu, Ramaiah Itumalla, Befikadu Legesse Wubishet, Vera Marisa Costa, Shanshan Li, Ambrish Singh, Yuming Guo, Reza Malekzadeh, Nikha Bhardwaj, Mikhail Sergeevich Zastrozhin, Maryam Zamanian, Onyema greg Chido-Amajuoyi, Ibtihal Fadhil, Sabina O Nduaguba, Turki Alanzi, Eun-Cheol Park, Nicholas Arian, Salah Eddin Karimi, Parnaz Daneshpajouhnejad, Minale Tareke, Paramjit Gill, Chukwudi A Nnaji, Haroon Ahmed, Irina Filip, Juwel Rana, Aziz Rezapour, Huong Lan Thi Nguyen, Ashish Badiye, Kewal Krishan, Nima Hafezi-Nejad, Masood Ali Shaikh, Tanuj Kanchan, Shilpashree Madhava Kunjathur, Reza Ghanei Gheshlagh, Thomas R. Hird, Yousef Mohammad, Soraya Siabani, Falk Schwendicke, Ziyad Al-Aly, Desta Debalkie Atnafu, Krittika Bhattacharyya, Mika Kivimäki, Ayodipupo Sikiru Oguntade, Zabihollah Yousefi, Neeti Kapoor, Syed Mahboob Shah, Kavumpurathu Raman Thankappan, Mika Shigematsu, Ben Lacey, Ireneous N. Soyiri, Amir Radfar, Lemma Getacher, Sameer Vali Gopalani, David Laith Rawaf, Amir Masoud Rahmani, Birhan Gebresillassie Gebregiorgis, Morenike Oluwatoyin Folayan, Salime Goharinezhad, Ambuj Roy, Ruth W Kimokoti, Nuworza Kugbey, Getinet Ayano, Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman, Benny Antony, Katrin Burkart, Christopher J L Murray, Khalid F. AlHabib, Mariam Molokhia, Mansour Ghafourifard, Abebaw Alemayehu Desta, Tariku Tesfaye Bekuma, Shailesh Advani, Kiomars Sharafi, Kurnia Dwi Artanti, E S Abhilash, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Sana Salehi, Dan J. Stein, Pankaj Chaturvedi, Mahmoud A. Alomari, Kawkab Shishani, Dejana Braithwaite, Jung-Chen Chang, Rajeev Gupta, Giovanni Damiani, Maha El Tantawi, Maria Sofia Sofia Cattaruzza, Amir Abdoli, Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian, Rakibul M Islam, Ibrahim Abdelmageed Ginawi, Victor Aboyans, Ganesh Kumar Saya, Silvano Gallus, João Mauricio Castaldelli-Maia, Vardhmaan Jain, Masoud Foroutan, Janni Leung, Mohammad Abdollahi, Mohammed Zewdu Yimmer, Vahid Alipour, Wondwossen Niguse Asmare, Ravi Prakash Jha, Gerhard Sulo, Brigid Unim, Sheng-Chia Chung, Sadaf G. Sepanlou, Hamed Mirzaei, Anna Aleksandrovna Skryabina, In-Hwan Oh, Rannveig Sigurvinsdottir, Oladimeji Adebayo, Farshad Farzadfar, Anasthasia Zastrozhina, Shafiu Mohammed, Johan Sundström, Ali Kabir, Paolo Lauriola, Tilahun Belete Mossie, Sadia Bibi, Bartosz Miazgowski, Erin C Mullany, Keyvan Pakshir, Srikanta Banerjee, Mowafa Househ, Mohamed M. Gad, Leila R Kalankesh, Mikk Jürisson, Ismail Tareque, Albertino Damasceno, Musliu Adetola Tolani, Andrea Werdecker, Shane D. Morrison, Inga Dora Sigfusdottir, Marcel Ausloos, Monika Arora, Marissa B Reitsma, Filippos Filippidis, Biniyam Sahiledengle Geberemariyam, Bruno Piassi Sao Jose, Leeberk Raja Inbaraj, Antonio Biondi, Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari, Junjie Huang, Mohammad Mahdi Zamani, Jean Jacques Noubiap, Emmanuela Gakidou, Valentin Yurievich Skryabin, Mayowa O. Owolabi, Shubha Jayaram, Hiroyasu Iso, Charles Ugochukwu Ibeneme, Molly R Nixon, Rachel Feldman, Liliana G Ciobanu, Kristina Edvardsson, Claudiu Herteliu, Andreea Mirica, Kindie Mitiku Kebede, Department of Public Health, Collaborators, GBD 2019 Chewing Tobacco, and Lacey, B
Subjects: Male, Health Status, Smoking Prevention, DETERMINANTS, Global Health, 01 natural sciences, Global Burden of Disease, SMOKELESS TOBACCO, 0302 clinical medicine, Risk Factors, Global health, Prevalence, 030212 general & internal medicine, 610 Medicine & health, RISK, High prevalence, WOMEN, Public Health, Global Health, Social Medicine and Epidemiology, Articles, Middle Aged, 3142 Public health care science, environmental and occupational health, Chewing tobacco, Smokeless tobacco, Population Surveillance, A990 Medicine and Dentistry not elsewhere classified, Female, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, Burden of disease, Adult, medicine.medical_specialty, Tobacco, Smokeless, Adolescent, WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, VALIDATION, 03 medical and health sciences, Young Adult, Age Distribution, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, Environmental health, medicine, Humans, 0101 mathematics, Sex Distribution, Chewing tobacco, Prevalence, Global Burden, Smokeless tobacco, business.industry, Public health, Smoking Tobacco, 010102 general mathematics, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Global Burden, Folkhälsovetenskap, global hälsa, socialmedicin och epidemiologi, STATES, Socioeconomic Factors, Smoking Cessation, business
Abstract: Interpretation Chewing tobacco remains a substantial public health problem in several regions of the world, and predominantly in south Asia. We found little change in the prevalence of chewing tobacco use between 1990 and 2019, and that control efforts have had much larger effects on the prevalence of smoking tobacco use than on chewing tobacco use in some countries. Mitigating the health effects of chewing tobacco requires stronger regulations and policies that specifically target use of chewing tobacco, especially in countries with high prevalence. Findings In 2019, 273 center dot 9 million (95% uncertainty interval 258 center dot 5 to 290 center dot 9) people aged 15 years and older used chewing tobacco, and the global age-standardised prevalence of chewing tobacco use was 4 center dot 72% (4 center dot 46 to 5 center dot 01). 228 center dot 2 million (213 center dot 6 to 244 center dot 7; 83 center dot 29% [82 center dot 15 to 84 center dot 42]) chewing tobacco users lived in the south Asia region. Prevalence among young people aged 15-19 years was over 10% in seven locations in 2019. Although global agestandardised prevalence of smoking tobacco use decreased significantly between 1990 and 2019 (annualised rate of change: -1 center dot 21% [-1 center dot 26 to -1 center dot 16]), similar progress was not observed for chewing tobacco (0 center dot 46% [0 center dot 13 to 0 center dot 79]). Among the 12 highest prevalence countries (Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, India, Madagascar, Marshall Islands, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Palau, Sri Lanka, and Yemen), only Yemen had a significant decrease in the prevalence of chewing tobacco use, which was among males between 1990 and 2019 (-0 center dot 94% [-1 center dot 72 to -0 center dot 14]), compared with nine of 12 countries that had significant decreases in the prevalence of smoking tobacco. Among females, none of these 12 countries had significant decreases in prevalence of chewing tobacco use, whereas seven of 12 countries had a significant decrease in the prevalence of tobacco smoking use for the period. Summary Background Chewing tobacco and other types of smokeless tobacco use have had less attention from the global health community than smoked tobacco use. However, the practice is popular in many parts of the world and has been linked to several adverse health outcomes. Understanding trends in prevalence with age, over time, and by location and sex is important for policy setting and in relation to monitoring and assessing commitment to the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. Methods We estimated prevalence of chewing tobacco use as part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2019 using a modelling strategy that used information on multiple types of smokeless tobacco products. We generated a time series of prevalence of chewing tobacco use among individuals aged 15 years and older from 1990 to 2019 in 204 countries and territories, including age-sex specific estimates. We also compared these trends to those of smoked tobacco over the same time period. Findings In 2019, 273 & middot;9 million (95% uncertainty interval 258 & middot;5 to 290 & middot;9) people aged 15 years and older used chewing tobacco, and the global age-standardised prevalence of chewing tobacco use was 4 & middot;72% (4 & middot;46 to 5 & middot;01). 228 & middot;2 million (213 & middot;6 to 244 & middot;7; 83 & middot;29% [82 & middot;15 to 84 & middot;42]) chewing tobacco users lived in the south Asia region. Prevalence among young people aged 15-19 years was over 10% in seven locations in 2019. Although global age standardised prevalence of smoking tobacco use decreased significantly between 1990 and 2019 (annualised rate of change: -1 & middot;21% [-1 & middot;26 to -1 & middot;16]), similar progress was not observed for chewing tobacco (0 & middot;46% [0 & middot;13 to 0 & middot;79]). Among the 12 highest prevalence countries (Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, India, Madagascar, Marshall Islands, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Palau, Sri Lanka, and Yemen), only Yemen had a significant decrease in the prevalence of chewing tobacco use, which was among males between 1990 and 2019 (-0 & middot;94% [-1 & middot;72 to -0 & middot;14]), compared with nine of 12 countries that had significant decreases in the prevalence of smoking tobacco. Among females, none of these 12 countries had significant decreases in prevalence of chewing tobacco use, whereas seven of 12 countries had a significant decrease in the prevalence of tobacco smoking use for the period. Interpretation Chewing tobacco remains a substantial public health problem in several regions of the world, and predominantly in south Asia. We found little change in the prevalence of chewing tobacco use between 1990 and 2019, and that control efforts have had much larger effects on the prevalence of smoking tobacco use than on chewing tobacco use in some countries. Mitigating the health effects of chewing tobacco requires stronger regulations and policies that specifically target use of chewing tobacco, especially in countries with high prevalence. For complete list of authors see http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(21)00065-7
Published: 2021

46. Injury burden in individuals aged 50 years or older in the Eastern Mediterranean region, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Author: Samar Al-Hajj, Sarah H Farran, Abla Mehio Sibai, Randah R Hamadeh, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar, Rajaa M Al-Raddadi, Farideh Sadeghian, Zahra Ghodsi, Wael Alhajyaseen, Niveen ME Abu-Rmeileh, Behzad Abbasi, Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari, Amir Abdoli, Salam Abdulqadir Abdulrahman, Hiwa Abubaker Ali, Eman Abu-Gharbieh, Muhammad Sohail Afzal, Bahman Ahadinezhad, Sajjad Ahmad, Ali Ahmadi, Ali Ahmed, Haroon Ahmed, Tarik Ahmed Rashid, Marjan Ajami, Hanadi Al Hamad, Fahad Mashhour Alanezi, Turki M Alanzi, Suliman A Alghnam, Fadwa Naji Alhalaiqa, Beriwan Abdulqadir Ali, Liaqat Ali, Yousef Alimohamadi, Cyrus Alinia, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Sami Almustanyir, Tarek Tawfik Amin, Saeed Amini, Sohrab Amiri, Mohammad Hosein Amirzade-Iranaq, Ali Arash Anoushirvani, Alireza Ansari-Moghaddam, Davood Anvari, Muhammad Aqeel, Jalal Arabloo, Morteza Arab-Zozani, Judie Arulappan, Armin Aryannejad, Saeed Asgary, Mohammad Asghari-Jafarabadi, Tahira Ashraf, Seyyed Shamsadin Athari, Maha Moh'd Wahbi Atout, Zahra Azadmanjir, Sina Azadnajafabad, Mohammadreza Azangou-Khyavy, Amirhossein Azari Jafari, Ahmed Y Y Azzam, Sara Bagherieh, Mohammad Hossein Bakhshaei, Abdul-Monim Mohammad Batiha, Neeraj Bedi, Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula, Zulfiqar A Bhutta, Sadia Bibi, Ali Bijani, Nadeem Shafique Butt, Zahra Chegini, Omar B Da'ar, Saad M A Dahlawi, Sajad Delavari, Mostafa Dianatinasab, Mojtaba Didehdar, Shirin Djalalinia, Saeid Doaei, Milad Dodangeh, Fatemeh Eghbalian, Elham Ehsani-Chimeh, Iman El Sayed, Maysaa El Sayed Zaki, Hala Rashad Elhabashy, Muhammed Elhadi, Sharareh Eskandarieh, Azin Etemadimanesh, Mohamad Ezati Asar, Shahab Falahi, Farshad Farzadfar, Ali Fatehizadeh, Hamed Fattahi, Masoud Foroutan, Mansour Ghafourifard, Seyyed-Hadi Ghamari, Reza Ghanbari, Reza Ghanei Gheshlagh, Ahmad Ghashghaee, Maryam Gholamalizadeh, Alireza Ghorbani, Syed Amir Gilani, Kimiya Gohari, Pouya Goleij, Michal Grivna, Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen Gubari, Rasool Haddadi, Nima Hafezi-Nejad, Arvin Haj-Mirzaian, Rabih Halwani, Sajid Hameed, Asif Hanif, Ahmed I Hasaballah, Amr Hassan, Hossein Hassanian-Moghaddam, Soheil Hassanipour, Hadi Hassankhani, Khezar Hayat, Mohammad Heidari, Mohammad-Salar Hosseini, Mostafa Hosseini, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Mowafa Househ, Soodabeh Hoveidamanesh, Huda Abu-Saad Huijer, Behzad Imani, Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani, Roxana Jabbarinejad, Mohammad Ali Jahani, Mahsa Jalili, Amirreza Javadi Mamaghani, Seyed Ali Jeddi, Farahnaz Joukar, Ali Kabir, Laleh R Kalankesh, Leila R Kalankesh, Rohollah Kalhor, Aziz Kamran, Leila Keikavoosi-Arani, Mohammad Keykhaei, Yousef Saleh Khader, Rovshan Khalilov, Mohammad Khammarnia, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Maseer Khan, Moien AB Khan, Javad Khanali, Hamid Reza Khayat Kashani, Omid Khosravizadeh, Ali-Asghar Kolahi, Hamid Reza Koohestani, Sogol Koolaji, Faris Hasan Lami, Savita Lasrado, Farzan Madadizadeh, Muhammed Magdy Abd El Razek, Mahdi Mahdavi, Soleiman Mahjoub, Ata Mahmoodpoor, Razzagh Mahmoudi, Alaa Makki, Mohammad-Reza Malekpour, Reza Malekzadeh, Narges Malih, Ahmad Azam Malik, Fariborz Mansour-Ghanaei, Borhan Mansouri, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Seyedeh Zahra Masoumi, Entezar Mehrabi Nasab, Ritesh G Menezes, Mohamed Kamal Mesregah, Seyyedmohammadsadeq Mirmoeeni, Mohammad Mirza-Aghazadeh-Attari, Esmaeil Mohammadi, Heidar Mohammadi, Mokhtar Mohammadi, Seyyede Momeneh Mohammadi, Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Teroj Abdulrahman Mohammed, Jalal Moludi, Sara Momtazmanesh, Maryam Moradi, Masoud Moradi, Farhad Moradpour, Rahmatollah Moradzadeh, Nazanin Mortazavi, Seyede Salehe Mortazavi, Houshang Najafi, Zhila Najafpour, Zuhair S Natto, Javad Nazari, Hasti Nouraei, Fatemeh Nouri, Hassan Okati-Aliabad, Ahmed Omar Bali, Emad Omer, Fatemeh Pashazadeh Kan, Hamidreza Pazoki Toroudi, Zahra Zahid Piracha, AliMohammad Pourbagher-Shahri, Naeimeh Pourtaheri, Mohammad Rabiee, Navid Rabiee, Saber Raeghi, Hassan Rafieemehr, Sima Rafiei, Fakher Rahim, Shahram Rahimi-Dehgolan, Amir Masoud Rahmani, Vahid Rahmanian, Kiana Ramezanzadeh, Chythra R Rao, Vahid Rashedi, Amirfarzan Rashidi, Mahsa Rashidi, Mohammad-Mahdi Rashidi, Azad Rasul, Reza Rawassizadeh, Seyed-Mansoor Rayegani, Nazila Rezaei, Negar Rezaei, Saeid Rezaei, Zahed Rezaei, Mohsen Rezaeian, Forouzan Rezapur-Shahkolai, Sahba Rezazadeh-Khadem, Mohammad Saadati, Siamak Sabour, Basema Saddik, Umar Saeed, Sahar Saeedi Moghaddam, Hamid Safarpour, Mahdi Safdarian, Amirhossein Sahebkar, Payman Salamati, Marwa Rashad Salem, Abdallah M Samy, Nima Sanadgol, Muhammad Arif Nadeem Saqib, Yaser Sarikhani, Arash Sarveazad, Brijesh Sathian, Mehdi Sayyah, Sadaf G Sepanlou, Saeed Shahabi, Masood Ali Shaikh, Elaheh Shaker, Mehran Shams-Beyranvand, Sakineh Sharifian, Mohsen Shati, Hatem Samir Shehata, Ali Sheidaei, Sara Sheikhbahaei, Rahim Ali Sheikhi, Parnian Shobeiri, Soraya Siabani, Gholam Reza Sivandzadeh, Ahmad Sofi-Mahmudi, Ahmad Sohrabi, Seidamir Pasha Tabaeian, Mohammadreza Tabary, Elnaz Tabibian, Ensiyeh Taheri, Majid Taheri, Arash Tehrani-Banihashemi, Amir Tiyuri, Seyed Abolfazl Tohidast, Saif Ullah, Parviz Vahedi, Sahel Valadan Tahbaz, Rohollah Valizadeh, Mehdi Varmaghani, Bay Vo, Yasir Waheed, Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh Jabbari, Fereshteh Yazdanpanah, Zabihollah Yousefi, Hossein Yusefi, Telma Zahirian Moghadam, Hamed Zandian, Iman Zare, Arash Ziapour, and Ali H Mokdad
Subjects: Aged, 80 and over, Male, Health (social science), Traffic Safety, Injury prevention, Road Safety, Middle Aged, Global Burden of Disease, Older population, Psychiatry and Mental health, Life Expectancy, Socioeconomic Factors, Risk Factors, Humans, Female, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, Geriatrics and Gerontology, Family Practice, Aged
Abstract: BackgroundInjury poses a major threat to health and longevity in adults aged 50 years or older. The increased life expectancy in the Eastern Mediterranean region warrants a further understanding of the ageing population's inevitable changing health demands and challenges. We aimed to examine injury-related morbidity and mortality among adults aged 50 years or older in 22 Eastern Mediterranean countries. MethodsDrawing on data from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019, we categorised the population into adults aged 50–69 years and adults aged 70 years and older. We examined estimates for transport injuries, self-harm injuries, and unintentional injuries for both age groups, with sex differences reported, and analysed the percentage changes from 1990 to 2019. We reported injury-related mortality rates and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs). The Socio-demographic Index (SDI) and the Healthcare Access and Quality (HAQ) Index were used to better understand the association of socioeconomic factors and health-care system performance, respectively, with injuries and health status in older people. Healthy life expectancy (HALE) was compared with injury-related deaths and DALYs and to the SDI and HAQ Index to understand the effect of injuries on healthy ageing. Finally, risk factors for injury deaths between 1990 and 2019 were assessed. 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) are given for all estimates. FindingsEstimated injury mortality rates in the Eastern Mediterranean region exceeded the global rates in 2019, with higher injury mortality rates in males than in females for both age groups. Transport injuries were the leading cause of deaths in adults aged 50–69 years (43·0 [95% UI 31·0–51·8] per 100 000 population) and in adults aged 70 years or older (66·2 [52·5–75·5] per 100 000 population), closely followed by conflict and terrorism for both age groups (10·2 [9·3–11·3] deaths per 100 000 population for 50–69 years and 45·7 [41·5–50·3] deaths per 100 000 population for ≥70 years). The highest annual percentage change in mortality rates due to injury was observed in Afghanistan among people aged 70 years or older (400·4% increase; mortality rate 1109·7 [1017·7–1214·7] per 100 000 population). The leading cause of DALYs was transport injuries for people aged 50–69 years (1798·8 [1394·1–2116·0] per 100 000 population) and unintentional injuries for those aged 70 years or older (2013·2 [1682·2–2408·7] per 100 000 population). The estimates for HALE at 50 years and at 70 years in the Eastern Mediterranean region were lower than global estimates. Eastern Mediterranean countries with the lowest SDIs and HAQ Index values had high prevalence of injury DALYs and ranked the lowest for HALE at 50 years of age and HALE at 70 years. The leading injury mortality risk factors were occupational exposure in people aged 50–69 years and low bone mineral density in those aged 70 years or older. InterpretationInjuries still pose a real threat to people aged 50 years or older living in the Eastern Mediterranean region, mainly due to transport and violence-related injuries. Dedicated efforts should be implemented to devise injury prevention strategies that are appropriate for older adults and cost-effective injury programmes tailored to the needs and resources of local health-care systems, and to curtail injury-associated risk and promote healthy ageing. FundingBill & Melinda Gates Foundation. We acknowledge the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation for funding this study.
Published: 2022

47. Burden of Neurological Disorders Across the US From 1990-2017: A Global Burden of Disease Study

Author: Veeresh Kumar N. Shivamurthy, Simona Giampaoli, Rupak Desai, Mahya Beheshti, Theo Vos, Timothy J. Steiner, E. Ray Dorsey, Maziar Moradi-Lakeh, Giancarlo Logroscino, Gregory A. Roth, Arianna Maever L. Amit, Shane D. Morrison, Michael K. Hole, Joseph R. Zunt, Takayoshi Ikeda, Lars Jacob Stovner, Mohsen Naghavi, Emma Nichols, Daniel Kim, Azadeh Shafieesabet, George A. Mensah, Ali H. Mokdad, Ted R. Miller, Warren D. Lo, Michael H. Criqui, Khaled Khatab, Walter J. Koroshetz, Fares Alahdab, Amir Radfar, Prachi Chavan, Ettore Beghi, Sara Sheikhbahaei, Giorgia Giussani, Samath D Dharmaratne, Jordan Weiss, Till Bärnighausen, Aziz Sheikh, Jae Il Shin, Vijay Krishnamoorthy, Catherine O. Johnson, Christopher M Odell, Mitchell T. Wallin, Jaimie D. Adelson, Valery L. Feigin, Xuefeng Liu, Islam Y. Elgendy, Christopher J L Murray, Jagdish Khubchandani, Irina Filip, Bo Norrving, Salahuddin Mohammed, Rita Krishnamurthi, Elisabetta Pupillo, Arielle Wilder Eagan, Nima Hafezi-Nejad, Rizwan Kalani, Chenkai Wu, and Jasvinder A. Singh
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Pediatrics, Neurology, Population, Disease, Global Health, Global Burden of Disease, 03 medical and health sciences, Epilepsy, 0302 clinical medicine, Cost of Illness, medicine, Dementia, Humans, Online First, 030212 general & internal medicine, education, Stroke, Original Investigation, education.field_of_study, business.industry, Incidence (epidemiology), Research, Disability-Adjusted Life Years, medicine.disease, United States, Featured, Migraine, Neurology (clinical), Nervous System Diseases, business, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Comments
Abstract: Key Points Question What is the current burden of neurological disorders in the US by states, and what are the temporal trends (from 1990 to 2017)? Findings Systematic analysis of the Global Burden of Disease study shows that, in 2017, the 3 most burdensome neurological disorders in the US were stroke, Alzheimer disease and other dementias, and migraine. The burden of individual neurological disorders varied moderately to widely by states (a 1.2-fold to 7.5-fold difference), and the absolute numbers of incident, prevalent, and fatal cases and disability-adjusted life-years of neurological disorders (except for traumatic brain injury incidence; spinal cord injury prevalence; meningitis prevalence, deaths, and disability-adjusted life-years; and encephalitis disability-adjusted life-years) across all US states increased from 1990 to 2017. Meaning A large and increasing number of people have various neurological disorders in the US, with significant variation in the burden of and trends in neurological disorders across the US states, and the reasons for these geographic variations need to be explored further., This analysis of the Global Burden of Disease 2017 study presents burden estimates of major neurological disorders in the US states by age and sex from 1990 to 2017., Importance Accurate and up-to-date estimates on incidence, prevalence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life-years (burden) of neurological disorders are the backbone of evidence-based health care planning and resource allocation for these disorders. It appears that no such estimates have been reported at the state level for the US. Objective To present burden estimates of major neurological disorders in the US states by age and sex from 1990 to 2017. Design, Setting, and Participants This is a systematic analysis of the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017 study. Data on incidence, prevalence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) of major neurological disorders were derived from the GBD 2017 study of the 48 contiguous US states, Alaska, and Hawaii. Fourteen major neurological disorders were analyzed: stroke, Alzheimer disease and other dementias, Parkinson disease, epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, motor neuron disease, migraine, tension-type headache, traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injuries, brain and other nervous system cancers, meningitis, encephalitis, and tetanus. Exposures Any of the 14 listed neurological diseases. Main Outcome and Measure Absolute numbers in detail by age and sex and age-standardized rates (with 95% uncertainty intervals) were calculated. Results The 3 most burdensome neurological disorders in the US in terms of absolute number of DALYs were stroke (3.58 [95% uncertainty interval [UI], 3.25-3.92] million DALYs), Alzheimer disease and other dementias (2.55 [95% UI, 2.43-2.68] million DALYs), and migraine (2.40 [95% UI, 1.53-3.44] million DALYs). The burden of almost all neurological disorders (in terms of absolute number of incident, prevalent, and fatal cases, as well as DALYs) increased from 1990 to 2017, largely because of the aging of the population. Exceptions for this trend included traumatic brain injury incidence (−29.1% [95% UI, −32.4% to −25.8%]); spinal cord injury prevalence (−38.5% [95% UI, −43.1% to −34.0%]); meningitis prevalence (−44.8% [95% UI, −47.3% to −42.3%]), deaths (−64.4% [95% UI, −67.7% to −50.3%]), and DALYs (−66.9% [95% UI, −70.1% to −55.9%]); and encephalitis DALYs (−25.8% [95% UI, −30.7% to −5.8%]). The different metrics of age-standardized rates varied between the US states from a 1.2-fold difference for tension-type headache to 7.5-fold for tetanus; southeastern states and Arkansas had a relatively higher burden for stroke, while northern states had a relatively higher burden of multiple sclerosis and eastern states had higher rates of Parkinson disease, idiopathic epilepsy, migraine and tension-type headache, and meningitis, encephalitis, and tetanus. Conclusions and Relevance There is a large and increasing burden of noncommunicable neurological disorders in the US, with up to a 5-fold variation in the burden of and trends in particular neurological disorders across the US states. The information reported in this article can be used by health care professionals and policy makers at the national and state levels to advance their health care planning and resource allocation to prevent and reduce the burden of neurological disorders.
Published: 2020

48. Imaging in Therapy Response Assessment and Surveillance of Lung Cancer: Evidenced-based Review With Focus on the Utility of

Author: Sara, Sheikhbahaei, Franco, Verde, Russell K, Hales, Steven P, Rowe, and Lilja B, Solnes
Subjects: Lung Neoplasms, Fluorodeoxyglucose F18, Positron Emission Tomography Computed Tomography, Animals, Humans, Immunotherapy, Radiopharmaceuticals, Prognosis, Multimodal Imaging
Abstract: This review covers the state-of-the-art imaging in therapy assessment and surveillance of lung cancer with focus on the utility of fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (
Published: 2020

49. Molecular imaging reporting and data systems (MI-RADS): a generalizable framework for targeted radiotracers with theranostic implications

Author: Andreas K. Buck, Kenneth J. Pienta, Constantin Lapa, Steven P. Rowe, Martin G. Pomper, Ralph A. Bundschuh, Rudolf A. Werner, Mehrbod S. Javadi, Lena Bundschuh, Sara Sheikhbahaei, Michael A. Gorin, Takahiro Higuchi, and Alexander Weich
Subjects: Diagnostic Imaging, Glutamate Carboxypeptidase II, Positron emission tomography, Biodistribution, Review Article, Neuroendocrine tumors, urologic and male genital diseases, 030218 nuclear medicine & medical imaging, 03 medical and health sciences, Prostate cancer, 0302 clinical medicine, Neuroendocrine tumor, Humans, Medicine, Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging, Reporting and data systems, Receptors, Somatostatin, ddc:610, Radioactive Tracers, Membrane antigen, Radiotherapy, medicine.diagnostic_test, business.industry, Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA), Somatostatin receptor (SSTR), General Medicine, Pet imaging, Theranostics, medicine.disease, Standardization, Research Design, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Antigens, Surface, Personalized medicine, Molecular imaging, Nuclear medicine, business, RADS
Abstract: Both prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)- and somatostatin receptor (SSTR)-targeted positron emission tomography (PET)-based imaging agents for prostate carcinoma and neuroendocrine tumors, respectively, are seeing rapidly expanding use. In addition to diagnostic applications, both classes of radiotracers can be used to triage patients for theranostic endoradiotherapy. While interpreting PSMA- or SSTR-targeted PET/computed tomography (CT) scans, the reader has to be aware of certain pitfalls. Adding to the complexity of the interpretation of those imaging agents, both normal biodistribution, and also false-positive and -negative findings differ between PSMA- and SSTR-targeted PET radiotracers. Herein summarized under the umbrella term molecular imaging reporting and data systems (MI-RADS), two novel RADS classifications for PSMA- and SSTR-targeted PET imaging are described (PSMA- and SSTR-RADS). Notably, PSMA- and SSTR-RADS are structured in a reciprocal fashion, i.e., if the reader is familiar with one system, the other system can readily be applied, as well. In the present review, we will discuss the most common pitfalls on PSMA- and SSTR-targeted PET/CT, briefly introduce PSMA- and SSTR-RADS, and define a potential future role of the umbrella framework MI-RADS compared to other classification systems.
Published: 2018

50. Nuclear Scintigraphy in Practice: Gastrointestinal Motility

Author: Harvey A. Ziessman, Lilja B. Solnes, and Sara Sheikhbahaei
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Motility, Scintigraphy, Gastroenterology, 030218 nuclear medicine & medical imaging, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Internal medicine, medicine, Humans, Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging, Gastroparesis, Gastrointestinal Transit, Radionuclide Imaging, Gastric emptying, medicine.diagnostic_test, business.industry, Gastrointestinal transit, digestive, oral, and skin physiology, General Medicine, medicine.disease, Intestinal motility, Gastric Emptying, Gastroesophageal Reflux, Nuclear scintigraphy, 030211 gastroenterology & hepatology, Deglutition Disorders, Gastrointestinal Motility, business
Abstract: The purpose of this article is to describe the clinical utility of state-of-theart gastrointestinal transit scintigraphy, including the standardized esophageal transit, solid and liquid gastric emptying, small-bowel transit, colon transit, and whole-gut transit scintigraphy, with an emphasis on procedure performance.Radionuclide gastrointestinal motility studies are noninvasive, quantitative, and physiologic diagnostic tools for evaluating patients with gastrointestinal complaints.
Published: 2018

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