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This work aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial susceptibility of 87 Salmonella Infantis strains isolated in Italy from 2016 to 2019 along the food chain of broiler meat production and in humans and to determine the genetic profiles of the strains in order to establish a possible correlation with the antimicrobial pattern. All isolates were tested by the disk diffusion method to evaluate antimicrobial susceptibility toward sixteen antimicrobials, and the broth microdilution method was used to confirm extended spectrum &beta, lactamase (ESBL) production. PCR and pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) were applied to characterize ESBL-encoding and AmpC &beta, lactamase genes and to analyze the S. Infantis strains genetic profiles respectively. S. Infantis isolates showed high prevalence of resistance, in particular toward nalidixic acid (97.7%), tetracycline (96.5%), sulphamethoxazole/trimethoprim (91%) and cefepime (72.4%). The 80.5% of isolates were ESBL, cefotaxime-resistant, carrying the blaCTX-M1 gene. The most prevalent PFGE profile was XbaI.0126 (35.6%). The remaining strains had a genetic homology from 81% to 97% with the XbaI.0126 profile. The strains belonging to these profiles were isolated from different matrices collected along the broiler food chain independently on the year and from the region and there was no correlation between the PFGE profiles and resistance patterns. We found two ESBL-producing S. Infantis strains with the same XbaI.2621 profile isolated from humans and from poultry feces, not yet reported in Italy. Our findings confirmed the diffusion of ESBL-multi drug resistant (MDR) S. Infantis along the broiler food chain and in humans and underlined the importance of continuous monitoring to control and to reduce the prevalence of this bacterium, applying a global One Health approach.

This work aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial susceptibility of 87 Salmonella Infantis strains isolated in Italy from 2016 to 2019 along the food chain of broiler meat production and in humans and to determine the genetic profiles of the strains in order to establish a possible correlation with the antimicrobial pattern. All isolates were tested by the disk diffusion method to evaluate antimicrobial susceptibility toward sixteen antimicrobials, and the broth microdilution method was used to confirm extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) production. PCR and pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) were applied to characterize ESBL-encoding and AmpC β-lactamase genes and to analyze the S. Infantis strains genetic profiles respectively. S. Infantis isolates showed high prevalence of resistance, in particular toward nalidixic acid (97.7%), tetracycline (96.5%), sulphamethoxazole/trimethoprim (91%) and cefepime (72.4%). The 80.5% of isolates were ESBL, cefotaxime-resistant, carrying the blaCTX-M1 gene. The most prevalent PFGE profile was XbaI.0126 (35.6%). The remaining strains had a genetic homology from 81% to 97% with the XbaI.0126 profile. The strains belonging to these profiles were isolated from different matrices collected along the broiler food chain independently on the year and from the region and there was no correlation between the PFGE profiles and resistance patterns. We found two ESBL-producing S. Infantis strains with the same XbaI.2621 profile isolated from humans and from poultry feces, not yet reported in Italy. Our findings confirmed the diffusion of ESBL-multi drug resistant (MDR) S. Infantis along the broiler food chain and in humans and underlined the importance of continuous monitoring to control and to reduce the prevalence of this bacterium, applying a global One Health approach.

Game meat and related products are important in the promotion of local economies and rural areas. Microbiological, chemical–physical, rheological and sensory characteristics of fermented meat products (salami) made by different percentages of pork and hunted roe-deer (Capreolus capreolus) meat were evaluated. The microbiological determination indicated that the products are safe to eat, as neither Listeria monocytogenes nor Salmonella spp. was isolated from the samples. The hygienic adequacy of the process was guaranteed, as there was below 3 log CFU/g of Enterobacteriaceae level in the final products. The proximal composition analyses showed lower lipid levels in comparison to pork salami. The difference in chemical composition affects the rheological and sensory traits of the final products; the products were harder and with higher gumminess when 50% of roe-deer meat was used. Game meat flavour and odour increased with the increasing percentage of roe-deer meat.

The objectives of this work were to evaluate β-lactamase-mediated β-lactam resistance in Campylobacter coli and Campylobacter jejuni isolates obtained from broiler chickens, expression of the bla

As a result of public health concerns regarding antimicrobial resistance in animal-based food products, conventional poultry companies have turned to &lsquo, raised without antibiotics&rsquo, (ABF) and organic farming systems. In this work, we evaluated the influence of rearing systems on antimicrobial susceptibility in E. coli and extended-spectrum &beta, lactamase (ESLB) E. coli diffusion in conventional (C), organic (O) and antibiotic free (ABF) chicken samples collected from cloacal swabs and skin samples in slaughterhouse. The E. coli isolates from conventional (135), antibiotic-free (131) and organic (140) samples were submitted to the Kirby&ndash, Bauer method and ESBL E. coli were analyzed by the microdilution test. Conventional samples showed the highest number of strains resistant to ampicillin (89.6%, p &lt, 0.01), cefotaxime (43.7%, 0.01), nalidixic acid (57.8%, 0.01), ciprofloxacin (44.4%, 0.001), and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (62.2%, 0.01), with patterns of multi-resistance to three (35.1%) and to four antimicrobials (31.3%), whereas most of the E. coli isolated from antibiotic-free and organic chicken samples revealed a co-resistance pattern (29.2% and 39%, respectively). The highest number of ESBL E. coli was observed in conventional, in both cloacal and skin samples and the lowest in organic (p &lt, 0.001). Our results are consistent with the effect of conventional farming practices on E. coli antimicrobial resistance and ESBL E. coli number, due to the use of antimicrobials and close contact with litter for most of the production cycle.

The objectives of this work were to evaluate β-lactamase-mediated β-lactam resistance in Campylobacter coli and Campylobacter jejuni isolates obtained from broiler chickens, expression of the blaOXA-61 gene in relation to β-lactamase production, and the possible association between blaOXA-61 gene expression and the action of inhibitors when combined with β-lactams. All strains were tested by disk diffusion and nitrocefin methods to assess antibiotic susceptibility and β-lactamase production, respectively. PCR and qPCR amplification were performed to evaluate qualitative and quantitative blaOXA-61 expression. Campylobacter spp. showed a high level of resistance to the most of antimicrobials tested. C. coli strains were ampicillin resistant and blaOXA-61 positive, and 59 out of 60 isolates were positive in the nitrocefin test. Twenty C. jejuni isolates were positive for blaOXA-61 and the nitrocefin test, although two isolates were ampicillin sensitive. Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and ticarcillin/clavulanic acid do not seem to be active against C. coli, as 73.3 %, and 88.3 % of isolates were resistant to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and ticarcillin/clavulanic acid, respectively. C. jejuni was not susceptible to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, with 90 % of the strains showing resistance, whereas ticarcillin associated with clavulanic acid was significantly more efficient than ticarcillin alone (P < 0.01), with 90 % of the strains found to be susceptible. An association between blaOXA-61 expression and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and ticarcillin/clavulanic acid resistance (P = 0.0001) was seen in C. coli, as well as in C. jejuni for ampicillin/sulbactam (P = 0.0001). Our results suggest that the clavulanic acid only shows an inhibitory effect on C. jejuni when combined with ticarcillin and that the inhibitors action is lower if the blaOXA-61 gene is highly expressed.

This study investigated the presence and the level of Campylobacter spp. contamination in 41 thigh samples (with skin) and 37 skinless breast samples collected at the end of slaughter (T1) and after 10 day period at refrigeration temperature (4°C) (T2), corresponding to their commercial shelf life. The isolates were phenotypically classified as Campylobacter spp. and successively identified by conventional multiplex PCR. The antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates from fresh thigh and breast samples was also determined via the microdilution method (MIC) in Eucamp microtitre plates with known scalar concentrations of: gentamicin (GEN), streptomycin (ST), ciprofloxacin (CIP), tetracycline (TET), erythromycin (ERY), and nalidixic acid (NA). A greater percentage of positivity for Campylobacter spp. (P < 0.001) was observed in thighs and C.jejuni appeared to be the most common species identified at this level (P < 0.001) followed from its association with C.coli. There was a global reduction of Campylobacter spp. in both thigh and breast samples at T2 (P < 0.001) showing that the refrigeration was able to reduce Campylobacter count. The prevalence of resistance to CIP, TET, NA, and ERY was evidenced for C.jejuni and C. coli. The co (TET-NA, CIP-NA) and multiple resistant (CIP-TET-NA, CIP-TET- NA-ERY) isolates came from the thigh products. It should be highlighted the presence of Campylobacter spp. isolates resistant to ST occurred in breast samples, responsible for the ST-CIP co-resistance and ST-CIP-TE multi-resistance profiles, higher in breast than in thigh products (P > 0.001). The presence of Campylobacter isolates resistant to ST can be further investigated since it is used for therapeutic treatment of several bacterial diseases in humans. © 2018 Poultry Science Association Inc.

Aims: Genetic diversity and antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter coli and Campylobacter jejuni were investigated along the broiler chicken production chain in central Italy. Methods and Results: Campylobacter sp. isolated from cloacal swabs in farms (n=116) and from the neck skin of chilled and eviscerated carcasses at slaughter (n=24) were identified as C. coli (n=99) and C. jejuni (n=41) by multiplex PCR. Characterization by single amplified fragment length polymorphism (s-AFLP) revealed a specific genotype of Campylobacter for each farm. Minimal inhibitory concentration showed high prevalence of fluoroquinolones (70%), tetracycline (70%) and erythromycin (30%) resistance among C. coli isolates. Campylobacter jejuni isolates showed lower prevalence of fluoroquinolone (39%) and tetracycline (10%) resistance, and all isolates were susceptible to erythromycin. The S-AFLP types of the C. coli and C. jejuni isolates were associated with their antimicrobial resistance profiles (P&nbsp

Biogeographia vol. XX VI/I — 2007 (Pubb/icato il 30 dicembre 2007) Biogeografia del/’Appennino Centrale e settentriona/e: trenfanni dopo Gli scarabeidi degradatori dell’area marchigiana: appunti corologici e biogeografici SARA BELLUCCI, ROSSANA AGOGLITTA*, MARIO ZUNINO* Istifltto di Ecologizz e Biolagizl Ambieiztzzle, Unizzersitfz degli Studi di Ur[7z'72o qCarla Bo ”, via Maggefii 22, 61029 Ur/92310 (Italy); e—mzzz'[.' 5m*zzbe[[ucci75@g772zzz'[. com Vstitzzta di Eco/ogizz e Biologitz Ambimtzzle, Uiziversitiz degli Stizdi 511' Urbino “Carlo Bo ”, I/izz _/I/[zzggetfi 22, 61029 Urbino {Ital}/), e—mzzz'[: ross.zzgoglimz@/ezzmzmzil. com; mzz)/zzte@zmz'zzrb. it. Key words: Chorotypes, Tracks. Biogeographical Nodes, Marche Region, Dung Beetles SUMMARY We studied the Geotrupidae and Scatabaeidae dung beetles’ fauna of the Marche region — in the eastern part of central Italy — with a classic chorological analysis, using chororypes based on species’ distributions (“I order chorotypes”). We found that twenty—one species — almost the 64% of the total — correspond to 6 chororypes, with essentially continental gravitation, only very marginally involving the Mediterranean area. The remaining 12 species are distributed among 8 chorotypes, with a more southern gravitation, including the Mediterranean region as well. We secondarily outlined “II order chorotypesq, defined by supraspecific groups’ distribution areas. From the latter, we drew some preliminary historical information. In Fact, from a theoretical standpoint, the chorotype ofa supraspecific group occupies the territory's fraction where its track develops. The II order chorotypes’ analysis allowed us to underline the fact that specific elements, belonging to different I order chorotypes, can contribute to define one II order chorotype. At the same time, each single element, contributing to the definition ofa given I order chorotype, can be traced back to a different II order chororype. The primary biogeographical homologies, corresponding to tracks that can be obtained from the II order chorotypes, suggest that the Marche population is involved in at least two biogeographical nodes. These nodes are the result of the superposition of various biota histories, different in space and time. Lo scopo della ricerca in cui si inserisce il presente contributo non e puta- mente faunistico, ne si lirnita al settore marchigiano del versante adriatico deIl’Italia, considerate in toto, ma irnplica l’analisi comparativa di diverse regio- ni italiane, e frazioni diverse dell’Euromediterraneo, e di settori fisiografica— mente definiti all’interno di ciascuna diesse. II problema biogeografico affi‘0r1— tato consiste soprattutto nel saggiare ulteriormente e in tnodo pi1‘1 approfon— dito e rigoroso I’idea Che dai corotipi definiti da taxa sopraspecifici si possano ricavare ipotesi di omologia biogeografica prirnaria, almeno di prima appros— simazione. Tale idea era gia stata forrnulata in precedenza da Passerin

Sono stati riuniti i dati, pubblicati e inediti, sui coleotteri Geotrupidae e Scarabeidae degradatori delle Marche (Italia centro-orientale). L’informazione, sempre sottoposta ad analisi critica, proviene da dati originali, di bibliografia, e da quelli ricavati dallo studio diretto di collezioni pubbliche e private. Per ogni specie è riportata una scheda bibliografica, la distribuzione geografica generale ed i dati di bionomia. E’ registrato un totale di 33 specie per complessive 138 località.Viene confermata la presenza di 4 specie di Scarabeidae già citate per la Regione ma non riferite nella recente “Checklist e distribuzione della Fauna Italiana” (Carpaneto et al., 2005), più un’ulteriore specie che risulta nuova per le Marche. Il numero delle località indagate si incrementa sensibilmente nei confronti della letteratura. Vengono citati, per la loro importanza generale, anche alcuni lavori che non coinvolgono direttamente l’area.