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El presente artículo científico tiene como fin, efectuar un análisis sobre la vulneración del principio de no autoincriminación en el procedimiento abreviado, para ello se definieron los elementos teóricos del procedimiento abreviado, se demostraron las desventajas de este procedimiento así como también se describieron los derechos del procesado que son vulnerados. Para la materialización de esta investigación, se optó por el enfoque cualitativo, el cual permitió el análisis legal, jurisprudencial y doctrinario vinculado al procedimiento abreviado, por último se concluyó este procedimiento vulnera de manera directa derechos esenciales del procesado, como el principio de presunción de inocencia, el derecho que posea tener un juicio contradictorio, así como también el principio de no autoincriminación.

Reworks and delays in production processes are commonly found in construction projects associated with a low level of industrialization and a lack of design constructability. To promote industrialization, improve project constructability, and reduce the execution time, we implemented the Virtual Design and Construction (VDC) methodology. An industrialization strategy was established using a prefabricated reinforcement cages system (PRC) elements in an 870-meters bridge construction project in Lima, Peru. The objective was to improve the project buildability with high industrialization of the steel rebar works. We replaced the traditional on-site cutting and bending steel reinforcement processes with an industrial process that integrates construction management with the supply chain through Building Information Model (BIM). As a result, the level of industrialization of the PRC elements of the bridge substructure and superstructure reached 85% and 40%, respectively, aligned with a 16% execution time reduction of the project.

Taxifolin inhibits breast cancer (BC) via novel mechanisms. In a syngeneic mouse BC model, taxifolin suppressed 4T-1 cell-derived allografts. RNA-seq of 4T-1 tumors identified 36 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) upregulated by taxifolin. Among their human homologues, 19, 7, and 2 genes were downregulated in BCs, high-proliferative BCs, and BCs with high-fatality risks, respectively. Three genes were established as tumor suppressors and eight were novel to BC, including HNRN, KPRP, CRCT1, and FLG2. These four genes exhibit tumor suppressive actions and reside in 1q21.3, a locus amplified in 70% recurrent BCs, revealing a unique vulnerability of primary and recurrent BCs with 1q21.3 amplification with respect to taxifolin. Furthermore, the 36 DEGs formed a multiple gene panel (DEG36) that effectively stratified the fatality risk in luminal, HER2+, and triple-negative (TN) equivalent BCs in two large cohorts: the METABRIC and TCGA datasets. 4T-1 cells model human TNBC cells. The DEG36 most robustly predicted the poor prognosis of TNBCs and associated it with the infiltration of CD8+ T, NK, macrophages, and Th2 cells. Of note, taxifolin increased the CD8+ T cell content in 4T-1 tumors. The DEG36 is a novel and effective prognostic biomarker of BCs, particularly TNBCs, and can be used to assess the BC-associated immunosuppressive microenvironment.

Time lapse seismic is a major technique that has been successfully implemented to monitor reservoir dynamics (such as changes in fluid saturation) in sandstones but its applicability in carbonate rocks is not well understood yet. This study aims to improve our understanding of the time lapse seismic signature in carbonates oil reservoirs by investigating how acoustic velocity changes as a result of variations in the brine and oil saturation. To this scope, we utilize a core flooding system to perform brine-oil displacement experiment in three reservoir carbonate samples, while monitoring the acoustic velocity as function of brine saturation (Sw) changes. The fluid displacement experiment included injection of oil into the fully brine saturated samples until reaching irreducible brine saturation, followed by injection of brine until reaching the residual oil saturation. We also characterize the pore structure complexity of the samples using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and micro-CT scans to investigate its effect on the velocity-saturation relationship. We finally compare the measured acoustic velocity as function of saturation with the predictions of Gassmann theory while considering both uniform and patchy fluid distribution styles. Our results show that both P- and S-wave velocity (Vp and Vs respectively) decrease as oil displaces brine and then they both increase as brine displaces oil. Nevertheless, the velocity-saturation relationship exhibits a hysteresis: velocities measured at a given saturation during brine injection tend to be higher than those measured during oil injection. Our analysis shows that the Vp-Sw trend during oil injection into brine saturated samples follows the lower bound predicted by Gassmann theory (i.e., uniform fluid distribution), while the brine flooding data follows the upper bound of Gassmann theory (i.e., patchy fluid distribution). The transition from the uniform to patchy fluids distribution seems to occur around the irreducible brine saturation. Since oil production or enhanced oil recovery can be represented by the process of brine displacing oil, our results suggest that patchy fluid distribution should be considered in Gassmann theory when performing feasibility studies to predict changes in Vp as function of saturation changes. This study also highlights the importance of pore structure in controlling the changes of saturation and the corresponding changes in acoustic velocity. Larger changes and hysteresis in the measured velocity as function of saturation seem to correlate with lower pore stiffness (i.e., more micro cracks and less content of intraparticle rounded pores).

Bajo la recomendación de los organismos financieros, en México se ha implementado una política orientada a disminuir sustancialmente la inversión del gasto social del Estado y con ello abrir espacios a la inversión privada en la prestación de servicios. El sector educativo ha sido sometido a diversas reformas en consideración al supuesto empresarial de alcanzar la calidad junto a la implementación de mecanismos que restringen el acceso de la población estudiantil a la educación. La evaluación estandarizada justifica un modelo pedagógico centrado en contenidos y orientado al entrenamiento de los estudiantes para que sean capaces de responder a los exámenes. Develar las relaciones políticas que se establecen en los procesos educativos es un cometido de la pedagogía crítica. Una premisa fundamental es romper con la educación bancaria, cuya denominación se deriva del acto de educar traducido a un depósito de comunicados por quien conoce sobre el que ignora. La palabra adquiere un valor como medio para acceder al proceso de concienciación y empoderamiento para actuar sobre la realidad. La pedagogía crítica no se limita a la denuncia, sino que, a través de la noción de comunicación, brinda elementos para construir un modelo pedagógico liberador. Así, se conceptualiza un sujeto capaz de enfrentar la dominación. Para emanciparse de una realidad opresiva se requiere un proceso educativo profundo, amplio y permanente, donde los oprimidos participen activamente en la reflexión y la acción liberadora.

The aim of this research was to evaluate dietary exposure to aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in corn arepas in Colombia. In addition, in this study an assessment considering compliance to the maximum level of ...

We have developed a new and fast MATLAB algorithm for predicting absolute permeability. The developed tool relies on measuring the connectivity of pores in a given 3D microcomputed tomography rock image. An index of pore connectivity is evaluated. After a calibration step, the developed index is used to estimate permeability in a variety of rocks with challenging pore structures (e.g., complex carbonate formations). The developed algorithm was tested on sandstone and carbonate rock samples. It offers large computational and memory savings when compared with algorithms based on the lattice Boltzmann method. Permeability estimates were, in general, in good agreement with laboratory measurements and numerical simulation results.

Digital rock analysis (DRA) following the digital imaging techniques can be used to image detailed rock microstructures and simulate rock properties, such as porosity and permeability, for reservoir characterization. However, for most carbonate rocks, there are apparent differences in rock texture and minerals and clear variations of rock properties with location. This kind of heterogeneity often leads to a degree of unpredictability in DRA simulation. In addition, smaller sample size is necessary for a higher resolution image but the rock properties derived from bigger physical sample are more representative. Therefore, for a heterogeneous rock sample, it is impractical to predict its rock properties with only single resolution image. In this paper, we evaluate the rock properties using two heterogeneous carbonate rock samples and their corresponding multi-scale digital rock images including thin sections, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray computed tomography (XCT) images. A DRA upscaling method is also proposed. The analysis and results show that: 1) the simulated porosity and permeability agree well with their lab measurements; 2) the heterogeneity is clearly observed with these 2D and 3D rock images and their corresponding simulations; 3) the rock properties of the two carbonate rock samples are well evaluated by these rock images, lab measurements and numerical simulations.

Injector well completions are typically carried out using two methods: simple and selective. The performance of injector wells has traditionally been evaluated using spinner-based injection logging tools (ILTs) or on-demand fiber optic distributed temperature and acoustic (DTS or DAS) sensing while logging the well performance every 3 months or once a year depending on the application. However, with such methods utilizing a snap shot approach, critical well performance information or possible anomalies are often missed due to measurements taken only during certain periods. Therefore, operators have explored the use of advanced fiber-optics methods such as permanent distributed temperature sensing (DTS) and permanent distributed acoustic sensing (DAS), that provide continuous, real-time measurements to enable understanding of dynamic well behavior at all times and mitigate any deferred or behavioral problems. Of relevance to this work is a vertical, injector well in a competent sandstone formation of the Heavy Oil Chichimene field in Llanos Basin, Colombia. As a first step of the fiber-optics monitoring strategy, a careful evaluation of DTS and DAS based fiber-optics methods was conducted. Based on the data analysis and operational history, DAS-based fiber optics monitoring was chosen as the most effective monitoring solution for this well. Subsequently, a proprietary DAS algorithm was developed to analyze the data and estimate the flow allocation for all the four zones. The results include waterfall acoustic energy maps, temporal flow allocation profiles and most importantly, the zonal flow allocation values. Predicted (DAS) zonal flow allocation data was compared with traditional injection logs (ILT) under different operational conditions (varied injection flow rates and valve choke settings). Based on comparable agreement between DAS and ILT data, the operator decided to replace ILT runs with DAS-based fiber optic monitoring, resulting in lower operational costs while enabling near real-time monitoring, and providing the continuous distributed data essential for the dynamic monitoring of the well. The successful application of fiber-optics monitoring to provide an injection profile in conjunction with a surface-controlled electric valve system demonstrates a significant potential to optimize the injection process in complex injector wells. Further, remotely controlling, monitoring and optimizing injection rates into the multi-segmented zones improves the service life of the injection operations, eliminates future intervention costs, and increases ultimate recovery.

Scaling porosity of sedimentary rocks from the scale of measurement to the scale of interest is still a challenge. Upscaling of porosity can assist to accurately predict other petrophysical properties of rock at multiple scales. In this study, we use the two-dimensional (2D) scanning electron microscope (SEM) and three-dimensional (3D) X-ray micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) image to upscale porosity from the image scale to the core plug scale. A systematic imaging plan is deployed to capture rock properties of a carbonate and a sandstone sample, which are sensitive to the fractal nature of these rocks. Image analysis records wider pore spectrum (0.12–50 µm) in the carbonate sample than in sandstone (0.12–30 µm). The fractal dimensions are also higher in the carbonate than in the sandstone sample. Median, volume-weighted average of pore radius, and fractal dimensions derived from the image analysis are used as inputs in this equation. The results of the present study using this equation yielded to the best results on a resolution of 2.5 µm/voxel in the sandstone and 2.01 µm/voxel resolution in the carbonate sample for 3D micro-CT images, where fractal-scaling porosity matches well with the porosity measured at the core plug scale. The 2D SEM images provided a good estimation of porosity in the sandstone sample, where micro-CT imaging techniques could not capture the full pore spectrum. The fractal porosity equation showed promising results and offers a potential alternative way to estimate porosity when there are no routine core measurements available.

The current situation of the oil industry and the recurring change in oil prices has prompted companies to look for alternatives to reduce their operating costs and investments without affecting their operations or production. Under this context, an Ecopetrol operation in Colombia's has decided to use an existing well to convert it into an injector well using a modified Electro-Submersible Equipment (ESP) as a pump injector, so this will result in an "inverted" installation compared to a conventional one. This project represented different challenges in the completion; one of them was, because the impossibility of using a conventional ESP sensor, to estimate the internal temperature of the downhole motor, from variables measured both in surface and in the depth of the equipment installation. Knowing the motor temperature is important considering that it is necessary to ensure system reliability and set the operating limits of the equipment. For this application, the use of a zenith C6 downhole sensor (which does not measure the internal motor temperature) was considered, and software was developed capable of estimating it from other variables measured in the surface and in the downhole. The results were contrasted with the company's official equipment design and selection software, obtaining values with an error within an acceptable range. The "inverted" ESP equipment was not installed to date, but it is estimated that the installation should take place in the coming months.

Background Current recommendations for treating obesity in adolescence include a comprehensive approach (nutritional, behavioral, and exercise). Calcarea carbonica ostrearum (CCO) is a homeopathic medicine usually prescribed in obese individuals, but its effects on weight and body fat are not completely known. Objective The aim of this study will be to evaluate the efficacy of homeopathic CCO, in addition to a multidisciplinary intervention (diet, motivational support, and exercise program), on body fat and weight in obese adolescents. Methods/Design A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, parallel-group, superiority trial with 3-month study duration will be undertaken. The study will be conducted in a public research hospital in Mexico City, Hospital Juárez de México, in the outpatient services of homeopathy and sports medicine. Eighty non-diabetic adolescents, 12 to 19 years old, who are overweight or obese, will be included. The primary outcome: change in body fat percentage at week 12. The secondary outcomes: change in mean total weight, total body mass index, fat mass index, waist–hip ratio, lean muscle mass, fasting glucose, insulin, insulin resistance, lipid profile, score of Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale Revised (CESD-R) and score of Screen for Child Anxiety-Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED) at week 12. Efficacy data will be analyzed in the intention-to-treat sample. To determine the difference in the outcomes between groups at baseline and week 12, data will be analyzed using Student's t-test. Discussion This is the first randomized controlled trial aimed to determine the fat-reducing efficacy in obese adolescents of a homeopathic medicine, CCO, given in addition to a multidisciplinary intervention, compared with placebo plus the same intervention. It is an attempt to support scientific evidence in homeopathy for one of the most common chronic diseases, which causes high mortality due to its complications. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03945396 https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03945396?term=homeopathy+for+obesity+in+Mexican+adolescents&rank=1

The heterogeneity of a carbonate reservoir exists at all scales and always presents a challenge because it cannot be studied visually during laboratory measurements. Permeability is an important parameter and plays a key role in enhanced oil recovery operations. However, permeability anisotropy is observed at different scales of hydrocarbon production, especially in carbonate reservoirs, and complicates reservoir characterization and description. Digital rock physics (DRP) uses digitized images of reservoir rocks to compute their properties, such as porosity and directional permeability, and provide a better view of the internal structure of the rock sample, which can be used to study the heterogeneity and permeability anisotropy in carbonate rocks and reservoirs. In this study, we processed and used images of five carbonate rock samples obtained from three-dimensional (3D) computed tomography (CT) scans to calculate porosity and directional permeability. Subsamples taken at three positions along each original core plug image were processed to segmented images using image processing methods. Porosities were calculated by the voxel statistics method based on a segmented image. Absolute permeabilities of these subsamples in the three main perpendicular directions (one axial, z, and two transverse, x and y) were calculated by applying the parallel lattice Boltzmann method (PLBM) in our high-performance computing cluster (HPCC). The heterogeneity and permeability anisotropy were analyzed by combining the experimental results, the rock images, and simulated results, which included visualization of the velocity field and calculated parameter values. By analyzing these data, we found that these carbonate rock samples had strong heterogeneity and clear permeability anisotropy. In addition, we also found a close relationship between the measured values of the whole core samples and the maximum (minimum) values of the simulations for porosity (permeability). We verified that the characteristics of pore geometry, flow velocity distribution, and transport properties can be captured using DRP.

Organic-rich mudrock systems play an important role in the world's volatile petroleum industry. Due to their complex pore structures with a large portion of nano pores, the flow mechanics of gas flow in the pore space may involve nanoscale effects that could not be accounted for by classic Darcy's law. It is also very difficult to experimentally probe the transport properties of extremely low permeability rock samples. Digital rock physics (DRP) obtains a direct view of the internal structure of reservoir rock sample by digitized high resolution images to compute their properties, such as porosity and directional permeability, and hence to enable the studies of multi-scale flow mechanics in mudrocks. In this study, we present a parallel lattice Boltzmann method (PLBM) for studying nanoscale effects on a three dimensional (3D) tube flow, and then to simulate the flow process of the gas flow in real 3D pore geometry of two perpendicularly cored mudrock samples (S62H and S62V), combining with some image processing methods in DRP. The pore geometry is obtained by 3D digital image data based on ultra-high resolution X-ray computed tomography (XCT) imaging. The numerical advantages of lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) make it a powerful tool to simulate gas flow in such nano pores and estimate the absolute permeability. The new parallel implementation has been successfully performed on a powerful high performance computing cluster (HPCC) and validated with the analytical solution of a 3D tube flow model, which is taken as the elementary model for the pore networks. By simulating the nanoscale effects of rarefaction, slippage and roughness on gas flow in a nano tube model, we propose some more realistic parameters for simulating the gas flow in real mudrocks to study the flow mechanics, and to calculate the apparent directional permeability. The results show: 1) the simulated porosities (7.66% for S62H and 2.58% for S62V) are close to measured porosities (5.00% for S62H and 1.76% for S62V); 2) the estimated apparent permeability of S62H is 0.032 mD, which is close to the measured permeability of 0.02 mD; 3) the apparent directional permeability of S62V is not able to be estimated because the identified pores of subsamples are not connected in any direction with the image resolution of 65 nm/voxel; 4) the permeability anisotropy of S62H is clearly observed through the velocity field visualization and calculated permeability values; 5) the characteristics of pore geometry, flow velocity distribution and transport properties can be captured using DRP and the PLBM is an effective way to simulate complex gas flow in kerogen pores and estimate the apparent directional permeability.

La medición de la vulnerabilidad escolar en un subsistema de Educación Media Superior del Estado de Chihuahua, es objeto de este estudio diagnóstico, de carácter cuantitativo y descriptivo, cuyos resultados se obtienen de la aplicación de una encuesta valorada a través de una escala Likert, aplicada a una muestra estratificada de estudiantes. Su estudio permite explicar las causas que generan problemáticas de extraedad, rezago leve y grave y en muchos casos abandono definitivo de la escuela (Feijoo y Corbetta, 2004), implicando el análisis de factores extraescolares referidos a las condiciones personal y familiar, así como intraescolares que remiten a las condiciones institucional y pedagógica de las escuelas. Los resultados surgen del análisis de la dimensión pedagógica que involucró: las condiciones materiales de la clase; el dominio de contenidos por el profesor; las habilidades para facilitar el aprendizaje; el clima áulico; las dinámicas y relaciones de la clase; la evaluación del aprendizaje; la colaboración, apoyo escolar y el compromiso ético del profesor. Algunos de los riesgos encontrados refieren a los contenidos curriculares cuando se enfatiza que la mayoría de los maestros descuida una formación para la vida; la falta de impulso de los profesores a los procesos de aprendizaje y la utilización de la evaluación como instrumento de exclusión, pues pondera solamente la retención de contenidos, dejando de lado las necesidades de aprendizaje de los estudiantes, que no son otra cosa que el cumplimiento de sus derechos humanos fundamentales.

The aim of this research was to evaluate dietary exposure to aflatoxin B1 (AFB

Permeability is a key parameter in the analysis of geothermal systems, usually controlled by secondary structures such as fractures, faults or stratigraphic contacts. Contrarily, primary porosity is considered to have a negligible effect on the permeability of those systems, as it is commonly observed that there is low connectivity between macropores (conventionally defined as larger than 1μm). However, we observe that at the micrometric scale this scenario is different, and connectivity is clearly identified. In this study, an updated innovative petrophysical method is developed to calculate microporosity with high precision and simulate permeability on andesite lava flow core-samples from a geothermal production well in Los Humeros Geothermal Field (LHGF), Mexico. The method is based on high-resolution X-ray microCT and numerical post-processing algorithms, producing porosity-permeability estimates, which are in good agreement with other independent petrophysical methods such as Helium porosimetry-permeameter. Our results indicate that macropores account for an average of 3.7 ± 0.9 % of total rock volume fraction, whereas microporosity is generally higher, with a volume fraction in the order of 6.2 ± 0.6 %. Furthermore, when removing microporosity from the pore network, the permeability will account for an average of 3.50 × 10−17 m2, which is only the 17.92 % of the total average permeability for all samples. On the other hand, when microporosity is added, there is an average increment in the permeability of 82.08 %. This means that more than 80 % of the permeability of the samples is due to microporosity, and that microporous space indeed plays a major role in the permeability of these rocks. These results reveal that microporosity plays an important role on the permeability of rocks from volcanic-hosted LHGF. This approach has not been previously fully considered, and in this study, we show that a detailed microporosity analysis is essential for further estimations of permeability of volcanic-hosted geothermal systems.

Thermal inactivation kinetics of Listeria innocua CECT 910 inoculated in a vegetable beverage at three pH conditions (4.25, 4.75, and 5.20), four levels of temperature (50, 55, 60, 65℃), and different treatment times (0–75 min) were obtained. Survival curves did not follow a log-linear relationship and consequently were fitted to various mathematical models: Weibull, Geeraerd, Cerf with shoulder, and the modified Gompertz equation. Results indicated that the best model for the treatment conditions was the modified Gompertz equation, which provides the best goodness-of-fit and the lowest Akaike information criterion value. Sensitivity analysis indicated that the most influential factors affecting the final microbial load were temperature and time in the case of the higher temperature level (65℃) and time in the case of the lower temperature level (50℃)., This paper has been partially supported by research grants MTM2013-42323-P and AGL2013-48993-C2-2-R from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competiveness.

Critical Theory: From Michael Apple’s Perspective (Review)

This paper presents the application of multiple selectives injection zones within a high thickness singled bed heavy oil sand. The results were compared with a single zone completion in the same sand, establishing the differences in several aspects like recovery factor, vertical distribution efficiency, operation styles and completion difficulties. This approach is based on the application of two methods of water vertical irrigation in a heavy oil sand, first, a singled 300’ zone completion and else, a 3-4 selectives zones completion, separating the equivalent injection in spaces of 60’-100’ thickness each. To route the flow, the packers were located next to thin shale planes most as possible. The objective was use this natural inundation surfaces intentionally as vertical permeability barriers looking forward to this works as a vertical flow controllers beyond wells selectivization, means like flooding separators, inside the heart of reservoir. In injector wells 3 types of behavior profile logs were ran several times within more than two years. The reservoir under study it is the sand T2 located at Chichimene field, at the Colombia Llanos Basin. It has 320’/250’r of gross/net thickness, physically looks like a singled bed, it is saturated with high viscosity extra heavy oil of 350 cps, it is located at 9000’ measured depth (6000 - 6800’ TVDSS) the permeability shows a broad permeability range of 5 – 10000 mD. Waterflooding was initiated by 2014, the single zone completions wells, were exposed to a 6000 bls/d rate over very high permeability layer and this produced immediate channelization in thin layers only in some weeks after initiated. Producer wells increased water cut to high values, injection rates were controlled as results of its and finally some of the injectors had to be shut in. In the other set of wells, selective applications got separate the sand by 3 or 4 zones, the reservoir sand were irrigated by the same time, at the same rate of 6000 bls/d, almost 2000 bls/d each zone, this time the trends were simply different, means, producers water cut it was low and more stable. The results shows up about 2-3% of RF by simple zone completion in opposite to 6-10% of RF with selectives completions, evidencing a better vertical irrigation. The case study presented in this paper, it is a successful curiously application of multiple selectives completions within a single sand. This example has been tested in field, it is an effective option in order to increase recovery factor and it will reborn expectations about the use of selectives completions over thick heavy oil sands. This results definitely; it will encourage engineers to think more about mechanical conformance applications in waterflooding.