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1. IrokoBench: A New Benchmark for African Languages in the Age of Large Language Models

Author

Adelani, David Ifeoluwa, Ojo, Jessica, Azime, Israel Abebe, Zhuang, Jian Yun, Alabi, Jesujoba O., He, Xuanli, Ochieng, Millicent, Hooker, Sara, Bukula, Andiswa, Lee, En-Shiun Annie, Chukwuneke, Chiamaka, Buzaaba, Happy, Sibanda, Blessing, Kalipe, Godson, Mukiibi, Jonathan, Kabongo, Salomon, Yuehgoh, Foutse, Setaka, Mmasibidi, Ndolela, Lolwethu, Odu, Nkiruka, Mabuya, Rooweither, Muhammad, Shamsuddeen Hassan, Osei, Salomey, Samb, Sokhar, Guge, Tadesse Kebede, and Stenetorp, Pontus

Subjects
Computer Science - Computation and Language, Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence
Abstract

Despite the widespread adoption of Large language models (LLMs), their remarkable capabilities remain limited to a few high-resource languages. Additionally, many low-resource languages (e.g. African languages) are often evaluated only on basic text classification tasks due to the lack of appropriate or comprehensive benchmarks outside of high-resource languages. In this paper, we introduce IrokoBench -- a human-translated benchmark dataset for 16 typologically-diverse low-resource African languages covering three tasks: natural language inference~(AfriXNLI), mathematical reasoning~(AfriMGSM), and multi-choice knowledge-based QA~(AfriMMLU). We use IrokoBench to evaluate zero-shot, few-shot, and translate-test settings~(where test sets are translated into English) across 10 open and four proprietary LLMs. Our evaluation reveals a significant performance gap between high-resource languages~(such as English and French) and low-resource African languages. We observe a significant performance gap between open and proprietary models, with the highest performing open model, Aya-101 only at 58\% of the best-performing proprietary model GPT-4o performance. Machine translating the test set to English before evaluation helped to close the gap for larger models that are English-centric, like LLaMa 3 70B. These findings suggest that more efforts are needed to develop and adapt LLMs for African languages., Comment: Under review

Published
2024

2. Synthesis, characterization, and thermal properties of N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyl guanidinium tribromidocadmate(II) exhibiting an unusual coordination geometry

Author

Ndiaye Mamadou, Samb Abdoulaye, Diop Libasse, Cattey Hélène, Pourchet Sylvie, and Plasseraud Laurent

Subjects
bromocadmate(ii), differential scanning calorimetry, n-h···br interaction, organic-inorganic hybrid materials, thermogravimetric analysis, x-ray crystallography, Chemistry, QD1-999
Abstract

The reaction of N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyl guanidine, NHC(N(CH3)2)2 (TMGD) and CdBr2·4H2O in ethanol led to the formation of [TMGDH][CdBr3] (1), which crystallizes in the monoclinic space group Cc with Z=4, a=8.9079(7) Å, b=18.5810(14) Å, c=8.1637(6) Å, β=107.953(3)°, and V=1285.44(17) Å3. In the crystal lattice, 1 is organized in one-dimensional anionic chains of CdBr4 tetrahedra sharing two corners. To our knowledge, this is the first evidence of such a coordination geometry described for a bromocadmate derivative. The negative charges are compensated by monoprotonated N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyl guanidinium cations (TMGDHs), which are in N-H hydrogen bonding interaction with the terminal bromide atoms of the anionic chain. The title compound was also characterized by middle and far-infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The elemental analysis corroborates as well the X-ray elucidation. Multinuclear solution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopic measurements (1H, 13C{1H}) were conducted in D2O.

Published
2017
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3. Preoperative mortality risk evaluation in abdominal surgical emergencies: development and internal validation of the NDAR score from a national multicenter audit in Senegal

Author

Ndong, Abdourahmane, Diallo, Adja Coumba, Togtoga, Lebem, Faye, Magatte, Faye, Pape Mamadou, Diouf, Ahmed, Sarr, Ndiamé, Niasse, Abdou, Faye, Aliou Coly, Mbaye, Cheikh Tidiane, Bah, Mamadou Saidou, Ndoye, Pape Djibril, Doukoure, Mohamed, Guira, Moussa, Ka, Cheikh Tidiane, Diouf, Bathie Massamba, Faye, Thierno, Tandian, Foulaké, Dialllo, Thierno Amadou Telly, Gaye, Modou, Yamingué, Ngueidio, Kama, Housseynou, Kazubwenge, Emmanuel, Thiam, Mbaye, Diack, Abdou Dahim, Ndiaye, Mamadou Arame, Babara, Abamou, Samb, Cheikh, Badji, Cheikh Hameth, Diouf, Christine Marie Joseph, Fall, Sidy Mouhamed Abdoulaye, Camara, Mamadouba, Faye, Julien Ibrahima, Niang, Abdou Khadre, Dieng, Pape Souleymane, Ndiaye, Ablaye, Dia, Diago Anta, Sow, Omar, Diop, Abib, Seye, Yacine, Sarr, Ibrahima Souleymane Sitor, Gueye, Mohamadou Lamine, Diao, Mohamed Lamine, Manyacka, Philipe, Amaye Diémé, Eugène Gaudens Prosper, Sall, Ibrahima, Fall, Oumar, Sow, Alamasso, Tendeng, Jacques Noel, Thiam, Ousmane, Seck, Mamadou, Diouf, Cheikh, Ka, Ibrahima, Touré, Alpha Oumar, Diop, Balla, Ba, Pape Ablaye, Diop, Pape Saloum, Cissé, Mamadou, Niang, Khadim, and Konaté, Ibrahima

Published
2024
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4. Caregivers’ burden of care during emergency department care transitions among older adults: a mixed methods cohort study

Author

Germain, Nathalie, Jémus-Gonzalez, Estephanie, Couture, Vanessa, Côté, Émilie, Morin, Michèle, Toulouse-Fournier, Annie, Bert, Laetitia, Giguère, Raphaëlle, Sinha, Samir, Sourial, Nadia, Chartier, Lucas B., Witteman, Holly O., Légaré, France, Samb, Rawane, Turcotte, Stéphane, Chandavong, Sam, Abrougui, Lyna, Robitaille, Joanie, and Archambault, Patrick M.

Published
2024
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6. Poor quality of sleep and musculoskeletal pains among highly trained and elite athletes in Senegal

Author

Mekoulou Ndongo, Jerson, Bika Lele, Elysée Claude, Malam Moussa Ahmet, Hassane, Guessogo, Wiliam Richard, Wiliam, Mbang Biang, Guyot, Jessica, Rozand, Vianey, Ahmadou, Ayina Ayina, Clarisse Noel, Kojom Foko, Loick Pradel, Barth, Nathalie, Bongue, Bienvenu, Ba, Abdoulaye, Samb, Abdoulaye, Roche, Fréderic, Mandengue, Samuel Honoré, and Assomo-Ndemba, Peguy Brice

Published
2024
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7. Transitions of care for older adults discharged home from the emergency department: an inductive thematic content analysis of patient comments

Author

Couture, Vanessa, Germain, Nathalie, Côté, Émilie, Lavoie, Lise, Robitaille, Joanie, Morin, Michèle, Chouinard, Josée, Couturier, Yves, Légaré, France, Hardy, Marie-Soleil, Chartier, Lucas B., Brousseau, Audrey-Anne, Sourial, Nadia, Mercier, Éric, Dallaire, Clémence, Fleet, Richard, Leblanc, Annie, Melady, Don, Roy, Denis, Sinha, Samir, Sirois, Marie-Josée, Witteman, Holly O., Émond, Marcel, Rivard, Josée, Pelletier, Isabelle, Turcotte, Stéphane, Samb, Rawane, Giguère, Raphaëlle, Abrougui, Lyna, Smith, Pascal Y., and Archambault, Patrick M.

Published
2024
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8. Preoperative mortality risk evaluation in abdominal surgical emergencies: development and internal validation of the NDAR score from a national multicenter audit in Senegal

Author

Abdourahmane Ndong, Adja Coumba Diallo, Lebem Togtoga, Magatte Faye, Pape Mamadou Faye, Ahmed Diouf, Ndiamé Sarr, Abdou Niasse, Aliou Coly Faye, Cheikh Tidiane Mbaye, Mamadou Saidou Bah, Pape Djibril Ndoye, Mohamed Doukoure, Moussa Guira, Cheikh Tidiane Ka, Bathie Massamba Diouf, Thierno Faye, Foulaké Tandian, Thierno Amadou Telly Dialllo, Modou Gaye, Ngueidio Yamingué, Housseynou Kama, Emmanuel Kazubwenge, Mbaye Thiam, Abdou Dahim Diack, Mamadou Arame Ndiaye, Abamou Babara, Cheikh Samb, Cheikh Hameth Badji, Christine Marie Joseph Diouf, Sidy Mouhamed Abdoulaye Fall, Mamadouba Camara, Julien Ibrahima Faye, Abdou Khadre Niang, Pape Souleymane Dieng, Ablaye Ndiaye, Diago Anta Dia, Omar Sow, Abib Diop, Yacine Seye, Ibrahima Souleymane Sitor Sarr, Mohamadou Lamine Gueye, Mohamed Lamine Diao, Philipe Manyacka, Eugène Gaudens Prosper Amaye Diémé, Ibrahima Sall, Oumar Fall, Alamasso Sow, Jacques Noel Tendeng, Ousmane Thiam, Mamadou Seck, Cheikh Diouf, Ibrahima Ka, Alpha Oumar Touré, Balla Diop, Pape Ablaye Ba, Pape Saloum Diop, Mamadou Cissé, Khadim Niang, and Ibrahima Konaté

Subjects
Emergency, Abdomen, Africa, Mortality, Surgery, Score, RD1-811
Abstract

Abstract Introduction Abdominal surgical emergencies have a high mortality rate. Effective management primarily relies on the early identification of patients at high risk of postoperative complications. The objective of our study was to determine the prognostic factors associated with poor outcomes from abdominal surgical emergencies in Senegal and to establish a predictive score for mortality for preoperative risk evaluation (NDAR (New Death Assessment Risk) score). Methodology This was a retrospective national cross-sectional study conducted over one year in 14 regions of Senegal. Adult patients (aged > 15 years) who presented with a traumatic or non-traumatic abdominal surgical emergency were included. The studied variables included clinical and paraclinical data. The variable of interest was death within 30 days of the surgery. Logistic regression was used to identify the factors independently associated with mortality. Risk factors identified after logistic regression analysis were weighted using odds ratio (OR) values rounded to the nearest whole number. The predictive capacity of the score was evaluated by analyzing the ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic) curve based on the area under the curve (AUC). Results A total of 1114 patient records were included, with a mortality rate of 4.4%. Diagnoses were observed in patients included appendicitis in 39.8% of cases (n = 444), followed by peritonitis in 22.3% (n = 249), intestinal obstruction in 18.5% (n = 205), strangulated hernias in 10.5% (n = 117), and abdominal trauma in 6.1%. Logistic regression, established the following scores: age > 40 years (score 2), ASA status grade 2 or higher (score 1), presence of a positive QSIRS score (score 2), diagnosis of peritonitis (score 2), diagnosis of intestinal obstruction (score 1), and the presence of intestinal necrosis (score 3). The score is positive if the total is strictly greater than 5, indicating a 17.7% risk of mortality. This score had a high predictive capacity with an AUC of 0.7397. Conclusion This study enabled the establishment of a score that allows for the early identification of at-risk patients, even in constrained resource settings, facilitating appropriate perioperative management and timely surgical intervention to reduce the risk of complications. This approach, focused on early recognition of high-risk patients, is crucial for improving clinical outcomes in abdominal surgical emergencies.

Published
2024
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9. Caregivers’ burden of care during emergency department care transitions among older adults: a mixed methods cohort study

Author

Nathalie Germain, Estephanie Jémus-Gonzalez, Vanessa Couture, Émilie Côté, Michèle Morin, Annie Toulouse-Fournier, Laetitia Bert, Raphaëlle Giguère, Samir Sinha, Nadia Sourial, Lucas B. Chartier, Holly O. Witteman, France Légaré, Rawane Samb, Stéphane Turcotte, Sam Chandavong, Lyna Abrougui, Joanie Robitaille, Patrick M. Archambault, and on behalf of the Network of Canadian Emergency Researchers

Subjects
Older adult patients, Caregiving, Emergency care, Care transitions, Caregiver perceptions, Geriatrics, RC952-954.6
Abstract

Abstract Objective Improving care transitions for older adults can reduce emergency department (ED) revisits, and the strain placed upon caregivers. We analyzed whether caregivers felt a change in burden following a care transition, and what may be improved to reduce it. Methods This mixed-methods observational study nested within LEARNING WISDOM included caregivers of older patients who experienced an ED care transition. Burden was collected with the brief Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI-12), and caregivers also commented on the care transition. A qualitative coding scheme of patient care transitions was created to reflect themes important to caregivers. Comments were randomly analyzed until saturation and themes were extracted from the data. We followed both the SRQR and STROBE checklists. Results Comments from 581 caregivers (mean age (SD) 64.5 (12.3), 68% women) caring for patients (mean age (SD) 77.2 (7.54), 48% women) were analyzed. Caregivers overwhelmingly reported dissatisfaction and unmet service expectations, particularly with home care and domestic help. Communication and follow-up from the ED emerged as an area for improvement. Caregivers who reported an increased level of burden following a patient’s care transition had significantly higher ZBI scores than caregivers who self-reported stable burden levels. Conclusion Caregivers with increasing, stable, and improved levels of subjective burden all reported areas for improvement in the care transition process. Themes centering on the capacity to live at home and inadequate communication were most frequently mentioned and may represent serious challenges to caregivers. Addressing these challenges could improve both caregiver burden and ED care transitions.

Published
2024
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13. Toward an Ontology of Pattern Mining over Data Streams

Author

Samb, Dame, Slimani, Yahya, Ndiaye, Samba, Filipe, Joaquim, Editorial Board Member, Ghosh, Ashish, Editorial Board Member, Prates, Raquel Oliveira, Editorial Board Member, Zhou, Lizhu, Editorial Board Member, Bennour, Akram, editor, Bouridane, Ahmed, editor, and Chaari, Lotfi, editor

Published
2024
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14. Elements of Randoms Analysis about the Gamma Generalized Hyperbolic Distribution Levy Stochastic Process

Author

Ngom, Nafy, Niang, Aladji Babacar, Dembele, Soumaila, and Lo, Gane Samb

Subjects
Mathematics - Probability
Abstract

In this paper, we study some aspects on random analysis on the L\'eevy stochastic processes with margins following generalized hyperbolic distributions generated by gamma laws. In particular we study the boundedness of its total variations and the quadratic variations. Next we give an empirical construction that enables the graphical representation of the paths of such stochastic processes. Comparisons with the Brownian motions are considered., Comment: 21 pages, 4 figures, Construction of the gamma-gh L\'evy process for

Published
2022

16. Entomological survey of sibling species in the Anopheles funestus group in Tanzania confirms the role of Anopheles parensis as a secondary malaria vector

Author

Salum Abdallah Mapua, Badara Samb, Ismail Hassan Nambunga, Gustav Mkandawile, Hamis Bwanaly, Emmanuel Wilson Kaindoa, Joel Ouma Odero, John Paliga Masalu, Najat Feruz Kahamba, Emmanuel Elirehema Hape, Nicodem James Govella, Fredros Oketch Okumu, and Frederic Tripet

Subjects
Malaria, Anopheles funestus, Plasmodium, Tanzania, Infectious and parasitic diseases, RC109-216
Abstract

Abstract Background Malaria transmission in Tanzania is driven by mosquitoes of the Anopheles gambiae complex and Anopheles funestus group. The latter includes An. funestus s.s., an anthropophilic vector, which is now strongly resistant to public health insecticides, and several sibling species, which remain largely understudied despite their potential as secondary vectors. This paper provides the initial results of a cross-country study of the species composition, distribution and malaria transmission potential of members of the Anopheles funestus group in Tanzania. Methods Mosquitoes were collected inside homes in 12 regions across Tanzania between 2018 and 2022 using Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) light traps and Prokopack aspirators. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays targeting the noncoding internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) and 18S ribosomal DNA (18S rDNA) were used to identify sibling species in the An. funestus group and presence of Plasmodium infections, respectively. Where DNA fragments failed to amplify during PCR, we sequenced the ITS2 region to identify any polymorphisms. Results The following sibling species of the An. funestus group were found across Tanzania: An. funestus s.s. (50.3%), An. parensis (11.4%), An. rivulorum (1.1%), An. leesoni (0.3%). Sequencing of the ITS2 region in the nonamplified samples showed that polymorphisms at the priming sites of standard species-specific primers obstructed PCR amplification, although the ITS2 sequences closely matched those of An. funestus s.s., barring these polymorphisms. Of the 914 samples tested for Plasmodium infections, 11 An. funestus s.s. (1.2%), and 2 An. parensis (0.2%) individuals were confirmed positive for P. falciparum. The highest malaria transmission intensities [entomological inoculation rate (EIR)] contributed by the Funestus group were in the north-western region [108.3 infectious bites/person/year (ib/p/y)] and the south-eastern region (72.2 ib/p/y). Conclusions Whereas An. funestus s.s. is the dominant malaria vector in the Funestus group in Tanzania, this survey confirms the occurrence of Plasmodium-infected An. parensis, an observation previously made in at least two other occasions in the country. The findings indicate the need to better understand the ecology and vectorial capacity of this and other secondary malaria vectors in the region to improve malaria control. Graphical Abstract

Published
2024
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17. Monitoring and Forecasting of Coastal Erosion in the Context of Climate Change in Saint Louis (Senegal)

Author

Mamadou Adama Sarr, Ibrahima Pouye, Aissatou Sene, Iñigo Aniel-Quiroga, Abdoul A. Diouf, Fatim Samb, Mamadou L. Ndiaye, and Moussa Sall

Subjects
coastal erosion, erosion rate prediction, climate change, Saint Louis, West Africa, Geography (General), G1-922
Abstract

Owing to its unique physical and socio-economic characteristics, the Saint Louis region stands out as one of the most susceptible areas in Senegal to the adverse impacts of coastal erosion. The dynamics of erosion in this region are significantly influenced by the Langue de Barbarie (LB), a sand spit formed at the mouth of the Senegal River. Initially, in 2003, a 4 m wide artificial breach was strategically introduced to mitigate flooding; however, sediment dynamics expanded it to 6 km by 2020, thereby affecting the entire region. This study delves into the coastline change of the LB, specifically divided into three zones (LB-1, LB-2, and LB-3), spanning the period from 1994 to 2042. Leveraging Geographic Information System (GIS) and remote sensing techniques, our investigation reveals that, prior to the breach’s creation, the average dynamic coastline rates in zones LB-1, LB-2, and LB-3 were estimated at 4.4, 5.9, and 4.4 m/year, respectively. Subsequent to the breach, these rates shifted to −1.2, 8.4, and −2.7 m/year, with the most significant erosion observed alongshore of LB-3 at −6.6 m/year during the period 2002–2012. Projecting into 2032, LB-1 and LB-3 are anticipated to experience erosion rates of −11.5 and −26.8 m/year, respectively, while the LB-2 records an estimated accretion rate of 8.41 m/year. Eroded areas are expected to total 571,458 m2, while accumulated areas are expected to total 67,191 m2. By 2042, zones LB-1, LB-2, and LB-3 are expected to experience erosion rates of −23 and −53.6 m/year, resulting in the erosion of 1,021,963 m2 and the accumulation of 94,930 m2 with a dynamic rate of 168.2 m/year in zone LB-3. These results have significant implications for solving the urgent issue of coastal erosion in LB.

Published
2024
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18. Applying of the Extreme Value Theory for determining extreme claims in the automobile insurance sector: Case of a China car insurance

Author

Diawara, Daouda, Kane, Ladji, Dembele, Soumaila, and Lo, Gane Samb

Subjects
Statistics - Applications, 62-07, 60G70, 62G32
Abstract

According to the Chinese Health Statistics Yearbook, in 2005, the number of traffic accidents was 187781 with total direct property losses of 103691.7 (10000 Yuan). This research aims to fill the gap in the literature by investigating the extreme claim sizes not only for the entire portfolio. This empirical study investigates the behavior of the upper tail of the claim size by class of policyholders.

Published
2022
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19. The exact probability law for the approximated similarity from the Minhashing method

Author

Dembele, Soumaila and Lo, Gane Samb

Subjects
Mathematics - Probability, Statistics - Applications, 62E15, 62F12, 68R05, 68R15, 68Q97
Abstract

We propose a probabilistic setting in which we study the probability law of the Rajaraman and Ullman \textit{RU} algorithm and a modified version of it denoted by \textit{RUM}. These algorithms aim at estimating the similarity index between huge texts in the context of the web. We give a foundation of this method by showing, in the ideal case of carefully chosen probability laws, the exact similarity is the mathematical expectation of the random similarity provided by the algorithm. Some extensions are given. \noindent \textbf{R\'{e}sum\'{e}.} Nous proposons un cadre probabilistique dans lequel nous \'{e}tudions la loi de probabilit\'{e} de l'algorithme de Rajaraman et Ullman \textit{RU} ainsi qu'une version modifi\'{e}e de cet algorithme not\'{e}e \textit{RUM}. Ces alogrithmes visent \`{a} estimer l'indice de la similarit\'{e} entre des textes de grandes tailles dans le contexte du Web. Nous donnons une base de validit\'e de cette m\'{e}thode en montrant que pour des lois de probabilit\'{e}s minutieusement choisies, la similarit\'{e} exacte est l'esp\'{e}rance math\'{e}matique de la similarit\'{e} al\'{e}atoire donn\'{e}e par l'algorithme \textit{RUM}. Des g\'en\'eralisations sont abord\'ees.

Published
2022
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20. Antimicrobial and anticancer activities of diazenyl compounds

Author

Seynabou Sokhna, Insa Seck, Marc Presset, Eric Huet, Samba Fama Ndoye, Lalla Aïcha Ba, Issa Samb, Erwan Le Gall, and Matar Seck

Subjects
Diazene, Single crystal, X-rays, Antimicrobial, Anticancer, Chemistry, QD1-999
Abstract

Three heterocyclic diazenyl compounds were synthesized by diazotization of 3-aminopyridine and aniline, followed by coupling with 8-aminoquinoleine, morpholine, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoleine, respectively. The obtained azo compounds are brown to yellow in color and were characterized by various methods such as NMR and X-rays. The synthesized compounds were evaluated for their antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans. The MIC of the tested compounds, determined by the microdilution method, showed potential antimicrobial activity against all tested microorganisms. 1-(3-pyridyl)-2-(morpholin-4-yl)diazene (8) and 1-(3-pyridyl)-2-(tetrahydroquinolin-1-yl)diazene (10) showed strong activities against C. albicans with MIC values of 150 µM and 120 µM respectively. 1-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-2-(8-aminoquinolin-5-yl)diazene (4) showed the broadest spectrum of activity with good MICs of 1380–2760 µM on the four strains. These diazenyl compounds were also screened for their anticancer activity against breast (MCF-7), lung (Calu-3), pancreas (PANC-1) and prostate (PC-3) cancer cells and on normal fibroblasts. The results showed good anticancer activities on tumor lines with IC50 values ranging from 9.4 to 98 µM. The best anticancer activity was obtained with compound 4 on Calu-3 cancer cells with an IC50 of 9.4 µM. The results suggest that compound 4 is an interesting scaffold for pharmacomodulation as suggested by ADME study.

Published
2024
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21. $\mathbf{G}$-Central limit theorems and $\mathbf{G}$-invariance principles for associated random variables

Author

Niang, Aladji Babacar, Adekpedjou, Akym, Sangaré, Harouna, and Lo, Gane Samb

Subjects
Mathematics - Probability
Abstract

The investigation asymptotic limits on associated data mainly focused on limit theorems of summands of associated data and on the related invariance principles. In a series of papers, we are going to set the general frame of the theory by considering an arbitrary infinitely decomposable (divisible) limit law for summands and study the associated functional laws converging to L\'evy processes. The asymptotic frame of Newman (1980) is still used as a main tool. Detailed results are given when $G$ is a Gaussian law (as confirmation of known results) and when $G$ is a Poisson law. In the later case, classical results for independent and identically distributed data are extended to stationary and non-stationary associated data.

Published
2022

22. $\ell^{\infty}$ Poisson invariance principles from two classical Poisson limit theorems and extension to non-stationary independent sequences

Author

Niang, Aladji Babacar, Lo, Gane Samb, Traoré, Chérif Mamadou Moctar, and Ball, Amadou

Subjects
Mathematics - Probability, Mathematics - Functional Analysis, 60F17, 60E07
Abstract

The simple L\'evy Poisson process and scaled forms are explicitly constructed from partial sums of independent and identically distributed random variables and from sums of non-stationary independent random variables. For the latter, the weak limits are scaled Poisson processes. The method proposed here prepares generalizations to dependent data, to associated data in the first place., Comment: 21 pages

Published
2022
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23. Poor quality of sleep and musculoskeletal pains among highly trained and elite athletes in Senegal

Author

Jerson Mekoulou Ndongo, Elysée Claude Bika Lele, Hassane Malam Moussa Ahmet, Wiliam Richard Guessogo, Mbang Biang Wiliam, Jessica Guyot, Vianey Rozand, Ahmadou, Clarisse Noel Ayina Ayina, Loick Pradel Kojom Foko, Nathalie Barth, Bienvenu Bongue, Abdoulaye Ba, Abdoulaye Samb, Fréderic Roche, Samuel Honoré Mandengue, and Peguy Brice Assomo-Ndemba

Subjects
Poor sleep quality, Musculoskeletal pains, Highly trained and elite athletes, Senegal, Sports medicine, RC1200-1245
Abstract

Abstract Background Previous studies reported that poor sleep quality (PSQ) was associated with musculoskeletal pains (MSP) and poor physical performance in athletes. Objective The current study aimed at determining PSQ and its associations with MSP in some sub-Saharan athletes. Methods A cross sectional study was conducted among 205 highly trained and 115 elite athletes (aged: 25 ± 2 years, Body mass index: 22.8 ± 0.9 kg/m2) in Dakar, Senegal, during a competitive season in a variety of sport disciplines including athletics, basketball, football, rugby, wrestling, tennis. Quality of sleep and MSP were assessed using the French version Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and French version of Nordic questionnaire respectively. Pain on body joints during a week was defined as seven-day MSP (MSP-7d) and PSQ for a PSQI > 5. Results 27.8% (95%CI: 23.2–32.9) of the overall sample suffered PSQ, with 33.7% (95%CI: 24.7–44.0) in basketball and 24.7% (95%CI: 16.9–34.6) in football. According to athletic status and gender, PSQ was more prevalent among highly trained (66.3; 95%CI: 55.9–75.3) and men (69.7%; 95%CI: 59.5–78.7). Among athletes with PSQ 43.8% (95%CI: 33.9–54.2) suffered MSP-7d, with 36.6%; highly trained (95%CI: 23.7–42.9) and 28.1% female. Considering body region, hips/thigh (14.6%; 95% CI: 8.74–23.4) and upper back (13.5%; 95%CI: 7.88 -21, 1) were more affected. Basketball players were more affected from MSP (MSP-7d = 38.5%; 95%CI: 24. 9–54.1) on high on wrists/hands (MSP-7d = 44.4%; 95%CI: 18.9 -73.3; P = 0.04). Based on athletic status, MSP-7d were higher on highly trained necks (100%; 95%CI: 56.1–100; p = 0.04). PSQ was associated with basketball (OR: 3.062, 95%CI: 1.130–8.300, p = 0.02) compared to Athletic. PSQ and MSP-7d were associated on Wrist/hands (OR: 3.352, 95%CI: 1.235–9.099, p = 0.01), and at the upper back (OR: 5.820, 95%CI: 2.096–16.161, p = 0.0007). Conclusion These results indicate that PSQ is considerable among Senegalese athletes and is associated with MSP during a week. Hence, we recommend to look for strategies optimizing good quality of sleep in order to reduce pains, to improve health.

Published
2024
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24. Transitions of care for older adults discharged home from the emergency department: an inductive thematic content analysis of patient comments

Author

Vanessa Couture, Nathalie Germain, Émilie Côté, Lise Lavoie, Joanie Robitaille, Michèle Morin, Josée Chouinard, Yves Couturier, France Légaré, Marie-Soleil Hardy, Lucas B. Chartier, Audrey-Anne Brousseau, Nadia Sourial, Éric Mercier, Clémence Dallaire, Richard Fleet, Annie Leblanc, Don Melady, Denis Roy, Samir Sinha, Marie-Josée Sirois, Holly O. Witteman, Marcel Émond, Josée Rivard, Isabelle Pelletier, Stéphane Turcotte, Rawane Samb, Raphaëlle Giguère, Lyna Abrougui, Pascal Y. Smith, Patrick M. Archambault, and on behalf of the Network of Canadian Emergency Researchers

Subjects
Emergency department, Care transitions, Patient experience, Aging, COVID-19, Geriatrics, RC952-954.6
Abstract

Abstract Objective Improving care transitions for older adults can reduce emergency department (ED) visits, adverse events, and empower community autonomy. We conducted an inductive qualitative content analysis to identify themes emerging from comments to better understand ED care transitions. Methods The LEARNING WISDOM prospective longitudinal observational cohort includes older adults (≥ 65 years) who experienced a care transition after an ED visit from both before and during COVID-19. Their comments on this transition were collected via phone interview and transcribed. We conducted an inductive qualitative content analysis with randomly selected comments until saturation. Themes that arose from comments were coded and organized into frequencies and proportions. We followed the Standards for Reporting Qualitative Research (SRQR). Results Comments from 690 patients (339 pre-COVID, 351 during COVID) composed of 351 women (50.9%) and 339 men (49.1%) were analyzed. Patients were satisfied with acute emergency care, and the proportion of patients with positive acute care experiences increased with the COVID-19 pandemic. Negative patient comments were most often related to communication between health providers across the care continuum and the professionalism of personnel in the ED. Comments concerning home care became more neutral with the COVID-19 pandemic. Conclusion Patients were satisfied overall with acute care but reported gaps in professionalism and follow-up communication between providers. Comments may have changed in tone from positive to neutral regarding home care over the COVID-19 pandemic due to service slowdowns. Addressing these concerns may improve the quality of care transitions and provide future pandemic mitigation strategies.

Published
2024
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25. Extensions of two classical Poisson limit laws to non-stationary independent data

Author

Niang, Aladji Babacar, Sangaré, Harouna, Kpanzou, Tchilabalo Abozou, Lo, Gane Samb, and Ngom, Nafy

Subjects
Mathematics - Probability, 60F05
Abstract

In earlier stages in the introduction to asymptotic methods in probability theory, the weak convergence of sequences $(X_n)_{n\geq 1}$ of Binomial of random variables (\textit{rv}'s) to a Poisson law is classical and easy-to prove. A version of such a result concerning sequences $(Y_n)_{n\geq 1}$ of negative binomial \textit{rv}'s also exists. In both cases, $X_n$ and $Y_n-n$ are by-row sums $S_n[X]$ and $S_n[Y]$ of arrays of Bernoulli \textit{rv}'s and corrected geometric \textit{rv}'s respectively. When considered in the general frame of asymptotic theorems of by-row sums of \textit{rv}'s of arrays, these two simple results in the independent and identically distributed scheme can be generalized to non-stationary data and beyond to non-stationary and dependent data. Further generalizations give interesting results that would not be found by direct methods. In this paper, we focus on generalizations to the non-stationary independent data. Extensions to dependent data will addressed later., Comment: 21 pages, 0 figure

Published
2022

26. The Pseudo-Lindley Alpha Power transformed distribution, mathematical characterizations and asymptotic properties

Author

Ngom, Modou, Diallo, Moumouni, Fall, Adja Mbarka, and Lo, Gane Samb

Subjects
Mathematics - Statistics Theory
Abstract

We introduce a new generalization of the Pseudo-Lindley distribution by applying alpha power transformation. The obtained distribution is referred as the Pseudo-Lindley alpha power transformed distribution (\textit{PL-APT}). Some tractable mathematical properties of the \textit{PL-APT} distribution as reliability, hazard rate, order statistics and entropies are provided. The maximum likelihood method is used to obtain the parameters' estimation of the \textit{PL-APT} distribution. The asymptotic properties of the proposed distribution are discussed. Also, a simulation study is performed to compare the modeling capability and flexibility of \textit{PL-APT} with Lindley and Pseudo-Lindley distributions. The \textit{PL-APT} provides a good fit as the Lindley and the Pseudo-Lindley distribution. The extremal domain of attraction of \textit{PL-APT} is found and its quantile and extremal quantile functions studied. Finally, the extremal value index is estimated by the double-indexed Hill's estimator (Ngom and Lo, 2016) and related asymptotic statistical tests are provided and characterized.

Published
2022

27. Moments estimators and omnibus chi-square tests for some usual probability laws

Author

Gning, Gorgui, Niang, Aladji Babacar, Ngom, Modou, and Lo, Gane Samb

Subjects
Statistics - Methodology, Mathematics - Statistics Theory, 62F03, 62F12, 62F15
Abstract

For many probability laws, in parametric models, the estimation of the parameters can be done in the frame of the maximum likelihood method, or in the frame of moment estimation methods, or by using the plug-in method, etc. Usually, for estimating more than one parameter, the same frame is used. We focus on the moment estimation method in this paper. We use the instrumental tool of the functional empirical process (fep) in Lo (2016) to show how it is practical to derive, almost algebraically, the joint distribution Gaussian law and to derive omnibus chi-square asymptotic laws from it. We choose four distributions to illustrate the method (Gamma law, beta law, Uniform law and Fisher law) and completely describe the asymptotic laws of the moment estimators whenever possible. Simulations studies are performed to investigate for each case the smallest sizes for which the obtained statistical tests are recommendable. Generally, the omnibus chi-square test proposed here work fine with sample sizes around fifty, Comment: 36 pages; six figures

Published
2021

29. Simultaneous Joint Lower and Upper record values Probability Laws for Absolutely Continuous or Discrete Data

Author

Lo, Gane Samb, Ahsanullah, Mohammad, and Niang, Aladji Babacar

Subjects
Mathematics - Probability, 60Exx, 62G30
Abstract

This paper investigates the probability density function ($pdf$) of the $(2n-1)$-vector $(n\geq 1)$ of both lower and upper record values for a sequence of independent random variables with common $pdf f$ defined on the same probability space, provided that the lower and upper record times are finite up to $n$. A lot is known about the lower or the upper record values when they are studied separately. When put together, the challenges are a far bigger complicated. The rare results in the literature still present important flaws. This paper begins a new and complete investigation with a few number of records: 2 and 3. Lessons from these simple cases will allow addressing the general formulation of simultaneous joint lower-upper records., Comment: 63 pages, 3 figures

Published
2021

30. Central limit theorems for associated possibly moving partial sums and application to the non-stationary invariance principle

Author

Adekpedjou, Akim, Niang, Aladji Babacar, Traoré, Chérif Mamadou Moctar, and Lo, Gane samb

Subjects
Mathematics - Probability, 60F05, 60F17, 60G50
Abstract

General Central limit theorem deals with weak limits (in type) of sums of row-elements of array random variables. In some situations as in the invariance principle problem, the sums may include only parts of the row-elements. For strictly stationary arrays (stationary for each row), there is no change to the asymptotic results. But for non-stationary data, especially for dependent data, asymptotic laws of partial sums moving in rows may require extra-conditions to exist. This paper deals with central limit theorems with Gaussian limits for non-stationary data. Our main focus is on dependent data, particularly on associated data. But the non-stationary independent data is also studied as a learning process. The results are applied to finite-distributional invariance principles for the types of data described above. In Moreover, results for associated sequences are interesting and innovative. Beyond their own interest, the results are expected to be applied for random sums of random variables and next in statistical modeling in many disciplines, in Actuarial sciences for example, Comment: 43 pages

Published
2021

31. A note on the weak convergence of continuously integrable sequences

Author

Lo, Gane Samb and Niang, Aladji Babacar

Subjects
Mathematics - Functional Analysis
Abstract

A uniformly continuously integrable sequence of real-valued measurable functions, defined on some probability space, is relatively compact in the $\sigma(L^1,L^\infty)$ topology. In this paper, we link such a result to weak convergence theory of bounded measures as exposed in Billingsley (1968) and in Lo(2021) to offer a detailed and new proof using the ideas beneath the proof of prohorov's theorem where the continuous integrability replaces the uniform or asymptotic tightness.

Published
2021

32. Asymptotics of summands I: square integrable independent random variables

Author

Niang, Aladji Babacar, Lo, Gane Samb, and Diallo, Moumouni

Subjects
Mathematics - Probability, 60F05, 60E07
Abstract

This paper is part of series on self-contained papers in which a large part, if not the full extent, of the asymptotic limit theory of summands of independent random variables is exposed. Each paper of the series may be taken as review exposition but specially as a complete exposition expect a few exterior resources. For graduate students and for researchers (beginners or advanced), any paper of the series should be considered as a basis for constructing new results. The contents are taken from advanced books but the organization and the proofs use more recent tools, are given in more details and do not systematically follow previous one. Sometimes, theorems are completed and innovated, Comment: 8 pages

Published
2021

33. Momordica balsamina L.: A Plant with Multiple Therapeutic and Nutritional Potential—A Review

Author

Marème Thiaw, Issa Samb, Manon Genva, Mohamed Lamine Gaye, and Marie-Laure Fauconnier

Subjects
Momordica balsamina L., phytotherapy, phytochemicals, biological properties, nutritional values, cosmetic uses, Nutrition. Foods and food supply, TX341-641, Nutritional diseases. Deficiency diseases, RC620-627
Abstract

This review seeks to deepen our comprehension of the African plant Momordica balsamina L. by elucidating its therapeutically important molecules and nutrient composition. Commonly referred to as the balsam apple, this plant species is extensively harnessed for its diverse therapeutic potential across its various organs, including leaves, fruits, roots, and stems. Numerous bioactive molecules have been isolated or identified within this plant, notably encompassing polyphenols, flavonoids, terpenes, and carotenoids. These compounds exhibit a wide array of biological activities, ranging from antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic and anti-carcinogenic to anti-malarial properties, among others. Furthermore, the leaves of Momordica balsamina L. stand out for their abundant micronutrients, proteins, and amino acids. This investigation aims to shed light not only on the botanical characteristics of the Momordica balsamina plant and its potential applications in traditional medicine but also on its chemical composition, biological functionalities, and physicochemical attributes, thus accentuating its nutritional advantages. Nonetheless, an intriguing avenue presents itself for the exploration of strategies to conserve this species, delve deeper into its potential within the cosmetics industry, and innovate methodologies for the synthesis or biosynthesis of these bioactive molecules.

Published
2023
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34. La plus secrète mémoire des hommes de Mohamed Mbougar Sarr entre virtuosité esthétique et péril de l’autarcie identitaire

Author

Abibou SAMB

Subjects
Arts in general, NX1-820, Computational linguistics. Natural language processing, P98-98.5
Abstract

Résumé : Au moyen d’une intrigue tissée autour de la quête virtuelle d’un livre et de son auteur : Le labyrinthe de l’inhumain de T. C. Elimane, Mohamed Mbougar Sarr, dans La plus secrète mémoire des hommes, a fait éclater, par des prouesses esthétiques, les frontières de la poétique romanesque et à imposer au lecteur et à la critique une nouvelle posture pour repenser les fondements de la littérature ouverte au monde. À travers cette quête qui a épousé plusieurs allures et embrassé plusieurs interrogations, l’auteur a non seulement réussi à imbriquer et retravailler la cohabitation des genres littéraires et non-littéraires dans l’armature du corps romanesque, mais il a surtout ménagé sa plume d’une façon singulière, si nous tenons de l’analyse psychologique de ses personnages et du traitement des traces identitaires, pour déjouer le revers de l’autarcie identitaire et dissoudre les frontières, source d’angoisses et de conflits. Mots-clés : roman, esthétique, identité, faille, frontière, angoisses.

Published
2023

35. Outcomes after surgery for children in Africa (ASOS-Paeds): a 14-day prospective observational cohort study

Author

Torborg, Alexandra, Meyer, Heidi, El Fiky, Mahmoud, Fawzy, Maher, Elhadi, Muhammed, Ademuyiwa, Adesoji O, Osinaike, Babatunde Babasola, Hewitt-Smith, Adam, Nabukenya, Mary T, Bisegerwa, Ronald, Bouaoud, Souad, Abdoun, Meriem, El Adib, Ahmed Rhassane, Kifle Belachew, Fitsum, Gebre, Meseret, Taye, Desalegn Bekele, Kechiche, Nahla, Fadalla, Tarig, Abdallah, Bareeq, Chaibou, Maman Sani, Nyarko, Mame Yaa Adobea, Ki, Kélan Bertille, Shalongo, Sarah, Mulwafu, Wakisa, Thomson, Emma, Traore, Mamadou Mour, Ndonga, Andrew, Bittaye, Mustapha, Samateh, Ahmadou Lamin, Munlemvo, Dolly M., Kalongo, Jean Jacques, Coulibaly, Yacaria, Coulibaly, Youssouf, Ravelojaona, Vaonandianina, ANDRIAMANARIVO, Lalatiana, RAHERISON, Arsitide Romain, RANDRIAMIZAO, Harifetra Mamy Richard, RAMKALAWAN, Kushal, Omar, Mohamed Abdinor, Ndikontar, Raymond, Joseph, Donamou, Dahir, Shukri, Mohamed, Mubarak, Ali Daoud, Hassan, Ndarukwa, Pisirai, OTIOBANDA, Gilbert Fabrice, Banguti, Paulin, Neil, Kara, Derbew, Miliard, Fanny, Marvin, Smalle, Isaac, Taylor, Elliott H, Duvenage, Hanel, Hardy, Anneli, Kluyts, Hyla, Pearse, Rupert, Biccard, Bruce, AARON, Olurotimi Idowu, Abd Elazeem Mohammed, Hossam Aldein Samir, Abdalkarim, Batool, Abdalla, Abubaker, Abdallah, Mohamed Abubaker Ahmed, Abdeewi, Saedah, Abdel Ghafar, Taqwa, Abdelaleem, Ali, Abdelaleem, Ibrahim Abdelmonaem, Abdelgader, Khansaa, Abdelgadir, Waffa, Abdelhafez, Mohammed, Abdelhalim, Ahmed, Abdelkabir, Mohammed, Abdelkader Osman, Mohamed, Abdelkarim, Maha, Abdelkarim, Mohamed, Abdelmohsen, Sarah Magdy, Abdelnassir, Mazin, Abdelrahman, Ahmed Saber Mohamed, Abdelwahed, Aya Elsayed, Abdelzaher, Mohamed, Abderrahim, Baba Ahmed, Abdoulaye, Touré, Abdulai, Samira, Abdulghaffar, Yunus A., Abdullah, Fatimaalzahraa, Abdullahi, Lawal Barau, Abdullahi, Muzammil, Abdulrazik, Sarah, Abdulsalam, Khalifa Ibrahim, Abdulwahed, Eman, Abdus-Salam, Rukiyat, ABE, TOLUSHE, Abera Mulugeta, Gersam, Aboelghait, Aml Ali, Abol Oyoun, Nariman, Aboubekr, Boumediene, Abraham, Meera, Abu, Mohammed, Abuagila, Ahlam ali, Abubakar, Maimuna, Abugilah, Mohammed, Abuzeid, Issa A, Achouri, Djelloul, Acquah, Serwah Akua, Adam, Nusiba Bushra Ahmed, ADAMU, AUWAL, Adamu, Kabir Musa, ADAMU, MUHAMMAD, ADAMU, Sani, Adane, Samuel Gashu, Adeaga, Mojolaoluwa, Adebayo, Sikiru, Adedire, Adejare, Adegoke, Paul Aderemi, Adeniyi, Adebayo Augustine, Adeoye, Ibukunoluwa, Aderibigbe, Gbenga, ADEROUNMU, Azeezat, ADEYEMI, WILLIAMS, ADEYEMO, Adekunle, Adigun, Tinuola, Adika, Enoch Delad, ADISA, Adewale O, Adjei, Esther, Adjepong-Tandoh, Ernest Kwame, Ads, Alaa Mohamed, ADUMAH, Dr Collins Chijioke, ADUMAH, Lilian ogechi, Adzamli, Innocent, Afari, Jonas, Afedo, Wisdom, Affan, Abubaker, AFOLAYAN, Ayodeji Olawale, Agaba, Stuart, Agbeno, Evans, Agbonrofo, Peter, Aghadi, Ifeanyi, AGU, EDITH, Agyen, Thomas, Agyen-Mensah, Kwasi, Ahensan, Daasebre, Ahmad, Misbahu Haruna, AHMED, Awrayit, Ahmed, Linda, Ahmed, Nidal Youseef Altaher Aboh, Ahmed, Rubaa, Ahmed Jroush, Mohamed, ahmed maghur, Hasan, AHOGNI, G.N. Geofroid, Ait Yahia, Smain, Aji, Narjiss, Aji, Sani Ali, Akerele, William, Akhideno, Irene, Akinmokun, Israel, AKINNIYI, Akin Taofeek, Akinniyi, Ayodeji, AKINYEMI, Samuel, Akitoye, Olumide Adeleke, AKPAETTE, Iniofon Clement, Akuma, Terungwa Jacob, Akuokor, Daniel, Akwei, Clement Nii-Akwei, Al Bashir, Rayan Badran Hamed, Al Gharyani, Mohamed Fathi, al Islam ben Jouira, Rayet, Aladelusi, Timothy, Alakaloko, Felix, Alameen, Hind, Alameen Moheyaldeen, Mohammed, Alaogaly, Mona, Alarabi, Rehab, Alawami, Milud, Alazabi, Basma Masaud, Alazabi, Mona, Albakosh, Bashir Abobaker, ALBDULRRAZIQ, HUSAYN MOHAMMED ElFEETOURI, Aldieb, Asmma, Aldressi, Wafa, Alegbeleye, Godwin E., Alfa, Yakubu, Alhadad, Qamrah, Alhaddad, Arwa R, Alhaddad, Hayfa Faraj, Alhadi, Aliya, Alhamali, Aya, Alharam, Abtisam, Alhlafi, Majduldeen, Alhouwasi, Basmah, Alhudhairy, Sara, Ali, Abdallah Motasim Ahmed, Ali, Ahmed Jama, Ali, Almuaz, Ali, Asma, Ali, Enas, Ali, Mutwakil, Ali, Salem, Ali, Yunusa Y., Ali Ahmed, Abdelbaset, Aliozor, Sampson, Aljamal, Sarah, Alkaseek, Akram, Alkhalifa, Elmustafa, Alkoni, Samah, Allie, Abbaas, Almelyan, Khawla, Almugaddami, Ayman, Almujreesi, Asmaa, Alqady, Eithar, Alragheai, Alaa Ahmed, Alshareea, Entisar, Alshareef, Abulnasir, Alsori, Mohamed, Altomy, Seham Ahmed, Al-Touny, Aiman, Al-Touny, Shimaa A., Alum Aguma, Rachel, Alwaer, Nuha Miftah, Al-zletni, Hadeel, Alzwai, Marwa, Amaambo, Nelago, Amah, Christopher C, Amary, Marwa, Amengle, Ludovic Albert, Amesho, Shiwana Lineekela Omwene, Ametepe, Mawuli, Amkhatirah, Emad, Amnaina, Mohamed Gamal, Amoah, Benjamin, Amoah, Joseph Kofi, Amo-Aidoo, Nana Adjoa Simitsewa, Amoako-Boateng, Mabel, Ampong, Jude, Anane-Fenin, Betty, Anarfi, Samuel, Andriamanarivo, Mamy Lalatiana, Aniakwo, Luke, Aniteye, Ernest, Ankrah, Levi Nii-Ayi, Anno, Audrey, Anyanwu, Lofty-John Chukwuemeka, Anyigba, Edem, Appeadu-Mensah, William, Appiah-Thompson, Peter, Apraku-Peprah, Ewuarabena Lydia, Aremu, Shuaib Kayode, Arinaitwe, Moses, Armah, Ralph, Arthur, Augustine, Arthur, Douglas, Asah-Opoku, Kwaku, Asante, Mabel, Asante-Asamani, Alvin, Asare, Angbo, Asasira, Lausa, Ashfersh, Mohamed, ASHINDOITIANG, John A., Ashong, Joycelyn, Ashraf Salah, Mohamed, Asiedu, Charles, Asiedu, Isaac, Asiyanbi, Kolawole, Asla, Amir, Asman, Wilfred, Asoegwu, Emeka J., Assalhi, Mohamed, Assim, Claudia, Asudo, Felicia Dele, Atai, Alice Gertrude, Ateeqa, Sara Bin, Atim, Terkaa, Atindama, Solomon, ATIQUI, IJLAL, Atrih, Zoubir, Attah, Raphael Avidime, Awad, Ahmed K, Awedew, Atalel Fentahun, Aween, Husayn, Awere-Kyere, Lawrence, Awindaogo, Joseph, Awori Achani, Margaret, Ayad, Kusay, Azab, Ahmed, Azas, Alberta, Aziza, Bochra, Azize, Diallo Abdoul, AZOUI, Abdelkrim, Azouz, Jomana, Baba, Suleiman, Babalola, Olakunle Fatai, Babiker, Mona, Baddoo, Daniel, Badi, Aml, BADMUS, Sarat Abolore, Badr, Helmy, Bah, Abdoulie, Bah, Fatoumata Yakhie, Bah, Kajali, Bah, Marma Tumaneh, Bahroun, Sumayyah, Baidoo, Ebikela, Baidoo, Kenneth, Baidoo, Richard, Bakare, Adewumi, Bakeer, Hiba Baliad, Baky Fahmy, Mohamed A, Balogun, James, Bamigboye, Babatunde, Bankah, Patrick, Banson, Mabel, Barhouma, Yehia Emad, Barongo, Mugisha, BASHIR RABIU, MOHAMMED, Bassem, Adham, Bedair, Mohamed Adel Ali, Beeharry, Hemanshu Rambojan, Beeharry, Shanjugsing, Bekele, Sintayehu, Belie, Orimisan, Belkhair, Abdulmunem, Ben Ahmed, Yosra, Ben Ashur, Abir, Ben Hamida, Bahaeddin, Benade, Christia, BENMANSEUR, Sawsen, Bensebti, Amina Amel, BERDAI, Mohamed Adnane, Beyuo, Vera, Biala, Marwa, Bilson-Amoah, Estella, Bin wali, Salema Subhi, Binnawara, Muhannud, Birlie Chekol, Wubie, Birqeeq, Ghada, Biyase, Thuli, Blankson, Paa Kwesi, Boakye, Benedict, Boakye-Acheampong, Kwame, Boakye-Yiadom, Kwaku, Boateng, Joseph, Bobaker, Salem, Bode, Christopher, Bogoslovskiy, Alexander, Bolarinwa, Eniola Sefiu, Boretti, Lorenzo, Botchway, Maame Tekyiwa, Botha, Christo, BOUDA, B. David, BOURENANE, Haithem, BOUZBID, Sabiha, Boye, Jeffrey, Branny, Mthelebofu, Brown, George Darko, Brown, Warren, Bua, Emmanuel, BWALA, KEFAS JOHN, Camara, Bakary, Camara, M'mah Lamine, Carol, Tisana, Ceesay, Winston, Chafee, Karim, Chaklie Agegnehu, Bewuketu, Chamir, Congo, Chaziya, Peter YC, Chellan, Chantal, Cheniki, Narimane, Chennouf, Sarra, Chepkoech, Eglah, Chilango, Creamy, Chinda, John Yola, Chokwe, Thomas M., Choutri, Hichem, Christian, Nana Ama, Chukwu, Isaac, Chummun, Girish, Cilliers, Celeste, Cloete, Estie, Collison, Carol, Cronje, Larissa, Daary, Dennis, DAD, Bouzid, Daddy, Hadjara, Dahilo, Enoch Auta, Dairam, Jenitha, Dalaf, Manar Salim, Damson, Pempho, Daneji, Sulaiman Muhammad, Daniel, Adekunle, Daoud, Asmaa, Daoud, Hassan, Darat, Tarik Darat, Darko, Kwadwo Opoku, Darko, Kwame, Davidson, Kerryn, Davies, Abigail, Dawang, Yusuf Davou, Dayal, Kishan, Dayie, Makafui, de Goede, Adele, Deelawar, Bibi Waardanaaz, Derwish, Khawla, Desalu, Ibironke, Dessalegn Beza, Andinet, Dhege, Celestino, Dhilraj, Deepika, Diallo, Thierno Sadou, Diaw, Mbaye, Diaw Diop, Amadou, DIENE, Mansour, Dieng, Mactar, Dippenaar, Tinus, Djagbletey, Robert, Djedid, Nihel Klouche, Djouonang, Kamga Telly, Dominique, Shep, Drammeh, Basiru, Drissi, Hajer, du Bruyn, Aritha, Dube, Thandeka, Dufe, Rebecca, Dung, Dido, Earl, Ettiene, Ebrahem, Osama Khalifa Ali, Ebrahim, Zahier, Edena, Morrison E., Effa Ngono, Rosa, Egbuchulem, Kelvin, Egdeer, Amin, Eguma, Stella A., Ehimhantie, Martins, EJIOFOR, Ogochukwu Chidi, Ejuma, Lucy O., Ekenze, Sebastian, Ekhmaj, Reyad Almokhtar, Ekor, Oluwayemisi, EKPA, Sifonobong, Ekpemo, Chidi Samuel, Ekudo, Joseph, Ekwunife, Okechukwu Hyginus, El Koraichi, Alae, El Magrahi, Hamida, El Mejrab, Mohsen, El Sadek, Rania, El YOUBI, Haitam, Eladani, Oman, Elamesh, Sara Abdel Hamid, Elamien, Mohanad, Elamin Elnour, Moheyaldien Ahmed, Elbadawy, Merihan A, Elbaseet, Hesham, Elderwy, Ahmad A., Elebute, Olumide, Elgamal, Mostafa, Elgenidy, Anas, Elghareeb, Ahmed, Elgherwi, Laila, Elhadad, Rasha, Elhadi, Ahmed, Elhassan, Mohamed, Elkhouly, Abdallah Mohamed, Ellebedy, Mohamed, ELMAJRI, MOHAMED FUAD, Elmandouh, Omar, Elmandouh, Reem, Elmorsi, Rami, ELOMBILA, Marie, Elsadek, Menan, Elsalhawy, Shady, Elsayem, Karam, Elshafiey, Mahmoud, El-Sharkawi, Mohammad, Elshazly, Mohamed, Eltaub, Darine, Eltayeb, Almoutaz A, Eltayeb, Mohammed Eltayeb Zainelabdean, Eltegani Abdalla, Abeer, ElWakeel, Mai, Embu, Henry, Emoru, Arthur, Enicker, Basil, Enti, Donald, Entsua-Mensah, Kow, Eseile, Samuel Ideyonbe, Essuman, Vera Adobea, Et-taghy, Hiba, Etwire, Victor, Eyaman, Kuba Daniel, Ezbeida, Mabroukah, EZEKIEL, ANTHONY SABO, Ezidiegwu, Stanley Ugochukwu, Ezomike, Uchechukwu Obiora, FABOYA, Omolara, Fadlalmola, Hammad.A., FAGBAYIMU, Oluwatobiloba Micheal, Faida, Hamza, FALL, Khady, Farahat, Sherif, Faraj, Ali, Faraj, Noora, Farghaly, Amal, Farhat, Karima Omar Ahmed, Farinyaro, Aliyu Umar, Fathi Bani, Ghada, Fattah, Ahmed, Fening, Nana, Fentahun Emrie, Assefa, Fidieley, Melody, Fikadu Keneni, Dame, Fischer, Monique, Flint, Margot, Fodo, Naledi, Fofana, Naby, Fokeerah, Nitish, Folami, Emmanuel, Folokwe, Siyasanga, Fonternel, Doors, Fosi Kamga, Gacelle, Fotso, Luc Kamga, Fourtounas, Maria, Frankish, Leanne, Gabier, Ilhaam, Gacii, Vernon M., Gaffoor, M Sheik, Gagara, Moussa, GALADIMA, Hajara Aminu, Gamubaka, Richard, Ganey, Mike, Ganiyu, Oseni Oyediran, Gasa, Nompumelelo, Gatheru, Antony P., Gawu, Victoria Sena, Gaya, Subha Shita Devi, GAYE, Ibrahima, Gebremichael Ganta, Ashagre, Gelaw, Kassahun Girma, Geldenhuys, Lieze, Getachew Tegegn, Ayenachew, Ghemmied, Malak, Ghmagh, Reem, GILES, AHEREZA, Ginsburg, Ricky Ginsburg, Girma, Kassahun, Gjam, Fatima, Glover-Addy, Hope, Gobin, Veekash, Gomeh, Patricia, Gomez, Dimingo, Gorelyk, Alexandro, Gossaye, Abay, Govender, Veneshree, Grant, Jenny, Grayson, Britney L., Grobbelaar, Mariette, Gueye, Khadim Rassoul, GUIRO, Habibou, Gumede, Simphiwe, Gurure, Desire, Gusibat, Anwar, Gyeke-Boafo, Nana Kwame, HACHEMI, Sihem, Haddis, Kullehe, Haidar, Arwa, Haif, Assia, Hameed-Ikram, Sarwat, Hamid, Haytham, Hamukwaya, Dilona, Hanson, Nana Andoh, Hanzi, Joseph, Hardcastle, Timothy, Harissou, Adamou, Hasan, Ameerah, Hasan, Hayat Ben, Hasan, Najat Ben, Hashi, Abdullahi Said, Hashish, Amel A, Hassaan, Ibrahim, Hassan, Sadiq, Hassan, Sakariye Abdullaahi, Hassan, Tasneem, Hassan, Zeinab, Hassane, Maman Lawal, Hassanein, Mohamed, Hawu, Yoli, Haywood, David, Heelan, Halima, Hendricks, Natalie, Hillah, Ayayi, Hlela, Qinisile, HMAMOUCHI, Badreddine, Hoko, Zanele, Honny, Dorothy, Honore, Samba, Houidi, Senda, Human, Thys, Hussain, Eiman, Hussain Kona, Moataz Hashim, Hussein, Yara, Ibekwe, Titus Sunday, Ibiyemi, Akeem, IBIYEYE, TAIBAT, Ibrahim, Ibrahim Ali, Ibrahim, Lawal Ibrahim, Ibrahim, Soaleh, Ibrahim Abubakar, Amina, Ibrahim Alain, Traore, Idipo, Frieda, Idoko, Godwin, Idowu, Olusola, Idris, Mohammad El-Amin, Igaga, Elizabeth Namugaya, Iindongo, Etuuva, IITULA, Petrus, IKOTUN, Oluwafunmilayo, ILLE, Gloria, Imposo, Desire Hubert, Invernizzi, Jonathan, Irungu, Eric, Isbayqah, Areej Mohammed, Isbayqah, Eenas Mohammed, Ismael, Guibla, Ismail, Ali M, Itambi, Asoh Maxwell, Jabang, John Nute, Jaga, Rudhir, Jaganath, Ushir, Jaiteh, Lamin, Jallow, Cherno S, James, Olutayo, Javed, Sayed, Jithoo, Sandhya, Jlidi, Said, Joel, Lessan, Johnson, Marianne, JONES, TAIWO, Jooma, Zainub, Joomye, Shehzaad, Joosab, Mehboob, JOUINI, Riadh, Jubail, Mohamed J, Juggoo, Chaya, Jumbi, Timothy Mwai, Kaabar, Nejib, Kabirou, Mourtala, Kabiru, Abdulkadir Muhammad, Kabre, B. Yvette, Kache, Stephen, Kacimi, Salah Eddine Oussama, KADAS, ABUBAKAR SAIDU, KAHANSIM, Barminas, Kalipa, Mandisa, Kalongo, Jean Jacques Kabuley, Kalu, Nmesomachi Enyidiya, Kamate, Benoi, Kamwangen, Gracia Mitonga, Kandjimi, Matti, Kanjana-Zondo, Nokuzola, Kankpeyeng, Lawrence, Kapalamula, Tiyamike, Karadji, Souleymane, Kargbo, Mohamed Alieu, Karghul, Mohamed, Kaskar, Razeena, Kasker, Razeena, Kasobya, Faith, Kassem, Ossama, Kateregga, George, Kayima, Peter, Kedwany, Ahmed M., Ken-Amoah, Sebastian, Kenneth, Tomanya Kakura, KERISSE, Amina Nour El-Houd, KERKENI, Yosra, Khairi, Rania, Khaled, Mohamed, Khalifa, Eissa, Khalifa, Marwa Suliman, Khalil, Mohamed Kamal, Khattab, Mohamed S I, Khodary, Ahmed Refaat, Khumalo, Bridget Florence, Khumalo, Phindile, Kigayi, Jean Pierre, Kimutai, Timothy Kiprotich, KINDO, Bassirou, KIRFI, ABDULLAHI MUSA, Koggoh, Patience, Koko, Alshaima A, Kopieniak, Marcin, Kotagiri, Chandra, Kotey, Emily, Kouicem, Aya Tinhinane, Kpangkpari, Richard, Kudoh, Vincent, Kufonya, Norman, Kuhn, Warren, Kutor, Jasper, Kwakye, Akosua, Kynes, J. Matthew, Lambrechts, Lelanie, Lamiri, Rachida, LANRE, OLOKO NASIRUDEEN, Larvie, Prince, Lateef, Azeez Kehinde, LATRECHE, Samir, Lawal, Taiwo, Leballo, Gontse, Lebereki, Simon, Lee, Dorinda, Leeb, Gregory, Leonard, Tristan, LEYONO-MAWANDZA, Peggy Dalliah Gallou, Likongo, Ted Botawaosenge, Limalia, Ziyaad, LIMAN, HARUNA USMAN, Loae, Nada, Lompoli, Beinvenue Nkoy Ena, Lusungu, Dodo, M.Mokhtar, Fatma AL-Zahraa, Madany, Mohie El-Din Mostafa, Maddy, Reginald Jeff, Madombwe, Gladmore, Mafabi, Solomon, Magashi, Mahmoud Kawu, Maharaj, Sanvir, Mahfouz, Shaimaa Mahmoud, Mahlare, Korowe Rose Voncil, Mahmoud, Fathia, Maikassoua, Mamane, Maison, Patrick, Maiwald, Dela, Makhoba, Philisiwe, Makinita, Sewela Grace, Makou epse Tolefac, Myriam, Malau, Thomas Kefas, Mamathuntsha, Tshilidzi Godfrey, Mamo, Tihitena Negussie, Mamuda, Atiku, Mandundzo, Paidamoyo, Mangray, Hansie, Mani, Salma, Manneh, Ebrima K, Mansour, Noureldin Mohamed, Manyere, DV, Mapurisa, Amarylis, Mare, Pieter, Martin, Mogammad Ebrahim, Mashaal, Abdelhafeez, Mashaya, Sonela, Masilela, Patience Busisiwe, Mathebula, Ruth, Mathinya, Tlhapane, Matlala, Tumelo Kwena, Matlou, Mabitsela, Matos-Puig, Roel, Matoug, Salmin, Maudarbocus, Mohammad Jeelani, Mavesere, Haziel Pindukai, Mavila, Jackson, Mayet, Shafeeqa, Maygag, Mohamed, Mbatha, Nonhlanhla, Mbatudde, Rita, Mbiya Kapinga, Anne, Mbuyamba, Jojo, Mbuyi, Ali T, Mdlalose, Nkosinathi, Prowling, Megan, Mejeni, Nathalie, Mekonnen Ejigu, Yayehyirad, Merghani, Safa, Metogo, Junette Epse Njoki, Mhiri, Riadh, Mhone, Lyness, Michael, Afieharo, Miko, Abdullahi Mustapha, Milad, Ahmed, Mishra, Ravi, Mjadu, Londiwe, Mkhontwana, Nokonwaba, Mlambo, Nompilo, Mncwango, Zama, Mngoma, Gcina, Mnguni, Mzamo, Modekwe, Victor Ifeanyichukwu, Mogane, Palesa, Moghazy, Rama, Mogotsi, Kena, Mohalal, Mohamed Salah, Mohamed, Amin Awad Alamin, Mohamed, Maria, Mohamed, Molhema Eltaib Elamin, Mohamed, Suleyman Abdullahi, Mohamedkheir, Mohamed Abdelmoneim, Mohammad, Ahmad Lofty, Mohammad, Alhassan Datti, Mohammad, Aminu Mohammad, Mohammed, Abdulrahman, Mohammed, Muhanned, Mohammed, Rabiu Isah, Mohammed, Rehab, Mohammed, Taha Salah Abdelmaksaod, Mohammedosman, Doaa, Mohsen, Siham Moftah, Molla Getahun, Amsalu, Moloisi, Makwati, Monib, Fatma A, Moodley, Kirushin, Moopanar, Manogran, Morgan, Fatma, Moris, Baluku, Morna, Martin, Moses, Vaughn, Mostafa, Mahmoud Mohamed, Motiang, Mammie, Motseoile, Toni, Motshabi, Palesa, MOUSSAOUI, Nassima, Mpoto, Dany Bolimo, MPOY EMY MONKESSA, Christ Mayick, MRARA, BUSISIWE, Mshelbwala, Philip Mari, Msherghi, Ahmed, Msibi, Trevor, Mubunda, Raphael Kapend, Muhammad, Abubakar Bala, Muhammad, Saminu, Muhanguzi, Joshua, Muhindo, Ruth, Mukenga, Martin Mamba, Mukuna, Patrick Miteo, Mulewa, Deogracias, Munanzvi, Kudzayi Sarah, Mungur, Luckshmanraj, Munubi, Aziz, Munyalo, Francisca Syovata, Muriithi, Julius M., Musa, Abdullahi Aliyu, Musa, Kareem, Musa, Mosaab Abdelhafiz Ebrahim, Musana, Fred, Musewu, Tongo Douglas, Musiitwa, Albino Kiboonwa, Mwangi, Caroline M., Mwepu, Idesbald Mwebe, Mwepu, Michel Ilunga, Mwika, Peter Mwirichia, Mwiti, Timothy M., Myeni, Physician, Mzoneli, Nosisi, Naana, Reyam, Nabukenya, Gladys, Nabunya, Susan, Naidoo, Alishka, Naidoo, Verushka, Naidu, Priyanka, Nakyanzi, Caroline, Nambi, Esther, Nampawu, Mary Juliet, Nampiina, Gorret, Namutebi, Hasifah, Nana, Benedict, Nanda, Joëlle Sandra Youssa, Nanimambi, Juliana, Nantongo, Betty, Napolitano, Luisa, Naser, Alg, Nassar, Ahmad Sammy, Nassar, Muhammad Sammy, Nasser, Nadine, Nawezo, Jacob Gerald, NDIAYE, Alain, NDIAYE, Cheikh Ahmed Tidiane, Ndiaye, Françoise, Ndibarekera, Sarah Harriet, Ndjoko, Sylvie Mishondo, Ndlovu, Msizi, Nduwayezu, Richard, Negash, Samuel, Nehema, Sarah, Neizer, Margaret, NEJMI, Sifeddine, Nezam-Parast, Masoud, Ng How Tseung, Kenny, Ngcelwane, Thandokazi, Ngene, Ikenna, Nghidinwa, Hilka, Ngissah, Reuben, Ngock, George Farrar Fola Ngock, Ngouane, Diane, Ngumi, Zipporah, Nibret, Yonas, NIENGO OUTSOUTA, Gilles, Njie, Masirending, NJOKANMA, Rapheal Azuka, Nkhata, Lister, Nkhuna, Nyajane Thomas, Nkosi, Nobuhle, Nkosi, Sebenzile, Nkwembe, Christophe Mualuka, Nnaji, Chimaobi, Nneji-Akazie, Tochukwu, Nongqo, Nezisa, Nortey, Michael, Noutakdie Tochie, Joel, Nsaful, Josephine, Nsimire, Berthe Barhayiga, Nte, Stanley K., Ntshingila, Cebile, Ntsie, Nthabiseng Precious, Ntsoane, David, Ntumy, Michael Yao, Nuer-Allornuvor, Gloria, Nuhu, Samuel, Nutsuklo, Prudence, Nwachukwu, Callistus Uchenna, NWAFULUME, NNAEMEKA, Nwangwu, Emmanuel, Nwankwo, Elochukwu P, Nyame, Clement Agyekum, Nyamekye, Evelyn, Nyankah, Eunice, Nyoka-Mokgalong, Cecilia, Oase, Divine, Obande, Joseph Orinya, Obbeng, Ambe, Obeng-Adjei, Grace-Imelda, Obianyo, Ijeoma, Obianyo, Nene E, Obiechina, Sylvester, OBRI, Abraham I., ODI, TEMITOPE, Odingo, Jonathan, Oelofsen, Siobhan, Ofori, Emmanuel, Ofori-Adjei, Dziffa, Ogaji, Idoko Monday, Ogundoyin, Olakayode Olaolu, OGUNLEYE, OLABISI, OGUNS, Abayomi, Ogunsua, Oluseyi, Ohemeng-Mensah, Elvis, Ojediran, Olubukola, Ojediran, Oluwabukade, Ojewuyi, Abiodun, Ojewuyi, Olufemi, Ojo, Adedoyin, OJO, Olugbenga Olalekan, Ojo, Omotayo, Okedare, Amos, Okenwa, Samuel C., Oko, Adariku Godwin, Okojie, Nkechi, Okonkwo, Leonard Nduka, Okoth, Peter, Okunlola, Abiodun Idowu, Okunlola, Cecilia Kehinde, Okurut, Mathew, Oladimeji, Motunrayo, Oladiran, Ajibola, Olagunju, Ganiyat R., Olajide, Abdul-Rahman Lukman, Olajide, Adewale. Timothy, Olang, Patrick R., Olayinka, Oluwakemi, Olori, Samson, Olulana, Dare, Olulana, Dare Isaac, Olusanya, Bolutife, Omar, Duaa Eisa, Onakpoya, Uvie, ONeil, Matthew, Onen, Hudson, ONYEKA, Chinonso, Oosthuizen, Alexis, Opandoh, Isabella, Opiyo, Sophy, Oppong, Jonathan, Orewole, Tesleem Olayinka, Orji, Mathias, Osagie, Olabisi, Osagie, Osasumwen T., Osaheni, Osayomwanbo, Osama Sleem, Adham, Osawa, Francis Omondi, Osei, Fred, Osei-Nketiah, Samuel, Osei-Poku, Dorcas, Osman, Alaa, Osman Ahmed, Mohammed, Osman Suliman, Sarah Omer, Otchere, Kofi, Othman, Amani Alsayd Abdulsalam, Othman, Eman, Othman, May, Otim, Paul, Otim, Tonny, Otman, Rema Hassan, Otoki, Violet, OUDJHIH, Messa, OUEDRAOGO, Issaka, OUEDRAOGO, P. Justin, Ousmane Hamady, Issa, Ouyahia, Amel, OWOJUYIGBE, Afolabi, Owoo, Christian, Owoo, Precious, Owusu Boamah, Matthew, Oyedele, Abisola, Oyedepo, Olanrewaju, Oyegbola, Christianah, Panday, Juniata, Parker, Ewomazino U. Evi, Parker, Ilyas, Parker, Robert K., Pembe, Julie Ndjondo, Percivale, Beatrice, Pereko, Janet, Pérez, Mariela, Perumal, Neville, Pillay, Leresse, Pretorius, Robyn, Prinsloo, Roz, Pryce, Charles, Puryag, Ashveen, QUADRI, Oladeji Raheem, Quansah, Kofi, Quarcoopome, Cornelia, Quarshie, Amanda, Quartson, Elizabeth, Quashie-Sam, James, Rabiu, Ayuba, Rabiu, Taofeek, Rahma, Manal, Rahman, Ganiyu Adebisi, Rais, Mounira, Rajah, Chantal, Rakotondrainibe, Aurélia, Ramakrishnan, Rema, Ramatou, Sabo, Ramdawon, Brinda, Ramdhani, Kirthi, Ramkaun, Yeswant, RAPHAEL, OSELE, Raslan, Hani Mohammed Ahmed, Redelinghuys, Cara, Riffi, Omar, Rikhotso, Hundzukani, Roberts, Charles AP, Robertson, Caroline, Roland, Nchufor, Roos, John, S. Abdalgadir, Esra, Saad, Alshaimaa, Saad, Mahmoud M., Saad El-Tanekhy, Aalaa, Saadi, Cyrine, Saadu, Tasiu, Saber, Mohamed, Sabir Yassin, Fatima Mohammed, Sabo, Vinishe Yakubu, Sabra, Tarek Abdelazem, Saeid, Dawoud Amhimmid, Safar, Amna, Sagboze, Sandra, Sahnoun, Lassaad, Salahu, Babangida Mohammed, Salami, Kelvin, Salawu, Adedayo Idris, Saleh, Hawazen, Saleh, Ismail Ali, Saleh, Khetam Mohamed, Salele, Aliyu Mohammed, Salem, Fatima, Salem, Osama, Salih, Mohammed Ali Ismael Alamin, Salisu, Ibrahim, Sall, Mouhamedoun, SAMB, Cheikh Fall, Sangak, Isam A, Sanoussi, Nanzir Moctar, Sanya, Douglas, Sanyang, Anaumana B, Sarpong, Pokua, SARR, Joseph Niame, Schnaubelt, Romy, Searyoh, Kafui, SECK, Ndèye Fatou, Secka, Abdoulie Sering, Seif, Mohamed, Seilbea, Yvonne, Semret Hailu, Berhe, Sepenu, Perez, Sewlall, Janice, Seyi-Olajide, Justina, Shai, Shiluva, Shalaby, Abdullah Mohamad Omar, SHAPHAT, IBRAHIM, Shava, Garai, Sheidu Owuda, Abdullahi, Sheshe, Abdurrahman Abba, Shetiwy, Mosab, Shezi, Nomusa, Shihab, Maryam Husam, Shitakumuna, Helena, Shitaye, Nebiyu, Shitta, Andrew H., Sholadoye, Tunde Talib, Shouasha, Princely, Shu'aibu, Naziru Garba, Shuiap, Nouran musbah, Sibeko, Bongekile, Sikhakhane, Sebe, Sikwete, Guigui, Sime Gizaw, Habtamu, Simelane, Nhlanhlenhle, Simon, Edwina, Singh, Usha, SIRAJALDIN, Abdulla, Siriboe, Esme, Siyothula, Thozama, Siyotula, Thozama, Smart-Yeboah, Awo, SMITH, Saidat, Solala, Sivuyisiwe, Soliman, Eman A., Solo, Corinne Eulalie, Sombéwendin Charles, Ilboudo, Sonaike, Monisola, Songden, David Zumnan, Sottie, Daniel, Soualili, Zineddine, Soula, Enas, Souleymane, Sidibe, SOWANDE, Oludayo Adedapo, Spytko, Alex, Srir, Daria Omar M, Ssebuguzi, Lawrence, Stegmann, George Frederik, Strauss, Lindsey, Struwig, Estee, Succi, Marcello, Suleiman, Abdul-Rasheed, Suliman, Mazin, Swartz, Mikhail, Taha, Taha M., Takai, Idris Usman, Takou, Bougoue Horline, Takrouney, Mohammed Hamada, Takure, Augustine, TALABI, Ademola Olusegun, Tall, Mamadou, Taute, Carla, Tawfik, Mohamed, Taylor, Jenna, Tembe, Dias Salomao, Temesgen, Fissha, Tesfaye, Emnet, Theko, Dineo, Thiart, Mari, Thompson, Ruary, Thuer, Linda, Tientcheu Fabrice, Tim, Tilahun, Zekaryas Belete, Tilahun Woldetsadik, Tsion, Timo, Manuella, Timotews, Namene, Tjiyokola, David, Tolani, Musliu Adetola, TOUABTI, Souhem, Traoré, Diakaridia, Tsegha, Livingfaith Jighjigh, Tseli, Mbeki, Tumuhimbise, Christine, Tumukunde, Janat, Tunkara, Salihu F S, Turshan, Laila, Turton, Edwin, Uchendu, Chukwudi Chukwuemeka, UDIE, Gabriel U., UDOSEN, Joseph E., Ugalahi, Mary, Ugwu, Euphemia M., UGWU, Ikechukwu Ethelbert, Ugwu, Jideofor Okechukwu, Ugwunne, Chuka A, Ukpabio, Ukpabio E.I., Umar, Aminu Muhammed, UMEH, Chizoba Linda, Ungen, Rowena, Usang, Usang, Usenbo, T, Usman, Mustapha Ibrahim, UWAYESU, Roda, Van Aswegen, Benjamin, van der Byl, Ashley, van der Linde, Pieter, van der Walt, Stephan, van Schalkwyk, Hendrik Petrus, van Tonder, Charme, van Vuuren, Suleen, van Wyk, Janri, van Zyl, Sudene, Wabule, Agnes, Wacays, Abdirahman, Waheed Mowafy, Ghada, Waisiko, Bethleen, Walawah, David, Walithandia, Eziron, Wamwaki, John, Wataaka, Nicholas, Wessels, Nelia, Williams, Emmanuel, WILLIAMS, Omolara, Woldegiorgis, Abel, Wolfaardt, George, Wondossen, Mekete, Woodun, Ritish, Workineh, Saleamlak Tigabie, Wubetu, Solomon, Yahia, Mohamed, Yakubu, Hamisu, Yakubu, Saidu Yusuf, Yalewu, Dawit Zerihun, YAMEOGO, T. Azer-Clovis, Yeboah, Francis, YENYI AHUKA LONGOMBE, Thérèse, Younes, Eman, Young, Chad, Younis, Nageia, Younus, Tarig Yousuf Ibrahim, YUSUF, STEPHEN, Zaki, Fatima, Zbida, Ibrahim, Zenda, Thubelihle, ZERIZER, Yassine, Zingoni, Kudzai, Zitouni, Hayett, ZONGO, P. Valentin, Zubi, Abdalrahem, Zulu, Nonhlanhla, and Zulu, Nqobile

Published
2024
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36. Second order Expansions for Extreme Quantiles of Burr Distributions and Asymptotic Theory of Record Values

Author

Diallo, Moumouni, Ngom, Modou, Dembele, Soumaila, and Lo, Gane Samb

Subjects
Mathematics - Statistics Theory
Abstract

In this paper we investigate the Burr distributions family which contains twelve members. Second order expansions of quantiles of the Burr's distributions are provided on which may be based statistical methods, in particular in extreme value theory. Beyond the proper interest of these expansions, we apply them to characterize the asymptotic laws of their records of Burr's distributions, lead to new statistical tests.

Published
2021

37. Quality at a Glance: An Audit of Web-Crawled Multilingual Datasets

Author

Kreutzer, Julia, Caswell, Isaac, Wang, Lisa, Wahab, Ahsan, van Esch, Daan, Ulzii-Orshikh, Nasanbayar, Tapo, Allahsera, Subramani, Nishant, Sokolov, Artem, Sikasote, Claytone, Setyawan, Monang, Sarin, Supheakmungkol, Samb, Sokhar, Sagot, Benoît, Rivera, Clara, Rios, Annette, Papadimitriou, Isabel, Osei, Salomey, Suarez, Pedro Ortiz, Orife, Iroro, Ogueji, Kelechi, Rubungo, Andre Niyongabo, Nguyen, Toan Q., Müller, Mathias, Müller, André, Muhammad, Shamsuddeen Hassan, Muhammad, Nanda, Mnyakeni, Ayanda, Mirzakhalov, Jamshidbek, Matangira, Tapiwanashe, Leong, Colin, Lawson, Nze, Kudugunta, Sneha, Jernite, Yacine, Jenny, Mathias, Firat, Orhan, Dossou, Bonaventure F. P., Dlamini, Sakhile, de Silva, Nisansa, Ballı, Sakine Çabuk, Biderman, Stella, Battisti, Alessia, Baruwa, Ahmed, Bapna, Ankur, Baljekar, Pallavi, Azime, Israel Abebe, Awokoya, Ayodele, Ataman, Duygu, Ahia, Orevaoghene, Ahia, Oghenefego, Agrawal, Sweta, and Adeyemi, Mofetoluwa

Subjects
Computer Science - Computation and Language, Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence
Abstract

With the success of large-scale pre-training and multilingual modeling in Natural Language Processing (NLP), recent years have seen a proliferation of large, web-mined text datasets covering hundreds of languages. We manually audit the quality of 205 language-specific corpora released with five major public datasets (CCAligned, ParaCrawl, WikiMatrix, OSCAR, mC4). Lower-resource corpora have systematic issues: At least 15 corpora have no usable text, and a significant fraction contains less than 50% sentences of acceptable quality. In addition, many are mislabeled or use nonstandard/ambiguous language codes. We demonstrate that these issues are easy to detect even for non-proficient speakers, and supplement the human audit with automatic analyses. Finally, we recommend techniques to evaluate and improve multilingual corpora and discuss potential risks that come with low-quality data releases., Comment: Accepted at TACL; pre-MIT Press publication version

Published
2021
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38. IrokoBench: A New Benchmark for African Languages in the Age of Large Language Models.

Author

David Ifeoluwa Adelani, Jessica Ojo, Israel Abebe Azime, Jian Yun Zhuang, Jesujoba O. Alabi, Xuanli He, Millicent Ochieng, Sara Hooker, Andiswa Bukula, En-Shiun Annie Lee, Chiamaka Chukwuneke, Happy Buzaaba, Blessing K. Sibanda, Godson Kalipe, Jonathan Mukiibi, Salomon Kabongo, Foutse Yuehgoh, Mmasibidi Setaka, Lolwethu Ndolela, Nkiruka Odu, Rooweither Mabuya, Shamsuddeen Hassan Muhammad, Salomey Osei, Sokhar Samb, Tadesse Kebede Guge, and Pontus Stenetorp

Published
2024
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41. Nutritional values of green and white cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) and African horned cucumber (Cucumis metuliferus E.)

Author

Antoine Sambou, Ndeye Samb, and Nicolas Ayessou

Subjects
cucumber, minerals, polyphenols, proximate, vitamin, Agriculture
Abstract

Purpose: Cucumbers play an immediate and crucial role in fighting against micronutrient deficiency and are often consumed crudely. This study aimed to assess the nutritional and phytochemical values of these three whole fruits of cucumber and the share of their different parts such as the epicarp, the mesocarp, and the endocarp. Research method: Fresh cucumber fruits were collected and their different parts were separated and crushed. Samples were analyzed to determine the proximate, the phytochemicals, the vitamins, and the minerals. Findings: The results show significant variation in nutritional and phytochemical content. White Cucumis sativus contained more sugars (704.57±124.79 mg/100g), total polyphenols (133.05±21.26 mg/100g), flavonoids (1.07±0.46 mg/100g), tannins (43.26±5.18 mg/100g), Sodium (28.52±1.37 mg/100g) and Potassium (286.58±25.40 mg/100g). Green C. sativus concentrated more protein (35.65±5.12 mg/100g) and Iron (4.22±5.44 mg/100g) while, non-bitter wild C. metuliferus was richer in acidity (6.5±1.45 meq/100g), vitamin C (275.07±44.23), Magnesium (47.87±10.53 mg/100g) and Calcium (21.25±25.40 mg/100g). According to the different parts, the endocarp concentrates more acidity (7.25±2.21 meq/100g), proteins (39.76±5.07 mg/100g), nitrogen (6.36±0.81 mg/100g), total polyphenol (104.12±28.67 mg/100g) and flavonoids (1.10±0.45 mg/100g). The Mesocarp has more sugars (663.50±12.10 mg/100g) while Epicarp concentrates more Tannin (40.19±1.99 mg/100g), Magnesium (56.51±2.94 mg/100g), Calcium (28.21±20.72 mg/100g), Sodium (25.05±5.28 mg/100g), Potassium (312.66±13.84 mg/100g) and Iron (4.79±4.98 mg/100g). Cucumbers are recognized as fruits and vegetables with multiple nutritional values. Research limitations: Further genotypic characterizations were required for a better understanding of the difference between cucumbers. Originality/Value: The knowledge of the nutritional value of each part of the fruit was necessary for better valorization and maximizing the nutrient supplies.

Published
2023
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42. Urban malaria vector bionomics and human sleeping behavior in three cities in Senegal

Author

Abdoulaye Diop, Fatou Ndiaye, Katherine Sturm-Ramirez, Lassana Konate, Massila Senghor, El Hadji Diouf, Abdoulaye Kane Dia, Seynabou Diedhiou, Badara Samb, Doudou Sene, Sarah Zohdy, Ellen Dotson, Mame Birame Diouf, Valerie Koscelnik, Lilia Gerberg, Abdoulaye Bangoura, Ousmane Faye, Tiffany Clark, El Hadji Amadou Niang, and Joseph Chabi

Subjects
Urban malaria, Outdoor sleeping, Daaras, Malaria transmission, Insecticide-treated net (ITN), Malaria insights, Infectious and parasitic diseases, RC109-216
Abstract

Abstract Background Malaria is endemic in Senegal, with seasonal transmission, and the entire population is at risk. In recent years, high malaria incidence has been reported in urban and peri-urban areas of Senegal. An urban landscape analysis was conducted in three cities to identify the malaria transmission indicators and human behavior that may be driving the increasing malaria incidence occurring in urban environments. Specifically, mosquito vector bionomics and human sleeping behaviors including outdoor sleeping habits were assessed to guide the optimal deployment of targeted vector control interventions. Methods Longitudinal entomological monitoring using human landing catches and pyrethrum spray catches was conducted from May to December 2019 in Diourbel, Kaolack, and Touba, the most populous cities in Senegal after the capital Dakar. Additionally, a household survey was conducted in randomly selected houses and residential Koranic schools in the same cities to assess house structures, sleeping spaces, sleeping behavior, and population knowledge about malaria and vector control measures. Results Of the 8240 Anopheles mosquitoes collected from all the surveyed sites, 99.4% (8,191) were An. gambiae s.l., and predominantly An. arabiensis (99%). A higher number of An. gambiae s.l. were collected in Kaolack (77.7%, n = 6496) than in Diourbel and Touba. The overall mean human biting rate was 14.2 bites per person per night (b/p/n) and was higher outdoors (15.9 b/p/n) than indoors (12.5 b/p/n). The overall mean entomological inoculation rates ranged from 3.7 infectious bites per person per year (ib/p/y) in Diourbel to 40.2 ib/p/y in Kaolack. Low anthropophilic rates were recorded at all sites (average 35.7%). Of the 1202 households surveyed, about 24.3% of household members slept outdoors, except during the short rainy season between July and October, despite understanding how malaria is transmitted and the vector control measures used to prevent it. Conclusion Anopheles arabiensis was the primary malaria vector in the three surveyed cities. The species showed an outdoor biting tendency, which represents a risk for the large proportion of the population sleeping outdoors. As all current vector control measures implemented in the country target endophilic vectors, these data highlight potential gaps in population protection and call for complementary tools and approaches targeting outdoor biting malaria vectors. Graphical Abstract

Published
2023
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43. Benzylpenicillin concentrations in umbilical cord blood and plasma of premature neonates following intrapartum doses for group B streptococcal prophylaxis

Author

Amadou Samb, Thomas H. Dierikx, Yuma A. Bijleveld, Timo R. de Haan, Caspar J. Hodiamont, Elisabeth van Leeuwen, Anton H. L. C. van Kaam, Ron A. A. Mathôt, and Douwe H. Visser

Subjects
GBS prophylaxis, Benzylpenicillin, Pharmacology, Medicine
Abstract

Abstract Background and method Dutch obstetrics guideline suggest an initial maternal benzylpenicillin dose of 2,000,000 IU followed by 1,000,000 IU every 4 h for group-B-streptococci (GBS) prophylaxis. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether concentrations of benzylpenicillin reached concentrations above the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) in umbilical cord blood (UCB) and neonatal plasma following the Dutch guideline. Results Forty-six neonates were included. A total of 46 UCB samples and 18 neonatal plasma samples were available for analysis. Nineteen neonates had mothers that received intrapartum benzylpenicillin. Benzylpenicillin in UCB corresponded to concentrations in plasma drawn directly postpartum (R2 = 0.88, p

Published
2023
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44. Distribution and dynamics of Anopheles gambiae s.l. larval habitats in three Senegalese cities with high urban malaria incidence.

Author

Fatou Ndiaye, Abdoulaye Diop, Joseph Chabi, Katherine Sturm-Ramirez, Massila Senghor, El Hadji Diouf, Badara Samb, Seynabou Mocote Diedhiou, Omar Thiaw, Sarah Zohdy, Ellen Dotson, Doudou Sene, Mame Birame Diouf, Valerie Koscelnik, Lilia Gerberg, Abdoulaye Bangoura, Tiffany Clark, Ousmane Faye, Ibrahima Dia, Lassana Konate, and El Hadji Amadou Niang

Subjects
Medicine, Science
Abstract

Urban malaria has become a challenge for most African countries due to urbanization, with increasing population sizes, overcrowding, and movement into cities from rural localities. The rapid expansion of cities with inappropriate water drainage systems, abundance of water storage habitats, coupled with recurrent flooding represents a concern for water-associated vector borne diseases, including malaria. This situation could threaten progress made towards malaria elimination in sub-Saharan countries, including Senegal, where urban malaria has presented as a threat to national elimination gains. To assess drivers of urban malaria in Senegal, a 5-month study was carried out from August to December 2019 in three major urban areas and hotspots for malaria incidence (Diourbel, Touba, and Kaolack) including the rainy season (August-October) and partly dry season (November-December). The aim was to characterize malaria vector larval habitats, vector dynamics across both seasons, and to identify the primary eco- environmental entomological factors contributing to observed urban malaria transmission. A total of 145 Anopheles larval habitats were found, mapped, and monitored monthly. This included 32 in Diourbel, 83 in Touba, and 30 in Kaolack. The number of larval habitats fluctuated seasonally, with a decrease during the dry season. In Diourbel, 22 of the 32 monitored larval habitats (68.75%) were dried out by December and considered temporary, while the remaining 10 (31.25%) were classified as permanent. In the city of Touba 28 (33.73%) were temporary habitats, and of those 57%, 71% and 100% dried up respectively by October, November, and December. However, 55 (66.27%) habitats were permanent water storage basins which persisted throughout the study. In Kaolack, 12 (40%) permanent and 18 (60%) temporary Anopheles larval habitats were found and monitored during the study. Three malaria vectors (An. arabiensis, An. pharoensis and An. funestus s.l.) were found across the surveyed larval habitats, and An. arabiensis was found in all three cities and was the only species found in the city of Diourbel, while An. arabiensis, An. pharoensis, and An. funestus s.l. were detected in the cities of Touba and Kaolack. The spatiotemporal observations of immature malaria vectors in Senegal provide evidence of permanent productive malaria vector larval habitats year-round in three major urban centers in Senegal, which may be driving high urban malaria incidence. This study aimed to assess the presence and type of anopheline larvae habitats in urban areas. The preliminary data will better inform subsequent detailed additional studies and seasonally appropriate, cost-effective, and sustainable larval source management (LSM) strategies by the National Malaria Control Programme (NMCP).

Published
2024
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45. Overview description of the Gambian GABECE Educational Data and associated algorithms and unsupervized learning process

Author

Saine, Ousmane, Dembélé, Soumaila, Lo, Gane Samb, and Haidara, Mohamed Cheikh

Subjects
Statistics - Applications, 62G30, 60Fxx, 63H10
Abstract

As the first paper of a series of exploratory analysis and statistical investigation works on the Gambian \textit{GABECE} data based on a variety of statistical tools, we wish to begin with a thorough unsupervised learning process through descriptive and exploratory methods. This will lead to a variety of discoveries and hypotheses that will direct future research works related to this data., Comment: 23 pages; 5 figures

Published
2020
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46. A Supervised Hybrid Statistical Catch-up System Built on Gabece Gambian Data

Author

Aroh, Tagbo Innocent, Saine, Ousman, Dembélé, Soumaila, and Lo, Gane Samb

Subjects
Statistics - Applications, 14J60 (Primary) 14F05, 14J26 (Secondary)
Abstract

In this paper we want to find a statistical rule that assigns a passing or failing grade to students who undertook at least three exams out of four in a national exam, instead of completely dismissing them students. While it is cruel to declare them as failing, especially if the reason for their absence it not intentional, they should have demonstrated enough merit in the three exams taken to deserve a chance to be declared passing. We use a special classification method and nearest neighbors methods based on the average grade and on the most modal grade to build a statistical rule in a supervised learning process. The study is built on the national GABECE educational data which is a considerable data covering seven years and all the six regions of the Gambia., Comment: 34 pages

Published
2020
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48. A direct construction of the Standard Brownian Motion

Author

Samb, Lo Gane, Babacar, Niang Aladji, and Harouna, Sangare

Subjects
Mathematics - Probability, 60Gxx, 60G15, 60G17
Abstract

In this note, we combine the two approaches of Billingsley (1998) and Cs\H{o}rg\H{o} and R\'ev\'esz (1980), to provide a detailed sequential and descriptive for creating s standard Brownian motion, from a Brownian motion whose time space is the class of non-negative dyadic numbers. By adding the proof of Etemadi's inequality to text, it becomes self-readable and serves as an independent source for researches and professors., Comment: 17 pages

Published
2020

49. A modern approach to the moment problem on $\mathbb{R}$

Author

Touré, Moussoda, Lo, Gane Samb, and Niang, Aladji Babacar

Subjects
Mathematics - Functional Analysis, 28Axx, 60Exx
Abstract

The moment problem is an important problem in Functional Analysis and in Probability measure. It goes back to Stieltjes, around 1890. There is still an important ongoing interest in the recent literature. But, up today, the main theoretical resource (Shohat and Tamarkin, 1934) does not have the modern exposure it deserves, especially in the current development of measure theory of integration. Besides, the multivariate version is far less exploited. In this paper, a full exposure of such a theory is presented, using the latest knowledge of measure theory and functional analysis. As a result, the basis of future development is layed out and the accessibility of the theory by modern graduate students andresearches is guaranteed., Comment: 28 pages

Published
2020

50. A detailed and direct proof of Skorohod-Wichura's theorem

Author

Lo, Gane Samb, Niang, Aladji Babacar, and Okereke, Lois Chinwendu

Subjects
Mathematics - Probability, Mathematics - Functional Analysis, 60B10, 60-01, 60-02
Abstract

The representation Skorohod theorem of weak convergence of random variables on a metric space goes back to Skorohod (1956) in the case where the metric space is the class of real-valued functions defined on [0,1] which are right-continuous and have left-hand limits when endowed with the Skorohod metric. Among the extensions of that to metric spaces, the version by Wichura (1970) seems to be the most fundamental. But the proof of Wichura seems to be destined to a very restricted public. We propose a more detailed proof to make it more accessible at the graduate level. However we do far more by simplifying it since important steps in the original proof are dropped, which leads to a direct proof that we hope to be more understandable to a larger spectrum of readers. The current version is more appropriate for different kinds of generalizations.

Published
2020

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