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Thirteen samples of esters based on dodecanedioic acid with different chemical structures were synthesized. Among these were di-2-octyl dodecanedioate, didecyl dodecanedioate, di-2-ethylhexanol dodecanedioate, di-2-ethylbutyl dodecanedioate, dioctyl dodecanedioate, dihexyl dodecanedioate, and dioleyl dodecanedioate. Diesters were synthesized through the esterification of dodecanedioic acid with selected long-chain and branched alcohols with acid catalyst of H2SO4. These esters were tested in terms of their suitability for application as lubricants. The results showed that the lubricity properties, based on their pour point, flash point, and oxidation stability of the esters were significantly affected by the linear and branched alcohols used. An excellent pour point property of di-2-ethylbutyl dodecanedioate and di-2-ethylhexanol dodecanedioate at −55 °C and −50 °C was observed compared to their respective same linear carbon number esters of dihexyl dodecanedioate at 10 °C and dioctyl dodecanedioate at 20 °C. These are due to the presence of the branched group in their molecule vicinity structure. However, the esters flash points were insignificantly affected by the presence of branched structure. The selected esters could be used for biolubricants or engine oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jatropha curcas oil is one of interesting renewable resources for preparation of biolubricants. However, direct application of this oil as a biolubricant is restricted due to its low oxidative stability. This drawback can be overcome by molecule structural redesign through a chemical modification process at its unsaturated functional groups. Jatropha curcas oil was modified via epoxidation, ring opening and esterification processes. Its conversion to the epoxidized oil was performed by using in situ performic acid as a catalyst, then reaction with oleic acid in the presence of p-toluenesulfonic acid as a catalyst in the ring opening process. The final esterification process with oleic acid was catalyzed by sulfuric acid. Molecular structures of the modified oil were determined by measurements of the oxirane oxygen content and by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), proton and carbon nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR and 13C NMR) spectroscopy analyses. The results showed that the oxidative stability, viscosity, flash point and pour point of the final product were significantly improved. In specific, the ring opening and esterification processes inducing branching and bending in the final oil molecular structure have resulted in the improved viscosity index of 135, the pour point of -29°C and the increased flash point of 250°C.

The objective of the current study was to develop parameters for the separation of palmitic acid (PA) from a crude palm oil saturated fatty acid (SFAs) mixture by using the methanol crystallization method. The conditions of methanol crystallization were optimized by the response surface methodology (RSM) with the D-optimal design. The procedure of developing the solvent crystallization method was based on various different parameters. The fatty acid composition was carried out using a gas chromatography flame ionization detector (GC-FID) as fatty acid methyl esters. The highest percentage of SFAs was more than 96% with the percentage yield of 87.5% under the optimal conditions of fatty acids-to-methanol ratio of 1: 20 (w/v), the crystallization temperature of -15 °C, and the crystallization time of 24 hours, respectively. The composition of separated SFAs in the solid fraction contains 96.7% of palmitic acid (C16:0) as a dominant component and 3.3% of stearic acid (C18:0). The results showed that utilizing methanol as a crystallization solvent is recommended because of its high efficiency, low cost, stability, availability, comparative ease of recovery and its ability to form needle-like crystals which have good filtering and washing characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydroxamic acids, fatty hydroxamic acids and their metal complexes are known as compounds that have biological activity. They have been investigated as antimicrobial compounds and were applied as antibacterial and antifungal agents in pharmacy andpharmaceutical compounds. In this research, the methyl fatty hydroxamic acids (MFHAs) based on Jatrophacurcas seed oil and their metal complexes include the copper (II) methyl fatty hydroxamate (Cu-MFHs) and iron (III) methyl fatty hydroxamate (Fe-MFHs) were prepared and applied as anti microbial agents against the Escherichia coli (E. coli), Proteus vulgaris (P. vulgaris) andProteus mirabilis (P. mirabilis) as gramnegative bacteria; methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis) as gram-positive bacteria ; Candida parapsilosis (C. parapsilosis) and Candida Albicans(C. Albicans) as yeast family of fungi. The results showed that the antimicrobial activity of MFHAs, Cu-MFHs and Fe-MFHs increase while their amounts increase. Also metal complexation of MFHAs caused the anti microbial activity arise and this activity is higher for complexation by Cu(II) compared to that of Fe(III). Comparing antimicrobial activity of MFHAs, Cu-MFHs andFe-MFHs based on Jatrophacurcas seed oil with several antibiotic drugs such as ampicillin, chloramphenicol, gentamicin streptomycin, tetracycline and nystatin against the mentioned microbial showed that the Cu-MFHs andFe-MFHs have very strong antimicrobial activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IM based on Jatropha Curcas seed oil. Optimized conditions were obtained at a mole ratio of 6/1 of methyl hydroxylamine/oil, temperature at 41°C, enzyme 30mg/mmol and 72 h of reaction time. At this optimal condition, the yield% of methyl fatty hydroxamic based on Jatropha Curcas seed oil was 93.92%. The product was characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and proton and carbon nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR and 13C NMR) spectra. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The seeds of Nigella sativa L. (Ranunculaceae), commonly known as black cumin seeds and Habat Al-barkah in Saudi Arabia, are used extensively for flavouring and medicinal purposes. This work reported the study of physiochemical properties of Saudi black cumin seed oil (BCSO). The results of hexane extraction showed that black cumin seeds are rich in oil (43.7%). All the oil samples show high saponification values and low unsaponification values. High iodine values (122.7 mg/100 g) showed high degree of unsaturation (86%) for Saudi BCSO with about 60% of dominant linoleic acid (C18:2). The volatile compounds presence in Saudi BCSO were extracted using steam distillation method and analyzed using gas chromatography mass spectrometer (GC/MS). The results showed that the volatile compounds such as p-cymene (31.50 ± 0.51%) and thymoquinone (25.35 ± 0.37%) were dominantly high in Saudi BCSO. Other compounds such as 3,5-dimethyl cyclohexanol, α-thujene, carvacrol, paeonol and longifolene were also present. Vitamin E was analyzed using High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-fluorescence method. The total concentrations of vitamin E were 451 ppm. The Saudi BCSO showed high content of linoleic acid (59.8%). The HPLC results showed that major triacylglycerols (TAGs) of Saudi BCSO were 1-oleoyl-2,3-dilinoleoylglycerol (OLL; 37.7 ± 0.4%) and 1,2,3-trilinoleylglycerol (LLL; 35.9 ± 0.3%). On the other hand, minor TAGs present were 1-palmitoyl-2,3-dilinoleylglycerol (PLL; 6.7 ± 0.9%), 1,2,3-trioleylglycerol (OOO; 6.4 ± 0.5%) and 1,2-dioleyl-3-linoleylglycerol (OOL; 5.7 ± 1.1%). The Saudi BCSO exhibited specific physicochemical properties and might be used for medicinal applications.

The objective of the current study was to separate saturated fatty acids (SFAs) from high free fatty acid crude palm oil fatty acid mixture using the methanol crystallisation method. The development of methanol crystallisation method procedure was based on various parameters. The fatty acid composition was determined by using gas chromatography-flame ionisation detector (GC-FID) as Fatty Acid Methyl Esters. The highest percentage of SFAs was more than 89% with the percentage yield of 48.9% under the optimal conditions of the fatty acids-to-methanol ratio of 1:15 (w/v), the crystallisation temperature of −15 °C, and the crystallisation time of 24 hours, respectively. After a double crystallisation, the composition of separated SFAs contains 90% of palmitic acid (C16:0) as a major component and 5.8% of stearic acid (C18:0), respectively. Moreover, almost 4.2% of oleic acid (C18:1) was observed in the saturated solid product. Based on the results, the use of methanol as a crystallisation solvent is recommended because of its high efficiency, low cost, stability, obtainability, and comparative ease of recovery.

The physicochemical properties of different grades of Malaysian crude palm oil (high free fatty acid crude palm oil (HFFA-CPO) and low free fatty acid crude palm oil (LFFA-CPO)) were analyzed in this study to determine their applicability as edible oils. The percentages of free fatty acids (FFAs%), iodine value, hydroxyl value, unsaponifiable value, moisture content for HFFA-CPO and LFFA-CPO were 8.7 ± 0.3 and 3.8 ± 0.1%; 53.1 ± 0.4 and 56 ± 0.3 g I2/100 g; 32.5 ± 0.6 and 18.5 ± 0.9 mg KOH/g oil; 0.31 ± 0.01 and 0.46 ± 0.02%; 0.31 ± 0.01 and 0.33 ± 0.01%, respectively. The fatty acid compositions were determined using a gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID). The results showed that the dominant fatty acids are palmitic acid (43.2%–44.4%) and oleic acid (39.8%–41.4%). The major triacylglycerols (TAGs) of HFFA-CPO and LFFA-CPO estimated using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), were POP (30.8%–33.6%) and POO (24.9%–29.7%). In general, the physicochemical properties of HFFA-CPO and LFFA-CPO are consistent with the standard Malaysian crude palm oil, with the exception of FFAs%, hydroxyl value, moisture contents.

Abstract Background This study was done to obtain concentrated polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) linoleic acid (LA; 18:2) and monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) oleic acid (OA; 18:1) from Jatropha curcas seed oil by urea complexation. Urea complexation is a method used by researchers to separate fatty acids (FAs) based on their molecular structure. Effects the ratio of urea-to-FAs, crystallization temperature and crystallization time on the final products of urea complexation were examined. D-optimal Design was employed to study the significance of these factors and the optimum conditions for the technique were predicted and verified. Results Optimum conditions of the experiment to obtain maximum concentration of LA were predicted at urea-to-FAs ratio (w/w) of 5:1, crystallization temperature of −10°C and 24 h of crystallization time. Under these conditions, the final non-urea complex fraction (NUCF) was predicted to contain 92.81% of LA with the NUCF yield of 7.8%. The highest percentage of OA (56.01%) was observed for samples treated with 3:1 urea-to-FAs ratio (w/w) at 10°C for 16 h. The lowest percentage of LA (8.13%) was incorporated into urea complex fraction (UCF) with 1:1 urea-to-FAs ratio (w/w) at 10°C for 8 h. Conclusions The separation of PUFA (LA) and MUFA (OA) described here. Experimental variables should be carefully controlled in order to recover a maximum content of PUFA and MUFA of interest with reasonable yield% with a desirable purity of fatty acid of interest.

Abstract Background The lipid fraction of rubber (Hevea brasiliensis (kunth. Muell)) seed was extracted and analyzed for toxicological effect. The toxicological compound such as linamarin in rubber seed oil (RSO) extracted using different solvents, such as hexane (RSOh), mixture of chloroform + methanol (RSOchl+mth) and ethanol (RSOeth) were also studied. Various methods analysis such as Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and colorimetric methods were carried out to determine the present of such compounds. Results FTIR spectrum of RSO did not show any presence of cyanide peak. The determination of cyanide by using colorimetric method was demonstrated no response of the cyanide in RSO and didn’t show any colored comparing with commercial cyanide which observed blue color. The results showed that no functional groups such as cyanide (C ≡ N) associated with linamarin were observed. Toxicological test using rats was also conducted to further confirm the absence of such compounds. RSO did not show any toxic potential to the rats. Bioassay experiments using shrimps had been used as test organisms to evaluate the toxicity of linamarin extract from RSOh, RSOchl+mth and RSOeth and LC50 were found to be (211.70 %, 139.40 %, and 117.41 %, respectively). Conclusions This can be attributed no hazardous linamarin were found in RSO.

Abstract Background Fatty acids (FAs) are important as raw materials for the biotechnology industry. Existing methods of FAs production are based on chemical methods. In this study potassium hydroxide (KOH)-catalyzed reactions were utilized to hydrolysis Jatropha curcas seed oil. Results The parameters effect of ethanolic KOH concentration, reaction temperature, and reaction time to free fatty acid (FFA%) were investigated using D-Optimal Design. Characterization of the product has been studied using Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), gas chromatography (GC) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The optimum conditions for maximum FFA% were achieved at 1.75M of ethanolic KOH concentration, 65°C of reaction temperature and 2.0 h of reaction time. Conclusions This study showed that ethanolic KOH concentration was significant variable for J. curcas seed oil hydrolysis. In a 18-point experimental design, FFA% of hydrolyzed J. curcas seed oil can be raised from 1.89% to 102.2%, which proved by FTIR and HPLC.

This study involves the quantitative analysis of high free fatty acid crude palm oil, the separation of palmitic acid and synthesis of palm palmitic acid-based bioplastic. Synthesis of dimethyl 2-tetradecylmalonate (DMTDM) using methyl palmitate (MP) with sodium hydride (NaH) in the presence of reactive solvent of dimethyl carbonate (DMC) was carried out. The reaction conditions comprise at a mole ratio of MP: DMC: NaH: dimethylformamide (DMF) (0.1:2:0.25:1) at 60 °C for 14 h with 88.3 ± 1.4% yield. FTIR spectra of DMTDM showed the ester carbonyl group at 1740 cm -1 . The polymerization of DMTDM with 1,6-hexandiol or 1,12-dodecandiol was carried out using titanium (IV) isopropoxide Ti(OiPr) 4 as the catalyst and reaction time of 24 h. The results showed that the poly(dodecyl 2-tetradecylmalonte) (PDTDM) exhibited good thermal properties compared to poly(hexyl 2-tetradecylmalonte) (PHTDM). The increase of the chain length of diol in PDTDM improved the thermal properties of polyester with glass transition, T g of 13 ºC and melting point of 51 ºC with a molecular weight of 12508 Da and polydispersity index (PDI) of 1.4. In general, the synthetic polyesters can be used as internalplasticizer in bio-based industry., Competing Interests: CONFLICT OF INTEREST: none declared, (Copyright © 2021 The Author(s).)

Vegetable oils have different unique properties owing to their unique chemical structure. Vegetable oils have a greater ability to lubricate and have higher viscosity indices. Therefore, they are being more closely examined as base oil for biolubricants and functional fluids. In spite of their many advantages, vegetable oils suffer from two major drawbacks of inadequate oxidative stability and poor low-temperature properties, which hinder their utilization as biolubricant base oils. Transforming alkene groups in fatty acids to other stable functional groups could improve the oxidative stability, whereas reducing structural uniformity of the oil by attaching alkyl side chains could improve the low-temperature performance. In that light, the epoxidation of unsaturated fatty acids is very interesting as it can provide diverse side chains arising from the mono- or di-epoxidation of the unsaturated fatty acid. Oxirane ring opening by an acid-catalyzed reaction with a suitable reagent provides interesting polyfunctional compounds.

Two different procedures for the methylation of fatty acids (FAs) and trans fatty acids (TFAs) in food fats were compared using gas chromatography (GC-FID). The base-catalyzed followed by an acid-catalyzed method (KOCH3/HCl) and the base-catalyzed followed by (trimethylsilyl)diazomethane (TMS-DM) method were used to prepare FA methyl esters (FAMEs) from lipids extracted from food products. In general, both methods were suitable for the determination of cis/trans FAs. The correlation coefficients (r) between the methods were relatively small (ranging from 0.86 to 0.99) and had a high level of agreement for the most abundant FAs. The significant differences (P = 0.05) can be observed for unsaturated FAs (UFAs), specifically for TFAs. The results from the KOCH3/HCl method showed the lowest recovery values (%R) and higher variation (from 84% to 112%), especially for UFAs. The TMS-DM method had higher R values, less variation (from 90% to 106%), and more balance between variation and %RSD values in intraday and interday measurements (less than 4% and 6%, resp.) than the KOCH3/HCl method, except for C12:0, C14:0, and C18:0. Nevertheless, the KOCH3/HCl method required shorter time and was less expensive than the TMS-DM method which is more convenient for an accurate and thorough analysis of rich cis/trans UFA samples.

The photostabilization of polystyrene (PS) films by 2,3-dihydro-(5-mercapto-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)-phenyl-2-(substituted)-1,3,4-oxazepine-4,7-dione compounds was investigated. PS films containing concentration of complexes 0.5% by weight were produced by the casting method from chloroform as a solvent. The photostabilization activities of these compounds were determined by monitoring the carbonyl and hydroxyl indices with irradiation time. The changes in viscosity average molecular weight of PS with irradiation time were also tracked (using benzene as a solvent). The quantum yield of the chain scission (Φcs) of these complexes in PS films was evaluated and found to range between 3.31 × 10(-6) and 7.89 × 10(-6). Results obtained showed that the rate of photostabilization of PS in the presence of the additive follows the trend (I > II > III > IV). According to the experimental results obtained, several mechanisms were suggested depending on the structure of the additive like UV absorption, peroxide decomposer and radical scavenger.

Biolubricant base oils, 9,12-hydroxy-10,13-oleioxy-12-octadecanoic acid (HYOOA) was synthesized based on the esterification reaction of Monoepoxide linoleic acid 9(12)-10(13)-monoepoxy 12(9)-octadecanoic acid (MEOA) with oleic acid (OA) and catalyzed by p-Toluenesulfonic acid. The optimum conditions for the experiment using D-optimal design to obtain high yield% of 84.61, conversion% of 83.54 and lowest OOC% of 0.05 were predicted at OA/MEOA ratio of 0.2:1 (mol/mol), PTSA/MEOA ratio of 0.4:1 (mol/mol), reaction temperature at 110°C, and reaction time at 4.5 h. The FTIR peaks of HYOOA indicate the disappearance of the absorption band at 820 cm(-1), which belongs to the oxirane ring. (13)C and (1)H NMR spectra analyses confirmed the result of HYOOA with appearance carbon-ester (C = O) chemical shift at 174.1 ppm and at 4.06 ppm for (13)C and (1)H NMR respectively.

Background: Plant oils have been investigated as a potential source of environmentally favorable biolubricants because of their biodegradability, renewability and excellent lubrication performance. Low oxidation and thermal stability, poor low-temperature properties and a narrow range of available viscosities, however, limit their potential application as industrial lubricants. The inherent problems of plant oils can be improved by attaching functional groups at the sites of unsaturation through chemical modifications. In this article, we will demonstrate how functionalization helps overcome these disadvantages., Results: In this work, mono-, tri- and tetra-esters have been synthesized, including 10,12-dihydroxy-9-(stearoyloxy)octadecanoic acid 3; 9,10,12-tris(stearoyloxy)octadecanoic acid 4; and 18-(4-ethylhexyloxy)-18-oxooctadecane-7,9,10-triyl tristearate 5. Pour-point and cloud-point measurements have shown that these derivatives have improved low-temperature properties as compared to the precursor. The tetra ester compound, 18-(4-ethylhexyloxy)-18-oxooctadecane-7,9,10-triyl tristearate 5, had the lowest pour point (PP) (-44.37°C) and the lowest cloud point (CP) (-41.25°C). This derivatization also improved the compound's thermo-oxidative stability, measured using pressurized differential scanning calorimetry (PDSC) and thin-film micro-oxidation (TFMO) testing. 18-(4-Ethylhexyloxy)-18-oxooctadecane-7,9,10-triyl tristearate 5 also had the highest onset temperature (OT) (282.10°C) and the lowest volatile loss and insoluble deposit (37.39% and 50.87%, respectively). Furthermore, the compounds' tribological behaviors were evaluated using the four-ball method. 18-(4-Ethylhexyloxy)-18-oxooctadecane-7,9,10-triyl tristearate 5 also had the lowest coefficient of friction (μ) (0.44)., Conclusions: The results showed that, in general, these derivatives have good anti-wear and friction-reducing properties at relatively low concentrations under all of the test loads. Overall, the data indicates that these derivatives have significant potential to be used as biolubricant basestocks.

Linoleic acid (LA) is converted to per-carboxylic acid catalyzed by an immobilized lipase from Candida antarctica (Novozym 435). This per-carboxylic acid is only intermediate and epoxidized itself in good yields and almost without consecutive reactions. Monoepoxide linoleic acid 9(12)-10(13)-monoepoxy 12(9)-octadecanoic acid (MEOA) was optimized using D-optimal design. At optimum conditions, higher yield% (82.14) and medium oxirane oxygen content (OOC) (4.91%) of MEOA were predicted at 15 μL of H(2)O(2), 120 mg of Novozym 435, and 7 h of reaction time. In order to develop better-quality biolubricants, pour point (PP), flash point (FP), viscosity index (VI), and oxidative stability (OT) were determined for LA and MEOA. The results showed that MEOA exhibited good low-temperature behavior with PP of -41(°)C. FP of MEOA increased to 128(°)C comparing with 115(°)C of LA. In a similar fashion, VI for LA was 224 generally several hundred centistokes (cSt) more viscous than MEOA 130.8. The ability of a substance to resist oxidative degradation is another important property for biolubricants. Therefore, LA and MEOA were screened to measure their OT which was observed at 189 and 168(°)C, respectively.

Background: Oxidative stress is associated with the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. The process of deep-fat frying in dietary cooking oil plays a role in the generation of free radicals. In this study, palm olein heated to 180 °C was tested for its effect on the activity of blood pressure-regulating enzymes and lipid peroxidation., Methods: Forty-two adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were equally assigned into 6 groups.The first group was fed with normal rat chow as the control group, and the subsequent groups were fed with rat chow fortified with 15% weight/weight of the following: fresh palm olein, palm olein heated once, palm olein heated twice, palm olein heated 5 times, or palm olein heated 10 times. The duration of feeding was 6 months. Fatty acid analyses of oil were performed using gas chromatography. Peroxide values were determined using standard titration. Plasma was collected for biochemical analyses., Results: Repeatedly heated palm olein increased the levels of peroxide, angiotensin-converting enzyme, and lipid peroxidation as well as reduced the level of heme oxygenase. Fresh palm olein and palm olein heated once had lesser effects on lipid peroxidation and a better effect on the activity of blood pressure-regulating enzymes than repeatedly heated palm olein., Conclusion: Repeatedly heated palm olein may negatively affect the activity of blood pressure-regulating enzymes and increase lipid peroxidation.

A study was conveyed to produce estolide ester using ricinoleic acid as the backbone. The ricinoleic acid reacted with saturated fatty acid from C8-C18. These reactions were conducted under vacuum at 60°C for 24 h without solvent. The reaction used acid catalyst, sulphuric acid. The new saturate ricinoleic estolide esters show superior low-temperature properties (-52 ± 0.08°C) and high flash point (>300°C). The yield of the neat estolide esters ranged from 52% to 96%. The viscosity range was 51 ± 0.08 to 86 ± 0.01 cp. These new saturated estolide esters were also compared with saturated branched estolide esters.

Petroleum is a finite source as well as causing several environmental problems. Therefore petroleum needs to be replaced by alternative and sustainable sources. Plant oils and oleochemicals derived from them represent such alternative sources; the use of oleochemicals as biobased lubricants is of significant interest. This article presents a series of chemical modification on oleic acid to yield synthetic biolubricant basestocks. Measuring of density, volatility, cloud point (CP), pour point (PP), flash point (FP), viscosity index (VI), onset temperature (OT) and signal maximum temperature (SMT) was carried out for each compound. Furthermore, the friction and wear properties were measured using high-frequency reciprocating rig (HFRR). The results showed that octadecyl 9-octadecyloxy-10-hydroxyoctadecanoate exhibited the most favorable low-temperature performance (CP %ndash;26°C, PP %ndash;28°C) and the lowest ball wear scan diameter (42 µm) while propyl 9-propyloxy-10-hydroxyoctadecanoate exhibited the higher oxidation stability (OT 156°C).

For environmental reasons, a new class of environmentally acceptable and renewable biolubricant based on vegetable oils is available. In this study, oxirane ring opening reaction of monoepoxide linoleic acid (MEOA) was done by nucleophilic addition of oleic acid (OA) with using p-toluene sulfonic acid (PTSA) as a catalyst for synthesis of 9(12)-hydroxy-10(13)-oleoxy-12(9)-octadecanoic acid (HYOOA) and the physicochemical properties of the resulted HYOOA are reported to be used as biolubricant base oils. Optimum conditions of the experiment using D-optimal design to obtain high yield% of HYOOA and lowest OOC% were predicted at OA/MEOA ratio of 0.30 : 1 (w/w), PTSA/MEOA ratio of 0.50 : 1 (w/w), reaction temperature at 110°C, and reaction time at 4.5 h. The results showed that an increase in the chain length of the midchain ester resulted in the decrease of pour point (PP) -51°C, increase of viscosity index (VI) up to 153, and improvement in oxidative stability (OT) to 180.94°C.