16 results on '"Salih Ibrahem"'
Search Results
2. Trends in colorectal cancer in Iraq over two decades: incidence, mortality, topography and morphology
- Author
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Salih Ibrahem, Hussien Ahmed, and Suhair Zangana
- Subjects
Medicine - Abstract
BACKGROUND: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is mainly a disease of the elderly in the Western world, but its characteristics are changing globally. Iraq does not have a well established CRC screening program. Understanding trends of CRC incidence, fatality and the clinical features of CRC patients is vital to the design of effective public health measures; public awareness, screening, diagnosis and treatment strategies to meet the future demands. OBJECTIVES: Determine trends in demography, incidence proportion, mortality, topography (primary tumor site) and morphology (histology) over two decades. DESIGN: Registry-based study SETTING: Iraqi National Cancer Registry (INCR) database PATIENTS AND METHODS: We collected and analyzed data from CRC patients obtained from the INCR to calculate incidence and mortality proportion per 100 000 population for the period from 2000 to 2019. In addition to estimation, data were examined by anatomic location and morphological type. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Change in the incidence and mortality proportion, topography and morphology of CRC over 20 years. SAMPLE SIZE: 20 880 CRC patients ranging in age from 14-80 years. RESULTS: The overall (males and females) CRC incidence proportion (CIP) increased from 2.28 to 6.18 per 100 000 population in 2000 and 2019, respectively, with an annual percentage change (APC) of 5.11%. The incidence proportion (IP) of CRC in patients from 20 to
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Cten is targeted by Kras signalling to regulate cell motility in the colon and pancreas.
- Author
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Saleh Al-Ghamdi, Abdulkader Albasri, Julien Cachat, Salih Ibrahem, Belal A Muhammad, Darryl Jackson, Abdolrahman S Nateri, Karin B Kindle, and Mohammad Ilyas
- Subjects
Medicine ,Science - Abstract
CTEN/TNS4 is an oncogene in colorectal cancer (CRC) which enhances cell motility although the mechanism of Cten regulation is unknown. We found an association between high Cten expression and KRAS/BRAF mutation in a series of CRC cell lines (p = 0.03) and hypothesised that Kras may regulate Cten. To test this, Kras was knocked-down (using small interfering (si)RNA) in CRC cell lines SW620 and DLD1 (high Cten expressors and mutant for KRAS). In each cell line, Kras knockdown was mirrored by down-regulation of Cten Since Kras signals through Braf, we tested the effect of Kras knockdown in CRC cell line Colo205 (which shows high Cten expression and is mutant for BRAF but wild type for KRAS). Cten levels were unaffected by Kras knockdown whilst Braf knockdown resulted in reduced Cten expression suggesting that Kras signals via Braf to regulate Cten. Quantification of Cten mRNA and protein analysis following proteasome inhibition suggested that regulation was of Cten transcription. Kras knockdown inhibited cell motility. To test whether this could be mediated through Cten, SW620 cells were co-transfected with Kras specific siRNAs and a Cten expression vector. Restoring Cten expression was able to restore cell motility despite Kras knockdown (transwell migration and wounding assay, p
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Sequence Polymorphism in Xenobiotic Metabolising Genes in Iraqi Colorectal Cancer Patients
- Author
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Zana T Al-Dalawi, Assma S Bahaaldin, and Salih Ibrahem
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,Oncology ,Adult ,medicine.medical_specialty ,cytochrome ,Genotype ,Colorectal cancer ,CYP1B1 ,CYP1A1 ,Single-nucleotide polymorphism ,Adenocarcinoma ,Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ,03 medical and health sciences ,Young Adult ,0302 clinical medicine ,Polymorphism (computer science) ,Internal medicine ,Genetic variation ,Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1 ,Medicine ,Humans ,Aged ,Neoplasm Staging ,Aged, 80 and over ,business.industry ,Cancer ,General Medicine ,Middle Aged ,medicine.disease ,030104 developmental biology ,030220 oncology & carcinogenesis ,Case-Control Studies ,Cytochrome P-450 CYP1B1 ,Iraq ,Restriction fragment length polymorphism ,Neoplasm Grading ,business ,polymorphisms ,Colorectal Neoplasms ,Research Article - Abstract
Objectives: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most prevalent malignant neoplasm. Genetic variations in the xenobiotic metabolising cytochrome enzymes. Family 1 Subfamily A Member 1 (CYP1A1) and Family 1 Subfamily B Member 1 (CYP1B1) might play a role in cancer pathogenesis and prognosis. The aim of this work is to determine the frequency of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) in CYP1A1 (rs1048943, Ile462VaI and rs4646903/MSP1) and CYP1B1 (rs1056836, Leu432Val) genes in patients with CRC cancer. It was also an attempt to identify the association between SNPs and CRC and its stage and grade at diagnosis. Methods: This case-control study was conducted in Kirkuk/Iraq, 200 patients with CRC and 200 cancer free control subjects were enrolled. Genomic DNA was extracted from venous blood samples and screened for SNPs using Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) and confirmed by the direct DNA sequencing. Results: The reference genotype of CYP1A1 gene rs1048943 is AA. Both the AG and GG variants were significantly more frequent in the cancer group and associated with increased risks of CRC and its later stages (stages III and IV) and poor differentiation (p0.05) or with tumour stage or its grade (p>0.05). The GG genotype of CYP1B1 rs1056836 was the reference genotype. The CG and CC variants were not associated with increased risks of CRC (P>0.05) or its stage or grade except the CG genotype which was associated with poor differentiation (OR= 3.4, 95 % CI= 1.8 -6.5, P
- Published
- 2021
5. Genotoxic Effect of Lead and Cadmium on Workers at Wastewater Plant in Iraq
- Author
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Salih Ibrahem, Qais Ahmed Ibraheem, Khalid Arif, and Muna Hassan
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Blood level ,Article Subject ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Wastewater ,010501 environmental sciences ,01 natural sciences ,law.invention ,Toxicology ,Young Adult ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Metal poisoning ,law ,Occupational Exposure ,Humans ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Cadmium ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Heavy metals ,Middle Aged ,030210 environmental & occupational health ,Lead ,chemistry ,Case-Control Studies ,Iraq ,Environmental science ,Female ,Sewage treatment ,Public aspects of medicine ,RA1-1270 ,Atomic absorption spectroscopy ,Biomarkers ,Working environment ,Research Article ,Mutagens - Abstract
Heavy metal poisoning is a worldwide problem that is caused by different human industrial activities such as battery and painting manufacturing and occupational exposure of those working at petrol stations. Wastewater is known to contain higher amounts of heavy metals such as lead (Pd) and cadmium (Cd) and might be sources of exposure for workers at the wastewater treatment plant. However, to our best knowledge, no studies were done to evaluate the level of cadmium and lead in blood of workers at wastewater treatment plants and evaluate the subsequent effect of lead and cadmium on delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (δ-ALAD), urinary delta-aminolevulinic acid (Uδ-ALA), and 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) as markers of lead and cadmium toxicity. In this case-control study, 79 workers at the Al-Rustumiya wastewater plant in Baghdad, Iraq, and 40 control subjects were included. The levels of lead and cadmium were measured in blood of the study subjects using the atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) method. 8-OHdG was analysed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique. δ-ALAD and Uδ-ALA were estimated using spectrophotometry-based methods. Our work showed that workers had a significantly higher level of lead and cadmium when compared with the control group (P<0.05), yet, still within the World Health Organization permissible limit. The level of both metals was positively associated with duration of work at the plant (P<0.01). The activity of δ-ALAD was inversely associated with the lead level, while both Uδ-ALA and 8-OHdG were positively correlated with the lead level (P<0.05). These three markers lacked any statistically significant association with the cadmium level (P>0.05). To sum up, working at the wastewater treatment plant was associated with a higher blood level of lead and cadmium and their possible health hazard. Health and occupational safety authorities are required to set up tighter regulations and protocols to minimize these hazards and ensure a safe working environment.
- Published
- 2020
6. Genetic Variations in Cytochrome P450 1A1 and 1B1 Genes in a Cohort of Patients from Iraq Diagnosed with Breast Cancer
- Author
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Salih Ibrahem, Khalida M Amin, and Hussien Q Ahmed
- Subjects
Oncology ,Cancer Research ,medicine.medical_specialty ,cytochrome ,CYP1B1 ,Population ,CYP1A1 ,Single-nucleotide polymorphism ,Breast cancer ,Internal medicine ,Genetic variation ,Genotype ,Cancer screening ,Medicine ,SNP ,education ,RC254-282 ,Original Research ,risk ,education.field_of_study ,business.industry ,Neoplasms. Tumors. Oncology. Including cancer and carcinogens ,medicine.disease ,business ,polymorphisms - Abstract
Breast cancer is the most prevalent malignant neoplasm in females. Genetic variations in the xenobiotic metabolising cytochrome enzymes; Family 1 Subfamily A Member 1 (CYP1A1) and Family 1 Subfamily B Member 1 (CYP1B1) might play a role in the individual susceptibility to breast cancer and its prognosis. The goal of this study is to estimate the incidence of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in CYP1A1 (rs1048943, Ile462VaI, and rs4646903/MSP1) and in CYP1B1 (rs1056836, Leu432Val) genes in patients with breast cancer. This case-control study included 180 female patients with breast cancer and 180 healthy control subjects from Kirkuk/Iraq. Genomic DNA was extracted from venous blood samples and tested for SNPs by the direct DNA sequencing technique. A statistical analysis was done to identify if there is any association between SNPs and the increasing odd of breast cancer and its stage, grade and molecular subtype at diagnosis. The common (reference) genotype of CYP1A1 gene rs1048943 is AA. The AG and GG variant genotypes were significantly more common in the breast cancer patients and conferred an increased odd of breast cancer and its later stages (stages III and IV) and poor differentiation ( P .05) or with its stage, grade or molecular subtypes ( P > .05). The GG genotype of CYP1B1 rs1056836 was the common genotype. The CG and CC variant genotypes were not associated with the increased risks of breast cancer ( P > .05) or its stage, grade or molecular subtypes ( P > .05). In conclusion, variants genotypes of CYP1A1 rs1048943 might play a role in breast cancer pathogenesis and prognosis and can have a place in cancer screening and tailored medicine in the future in the Iraqi population. Future larger scale studies including other genes might help to better understand the role of the SNP in breast risk and its prognosis.
- Published
- 2021
7. STAT3 paradoxically stimulates β-catenin expression but inhibits β-catenin function
- Author
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Belal A. Muhammad, Mohammad Ilyas, Kanwal Baloch, Saleh Al-Ghamdi, Darryl Jackson, Wakkas Fadhil, Salih Ibrahem, and Abdolrahman S. Nateri
- Subjects
STAT3 Transcription Factor ,Motility ,colorectal cancer ,Apoptosis ,Pathology and Forensic Medicine ,Humans ,RNA, Messenger ,STAT3 ,Wnt Signaling Pathway ,Molecular Biology ,Wnt signalling ,beta Catenin ,Cell Proliferation ,STAT3 signalling ,Messenger RNA ,biology ,Cell growth ,Original Articles ,Cell Biology ,TCF4 ,Cell biology ,Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic ,Cell culture ,oncogene interaction ,Gene Knockdown Techniques ,Catenin ,Cancer research ,STAT protein ,biology.protein ,Colorectal Neoplasms ,HT29 Cells - Abstract
Wnt signalling and the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) are oncogenic signalling pathways which are deregulated in colorectal cancer (CRC). Here we investigated the interaction of these two pathways. Firstly, we investigated biochemical interaction by inhibiting STAT3 and β-catenin (through gene knock-down and dominant-negative TCF4 expression) in nine CRC cell lines. β-catenin inhibition did not affect STAT3 levels, whereas STAT3 knock-down resulted in reduced β-catenin mRNA and protein levels. The reduction in β-catenin protein was not prevented by proteasome inhibition, and IL6-induced STAT3 activation resulted in increased β-catenin mRNA. This suggests that STAT3 positively regulates β-catenin (at a transcriptional level) and evaluation of 44 CRCs by immunostaining supported this by showing an association between nuclear STAT3 expression and nuclear β-catenin (P = 0.022). We tested the functional interaction between STAT3 and Wnt signalling by knocking down STAT3 and β-catenin individually and in combination. Knock-down of β-catenin and STAT3 individually inhibited cell proliferation (P
- Published
- 2014
8. The Prevalence of Serum and Seminal Fluid Antisperm Antibody in Couples with Unexplained Subfertility in Kirkuk City
- Author
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Salih Ibrahem and Eman I Fathi
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,biology ,Obstetrics ,business.industry ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,medicine ,biology.protein ,Antibody ,business - Published
- 2019
9. The utility of diagnostic biopsy specimens for predictive molecular testing in colorectal cancer
- Author
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Krishna Ragunath, Rashmi Seth, Ghada AbuAli, Mohammad Ilyas, Wakkas Fadhil, Salih Ibrahem, and Philip Kaye
- Subjects
Pathology ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Histology ,medicine.diagnostic_test ,Colorectal cancer ,business.industry ,Concordance ,Microsatellite instability ,General Medicine ,medicine.disease ,medicine.disease_cause ,Pathology and Forensic Medicine ,Biopsy ,medicine ,Histopathology ,Multiplex ,Radiology ,KRAS ,business ,Predictive testing - Abstract
Fadhil W, Ibrahem S, Seth R, AbuAli G, Ragunath K, Kaye P & Ilyas M (2012) Histopathology The utility of diagnostic biopsy specimens for predictive molecular testing in colorectal cancer Aims: If stratified medicine is to be applied in the neoadjuvant setting, predictive testing will have to be undertaken on preoperative diagnostic biopsy specimens. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether a diagnostic biopsy was adequately representative of the main tumour in colorectal cancer. Methods and results: Thirty cases of paired biopsy and subsequent resection specimens were randomly selected. Samples were screened for mutation in KRAS (codons 12/13, 61, and 146), BRAF (codon 600 and exon 11), PIK3CA (exons 1, 9, and 20), TP53 (exons 5–8), and microsatellite instability, using the quick multiplex consensus or standard polymerase chain reaction (PCR) protocols followed by high-resolution melting analysis. A total of 570 paired PCR tests were performed for mutation detection, and identical results were obtained in both biopsy and resection specimens in 569 tests (>99% concordance). Four cases (13%) showed microsatellite instability, and, in all four cases, instability was seen at identical mononucleotide markers in both biopsy and matched resection specimens. Conclusions: This is the first study to show that diagnostic biopsy specimens, even though they are a tiny sample of the tumour, are sufficiently representative for use in predictive testing for early driver mutations in colorectal cancer.
- Published
- 2012
10. Comparative analysis of pyrosequencing and QMC-PCR in conjunction with high resolution melting for KRAS/BRAF mutation detection
- Author
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Brendan O'Sullivan, Mohammad Ilyas, Salih Ibrahem, Philippe Taniere, Rashmi Seth, and Wakkas Fadhil
- Subjects
Sanger sequencing ,Genetics ,Mutant ,Wild type ,Cell Biology ,Biology ,medicine.disease_cause ,Molecular biology ,High Resolution Melt ,Pathology and Forensic Medicine ,symbols.namesake ,symbols ,medicine ,Pyrosequencing ,KRAS ,Allele ,Molecular Biology ,V600E - Abstract
Mutation detection is important in cancer management. Several methods are available of which high resolution melting (HRM) analysis and pyrosequencing are the most versatile. We undertook a comparative analysis of these techniques. The methods are: To compare the limit of detection (LOD), mutations in KRAS (codon 12/13 hotspot) and BRAF (V600E hotspot) were tested. DNA mixtures containing mutant alleles at a frequency of around 25%/12.5%/6%/3%/ 1.5%/0.8% were analysed. To compare frequency of mutation detection, 22 DNA samples (nine high quality samples from cell lines, 13 low quality samples from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue) were tested for three hotspots in KRAS (codons 12/13, 61 and 146) and two hotspots in BRAF (V600E and exon 11). HRM analysis of KRAS (codon12/13) and BRAF (V600E) showed that 3% and 1.5% mutant alleles respectively could be reliably detected whilst pyrosequencing reliably detected 6% mutant alleles in each case. Of 110 tests performed on 22 DNA samples, in 109 cases HRM and pyrosequencing gave identical results. Two of the samples tested had previously been called as wild type for KRAS by direct Sanger sequencing but were found to be mutant by both HRM and pyrosequencing. Both HRM and pyrosequencing can detect small numbers of mutant alleles although HRM has a lower limit of detection. Both are suitable for use in mutation detection and are both more sensitive than Sanger sequencing.
- Published
- 2010
11. Concomitant mutations and splice variants in KRAS and BRAF demonstrate complex perturbation of the Ras/Raf signalling pathway in advanced colorectal cancer
- Author
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Salih Ibrahem, Mohammad Ilyas, Darryl Jackson, Simon Crook, Rashmi Seth, and Wakkas Fadhil
- Subjects
Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf ,MAPK/ERK pathway ,endocrine system diseases ,Colorectal cancer ,DNA Mutational Analysis ,Molecular Sequence Data ,Sequence Homology ,Biology ,medicine.disease_cause ,Gene dosage ,High Resolution Melt ,Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras) ,Cell Line, Tumor ,Proto-Oncogene Proteins ,medicine ,Animals ,Humans ,Protein Isoforms ,neoplasms ,Gene ,Conserved Sequence ,Genetics ,Base Sequence ,Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ,Gastroenterology ,medicine.disease ,digestive system diseases ,Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic ,Genes, ras ,Mutation ,ras Proteins ,Cancer research ,KRAS ,Colorectal Neoplasms ,V600E ,Signal Transduction - Abstract
KRAS and BRAF mutations occur in colorectal cancers (CRCs) and are considered mutually exclusive methods of activating the RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK pathway. This pathway is a therapeutic target and KRAS mutation may predict tumour responsiveness. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between KRAS and BRAF mutations in 24 CRC cell lines and 29 advanced CRCs.KRAS and BRAF mutations were detected using high resolution melting and sequencing. Expression of mutations was confirmed by reverse transcription- PCR (RT-PCR) and sequencing. CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP) was tested by methylation-specific PCR.KRAS or BRAF mutation occurred in 79% of cell lines and 59% of CRCs. In the cell lines, KRAS mutations occurred in 54% of cases (with 62% in codons 12/13 and 38% in other codons). Four cell lines had a homozygous mutation. Only heterozygous BRAF mutations were detected in 29% cell lines. The V600E mutation occurred most commonly and was associated with CIMP+ status (p = 0.005). Mutations at codons 529 and 581 were also found and, in one case, BRAF and KRAS mutation co-occurred. Unexpectedly, BRAF splice variants (with a predicted kinase-dead protein) were found in 5/24 (21%) cell lines. In advanced CRCs, KRAS mutations occurred in 48% of cases (64% codons 12/13, 36% other codons) and BRAF mutations in 10% (66% V600E, 33% exon 11). A compound KRAS/BRAF mutation was not seen.Disrupted Ras/Raf signalling is common in CRC. Homozygous KRAS mutations and concomitant KRAS/BRAF mutations may be indicative of a gene dosage effect. The significance of BRAF splice variants is uncertain but may represent another layer of complexity. Finally, if KRAS mutation is to be used for predictive testing, then the whole gene may need to be screened as mutations occur outside codons 12/13.
- Published
- 2009
12. The utility of diagnostic biopsy specimens for predictive molecular testing in colorectal cancer
- Author
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Wakkas, Fadhil, Salih, Ibrahem, Rashmi, Seth, Ghada, AbuAli, Krishna, Ragunath, Philip, Kaye, and Mohammad, Ilyas
- Subjects
Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf ,Class I Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases ,Biopsy ,Adenocarcinoma ,Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras) ,Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases ,Molecular Diagnostic Techniques ,Predictive Value of Tests ,Proto-Oncogene Proteins ,Mutation ,ras Proteins ,Humans ,Microsatellite Instability ,Genetic Testing ,Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 ,Colorectal Neoplasms ,Early Detection of Cancer - Abstract
If stratified medicine is to be applied in the neoadjuvant setting, predictive testing will have to be undertaken on preoperative diagnostic biopsy specimens. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether a diagnostic biopsy was adequately representative of the main tumour in colorectal cancer.Thirty cases of paired biopsy and subsequent resection specimens were randomly selected. Samples were screened for mutation in KRAS (codons 12/13, 61, and 146), BRAF (codon 600 and exon 11), PIK3CA (exons 1, 9, and 20), TP53 (exons 5-8), and microsatellite instability, using the quick multiplex consensus or standard polymerase chain reaction (PCR) protocols followed by high-resolution melting analysis. A total of 570 paired PCR tests were performed for mutation detection, and identical results were obtained in both biopsy and resection specimens in 569 tests (99% concordance). Four cases (13%) showed microsatellite instability, and, in all four cases, instability was seen at identical mononucleotide markers in both biopsy and matched resection specimens.This is the first study to show that diagnostic biopsy specimens, even though they are a tiny sample of the tumour, are sufficiently representative for use in predictive testing for early driver mutations in colorectal cancer.
- Published
- 2012
13. Cten Is Targeted by Kras Signalling to Regulate Cell Motility in the Colon and Pancreas
- Author
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Belal A. Muhammad, Salih Ibrahem, Karin B. Kindle, Julien Cachat, Mohammad Ilyas, Saleh Al-Ghamdi, Abdolrahman S. Nateri, Darryl Jackson, and Abdulkader M. Albasri
- Subjects
Small interfering RNA ,Integrins ,endocrine system diseases ,Colorectal cancer ,lcsh:Medicine ,Signal transduction ,medicine.disease_cause ,Molecular cell biology ,Cell Movement ,Tensins ,Gene Knockdown Techniques ,Signaling in Cellular Processes ,Membrane Receptor Signaling ,RNA, Small Interfering ,lcsh:Science ,Gene knockdown ,Multidisciplinary ,Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ,Microfilament Proteins ,Signaling cascades ,Flow Cytometry ,Medicine ,KRAS ,Colorectal Neoplasms ,Cell Movement Signaling ,Research Article ,MAPK signaling cascades ,Colon ,Motility ,Ras Signaling ,Gastroenterology and Hepatology ,Biology ,Pancreatic cancer ,Cell Line, Tumor ,medicine ,Cell Adhesion ,Humans ,neoplasms ,Pancreas ,Oncogene ,Base Sequence ,lcsh:R ,medicine.disease ,digestive system diseases ,respiratory tract diseases ,Pancreatic Neoplasms ,Genes, ras ,Cancer research ,lcsh:Q - Abstract
CTEN/TNS4 is an oncogene in colorectal cancer (CRC) which enhances cell motility although the mechanism of Cten regulation is unknown. We found an association between high Cten expression and KRAS/BRAF mutation in a series of CRC cell lines (p = 0.03) and hypothesised that Kras may regulate Cten. To test this, Kras was knocked-down (using small interfering (si)RNA) in CRC cell lines SW620 and DLD1 (high Cten expressors and mutant for KRAS). In each cell line, Kras knockdown was mirrored by down-regulation of Cten Since Kras signals through Braf, we tested the effect of Kras knockdown in CRC cell line Colo205 (which shows high Cten expression and is mutant for BRAF but wild type for KRAS). Cten levels were unaffected by Kras knockdown whilst Braf knockdown resulted in reduced Cten expression suggesting that Kras signals via Braf to regulate Cten. Quantification of Cten mRNA and protein analysis following proteasome inhibition suggested that regulation was of Cten transcription. Kras knockdown inhibited cell motility. To test whether this could be mediated through Cten, SW620 cells were co-transfected with Kras specific siRNAs and a Cten expression vector. Restoring Cten expression was able to restore cell motility despite Kras knockdown (transwell migration and wounding assay, p
- Published
- 2011
14. Comparative analysis of pyrosequencing and QMC-PCR in conjunction with high resolution melting for KRAS/BRAF mutation detection
- Author
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Salih, Ibrahem, Rashmi, Seth, Brendan, O'Sullivan, Wakkas, Fadhil, Philippe, Taniere, and Mohammad, Ilyas
- Subjects
Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf ,Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras) ,Paraffin Embedding ,Limit of Detection ,Proto-Oncogene Proteins ,DNA Mutational Analysis ,Mutation ,ras Proteins ,Humans ,Original Articles ,Colorectal Neoplasms ,Polymerase Chain Reaction ,Alleles - Abstract
Mutation detection is important in cancer management. Several methods are available of which high resolution melting (HRM) analysis and pyrosequencing are the most versatile. We undertook a comparative analysis of these techniques. The methods are: To compare the limit of detection (LOD), mutations in KRAS (codon 12/13 hotspot) and BRAF (V600E hotspot) were tested. DNA mixtures containing mutant alleles at a frequency of around 25%/12.5%/6%/3%/ 1.5%/0.8% were analysed. To compare frequency of mutation detection, 22 DNA samples (nine high quality samples from cell lines, 13 low quality samples from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue) were tested for three hotspots in KRAS (codons 12/13, 61 and 146) and two hotspots in BRAF (V600E and exon 11). HRM analysis of KRAS (codon12/13) and BRAF (V600E) showed that 3% and 1.5% mutant alleles respectively could be reliably detected whilst pyrosequencing reliably detected 6% mutant alleles in each case. Of 110 tests performed on 22 DNA samples, in 109 cases HRM and pyrosequencing gave identical results. Two of the samples tested had previously been called as wild type for KRAS by direct Sanger sequencing but were found to be mutant by both HRM and pyrosequencing. Both HRM and pyrosequencing can detect small numbers of mutant alleles although HRM has a lower limit of detection. Both are suitable for use in mutation detection and are both more sensitive than Sanger sequencing.
- Published
- 2011
15. Quick-multiplex-consensus (QMC)-PCR followed by high-resolution melting: a simple and robust method for mutation detection in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue
- Author
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Mohammad Ilyas, Rashmi Seth, Salih Ibrahem, and Wakkas Fadhil
- Subjects
Quality Control ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Mutant ,DNA Mutational Analysis ,Biology ,medicine.disease_cause ,Polymerase Chain Reaction ,High Resolution Melt ,Pathology and Forensic Medicine ,symbols.namesake ,Molecular genetics ,Formaldehyde ,Neoplasms ,Multiplex polymerase chain reaction ,medicine ,Tumor Cells, Cultured ,Humans ,Transition Temperature ,Multiplex ,Sanger sequencing ,Paraffin Embedding ,General Medicine ,DNA, Neoplasm ,Molecular biology ,Mutation (genetic algorithm) ,Mutation ,symbols ,KRAS ,Colorectal Neoplasms - Abstract
Background Mutation detection in tumours will become increasingly important in pathological diagnosis as ‘predictive’ mutations are identified. A cheap and reliable test that works on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue is required. Methods The quick-multiplex-consensus (QMC)-PCR protocol was developed to be used with high-resolution melting (HRM) analysis. The assay was compared with Sanger sequencing. Robustness of the assay was tested in DNA from FFPE tissue. Results QMC-PCR with HRM could detect a minimum of 2.5% of mutant alleles (compared with 20% detectable for Sanger sequencing). Ten mutation hotspots in KRAS , BRAF , PIK3CA and CDC4 were screened in 29 cell lines with 100% sensitivity and specificity. Forty-three FFPE colorectal tumours were sequenced for hotspots in KRAS and PIK3CA and then screened by QMC-PCR. There was 100% sensitivity, although, of 21 mutations detected by QMC-PCR, 16 were confirmed by sequencing (71% specificity, positive predictive value 76%). All 43 samples were then screened for mutations in all 10 hotspots. Of 430 tests, 43 (10%) showed aberrant melting and 36 were confirmed mutant (positive predictive value 84%). As our technique is more sensitive than direct sequencing, the remaining seven tests are probably sequencing false-negatives. Precision tests showed that there was little intra-assay and interassay variation. Conclusions QMC-PCR with HRM is a simple, robust and inexpensive technique which had greater sensitivity than Sanger sequencing. It allows multiple mutation hotspots to be rapidly screened and is thus highly suited to mutation detection in DNA derived from FFPE tissues.
- Published
- 2010
16. UBC Aquatic Centre
- Author
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Raemdonck, Kjell, Sato, Erika, Othman, Husam, Sumar, Khaleel, Abduljabbar, Emran, Salahuddin, Md., Lee, Tommy, Kim, Lisa, and Salih, Ibrahem
- Subjects
food and beverages - Abstract
The UBC Aquatic centre is currently spending $400,000 per year in energy costs. The heat is supplied by exchanging heat from hot steam to the pool water. This report will focus on how to increase the efficiency of heating the pool water using steam, as well as suggest an alternative heating approach. The steam transfers heat to the pool water in a single plate heat exchanger. Adding another heat exchanger will increase the amount of heat transferred to the pool water. Another option is to replace the current heat exchanger with a new double plate heat exchanger. Double plate heat exchangers are known for their increased heat transfer efficiency. This method will reduce the Aquatic centre’s yearly energy costs by 14%. An additional suggestion is to add a dehumidifier to the indoor pool building. About 4500L/day of water evaporates from the surface of the pools, which causes corrosion and mold to damage equipment inside the pool housing. A dehumidifier prevents this by converting the moisture into water, creating a drier air for the indoor pool. There are two large advantages to this: 70% of the water that evaporates could be recycled back into the pool if filtered, and the maintenance cost for the indoor equipment is reduced. Now, the alternative to the steam heating is using natural gas to heat up the pools’ water. There are gas pipelines all around UBC that could be re‐routed to the pool. The pool water would be heated in a gas heater, which is quicker and more efficient than steam. We are not causing any environmental harm by doing this because the gas that would normally be used to make the steam at the UBC steam plant would now simply be directly used to heat up the Aquatic centre water. It is more energy efficient, as there is also no transport heat loss that normally occurs when steam is shipped from the steam plant to the pool. The energy cost savings would cover the capital costs of the heaters (approximately $1 million including all installation costs) in just 8 years. The final conclusion that can be drawn from this analysis is that for short term changes, either a heat exchanger or dehumidifier, or both, should be added to increase heating efficiency. This change would fit the client’s current budget. However, in the long run, a gas fired heater should be considered as a new source of heating rather than steam heat exchange. Disclaimer: “UBC SEEDS provides students with the opportunity to share the findings of their studies, as well as their opinions, conclusions and recommendations with the UBC community. The reader should bear in mind that this is a student project/report and is not an official document of UBC. Furthermore readers should bear in mind that these reports may not reflect the current status of activities at UBC. We urge you to contact the research persons mentioned in a report or the SEEDS Coordinator about the current status of the subject matter of a project/report.”
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
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