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Salacca trading business is one of the business units engaged in the processing of food and beverages made from salak such as lunkhead, chips, syrup, dates and others. The purpose of this study is to analyze salak processing techniques, profits, feasibility, marketing channels, marketing margins and marketing efficiency of the Salacca trading business. The research method used is profit analysis, business feasibility analysis, margin analysis and marketing efficiency analysis. The results showed that the processing of Salacca trading business products started from the process of peeling the skin of the salak, washing the salak fruit, and separating the seeds from the salak meat, then the process of boiling the salak meat, grinding the salak. meat, cooking salak meat by mixing the necessary ingredients, then packaged. The Salacca trading business has a profit of Rp 240,263,152 per year. Revenue Cost Ratio (R/C Ratio) of 1.44, BEP of Production 7,074 kg and BEP of price of Rp 48,766, - and Return on Investment (ROI) of 44%. It is concluded that the Salak Trading Business is profitable and feasible to run. The Salacca trading business has two marketing channels, that is: marketing channel 1 (Salacca trading business – consumer), and marketing channel II (Salacca trading business – retailer – consumer). Marketing channel I has a margin of Rp 58,545,- in marketing channel II Salacca trading business have a margin of Rp 50,064,- retailers have a margin of Rp 8,481,-. Marketing channel I is the most efficient with a percentage of 35%.

Salacca (Salacca spp.) is a dioecious plant with male and female flowers existing on a different plant, therefore requires agents of pollination. More than thirty cultivars of salacca are found in Indonesia. This research aimed to study the diversity of visiting insects on the three varieties of salacca, i.e., Pondoh, Mawar and Kalimantan in Indonesia, as well measuring the pollen load on the pollinators. The visiting insects were observed on the male flowers using the fix sample method in ten minutes for fifteen days. Results showed that nine insect species visited the flowers and three species were potential pollinators, i.e., Nodocnemis sp., Apis cerana and Tetragonula laeviceps. The highest diversity of visiting insects was found in Kalimantan salacca (H' = 1.31, E = 0.74) followed by Pondoh salacca (H' = 0.72, E = 0.23) and Mawar salacca (H' = 0.51, E = 0.19). There was no dominant species found in Kalimantan salacca. The high similarity of visiting insects was found in Pondoh-Mawar salacca (SN = 0.59). Furthermore, the pollen load on Nodocnemis sp., A. cerana and T. laeviceps were about 127, 7893, and 4228 pollen grains, respectively.

Salak fruit is generally considered to have a short storage life, because it is perishable fruit. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of packaging material on the quality of salak fruit cultivar pondoh. In this research salak fruits were packaged in the three types of packaging materials: polyethylene plastic bags (PE), cardboard (CB), and bamboo baskets (BB), and it were stored at 26oC. Parameters of the research were considered in mass loss, water content, total soluble solid, and titratable acidity. The result of the research showed that packaging salak pondoh with polyethylene plastic bag has better quality than other packaging materials and can prolong its shelf life.

This study aims to examine the effectiveness of gibberellins in breaking dormancy to produce high viability snakefruit (Salacca snakefruit Geartner) seeds. The materials used are snakefruit seeds from Tamareja Village, Donggala Regency, sterile sand media, aquades, and GA3 solution. This research was arranged using a completely randomized design (CRD) with one factor, namely the provision of gibberellin, consisting of five levels of concentration, namely P0 = control (without treatment), P1 = 30 ppm and P2 = 40 ppm P3 = 50 ppm P4 = 60 ppm. each treatment was repeated five times so that there were 25 experimental units. Each experimental unit used 20 seeds. Observation data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by Tukey' HSD test if the treatment tested showed a significant effect. The results showed that gibberellin administration effectively broke snakefruit seeds' dormancy and produced seeds with high viability. The higher the gibberellins' concentration would increase germination speed plumule length, radicle length, and faster embryo axis emergence. Gibberellin 60 ppm resulted in germination power 98%, germination rate 20.97 days, plumule length 5.52 cm, radicle length 5.15 cm, and embryo axis emergence 9.2 days.

The kinetics of N release during the process of decomposition of organic matter is influenced by organic matter quality, temperature, humidity, and decomposer. Acacia, coffee, salacca, and bamboo leaf litter are native plants and be the pioneer plants on the slopes of Mount Merapi after the eruption in 2010. However, there is a lack of information on the N mineralization process from the leaves litter of acacia, coffee, salacca, and bamboo. The study aimed to determine the kinetics of N release from the litter leaves of acacia (Acacia decurrens), coffee, salacca, and bamboo, which were tested with three approaches, namely zero order, first order, and second order. The experiment was carried out using 10 Phretima californica earthworms that were incubated with 35g of annual plant leaves at 25°C. The levels of NH4+ and NO3- were measured at 0, 7, 15, 30, 45, 75, and 105 days after incubation by using the indophenol blue and derivative spectrophotometric method, respectively. Throughout the decomposition 105 days, the release of NO3- was higher than that of NH4+ due to the nature of NH4+ that was more easily immobilized than NO3-. The highest NO3- release in acacia litter (1.56 mg kg-1) occurred 30 days after incubation, while in coffee, salacca, and bamboo occurred 105 days after incubation, reaching 1.92 mg kg-1, 2.47 mg kg-1, and 1.88 mg kg-1, respectively. High N compound on the leaves litter unaffected to increasing total biomass earthworms in the end of incubation however promotes N mineralization rapidly. The kinetics of the second-order equation showed higher compatibility than the other equations to the N release with coefficient determination was higher. The kinetics of mineralization can be a strategy to use the leaves litter of perennial plants as sources of N nutrient input into soil.

The purpose of this study is to increase the competitive advantage of Abian Salak Agro Tourism in Karangasem Regency . Bali is famous for its cultural tourism . Bali is also developing Agro-tourism as an alternative tourism . To be superior and compete , in the development of this tourism industry can not be separated from the creativity and innovation of the managers . Abian Salak Agro Tourism has made innovations in creating coffee products from Salak beans given the brand Salacca Coffee Bean . Research carried out by the method of qualitative descriptive . The competitive advantage of Abian Salak Agro Tourism is its unique fruit bark and product coffee from beans Salak are qualified

Hakim L, Widyorini R, Nugroho WD, Prayitno TA. 2021. Radial variability of fibrovascular bundle properties of salacca (Salacca zalacca) fronds cultivated on Turi Agrotourism in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 3594-3603. Fibrovascular bundles have properties variability not only based on species and varieties but also parts of species. This study, therefore, aims to characterize the FVB fundamental properties (anatomical, chemical, physical and mechanical) of Salacca zalacca (Gaertn.) Voss fronds, based on radial direction. The salacca fronds were divided into three parts, outer, middle as well as inner positions. Then the FVB's anatomical and physical properties were observed by light microscope and gravimetry analysis, respectively. Meanwhile, the variability of chemical and mechanical properties was investigated based on the ASTM standard. According to the results, the outer position has a higher variability of diameter, density, cellulose, lignin, and mechanical properties than the inner position, but has a lower hemicellulose value than the middle and inner position. Furthermore, the relationships between the anatomical, physical, chemical, and mechanical properties were discovered to form a pattern where increasing the mechanical properties is influenced by density and ratio vascular tissue area to total transverse area. Based on the results, the fibrovascular bundle of S. zalacca frond was concluded to possess anatomical, physical, chemical, and mechanical properties variability on the radial direction. There was a correlation between anatomical properties and mechanical properties.

Salak Sidimpuan (Salacca sumatrana Becc.) is one of the superior commodities in SouthTapanuli Regency. The availability of good quality zalacca varieties, high productivity,resistance to pests and diseases and tolerance to environmental stress are conditions that mustbe met in the era of agricultural industrialization. For this reason, it is necessary to assemblenew superior salacca cultivars to meet the evolving demands of consumers and to anticipatepotential cultivation constraints. Zalacca chromosome analysis is expected to be able toproduce information about the chromosome composition of these plants, which can then beuseful in supporting zalacca breeding. The aim of this study was to obtain the identity of theSalacca Sumatrana Becc. The plant-based on the morphological characteristics ofchromosomes (number, shape, and karyotype of chromosomes). This research was conductedat the Laboratory of Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of North Sumatra, Medan inApril-May 2019. The results of this study indicate that Salak Sidempuan (Salacca sumatranaBecc.) have the number of chromosomes is 2n = 28, the shape of the chromosome and thekaryotype formula was 2n = 9m + 5 sm (9 metacentric chromosomes and 5 submetacentricchromosomes)

Hard bark seeds are one of the causes of long seed dormancy. The solution of salacca seed dormancy is done by soaking the seeds using gibberellin. The aim of this research to examine the effect of different concentration and soaking time of gibberellin on seed viability and growth of salak seedling. The research was conducted on May – July 2019 in Green House of Food Plant and Horticultural Protection Center, Central Java. The study used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) 4 x 4 with 3 replications, each replications using 5 seeds. The first factor was concentration of gibberellin (G0: 0 ppm, G1: 20 ppm, G2: 40 ppm, G3: 60 ppm). The second factor was soaking time of gibberellin (S0: 10 minutes, S1: 25 minutes, S2: 40 minutes, S3: 55 minutes). Data were analyzed by variance and proceeded with Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at level 5% and orthogonal polynomial test. The observed variables were percentage of germination, maximum growth potential, seedling height, number of leaves, and root length. The results showed that the highest of percentage germination, maximum growth potential, and seedling height were observed in the 60 ppm of gibberellin concentration. The highest of percentage germination, maximum growth potential, and seedling height were researched in the soaking time 55 minutes. The highest root length was observed in the treatment of 60 ppm of GA3 and soaking time 55 minutes.

In this article, the synthesis of silver nanoparticles through a reduction reaction process using Salacca zalacca extract is reported. The AgNPs were characterized using X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared and UV-visible spectrophotometry methods. The AgNPs antibacterial activity was determined against of Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus epidermidis) and Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli). The main functional groups contained in Salacca zalacca extract are carbonyl, hydroxyl and nitrile groups, which are believed to reduce the silver ions to metal. The surface plasmon resonance values of brownish red AgNPs are in the range of 410 nm to 460 nm. The structure of AgNPs is face centered cubic (FCC). The diameter of silver nanoparticles crystallite is 14.2 ± 2.6 nm. The AgNPs growth inhibition zones of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus epidermidis are 9.6 mm and 9.2 mm, respectively.

This research studied about making hard capsule shell using glucomannan extract from salak seed (Salacca edulis Reinw.). The glucomannan extracted by using etanol 96% and aqua dm. The glucomannan that had been extracted will became KGM polymer that will be used for casting the hard capsule shell using petri cup. The results obtained by smashing the seeds of salak to be smooth with meat grinder and glucomannan extraction using 2 methods with etanol 96% and isopropyl alcohol. After extracting the seeds of salak seeds, the bacon seed flour is weighed and taken some samples to obtain the best composition, resulting in a film layer on a thick capsule shell like a capsule shell in general. The result of the printing on the petri cup is still a thin layer that can not be taken, but this proves that glucomannan contained in the seeds of salak able to produce lapisal film capsule shells with the right composition.

Production of horticultural crops in Sleman District is dominated by salacca-pondoh with total production in 2016 reaching 73 kton, cover up to 98% of total salacca-pondoh’s production in Yogyakarta Province. But salacca-pondoh’s farmers actually got very low-price during harvest season and they only act as a price taker that had low bargaining position, so that their welfare. This research formulated salacca-pondoh’s business as usual condition in Sleman District in form of system dynamic simulation. The factors influenced the low income of farmers during harvest season were identified. Result showed there are several seasonal “pitfalls” points in the farmer’s income which made it dropped far below the average value. It has potential to make the farmers not to replant salacca-pondoh then switch to other fruits that are more profitable. Product diversification either vertically or horizontally by allocating some of the fruit and waste to be convert into derivative products can be a step to increase the income of salacca-pondoh’s farmers and intensify the economic activity in Sleman District.

Salak (Salacca edulis) is one traditional medicine to treat diarrhea. The content of fruits in the form of tannins and flavonoids that may play a role in overcoming diarrhea. This study aims to determine the effect of salak fruit juice (Salacca edulis) on defecation frequency and duration of diarrhea in rats (Rattus norvegicus strain (Wistar)). This study used a sample of white rats wistar strain as much as 30 individuals. The frequency was measured from 1 hour of oleum ricini. Results of measurements performed data analysis using Kruscal-Wallis test and Mann-Witney. The results of this study showed fruit juice salak (Salacca edulis) showed the first frequency decline in at 7 times / hours becomes 1 times/ hours (p = 0.001) and duration of diarrhea first occurs in 1 hour is 1.25 ± 0.462 hours (p = 0.001). It can be concluded that there are significant salak fruit juice (Salacca edulis) on defecation frequency and duration of diarrhea in rats (Rattus norvegicus strain (wistar)).

Sitaratoit village is a village in South Tapanuli district, Nort Sumatera. The majority of people in that village drape his life from agriculture products. Major commodities agriculture product from the village is salak Sidimpuan. Knowledge about salak processing in village still very poor. Salak consumed or sold on condition fresh fruit. At some moment salak fruit can overproduction so the price is very low. A low price causing farmers did not harvest the salak which might cause waste. Nata de salacca product should be one of the alternative solutions to overcome this problem. The aims of the program were to provide information about salak waste treatment become nata de salacca. This program was initiated with the laboratory experiments and cooperate with local government and farmers. The following action was to acompany the farmers who aplicate the nata production process. Results from the laboratory experiment showed that the best composition of substrat and water ratiowas 1:4.

This study focused on the effect of an extractive treatment and the application of citric acid on the properties of particleboard made from Salacca frond. In general, extractives have a negative effect on the bondability of synthetic resin. However, the effect of extractives on the bonding mechanism of citric acid as the biobased adhesive is unclear. Unextracted and extracted Salacca frond were used as the raw materials. A hot water extractive treatment was conducted by boiling the particles for 2 h. The boards were manufactured under the following conditions: citric acid content of 0%; 10%; 20% weight percent (wt%), pressing temperature of 180 °C, and pressing time of 10 min. The target density was set at 0.8 g cm-3. The results showed that the addition of citric acid resulted in an increase in the physical and mechanical properties of the particleboard. Interestingly, when a 20% citric acid content was applied, there were no siginificant differences in the physical or mechanical properties of the particleboards made from unextracted and extracted particles. Based on these results, it was concluded that when citric acid is used as adhesive, the hot-water extractive treatment of Salacca frond is not needed.

We developed additive-free fruit leather made from snake fruit (Salacca sp.), one of the exotic fruits of Madura, Indonesia. Mature snake fruit variety native of Bangkalan Regency was peeled, the seed was discarded, and flesh was blanched for 5 minutes, cooled and then crushed in an electric blender to form a smooth slurry. The slurry was then cooked until thick, spread onto a flat surface, and then dried in an oven at 60°C until dry. Fruit leather with a water content of around 10% was kept in aluminium foil or polypropylene plastic bag at 25 and 35°C for 3 weeks. Every week, fruit leather was examined for tensile strength, water activity, colour (L, a b*values), and titratable acidity. Sensory analysis was performed using ten semi-trained panellists to score hardness, chewiness, sweetness, astringency, aroma, shininess, and cohesiveness. Results indicated that tensile strength apparently increased during storage. Polypropylene bag showed lower water activity and value, but higher titratable acidity of fruit leather. Storage time increased water activity, titratable acidity, but reduced all colour parameters. Higher storage temperature led to higher L and b values. On the contrary, sensory analysis results indicated the limited effect of factors studied. The shininess of fruit leather reduced with the progress of storage, and cohesiveness increased in the first week of storage only, followed by constant reduce towards the storage time. Astringency in snake fruit is a limiting factor. However, snake fruit leather showed moderate level (4.6 out of 9 score) of astringency.

Indonesia has a high genetic diversity of tropical fruits. However, studies on genomics are still very limited. In this data article, six underutilized Indonesian fruits were analyzed for the estimated genome size and partial data of genome assembly including Artocarpus nangkadak (Artocarpus heterophyllus x Artocarpus integer), Salacca sumatrana, Flacourtia inermis, Lansium domesticum, Pometia pinnata, and Syzygium samarangense. These genome data may be used to construct molecular markers for plant systematics and breeding program of these species. Our genome data were sequenced paired-end libraries using BGISeq-500 and generated approximately 5 Gb of bases per species. The raw sequences have been deposited in the DNA Data Bank of Japan (DDBJ) under the DDBJ BioProject umbrella with accession number PRJDB7265 and to the DDBJ Read Archive for each species following Artocarpus nangkadak (DRA007398), Salacca sumatrana (DRA007394), Flacourtia inermis (DRA007395), Lansium domesticum (DRA007393), Pometia pinnata (DRA007396), Syzygium samarangense (DRA007397).

Nasution Y, Rasyidin A, Yulnafatmawita, Saidi A. 2019. Evaluation of Salacca sumatrana as soil conservation crop in South Tapanuli, North Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20: 664-670. Salacca sumatrana Becc (snake fruit; or ‘Salak' in local name) is a profitable commodity. Morphologically, it is characterized by low, wide canopy that is potential intercept rainfall, while its roots are able to withstand soil erosion. This study is aimed to evaluate one variety of S. sumatrana named ‘salak sidimpuan" as commodity crop soil conservation based on its capability to intercept rain and trap soil sediment in the catchment area of S. sumatrana field. The research was conducted on mineral soils at West Angkola Sub-district, South Tapanuli District, North Sumatra Province, Indonesia with an altitude of 350-880 m above sea level. The study was carried out from October 2016 until March 2017 using survey method to calculate on rainfall interception, stemflow and throughfall while measurement of sediment used evaporation method. Statistical analysis was used to observe the difference of sediment trapped on the catchment area of S. sumatrana agroforest and the catchment area of mixed forest using Mann-Whitney Test. The results show that rainfall interception on S. sumatrana agroforest is 74.33% of the average rainfall while the Mann-Whitney Test Sig (2-tailed) is 0.000, indicating significant difference in trapping soil sediment between S. sumatrana agroforest and mixed forest. The amount of soil erosion on the catchment of S. sumatrana agroforest is 15.12 ton/ha/year while the erosion on mixed forest is 194.85 ton/ha/year. Thus S. sumatrana plant is capable to withstand rain interception with the result that soil erosion can be held in the catchment area of S. sumatrana agroforest. Instead of the calculation rain interception and soil erosion, then S sumatrana is classified as a soil conservation crop.

The Sidimpuan snake fruit ( Salacca sumatrana Becc.) tree flowers throughout the year. However, the fruits are produced seasonally. The level of production is directly related to flowering and fruit set. A low level of fruit formation results in a low number of fruits that can be harvested. A deeper understanding of the phenology of flowering and fruit set in Sidimpuan snake fruit may help solve the problem of low off-season production, and is the focus of this study. The study was conducted in the village of Palopat Maria, a subdistrict of Padangsidimpuan Hutaimbaru, Indonesia. The methodology included surveys and descriptive analysis with direct counting of inflorescences and fruits on each sample plant twice a week over each of three sampling periods (May–August 2016, September–December 2016, and January–April 2017). The results showed that the Sidimpuan snake fruit is a monoecious plant with hermaphrodite flowers. The inflorescences set at the base of the midrib of the fronds every 1.0–1.5 months. The plants had five–six flowering stages, and two–three stages of fruit set were observed. The period between the appearance of new flowers and fruit harvest lasted 5–6 months. The highest average number of flower bunches was observed in the January–April flowering period (6.23/tree) and the lowest was in May–August (5.33/tree, i.e., 14% less). The number of fruit bunches was the highest in May–August (4.37/tree), and the lowest in September–December, and was more than 40% less. Analysis of variance indicated that the flowering period significantly affected the percentage of fruit set. The highest fruit set was 85.5% during May–August, and the lowest was 44.0% during September–December. The average leaf nitrogen content in the flowering period of May–August and September–December was significantly different and higher than that in January–April. The average levels of phosphorus and potassium did not vary significantly throughout the year. The difference in fruit set affected the level of production in each flowering season.

Fendiyanto MH, Satrio RD, Darmadi D. 2020. Metabolic profiling and pathway analysis in red arillus of Salacca sumatrana demonstrate significant pyruvate, sulfur, and fatty acid metabolisms. Biodiversitas 21: 4361-4368. Salak or snake fruit (Salacca Reinw.; Arecaceae) is a tropical fruit that has high biodiversity in a tropical country such as Indonesia. Several types of salak can be found in Indonesia, one of which is Salacca sumatrana (Becc.) Mogea. Research on profiling metabolites in S. sumatrana has not been conducted. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the metabolite profile and pathway analysis in S. sumatrana, especially in red arillus tissue. This research was conducted by the method of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and the study of bioinformatics through metabolomics approaches. The results showed that red arillus had metabolites consisting of groups of fatty acids, esters, alcohols, xylene, phenols, etc.. Significant metabolites found were isobutyl acetate, palmitic acid, formic acid, 2-pentanoic acid, ethylic acid, n-hexadecoic acid, hydroxypentanoic acid, etc. There was a tendency that metabolite ethylic acid, identified as C00033 accession, was a key metabolite in either the pyruvate metabolism pathway or sulfur metabolisms with relatively high impact values. Pathway analysis using bioinformatics studies using MetaboAnalyst shows that four of ten pathways detected had a high log-ratio (p)/pathway impact, i.e., pyruvate metabolism, sulfur metabolism, fatty acid biosynthesis, and biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids. Thus, pyruvate, sulfur, and fatty acid metabolisms are important pathways in the red arillus of S. sumatrana. This study can be used as a reference in early metabolomic studies on S. sumatrana using GC-MS and the metabolites identified as metabolite markers can be used for plant breeding and biologists to understand the metabolic mechanism of the red arillus tissues from S. sumatrana.

Salacca peel-based porous carbon (SPPC) with high surface area (1945 m(2) g(-1)) and large specific pore volume (1.68 cm(3) g(-1)) was prepared by pre-carbonization and K2CO3 activation method. Based on the TGA results, it can be estimated that up to 70 wt% of sulfur-active materials could be infiltrated into the pores of SPPC to form SPPC/S composite cathode for LiS battery. The porous structure of SPPC could act as a buffer layer against volume expansion and minimize the shuttle effect due to the penetration of intermediate polysulfides during cycle tests. Optimization on sulfur loading (50, 60 and 70 wt%) in SPPCC/S composite was also investigated. It was found that the SPPC/S composites with 60 wt% of sulfur loading had the best electrochemical performances. With 60 wt% of sulfur loading, SPPC/S composite electrodes showed excellent electrochemical performances in terms of high initial specific discharge capacity of 1006 mAh g(-1) at 0.5 C and capacity retention of 71% until the 100th cycle. For both cases of low and high sulfur loading, they caused much worse electrochemical performances. Based on the experimental results, it can be concluded that porous carbons derived from the salacca peel were promising materials for sulfur loading in LiS battery.

Thai Agricultural Research Journal, 38, 3, 230-240

The application of biotechnology can be used to improve salak economic value. One of salak processed type use microbes by implementation of biotechnology is nata de salacca. The establishment of nata de salacca use of zwavelzure ammonia (ZA) that was alternative nitrogen source relatively dangerous if consumed in quantity more than standard discharging. The objective of this research was to know the effect of touge extract addition on nata de salacca produce. Completely randomized design was applied in this research with three replications. The concentration of touge extract used in this research is 0%, 1%, 2%, 3%. The observer conducted by physical observation such as weight, thickness and rendement of nata. The addition of 1 % touge extract produce 381,6 g of weight and 0,53 cm of thickness. The addition of 3 % touge extract produce 438,6 g of weight and 0,57 cm of thickness. The higher number of touge extrack added so weights and thickness of the nata produse is higher.

Hydrochar from the hydrothermal treatment of biomass is considered as a potential precursor for activated carbons (AC) which has been widely utilized not only for adsorbents but also for energy storage application. The advantages of hydrochar from hydrothermal treatment include its high Oxygenated Functional Group (OFG) and high porosity. The authors have been working on the biomass conversion for energy storage application. In our study, salacca peel was used as a biomass source. In previous research for the preparation of AC, conventional carbonization and activation methods were used, resulting in a high surface area of AC. In the current research, the authors investigated the biomass conversion in hydrothermal conditions. Water at a subcritical condition (with temperatures of 200, 225 and 250 °C and at a pressure of 50 MPa) and carbonization time of 4, 5 or 6 hours, with or without delignification, were critical in the research to investigate the conversion of salacca peel into hydrochar. The produced hydrochar from 225 °C, 5 h was chemically activated and compared to commercially-AC. The hydrochar and AC were then used as electrodes for the supercapacitor, and capacitance was measured by cyclic voltammetry (CV). The results showed that the capacitance of hydrochar was higher than that of AC while ACs from salacca peel exhibited much higher levels of capacitance compared to commercially-AC.

Elly SS, Watuguly TW, Rumahlatu D. 2018. Short Communication: Genetic diversity of Salacca edulis from West Seram District, Maluku, Indonesia based on morphological characters and RAPD profiles. Biodiversitas 19: 1777-1782. Morphological and RAPD-based genetic diversity analyses of Salacca edulis Reinw populations from West Seram District were performed. A survey was conducted in four locations in the village of Riring, Rumahsoal, Taniwel, Neniari, and Soya. Forty-two morphological characters and three RAPD primer were used. Data were analyzed on the NTSys program version 2.0 to perform UPGMA clustering analysis. An UPGMA dendrogram based on morphological characters resulted in two main groups with similarity value varied from 0.46-0.75 for morphology and 0.35-0.89 for RAPD. The result gives us important about cultivar of Salacca edulis in West Seram District Maluku which has high genetic diversity and germplasm. These results and can be used for further research for conservation as native cultivar.

Salak (Salacca edulis), commonly known as snake fruit, is one of Indonesia's local fruit preference with a promising commercial prospect for the development of horticultural product. This fruit is a superior fruit commodity of Padang Sidempuan which has been recognized nationally. A significant change of geographical altitudes from lowland to highland supported the salak growth when planted in South Tapanuli. This study was aimed to evaluate the phenotypic variability as well as its correlation of salak planted in three different subdistricts of South Tapanuli representing low, mid and highlands. Sampling was conducted using purposive sampling method where 30 accessions of salak were collected from all those three subdistricts in South Tapanuli. Both qualitative and quantitative traits were statistically analyzed and evaluated for its phylogenetic using NTSYS 2.02. According to the phylogenetic analysis, 37 morphological traits resulted in a similarity coefficient ranging from 0.34-0.68. Of all accessions tested, two accessions (MC4 and MC5) were closely clustered with a coefficient of 0.68. Moreover, 7 traits were positively correlated to sugar content, including plant height,number of fruit bunch, length and width of leaflet, number of leaf, fruit weight and flesh thickness.

This research investigated an effective closed system containing orange oil to inhibit important mold growth, delay weight loss, protect salacca color and extend the shelf-life of salacca fruit in 1L box during storage at 28 ± 2 °C for 28 days under different conditions, including open-air, closed system conditions, and closed system conditions containing 1 mL of each an emulsion of orange oil at 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08, 0.12, 0.16% ww−1. Sensory evaluation was carried out using the 9-point hedonic scale. The action mechanism of storage systems on salacca preservation was investigated in terms of limonene, gas composition, ethylene content, and pigments revealing salacca color were examined. The results indicated the closed system containing orange oil at 0.08% was the most effective compared to the open-air system and control closed system without orange oil. Orange oil could inhibit mold growth on salacca, delay weight loss, maintain redness of salacca fruit with high sensory acceptance (color, flavor, and taste) and delay senescence. The closed system with orange oil could extend the salacca shelf life from 10 days (control open air) to at least 28 days. The mode of action's key main factor was that the closed system offered higher CO2 and lower O2 contents required to maintain pigments related to salacca color in the salacca skin. Limonene was the main factor delaying the growth of mold during storage in a closed system. Consequently, to extend the saleable period of salacca at ambient temperature, the application of a closed system containing orange oil at an optimum ratio is an alternative approach.

The fibrovascular bundle (FVB) in palm plants consists of fiber and vascular tissue. Geometrically, it is a long fiber that can be used as an oriented board raw material. This research aimed to examine the performance of citric acid-bonded orientation boards from modified FVB salacca frond under NaOH + Na2SO3 treatment and the bonding mechanism between the modified FVB frond and citric acid. The results showed that changes in the chemical composition of FVB have a positive effect on the contact angle and increase the cellulose crystallinity index. Furthermore, the mechanical properties of the oriented board showed that 1% NaOH + 0.2% Na2SO3 with 60 min immersion has a higher value compared to other treatments. The best dimension stability was on a board with the modified FVB of 1% NaOH + 0.2% Na2SO3 with 30 and 60 min immersion. The bonding mechanism evaluated by FTIR spectra also showed that there is a reaction between the hydroxyl group in the modified FVB and the carboxyl group in citric acid. This showed that the modified combination treatment of NaOH+Na2SO3 succeeded in increasing the mechanical properties and dimensional stability of the orientation board from the FVB salacca frond.

The fibrovascular bundle (FVB) of the salacca frond is one of the potential raw materials in the development of bio-composite technology. The purpose of this study was to investigate the wettability of FVB using the contact angle method after the alkali modification treatment. The method of this research was to use FVB frond of Salacca sumatrana Becc. which was treated with alkaline modification of the combination of NaOH+Na2SO3 at various concentrations. The results showed that the combination of NaOH 1M+Na2SO3 0.4 M had the smallest contact angle, which means that the FVB has a good wettability value compared to the control treatment. Based on the results, it can be concluded that the modification of NaOH+Na2SO3 can increase the wettability of FVB.