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1. Autoparasitoids are intraguild consumers that attack and kill heterospecific and conspecific parasitoids as well as immature stages of hemipteran hosts, such as aphids, whiteflies and soft scales. Field experiments assessing the importance of interspecific competition between autoparasitoids and primary parasitoids, as well as its impact on herbivore suppression, are scarcely found in the ecological literature. 2. Using field data from 40 olive orchards, this study examined the mechanisms that regulate: (i) the interspecific competition between primary parasitoids of the genus Metaphycus and the autoparasitoid Coccophagus lycimnia; and (ii) the density of their shared herbivore host, the soft scale Saissetia oleae. 3. Metaphycus parasitoids used smaller hosts than C. lycimnia, yet did not outcompete C. lycimnia. On the other hand, C. lycimnia preferred to use Metaphycus females as secondary hosts for producing males rather than their own females. This preference might explain why the autoparasitoid negatively affected the density of the primary parasitoids. 4. Parasitism by the autoparasitoid C. lycimnia at the beginning of the season was the sole variable positively related to host mortality throughout the season, showing its greater effect on herbivore suppression. 5. In this study, an autoparasitoid, inferior at resource exploitation, was shown to outcompete a primary parasitoid without disrupting herbivore suppression. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

RESUMO A olivicultura é uma atividade recente no Rio Grande do Sul, com poucas informações sobre os insetos associados. A dinâmica populacional de Saissetia oleae (Oliver) e seu parasitismo natural foram avaliados em pomar de Olea europaea L., cultivar Arbequina, mantidos sob manejo convencional, situado em Caçapava do Sul (30°30'43? S, 53°29'27? O)-RS, Brasil. As amostragens foram mensais, de abril de 2012 a março de 2013. Em cada ocasião, em 20 plantas sorteadas, e dos quadrantes da copa (norte, sul, leste e oeste), foram retirados dois ramos aleatórios (20 a 30 cm de comprimento, com no mínimo 20 folhas), um interno e outro externo. A maior abundância de S. oleae foi na primavera e no verão, e a temperatura foi o fator que interferiu nesta dinâmica. Saissetia oleae distribuiu-se de forma uniforme entre os quadrantes e entre os ramos internos e externos da copa. Nas folhas, observou-se maior abundância de ninfas de primeiro e segundo instares, e nos ramos de ninfas de terceiro instar, adultos e adultos com ovos. A taxa de parasitismo foi de 3,40%. ABSTRACT Oliviculture is a recent activity in Rio Grande do Sul with little information on associated insects. The population dynamics of Saissetia oleae (Oliver) and its parasitism was evaluated in olive orchard, Olea europaea L., cultivar Arbequina, kept under traditional management, situated in Caçapava do Sul (30°30'43? S, 53°29'27? W), RS, Brazil. Samples were monthly collected from April 2012 to March 2013. At each occasion 20 trees were randomly selected and, from each quadrant of their canopies (northern, southern, eastern and western) two branches (20 - 30 cm - length and containingat least 20 leaves) were removed randomly, one inside and one outside the tree. The greater abundance of S. oleae was in the spring and summer and the temperature was the factor that interfered in this dynamic. Saissetia oleae was distributed in a uniform way between quadrant and between the internal and external branches. In the leaves were observed with greater abundance S. oleae of first and second nympal stages, while in the branches third instar nymphs, adults and adults with eggs. The parasitism rate was 3.40%.

Saissetia oleae (Olivier, 1791) (Figs 51, 52) Coccus oleae Olivier 1791: 95. Diagnosis. Marginal setae tending towards 2 sizes present, mostly with pointed or slightly fimbriate apices (Fig. 52L); with 5–13 present between anterior and posterior stigmatic clefts on each side (Fig. 51E). Venter with multilocular disc-pores abundant around vulvar area, plus a few pores present laterad of metacoxa (Fig. 52G); tubular ducts each with a narrow inner ductule, present in submarginal areas (Figs 51C, 52H) (partially adopted from Hodgson 2000). Material examined. 10 ♀♀, LAOS, Phou Khao Khuay National Bio-Diversity Conservation Area, Thaphabath Dist., Bolikhamsai Prov., 1.v.2015, coll. J.Y. Choi, on Alstonia sp. (Apocynaceae). Hosts. Polyphagous. According to García Morales et al. (2016), S. oleae has been recorded from plants belonging to 212 genera in 75 families. Distribution. All zoogeographical regions; Oriental Region (India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, and Vietnam) (García Morales et al. 2016); Laos (new country record). Economic importance. Saissetia oleae has been described as an important pest of olive (Olea europaea) in California (Smith 1921), Brazil (Prado et al. 2015), Greece (Paraskakis et al. 1980), Italy (Cozzi et al. 2000), Israel (Argov & Rössler 1993) and Morocco (Ouguas & Chemseddine 2011); it was also considered as a pest of citrus in California (Lampson & Morse 1992) and Israel (Blumberg & Swirski 1997). Remarks. Saissetia oleae appears closely related to S. miranda (Cockerell & Parrott). For a comparison, see the remarks section for S. miranda above. Saissetia oleae also resembles S. neglecta (De Lotto), but differs by having marginal setae with pointed or slightly fimbriate apices and legs with tibio-tarsal articulatory scleroses, whereas S. neglecta has expanded and strongly fimbirate marginal setae, and legs without tibio-tarsal articulatory scleroses (Hamon & Williams 1984; Hodgson 2000)., Published as part of Choi, Jinyeong, Soysouvanh, Pheophanh, Lee, Seunghwan & Hong, Ki-Jeong, 2018, Review of the family Coccidae (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) in Laos, pp. 1-62 in Zootaxa 4460 (1) on pages 54-57, DOI: 10.11646/zootaXa.4460.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1459506, {"references":["Olivier, G. A. (1791) Cochenille. Coccus. Genre d'insectes de la premiere section de l'ordre des Hemipteres. Encyclopedie methodique, 1791, 85 - 100.","Hodgson, C. J. & Henderson, R. C. (2000) Coccidae (Insecta: Hemiptera: Coccoidea). Fauna of New Zealand, 41, 1 - 259.","Garcia Morales, M., Denno, B. D., Miller, D. R., Miller, G. L., Ben-Dov, Y. & Hardy, N. B. (2016) ScaleNet: a literature-based model of scale insect biology and systematics. Database. Available from: http: // scalenet. info (accessed 3 July 2018) https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / database / bav 118","Smith, H. S. (1921) Biological control of the black scale (Saissetia oleae) Bern. in California. Journal of Economic Entomology, 14 (4), 348 - 350. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / jee / 14.4.348","Prado, E., Alvarenga, T. M. & Santa-Cecilia, L. V. C. (2015) Parasitoids associated with the black scale Saissetia oleae (Olivier) (Hemiptera: Coccidae) in olive trees in Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Acta Scientiarum, Agronomy, 37 (4), 411 - 416. https: // doi. org / 10.4025 / actasciagron. v 37 i 4.19743","Paraskakis, M., Neuenschwander, P. & Michelakis, S. (1980) Saissetia oleae (Oliv.) (Hom., Coccidae) and its parasites on olive trees in Crete, Greece. Journal of Applied Entomology, 90 (1 - 5), 450 - 464. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1439 - 0418.1980. tb 03553. x","Cozzi, G., Stornelli, C., Moretti, A., Logrieco, A. & Porcelli, F. (2000) Field evaluation of Fusarium larvarum formulations in the biocontrol of Saissetia oleae on olive in Apulia. In IF International Symposium on Olive Growing, 586, 811 - 814.","Argov, Y. & Rossler, Y. (1993) Biological control of the Mediterranean black scale, Saissetia oleae (Hom.: Coccidae) in Israel. BioControl, 38 (1), 89 - 100. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 02373143","Ouguas, Y. & Chemseddine, M. (2011) Effect of pruning and chemical control on Saissetia oleae (Olivier) (Hemiptera, Coccidae) in olives. Fruits, 66 (3), 225 - 234. https: // doi. org / 10.1051 / fruits / 2011029","Lampson, L. J. & Morse, J. G. (1992) A survey of black scale, Saissetia oleae [Hom.: Coccidae] parasitoids [Hym.: Chalcidoidea] in southern California. BioControl, 37 (3), 373 - 390. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 02373111","Hamon, A. B. & Williams, M. L. (1984) The soft scale insects of Florida (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae). Arthropods of Florida and Neighboring Land Areas. Florida Department of Agricultural & Consumer Services Division of Plant Industry, Gainesville, Florida, 194 pp."]}

The use of non-crop resources by natural enemies and their potentialities to enhance their effectiveness as pest control agents is increasing as a method for conservation biological control. Nevertheless, the effect of consumption of non-crop resources by pests has been generally overlooked being this knowledge crucial to favor natural enemies but not pests. In the present work, insect honeydews and flowers suitability as food resources for the olive tree key-pest Prays oleae were analyzed under laboratory conditions. The selected honeydews were excreted by Saissetia oleae and Euphyllura olivina, two olive pests, and the selected plants were seven abundant species in the olive grove agroecosystem that bloom simultaneously with the flight period of the anthophagous generation of P. oleae. In this work, some of these resources were identified as potential food sources for P. oleae. Despite the general findings, which indicate that honeydews have less nutritional value for insects than nectar, P. oleae reached the best survival and reproduction performance with the insects’ honeydews. Several of the tested flowers were identified as potential food resources for P. oleae, being Malva sylvestris the one that originated the best performance. Moreover, our results suggest that P. oleae females are synovigenic and emerge with nutritional reserves for reproduction. We highly recommend accomplishing further research before establishing these resources in biological control methods in order to confirm their effect on pests in fields. The authors are grateful to the Portuguese Foundation of Science and Technology for financial support through the project EXCL/AGR-PRO/0591/2012 ‘‘Olive crop protection in sustainable production under global climatic changes: linking ecological infrastructures to ecosystem functions’’ and Pest-C/EQB/ LA0006/2013. Maria Villa thanks FCT, POPH-QREN, and FSE for PhD grant (SFRH/BD/70693/2010). This manuscript is part of Maria Villa PhD Thesis. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Psyttalia concolor Szépligeti (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) é um parasitóide que, no seu estado adulto, necessita de carboidratos na sua dieta. A disponibilidade de alimento influencia a sua sobrevivência e reprodução e, consequentemente, o seu desempenho como agente de luta biológica contra pragas. Em muitos agro-ecossistemas as fontes alimentares ricas em carboidratos (p. e., néctar nas flores da vegetação espontânea) estão disponíveis durante um curto período de tempo ou são, em geral, pouco abundantes. No olival, na ausência de néctar, as meladas de hemípteros, tais como Saíssetia oleae Olivier (Coccidae) e Euphyllura olivína (Costa) (Psyllidae), podem ser uma fonte alternativa de alimento. Com este trabalho pretendeu-se determinar o efeito do consumo de meladas excretadas por 5. oleae e E. olivina na (l) longevidade e (2) estado nutricional de P. concolor. Em condições controladas, cada tipo de melada foi colocado à disposição de 60 indivíduos recémemergidos de P. concolor (30 fêmeas e 30 machos) e a sua sobrevivência avaliada ao longo do tempo. Como controlos positivo e negativo utilizou-se respectivamente, mel 10% e água destilada. O estado nutricional de P. concolor foi determinado por meio de testes bioquímicos de quantificação do conteúdo corporal em glicogénio, lípidos e açúcares de 10 indivíduos alimentados com cada tipo de melada, ao longo de 6 dias. Verificou-se que as meladas favoreceram a sobrevivência de P. concolor proporcionando maior longevidade do que a água (longevidade média registada em indivíduos alimentados com água = 2,9 dias, mel = 27,7 dias, melada de S. oleae = 42,3 dias e de E. olívina = 61,3 dias). Os resultados preliminares dos teores de nutrientes sugerem que as meladas melhoraram o estado nutricional de P. concolor, e portanto, podem representar um alimento importante capaz de manter o fitness do parasitóide e promover a proteçâo contra Bactrocera oleae (Rossi) (Diptera: Tephritidae), a praga-chave da oliveira. Os autores agradecem à Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT) pelo financiamento do projeto "Proteção da oliveira em modo de produção sustentável num cenário de alterações climáticas globais: ligação entre infraestruturas ecológicas e funções do ecossistema" (EXCL/AGR-PRO/0591/2012). O primeiro autor agradece ainda à FCT a atribuição da bolsa de doutoramento (SFRH/BD/103998/2014). info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Saissetia oleae (Olivier, 1791) Coccus oleae Olivier, 1791: 95. MATERIAL EXAMINED. ��� La Foa County (Nili), 11.VIII.2008, on roots of an unknown plant, C. Mille coll., Rosa C. Henderson det. (NZAC, CXMNC). PUBLISHED RECORDS IN NEW CALEDONIA. ��� Cohic (1956, 1958a). DISTRIBUTION IN NEW CALEDONIA. ��� Grande Terre (La Foa County). HOST- PLANTS IN NEW CALEDONIA. ��� Annona spp., Citrus spp., Erythrina spp., Ficus spp., Musa sapientum, Olea europea (Mille 2011). OTHER RECORDS. ��� Almost cosmopolitan. BIOLOGICAL AGENTS. ��� Encyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), Scutellista caerulea (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae), Cryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). NOTE. ��� Not rated as a harmful pest species. According to Cohic (1958a), this species was the rarest amongst the Saissetia species in New Caledonia., Published as part of Mille, Christian, Henderson, Rosa C., Caz��res, Sylvie & Jourdan, Herv��, 2016, Checklist of the scale insects (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccomorpha) of New Caledonia, pp. 129-176 in Zoosystema 38 (2) on page 135, DOI: 10.5252/z2016n2a1, http://zenodo.org/record/4578222, {"references":["OLIVIER G. A. 1791. - Cochenille. Coccus. Genre d'insectes de la premiere section de l'ordre des Hemipteres. Encyclopedie methodique, 85 - 100.","COHIC F. 1956. - Parasites animaux des plantes cultivees en Nouvelle- Caledonie et Dependances. Institut francais d'Oceanie, Noumea, 92 p.","COHIC F. 1958 a. - Contribution a l'etude des cochenilles d'interet economique de Nouvelle-Caledonie et Dependances. South Pacific Commission, Technical Paper 116: 35 p.","MILLE C. 2011. - Animaux nuisibles et utiles des jardins et vergers de Nouvelle-Caledonie. Editions SENC (Societe entomologique de Nouvelle-Caledonie), 200 p."]}

An experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of some biopesticides for controlling the olive black scale insect, Saissetia oleae (Olivier) on olive trees at Giza Governorate, Egypt during April, 2010. Four biopesticides (Biover, Stanes-biocatch, Stanes-biomagic and Bioranza) and one plant extract (Nimbecidine) were tested. The obtained results showed that all tested biopesticides and one extract were able to decrease the infestation with the olive black scale insect on olive trees through the three post treatment counts. Data clearly showed no significant differences among their efficiency (over 85%) and Nembicidine gave 80%.

Host plant and climatic influences on Saissetia oleae were evaluated in Crete, Greece, by comparing the distribution of the scale population within the olive tree before and after a heat wave. Samples of branches from different parts of the tree permitted the characterization of the feeding site of each scale; moving scales and parasites were caught in glue rings applied to the branches. Living scales were more abundant in sheltered microhabitats such as the lower canopy and the lower surface of the leaves. The older immature stages especially were more frequent on the more vigorous growth of the exterior canopy than in the interior. They preferred the older leaves over the young ones, regardless of their position in the tree. Parasites did not affect the scale distribution since they attacked scales only according to the host density and did not prefer special sites on the plant. A heat wave in July 1977 immediately killed a large proportion of the scale population, especially on the exposed plant parts. In addition, migration of scales from the new leaves towards the interior of the tree was observed. Because the survivors of the heat wave were pushed back to the nutritionally less suitable feeding sites, such as branches, the collapse of the S. oleae population still continued after the direct influence of the summer heat had ceased. By winter, the population had failed to reach the new vegetation. Because of leaf drop, only few females survived, and by March 1978 the population was reduced to 0.3% of its initial density in June 1977. Zusammenfassung Verteilung und Populationsdynamik von Saissetia oleae (Oliv.) (Hom., Coccidae) in der Krone von Olivenbaumen Der Einflus von Wirtspflanze und Klima auf Saissetia oleae wurde in Kreta, Griechenland, anhand der Verteilung einer Schildlauspopulation in Olivenbaumen vor und nach einer Hitzewelle untersucht. Auf Astproben aus verschiedenen Teilen der Krone wurde dabei der genaue Standort jeder einzelnen Schildlaus bestimmt. Ferner wurden kriechende Schildlause sowie ihre Parasiten in Leimringen, die auf den Asten angebracht wurden, gefangen. Lebende Schildlause fanden sich zahlreicher an geschutzten Stellen, wie im unteren Teil der Krone oder auf der Blattunterseite. Die alteren Larvenstadien waren haufiger auf den Blattern kraftig wachsender Aste der Kronenausenseite als im Innern des Baumes. Unabhangig von der Lage innerhalb des Laubdaches zogen sie alte Batter den neuen vor. Parasiten hatten keinen mesbaren Einflus auf die Verteilung der Schildlause, da sie diese entsprechend deren Dichte befielen und keine Bevorzugung fur einzelne Pflanzenteile zeigten. Eine Hitzewelle im Juli 1977 vernichtete einen hohen Anteil der Schildlauspopulation, besonders auf den der Sonne ausgesetzten Pflanzenteilen. Zusatzlich wurde eine geringe Abwanderung von Schildlausen von den jungen Blattern gegen das Innere des Baumes hin festgestellt. Weil diejenigen Schildlause, welche die Hitzewelle uberlebten, auf die von der Ernahrung her schlechteren Stellen, wie z. B. Aste, zuruckgedrangt wurden, nahm die S. oleae Population nach der Sommerhitze noch weiter ab. Bis zum Winter konnte die Population denn auch den neuen Pflanzenwuchs nicht in genugendem Mas besiedeln. Wegen Blattfalles suberlebten deshalb nur wenige Weibchen, und die Population schrumpfte bis Marz 1978 auf 0,3% ihrer ursprunglichen Dichte im Juni 1977 zusammen.

From 1975 to 1979 the population dynamics of Saissetia oleae were followed on olive trees, the only important host of this scale in Crete, by monthly recordings of population numbers, parasitization rates, climatological data, and effects of insecticide applications. Outbreaks, i. e. high scale densities, were frequent mainly in humid regions of the island. Differences in the scale density between the minimum in spring and the maximum in the following winter were in the order of 100 times. The olive variety Tsounati was the preferred host by nearly two to one over Koroneiki. In all areas populations increased during a cool and humid summer. The collapses in the following year were reinforced by hot and dry weather, but basically the cyclic population changes were attributed to the changing condition of the host plant. Parasites exhibited a delayed density dependent reaction in time in each of several localities. Density dependence was also found when parasitization rates of different areas were compared at the same time. Parasite activity was reduced in the mountains. Overall, the cyclically changing scale populations were higher in an area where parsitism was reduced because of insecticide drift from nearby table grapes. Parasitization rates were also lowered in areas which were treated from the air against the olive fly, as compared to orchards which were treated from the ground and/or where insecticide applications were reduced. A total of eight primary and six secondary parasites were reared from S. oleae. The three common primary parasites accounted for 96.9% of all specimens, while all hyperparasites together reached only 1.1%. Several exotic parasites were released against S. olease. Though they were established, they had only a small impact on the scale populations. Zusammenfassung Saissetia oleae (Oliv.) und seine Parasiten in Kreta (Griechenland) Die Populationsdynamik von Saissetia oleae auf Olivenbaumen, dem einzigen wichtigen Wirt dieser Schildlaus in Kreta, wurde von 1975 bis 1979 verfolgt, indem monatlich die Populationsdichte, der Parasitierungsgrad, Klimadaten und die Wirkung von Insektizidbehandlungen gemessen wurden. Periodisch auftretende hohe Schildlauspopulationen wurden vor allem in den feuchten Gegenden der Insel festgestellt. Dabei war die Schildlausdichte zur Zeit des Minimums im Fruhling rund 100mal kleiner als wahrend des Maximums im folgenden Winter. Die Olivenvarietat Tsounati wurde den Koroneikibaumen im Verhaltnis 2:1 vorgezogen. In allen Gegenden nahmen die Populationen in einem feuchten, kuhlen Sommer stark zu. Der Zusammenbruch dieser Populationen begann bereits im folgenden Winter, wurde dann aber durch einen besonders heisen Sommer noch gefordert. Der zyklische Wechsel in der Populationsdichte wird vor allem auf die wechselnde Qualitat der Wirtspflanze zuruckgefuhrt. Die Grose der Parasitenpopulationen war abhangig von der Dichte der Wirtspopulationen (“delayed density dependence”). Diese Abhangigkeit wurde sowohl zwischen zeitlich getrennten Proben desselben Ortes als auch bei gleichzeitiger Probenahme an verschiedenen Orten festgestellt. In den Bergen litten die Parasiten unter den kuhlen Wintern. Ferner zeigten die zyklischen Populationsschwankungen hohere Mittelwerte dort, wo der Parasitierungsgrad wegen Insektiziddrift von nahen Tafeltraubenfeldern verringert wurde. Weniger Parasiten fanden sich auch in Olivenhainen, welche gegen die Olivenfliege aus der Luft gespritzt wurden, im Vergleich zu solchen, wo die Spritzungen vom Boden ausgefuhrt und/oder wo die Anzahl der Insektizidbehandlungen vermindert wurde. Im Ganzen wurden acht verschiedene primare und sechs sekundare Parasiten von S. oleae festgestellt. Die drei wichtigsten Primarparasiten stellten 96.9 %, alle Hyperparasiten zusammen nur 1.1% aller aufgezogenen Zehrwespen. Mehrere exotische Parasiten wurden gegen S. oleae losgelassen, doch blieb ihre Wirkung auf die Schildlauspopulationen gering.

Saissetia oleae (Olivier) Diagnosis. Mature adult female dark brown to blackish brown, nearly round to oval, very convex with H-shaped ridges. Dorsal setae robust, spiniform, slightly blunt at apex, scattered over surface; submarginal tubercles with 10 to 12 around body; each anal plate with large discal seta; ventral tubular ducts with slender inner filaments in submarginal band; legs with weak tibiotarsal scleroses; spiracular setae number 3; multilocular pores usually with 12 loculi present on all abdominal segments., Published as part of Suh, Soo-Jung & Hyun, Ik-Hwa, 2015, A preliminary checklist of scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) intercepted in Korea on dracaena and ficus plants (Asparagales: Asparagaceae, Rosales: Moraceae) imported from southern Asia, pp. 1-13 in Insecta Mundi 2015 (432) on page 3, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5182311

Μια σeιρά από πίνακeς θνησιμότητας (life-tables) για τον πληθυσμό του λeκανίου της eλιάς στην Κέρκυρα κατασκeυάστηκαν για μια πeρίοδο πέντe eτήσιων γeνιών (1981-86) σe eπτά πeιραματικούς eλαιώνeς. Οι πίνακeς θνησιμότητας αυτοί δeίχνουν την eξέλιξη του πληθυσμού του λeκανίου από γeνιά σe γeνιά και τη φυσική του μeίωση μέσα σe κάθe γeνιά. Ανάλυση των στοιχeίων των πινάκων θνησιμότητας (key-factor analysis) έδeιξe ότι οι βασικοί διαταρακτικοί παράγοντeς του πληθυσμού του λeκανίου eίναι η θνησιμότητα των νeαρών σταδίων το καλοκαίρι, που οφeίλeται κυρίως στις υψηλές θeρμοκρασίeς, και η θνησιμότητα στη διάρκeια της άνοιξης που προκαλeίται κυρίως από τα αρπακτικά και κατά δeύτeρο λόγο απ' το παράσιτο Metapltycus lielvo/iis. Η διακύμανση των παραγόντων αυτο'ιν από γeνιά σe γeνιά eίναι αυτή που κυρίως προκαλeί τις eξάρσeις Kat τις υφέσeις του πληθυσμού του λeκανίου. Οι άλλοι παράγοντeς θνησιμότητας αν και μeιώνουν τον πληθυσμό του λeκανίου δeν προκαλούν σe μeγάλο βαθμό πληθυσμιακές διακυμάνσeις. Ιδιαίτeρα η δράση των ωοφάγοιν αρπακτικών το καλοκαίρι παίζeι ασήμαντο ρόλο στη δυναμική του πληθυσμού του λeκανίου.

Η πληθυσμιακή δυναμική του λeκανίου της eλιάς μeλeτήθηκe στην Κέρκυρα στη διάρκeια των eτών 1981-1986. Ο πληθυσμός του λeκανίου eκτιμήθηκe σe διάφορα χρονικά σημeία σe κάθe γeνιά και παρουσιάζονται πληθυσμιακές καμπύλeς που δeίχνουν την προοδeυτική μeίωση του πληθυσμού του λeκανίου μέσα σe κάθe γeνιά και τις μeταβολές του πληθυσμού από γeνιά σe γeνιά. Ισχυροί παράγοντeς θνησιμότητας που δρουν σχeδόν σe όλη τη διάρκeια του βιολογικού κύκλου μeιώνουν δραστικά τον αρχικό πληθυσμό του λeκανίου κάθe γeνιάς. Οι σημαντικότeροι παράγοντeς θνησιμότητας του λeκανίου βρέθηκαν να eίναι η θνησιμότητα των νeαρών σταδίων το καλοκαίρι που προκαλeίται κυρίως από τις υψηλές θeρμοκρασίeς και που κυμάνθηκe από 75,70% μέχρι 97,29%. η θνησιμότητα των eρπουσών που κυμάνθηκe από 78,39% μέχρι 87.07% και η θνησιμότητα στη διάρκeια της άνοιξης που κυμάνθηκe από 52,96% μέχρι 81,35%. Το συνολικό ποσοστό eπιβίοίσης που eκφράζeι τη συνδυασμένη δράση όλων των παραγόντων θνησιμότητας βρέθηκe να eίναι πολύ χαμηλό και κυμάνθηκe σe όρια που αντιστοιχούν σe συνολική θνησιμότητα από 99,693% μέχρι 99,987%.

The time of year the adults (flight period) of the parasitoids of S. oleae: Μetaphycus helvolus, Μetaphycus lounsburyi, Scutelista cyanea and Moranila californica and the predator Chilocorus bipustulatus are present, was determined in three areas of Corfu island: Lima, Kontocali and Avliotes. M. helvolus apparently has two flight periods: the first is from A­pril till July and the second from November till December. All the other natural enemies have only one flight period per year. The flight period of M. lounsburyi is from April till August, while S. cyanea flies from August till the end of September or the first days of Oc­tober, and M. californica adults are present from July till the middle of December. Adults of C. bipustulatus appeared from July till December or the middle of January.

Ο παρασιτισμός και η θνησιμότητα των προνυμφών Μ. helvolus και Μ. lounsburyi παρασίτων του λeκανίου μeλeτήθηκe κάτω από συνθήκeς eργαστηρίου. Η μέση διάρκeια ζωής των ακμαίων του Μ. helvolus στο eργαστήριο σe θeρμοκρασία 23" ± 1°C και σχeτική υγρασία 65-70% βρέθηκe 8.4 ημέρeς. Ένα μικρό ποσοστό των ατόμων λeκανίου 3ου σταδίου παρασιτίστηκe απ' το παράσιτο, αλλά ένα μeγάλο ποσοστό των προνυμφών του παρασίτου eξeλίχθηκαν σe ακμαία. Για το Μ. lounsburyi σe συνθήκeς 19° ± 1"C θeρμοκρασία και 65-70% σχeτική υγρασία, η μέση διάρκeια ζωής ήταν 10.2 ημέρeς. Η ωοτοκία του παρασίτου αυτού ήταν πολύ μeγαλύτeρη από ότι του M. helvolus, αλλά η πολλαπλή ωοτοκία σe ίδια άτομα του ξeνιστή και η μeγάλη θνησιμότητα των προνυμφών, πeριόρισαν σημαντικά τον αριθμό των προνυμφών του Μ. lounsburyi που eξeλίχθηκαν σe ακμαία.

In this work the duration of the life-cycle of Metaphycus helvolus (Comp.) (parasite mainly on the third stage), Μetaphycus affinis stanley (Comp.) (parasite mainly on the third stage) and Μetaphycus lounsburyi (How.) (parasite mainly on the fourth stage) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) on S. οleae, developed on different substrates, i.e. potato sprouts and plants of Nerium oleander, under laboratory conditions was determined. Among the Hymenoptera parasitizing S. oleae on Corfu, M, helvolus and M. lounsburyi, are of particular importance M. affinis stanley was introduced in Corfu in 1976 and despite the fact that the population of S. οleae in the release area was practically eliminated from other factors shortly after the release of the parasite, there is evidence that the parasite was finally established. The above parasites can be successfully reared on S. οleae developed both on potato sprouts and Nerium oleander. The study was carried out at 23±1°C, 65-70% R.H. and 12 hours of artificial light per day. For each species, 3 potato sprouts and three plants of Nerium oleander in pots infested with S. οleae were placed in each 60X30X40 cm cage. The host insects were oviposited in by adult parasites introduced into the cages and left there for two days. The number of emerging adult parasites in each cage was recorded daily (a total number of adults emerged per cage varied from 23 to 195) and the time taken for 50% emergence was calculated from the correlation equation by plotting the cumulative percentage of adults emerged against time. For M. helvolus the mean duration time of the life cycle was estimated to be 19.4 days on scales developed on potato sprouts and 15.1 days on scales developed on N. oleander. For M. affinis stanley the relevant estimates were 18.8 days and 23.4 days, respectively, while for M. lounsburvi the estimates were 21.3 and 18.6 days, respectively. For M. helvolus and M. lounsburyi the duration of the life cycle was shorter when the host insect developed on Nerium plants than on potato sprouts. For M. affinis stanley the reverse was true. These differences show the effect of the host of S. oleae on the time of development of the parasites, possibly reflecting the differences of the scale insect developed on different hosts as food quality for the parasites.

The action of parasites of Saissetia οleae (OIiv.) (Homoptera-Cοccidae) is studied in Corfu from 1980 in the framework of an ongoing project on the population dynamics of Saissetia οleae. Results obtained during the period 1980-1983 from 17 experimental sites indicate the following: a) the population of S. οleae increased in 1981 but from 1982 it declined to very low levels; following the overall decline of the host population, parasitization rates of third instar larvae (mainly by Μetaphycus helνolus Comp.) were relatively low and ranged from 2.1% to 6.7% for the autumn period and from 14.6% to 29.4% for the spring period; this does not minimize the possibility that Μetaphycus helνolus plays an important role on the regulation οf S. οleae populations; b) a considerable proportion of females of S. οleae is attacked during summer by Μetaphycus lounsburyi How. (an internal parasite on preovipositing females), Μoranila californica How. and Scutellista cyanea Μοtsch. (egg predators), but their significance upon the population system of S. οleae is not expected to be great. The action of Μetaphycus lounsburyi in spring, when the peak of the suitable stage occurs (i.e. fourth instar larvae), appears to be very low, at least for these three years. Its action is delayed and most of the specimens of this parasite emerge from ovipositing females in early summer. Among the species attacking S. οleae females, Μ. californica (recently introduced in Corfu) was the most abundant and it might be worthy to be introduced to other parts of Greece too.

Saissetia oleae (Olivier, 1791) Borg (1898; 1919) recorded this species (as Lecanium oleae) as an important pest affecting citrus and to a lesser extent olive cultivation. Borg (1922a: 83) wrote that this scale was ���very common everywhere in our groves, and is also found on the Olive, stone-fruit-trees, and many ornamental trees and shrubs, as well as on Capsicums and other annuals��� and was also found on pear growing near citrus (Borg, 1922a: 242) and on cherries (Borg, 1922a: 381). Borg (1932) described S. oleae as very common on citrus and olive trees, Cycas revoluta, Abutilon, Hibiscus, Myrtus, Nerium oleander, Pistacia lentiscus, P. terebinthus, Punica granatum, and other non-specified host plants. Saliba (1963) stated that it was very common on orange, fairly common on other citrus, apple, pear, olive, cherry and mulberry. More recently, it was recorded again by Farrugia (1998), Haber & Mifsud (2007) & Mifsud et al. (2012). Material examined: MALTA, Rabat, Buskett, 9.iii.1994, 1 ♀ on Olea europaea, DM; Żejtun, 10.iii.1994, 1 ♀ on Citrus limon, DM; Rabat, 12.iii.1994, 2 ♀♀ on Pittosporum sp., CC; Rabat, 12.iii.1994, 3 ♀♀ on Cycas revoluta, GW; Rabat, 12.iii.1994, 3 ♀♀ on Euonymus sp., CC; Marsa, 13.iii.1994, 1 ♀ on Casuarina sp., GW; Marsa, 13.iii.1994, 4 ♀♀ on O. europaea, BW; Marsa, 13.iii.1994, 1 ♀ on Citrus sp., GW; Mosta, 13.iii.1994, 4 ♀♀ on Howeia foersteriana, GW; Wied Bab��, 17.vi.1994, 2 ♀♀ on Rhamnus oleoides, DM; Marsa, Għammieri, 7.xi.1996, 6 ♀♀ on O. europaea, CF; Marsa, Għammieri, 24.iii.1997, 4 ♀♀ on O. europaea, CF; Qawra, 14.ii.2012, 2 ♀♀ on Nerium oleander, CM; Mdina, 15.ii.2012, 2 ♀♀ on O. europaea, CM; Qawra, 14.ii.2012, 2 ♀♀ on O. europaea, CM; Attard, San Anton Gardens, 19.v.2012, 2 ♀♀ on Myrtus communis, AR, GM & DM. GOZO, Victoria, 17.ii.2012, 2 ♀♀ on Nerium oleander, CM., Published as part of Mifsud, David, Mazzeo, Gaetana, Russo, Agatino & Watson, Gillian W., 2014, The scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of the Maltese Archipelago, pp. 499-525 in Zootaxa 3866 (4) on pages 505-506, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3866.4.3, http://zenodo.org/record/4930613, {"references":["Borg, J. (1898) Culture and diseases of the orange tree. Government Printing Office, Malta, 3 - 12 pp.","Borg, P. (1919) The Scale-Insects of the Maltese Islands. Malta Herald Office, Malta, 71 pp.","Borg, J. (1922 a) Cultivation and diseases of fruit trees in the Maltese Islands. Goverment Printing Office, Malta, vii + 622 pp.","Borg, J. (1932) Scale Insects of the Maltese Islands. Government Printing Office, Malta, 20 pp.","Saliba, L. J. (1963) Insect pests of crop plants in the Maltese Islands. Department of Information, Malta, 35 pp.","Farrugia, C. (1998) Parasitic Hymenoptera associated with scale insects on citrus trees in the Maltese Islands. In: Dandria, D. (Ed.), Biology Abstracts M. Sc., Ph. D. 1998 and Contribution to Marine Biology. University of Malta, Msida, Malta, pp. 6 - 8.","Haber, G. & Mifsud, D. (2007) Pests and diseases associated with olive trees in the Maltese Islands (Central Mediterranean). The Central Mediterranean Naturalist, 4 (3), 143 - 161.","Mifsud, D., Falzon, A., Malumphy, C., De Lillo, E., Volvas, N. & Porcelli, F. (2012) On some arthropods associated with Ficus species (Moraceae) in the Maltese Islands. Bulletin of the Entomological Society of Malta, 5, 5 - 34."]}

Eggs, larval and nymphal periods and fecundity of Pullus mediterraneus were examined under 16 h light : 8 h dark combined with six constant temperatures: 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40°C. Eggs of Saissetia oleae were used as prey. The developmental time at 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35°C was 17.23, 4.5, 2.64, 1.67, 1.28 days for eggs and 98.47, 68.88, 53.94, 28.96, 36.51 days for larval–pupal duration, respectively. At 7°C no eggs hatched, and at 40°C all the stages died after 36 h of maximum exposure except the three last stages. The fecundity of females rearing at different temperatures ranged between 1.7 eggs at 15°C and 601.86 eggs at 30°C. The pre-oviposition period ranged between 23.75 days at 15°C and 3.47 days at 35°C. The consumption of S. oleae eggs by the larvae reached 597.69 eggs during the pre-imaginal development. Females attacked more eggs than males averaging 77.69 ± 22.34 eggs per 4 day period compared with 46.97 ± 10.12 eggs per 4 day period for males.

Maytenus ilicifolia é uma espécie medicinal nativa do Brasil que vem sendo cultivada para atender a crescente demanda do mercado. Os fatores que interferem na produção, tal como a incidência de pragas e doenças, devem ser estudados para garantir o incremento na produtividade. O objetivo deste trabalho foi registrar a ocorrência e a identificação de cochonilhas associadas a 15 acessos de espinheira-santa (Maytenus ilicifolia) do Banco Ativo de Germoplasma da Embrapa Clima Temperado e do Instituto Federal Sul-rio-grandense. Foi registrada a quantidade de plantas infestadas em cada acesso e identificado, em laboratório, as espécies de cochonilhas infestantes. O número de plantas infestadas variou entre os acessos. Foram identificadas as cochonilhas Ceroplastes sp. e Saissetia oleae, família Coccidae. Dos 10 acessos infestados, 23 (11,3%) plantas apresentaram infestação com Ceroplastes sp. e, apenas uma (0,5%), com Saissetia oleae. O acesso 133 mostrou a maior incidência de Ceroplastes sp. (33,3%), seguido do acesso 130 (25,0%). O acesso 123 foi o que apresentou menor quantidade de plantas infestadas (4,8%). Saissetia oleae ocorreu em apenas uma planta, pertencente ao acesso 136 (5,6%). Maytenus ilicifolia is a medicinal species native to Brazil which has been cultivated to meet the growing market demand. Factors that interfere with the production, such as the incidence of pests and diseases, should be studied to ensure increased productivity. The aim of this study was to record the occurrence and the identification of mealybugs associated with 15 "espinheira-santa" (Maytenus ilicifolia) accessions from the Active Germplasm Bank of "Embrapa Clima Temperado" and "Instituto Federal Sul-rio-grandense". The quantity of infested plants in each accession was recorded and the species of infested mealybugs were identified in the laboratory. The number of infested plants varied among accessions. The identified mealybugs were Ceroplastes sp. and Saissetia oleae, family Coccidae. Of 10 infested accessions, 23 plants (11.3%) showed infestation with Ceroplastes sp., and only one (0.5%) with Saissetia oleae. Accession 133 showed the highest incidence of Ceroplastes sp. (33.3%), followed by accession 130 (25.0%). Accession 123 had the least amount of infested plants (4.8%). Saissetia oleae occurred in only one plant, belonging to accession 136 (5.6%).

Maslina je najrasprostranjenija voćka na Mediteranu. Smatra se jednom od najstarijih namirnica koja se od davnina upotrebljava kao hrana i lijek. Maslina kao domaćin ima vrlo bogatu entomofaunu. Štitaste uši široko su rasprostranjeni štetnici te uz maslininog moljca i maslininu muhu značajno utječu na prinos masline u Hrvatskoj. Cilj ovog rada je pregledom dostupne literature utvrditi vrste i važnost vrsta štitastih uši štetnih na maslinama u Dalmaciji te iznijeti rezultate istraživanja brojnosti štitastih uši na maslini na otoku Braču. Istraživanje je provedeno tijekom 2012. godine na dvije sorte maslina: Oblica i Levantinka. Zimskom pregledom grana i listova masline s lokaliteta Brač utvrđeno je prisustvo vrste Saissetia oleae. Brojnost te uši na sorti Oblica oko šest puta je veća nego na sorti Levantinka. Pronalazak vrste Saissetia oleae bio je i očekivan s obzirom da je ta vrsta najčešća i ekonomski najznačajnija štitasta uš na maslinama u Hrvatskoj. Ljetnim pregledom nije utvrđena niti jedna jedinka štitastih uši.

The particle film technology based on processed kaolin sprays has been recently introduced for the control of the olive fruit fly Bactrocera oleae (Rossi), the key pest of olive groves. A 3-year field experiment was conducted from 2005 to 2007 at Villarejo de Salvanés, Spain to assess the efficacy of a kaolin-based product (Surround WP) for controlling B. oleae and two other olive insect pests the olive black scale Saissetiaoleae (Olivier) and the olive psyllid Euphylluraolivina (Costa). The effects of Surround WP on the arthropod community of olive trees and on natural enemies were also evaluated. In a high olive fruit fly pressure year (2007), Surround WP sprays significantly reduced the incidence of B. oleae and that of S. oleae. However, Surround WP treatments did not have any effect on E. olivina populations. Both the abundance and the diversity of arthropods were reduced by Surround WP treatment. The principal response curve (PRC) analysis revealed a significant deleterious effect of Surround WP on the natural enemy arthropod community of the olive grove. The most affected taxa were the following the coccinellids Scymnus mediterraneus Iablokoff-Khnzorian, Stethorus punctillum Weise and Hyperaspis reppensis (Hbst.); the mirid Brachynotocoris ferreri n. sp. Baena (in litteris); different species of Orius and the families of Philodromidae, Scelionidae, Pteromalidae, Chrysopidae and Aphelinidae. Processed kaolin is proposed as an alternative to chemical control of the olive fruit fly. However, the effect of processed kaolin treatments on natural enemies should be taken into account in a rational pest control programme. © 2010 Springer-Verlag.

The black scale, Saissetia oleae (Olivier) (Hemiptera Coccidae), is one of the main olive pests and coccinellids are among the principal predators that feed on scales. The relationships between the temporal abundance of five common coccinellid species [Chilocorus bipustulatus L., Scymnus subvillosus (Goeze), Scymnus mediterraneus Iablokoff-Khnzorian, Scymnus interruptus (Goeze), Rhyzobius chrysomeloides (Herbst)] and the different phenological stages of S. oleae were investigated in two olive groves managed under two different systems (Integrated Pest Management and Organic Farming) during 2002 and 2003. Coccinellids and black scale were randomly sampled on a fortnightly basis and correlation analyses between the abundance of the coccinellid species and the different stages of the pest were carried out. Results showed that the abundance of S. oleae was similar between olive groves and years. However, significant differences were found for adult and larvae of coccinellid species. In both years and groves, the greatest abundance of coccinellids occurred between June and November, also corresponding to the period of greatest abundance of the first and second instar nymphs of S. oleae. Significant positive correlations were obtained between the second instar nymph and four out of five coccinellid species, being potentially the most predated stage of the pest. On the contrary, no significant positive correlations were found between the third instar nymph and the coccinellid species. S. subvillosus and S. interruptus were the coccinellid species that showed a higher number of significant positive correlations with the different stages of the pest indicating their potential as biological agents of S. oleae.

Bu çalışma, 03-05 Mayıs 2010 tarihleri arasında Ankara[Türkiye]’da düzenlenen 1. International Workshop in Taxonomic Acarology’da bildiri olarak sunulmuştur. This study was conducted to determine the population fluctuations and interactions between predatory mites and pests on leaves, shoots, and flower buds of olive trees. Studies were carried out at weekly intervals in four unsprayed olive orchards at Bursa (Turkey), which were located in different ecological areas, during 2007 and 2008. Population fluctuations of predators and pests were monitored by counting individuals on ten 25-cm long shoots collected at different heights from 10 trees in each olive orchard. The mites and mobile small insects were extracted in Berlese funnels and then examined under a stereomicroscope. In this study, the most common pest species found were: Brevipalpus oleae, Aceria oleae, Thrips tabaci, Liothrips oleae, Parlatoria oleae and Saissetia oleae. Although several mite predators, representing the families Phytoseiidae, Erythraeidae, Cheyletidae and Stigmaeidae, were found, members of the family Phytoseiidae dominated. Among the phytoseiid species, Typhlodromus (Typhlodromus) athiasae and Typhlodromus (Anthoseius) recki were found more often, whereas T. (A.) involutus was rarely encountered. Observations conducted at Bursa during the 2 years suggested that in these olive orchards the phytoseiids exist in a clear numerical response to pest species such as B. oleae and the thrips species. In addition, the results indicated that the large phytoseiid populations were a response to the secretions of the scale insects.

A polyclonal antiserum (AS) was developed and characterized for the detection of immature stages of the black-scale, Saissetia oleae, in whole body homogenized field-collected coccinellid species, using an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The indirect ELISA showed to be sensitive to the S. oleae AS, detecting a protein content between 0.118 and 0.0374 lg mL-1. The specificity of the ELISA was tested by assaying a range of sympatric predators and alternative preys with the S. oleae AS. Coccinellid larvae obtained the highest cross-reaction and a positive–negative threshold was established at 0.674 lg mL-1 protein. A total of 1,322 coccinellids were field-collected in three olive groves located in Tra´s-os- Montes (northeast of Portugal) by the beating technique and were analyzed to detect S. oleae proteins in their guts. Fieldcollected coccinellids which attained a S. oleae protein concentration equivalent higher than the threshold were considered as a positive reaction. In the overall collected coccinellids, 21.2% reacted positively with the S. oleae AS. Chilocorus bipustulatus and coccinellid larvae obtained the highest percentages of positives with 43.4 and 40.8%, respectively. The greatest frequency of positive responses occurred at the beginning of July, mid-August, and mid- October coinciding with the occurrence of the first, second and third instar nymphs of S. oleae, respectively. Thus, in this study, the role of coccinellids as natural control agents of S. oleae was highlighted by the number of individuals and species that tested positive for S. oleae AS.