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This paper aims to identify the socio-economic determinants significantly predict poverty status of older respondents by sex disaggregation. A total of n=172 respondents reported, and four Hos tested through Binary Logistic Regression Model 1-4, respectively. All Hos were rejected because all models fit and significant (p<0.05). Through HO1 and HO2 testing respectively among male respondents, two predictors obtained – working status and district. In Model 1 and 2, working status predicts less than 88.6 percent and 8.784 times likelihood the respondents were in non-poor and poor category respectively. In Model 1, Miri Sibu, and Betong districts had significantly (p<0.05) predict 9.439 times, 51.352-, and 26.402-time likelihood the respondents were in non-poor category. Whereas in Model 2, Miri, Sibu, and Betong districts had significantly (p<0.05) predict less than 89.4 percent, 98.1 percent, and 96.2 percent likelihood the respondents were in poor category, respectively. Through HO3 and HO4 test respectively among female respondents, two predictors were obtained – strata and current transfer. Rural strata predict less than 79.1 percent (Model 3) and 4.789 likelihood (Model 4) the respondents were in non-poor and poor category respectively. Current transfer predicts less than 99.1 percent (Model 3) and 113.44-time (Model 4) likelihood the respondents were in non-poor and poor category respectively.

This paper aims to explore the types of vulnerability through the Sustainable Livelihood Approach (SLA), identify the relationship between types of vulnerability and sex of the respondents, and measure the relationship between household income categories and types of the water system by sex disaggregation. Two data sets were used in this study (brackish water community and freshwater community) which covered the backgrounds of the vulnerable respondents and household income from the respective questionnaires. The respondents in both datasets are vulnerable respondents selected through multi-stage random sampling with the help of government agencies and community leaders in the sampled villages in Padang Terap, Kedah; Hulu Perak, Perak; Pulau Langkawi, Kedah; and Kota Setar, Kedah (Northern Peninsular Malaysia). A total of 415 vulnerable respondents were reported in this paper. Three hypotheses were tested. Seven vulnerability types obtained through SLA that the respondents are poor marginalised, and vulnerable – handicapped, single parents, the elderly, child labour, living alone, caretaker, and suffering serious diseases. The Ho1 had been rejected because there is a significant (p<0.05) relationship between types of vulnerability and sex of the respondents. The Ho2 and Ho3 were also rejected because there is a significant (p<0.05) relationship between household income levels and types of water systems among male and female respondents, respectively. The vulnerable women are mainly single mothers and older people, and the vulnerable men are mainly handicapped individuals. The vulnerable men and women in the brackish water community are poorer than the vulnerable men and women, respectively, in the freshwater community.

This paper aimed to measure the vulnerability type that predicts the likelihood of the respondents in poor category of household income by sex-disaggregated data. The respondents were sampled in Peninsular Malaysia (n=322)). They suffer from at least one out of six types of vulnerability asked in the questionnaire. HO1 (no type of vulnerability predicts male in poor category of household income), and HO2 (no type of vulnerability predicts male in poor category of household income) were tested through Binary Logistic Regression (BLR) Model respectively and rejected. Both models were fit and significant (p<0.05) to predict the male and female respondents in poor category of household income. BLR Model 1 (male respondents) significantly predicted Handicapped Male and Single Father, with 3.60 times and less than 93.9 percent of the likelihood respectively for them to be in poor category of household income. For BLR Model 2 (female respondents), Single Mother and Handicapped Women predicted 16.15 times and 72.5 percent less of the likelihood respectively for them in the poor category of household income. This paper concludes the vulnerable women are poorer than the vulnerable men, and the handicapped men and single mothers are the poorest in freshwater fisheries communities.

This paper aimed to measure the variable that predicts the likelihood of female respondents to wear face mask. The data were collected (n=501) through online survey using Google Form. The set of questionnaire included the respondents’ background, knowledge about COVID-19, the awareness on COVID-19, and behaviour related to COVID-19 protection especially in wearing a face mask, washing hands, and social distance. Respondents in this study comprised the majority of females, Malay ethnic and from urban areas, at average age=65.55 years old. Majority (75.25%) reported that they are unemployed, married (78.24%), and had tertiary education (74.85%). Knowledge and awareness on COVID-19 significantly predict respondents to wear face mask. High knowledge predicts 19.194 times the likelihood of respondents to wear face mask, and high awareness predicts that less than 95.6% of respondents to wear face mask. Nevertheless, no variable predicts male respondents to wear face mask, and only high knowledge in COVID-19 predicts 41.340 times the likelihood of female respondents to wear a face mask. As conclusion, only high knowledge of COVID-19 predicts the behaviour of wearing face mask. Thus, effort should be focused on providing the public with good knowledge of COVID-19 to sustain good behaviour with regard to COVID-19 protection.

This study aims to profile the backgrounds of the vulnerable respondents, to identify the distributions of the vulnerable respondents by the vulnerability type, to measure the relationship between two levels of household income and two types of water system community, and to predict the best vulnerability type to explain the likelihood of the vulnerable respondents in the poor category household income by two types of water system community involve in fisheries and aquaculture economic sector (FAES). All the research objectives were sex disaggregated. In this study two data sets were used, which were Data 01 (brackish water community) and Data 02 (freshwater community), which covered the backgrounds of the vulnerable respondents and the household income used in this study from the respective questionnaires. In both data sets, the respondents were vulnerable, which were sampled through multiple level random sampling with assistance from government agencies and the community leaders in the sampled villages at Padang Terap, Kedah; Hulu Perak, Perak; Pulau Langkawi, Kedah; and Kota Setar, Kedah; all in Northern Peninsular Malaysia. The vulnerable respondents suffer at least one vulnerability type as deduced from the Sustainable Livelihood Approach. A total of 415 vulnerable respondents reported in this study who were mainly females in brackish water (58.84%) and males (58.14%) in freshwater communities. According to the mean age, the respondents in this study were older people (mean age> 60 years old), with low academic background, mostly married males (79.07 %), single females (64.61%), and many males had house ownership (81.40%). The male vulnerable respondents mainly suffered from the Handicapped Vulnerability Type and the female suffered the Single Parent Vulnerability Type. Among the females the mean household income=RM960.74 and they were poorer than the male vulnerable respondents with a mean household income=RM1481.28. There was a significant (p<0.05) relationsh

The objective of this paper is to explore any different on vulnerability type (VuT) by sex of vulnerable community member (VCM) among aquaculture and fisheries households in Malaysia. There were qualitative and quantitative methods used in this paper – Focus Group Discussion (FGD) and survey. Initially, eight conceptual definitions obtained in literatures on economically vulnerable due to poverty and disable to work and earn income – i) older person, ii) poor single mother/father, iii) handicapped person, iv) career of bed ridden patient, v) suffering of serious illness (diabetic, heart problem, kidney failure, hypertension, and cancer), vi) poor and living alone, vii) child labor, and viii) others. A questionnaire was specially developed for this study and was distributed to 60 community leaders (CL) (the head of the village - JKKK) to give the profiles of 5-6 VCMs from different household in his village. These CLs are the informant of the FGD session. There are three sub-districts in this study – Kuala Kedah, Alor Star, Kuah and Air Hangat, Langkawi Kedah. These three sub-districts were purposely sampled to differentiate between 2-background of Fisheries and Aquaculture communities (FAC) – a mainland (Kuala Kedah) and an island (Langkawi). There are 42 males and 99 females VCMs had suggested by 60 community leaders in the questionnaire. Beside the questionnaire, 12 FGD sessions were conducted in 6-session for male JKKK (33 males) and 6-session female JKKK (27 females) in two different places in order to capture VuT. The 6-VuT are significant with the sex of VCM (p<0.05) through Chi Square test after the 8-VuT was regrouped. There are high percentage among male VCM is the disable male (38.1%) than disable female (14.1%); and high percentage among female VCM is single mother (37.4%) as only 9.5% single father. Second high percentage among male VCM is ‘others’ category (21.4%) and for female VCM is poor older person (15.2%). The FGD discussion obtained the answer of