Search

A fast, simple and valued method is developed to observe the quality and quantity of different pharmaceutical brands of cefixime. A spectrophotometric method has been developed for analysis of cefixime (CFX) by reacting with 4-dimethylamino benzaldehyde (DAB) as derivatizing agent. The molar absorptivity of CFX-DAB, newly synthesized derivative was calculated as 3.2 x 105 L.mole-1cm-1 and λ maximum was 393 nm. The calibration curve was developed in range of 5-25 µg.mL-1as this concentration followed beers law. The derivatization reaction is stable and didn’t show any difference in absorbance with radiation interaction for up to one day. The percentage recovery of CFX was checked and calculated in different pharmaceuticals was within 95 to 99.5% with RSD value calculated in between RSD 0.69-0.96% (n=3), respectively. This newly developed and validated procedure was proved to be accurate and precise for the analysis of CFX. This method was successfully applied to check amount of CFX from 7 different brands of pharmaceutical preparations commercially available in Pakistan.

This study represents a simple and facile method for the fabrication of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) using Cephradine (Cep) drug as a capping agent. Synthesized Cep-AuNPs have been characterized using different modern analytical techniques such as UV–Vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffractometry, and Atomic Force Microscopy. The estimated average size of synthesized gold nanoparticles was found up to 30 nm. These Cep-AuNPs has been used for the highly selective and sensitive colorimetric sensing for the mitoxantrone (MX) detection. The linear range of proposed colorimetric sensor responded to MX in the range of 10–100 µg/L. The detection and quantification limit of the sensor was 3.5 µg/L and 11.9 µg/L, respectively. The developed sensor was highly selected and highly efficient for MX detection as compared with other coexisting compounds such as 5Florourical, Capecitabine, Methotrexate (MTX), Zoledronic Acid. This developed sensor was successfully applied for the detection of MX from the real biological samples. The developed colorimetric sensor is sensitive, selective, cheaper and no need for sample preparation and easy to operate. No need expansive instruments.

The blood pressure is the driven force by which blood moves in a direction against the walls of arteries as it derived by the heart. Normal blood pressure has specific range while an individual with blood pressure towards lower range is very common ailment that is called in medical science as hypotension. In association with these majorities of the people including health science students consider hypotension as an illness which once diagnosed needs to be managed. The objective of this research study is an analysis on the familiarity of the risk factors and life style changes associated with low blood pressure among the health science students of Shaheed Mohtarma Benazir Bhutto Medical University (S.M.B.B.M.U), Larkana, Sindh, Pakistan. This descriptive cross-sectional study was proceed by enlisting health science students Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery (M.B.B.S) and Bachelor of Dental Surgery (B.D.S) of S.M.B.B.M.U Larkana, Sindh, Pakistan during September 2019 to February 2020. A total of 412 students belongs to the first Prof. to last Prof. M.B.B.S & B.D.S were categorized after the revealed of the superior command and distinctive interrogator for the complications of low blood pressure were noted. The data was analyzed on SPSS Version 24.00 statistical software after defining information in the software. 227/412 (95 M.B.B.S and 132 B.D.S students) considered low blood pressure as a sickness. The students of this institute also agreed that low blood pressure with healthy human’s presents with many complications that required proper management. The data reveals from this research study that majority of the health science students ruminated the low blood pressure as unusual physiological response of the body hence it required serious attention.

In this study, cupric oxide–polyaniline (CuO–PANI) composite was prepared by two-step methodology. First step was involved in the synthesis of PANI by the chemical oxidative polymerization of aniline in the presence of (NH4)2S2O8 as an oxidizing agent. In the second step, 25 mg of PANI was used as template for making a composite with CuO by hydrothermal method. The crystalline phase, morphology and composition of composite material were investigated by the powder X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy techniques. The composite material contained the monoclinic phase of CuO and some poor diffraction patterns of PANI. The composite material exhibits a flower-like morphology. The CuO–PANI composite was deposited on the glassy carbon electrode and used for the electrochemical determination of hydrochlorothiazide (HCT) in Britton–Robinson (B–R) buffer pH 4.0 by the cyclic voltammetry. The HCT has shown a well resolved anodic peak at 1.20 V against Ag/AgCl reference electrode. The electrode kinetics was diffusion controlled and irreversible in nature. The CuO–PANI composite possessed a linear from 8 to 52 µM HCT concentration with a regression coefficient of 0.99. The limit of detection of the CuO–PANI composite was obtained as 0.8 µM for the HCT. The CuO–PANI composite is highly selective, stable and sensitive for the HCT. Therefore, we believe that the newly prepared CuO–PANI composite material can be useful for the different electrochemical applications.

Background: Captopril is the synthetic dipeptide used as an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor. Captopril is used to treat hypertension as well as for the treatment of moderate heart failure. Analytical instrumentation and methodology plays an important role in pharmaceutical analysis. Methods: This review presents some important applications of electrochemical modes used for the analysis of captopril. So far captopril has been analyzed by using different bare and modified working electrodes with a variety of modifiers from organic and inorganic materials to various types of nano particles/materials. Results: This paper presents some of the methods which have been published in the last few years i.e. from 2003 to 2016. This review highlights the role of the analytical instrumentation, particularly electrochemical methods in assessing captopril using various working electrodes. Conclusion: A large number of studies on voltammetry noted by means of various bare and modified electrodes. Among all of the published voltammetric methods, DPV, SWV, CV and miscellaneous modes were trendy techniques used to analyze captopril in pharmaceutical formulations as well as biological samples. Electrodes modified with nanomaterials are promising sensing tools as this showed high sensitivity, good accuracy with precision as well as selectivity. In comparison to chromatographic methods, the main advantages of electrochemical methods are its cheaper instrumentation, lower detection limit and minimal or no sample preparation.

Recently, the oxidative behavior of methotrexate (MTX) anticancer drug is highly demanded, due to its side effects on healthy cells, despite being a very challenging task. In this study, we have prepared porous NiO material using sodium sulfate as an electronic disorder reagent by hydrothermal method and found it highly sensitive and selective for the oxidation of MTX. The synthesized NiO nanostructures were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. These physical characterizations delineated the porous morphology and cubic crystalline phase of NiO. Different electrochemical approaches have been utilized to determine the MTX concentrations in 0.04 M Britton–Robinson buffer (BRB) at pH 2 using glassy carbon electrode (GCE)-modified with electronically disordered NiO nanostructures. The linear range for MTX using cyclic voltammetry (CV) was found to be from 5 to 30 nM, and the limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were 1.46 nM and 4.86 nM, respectively, whereas the linear range obtained via linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) was estimated as 15–90 nM with LOD and LOQ of 0.819 nM and 2.713 nM, respectively. Additionally, amperometric studies revealed a linear range from 10 to70 nM with LOD and LOQ of 0.1 nM and 1.3 nM, respectively. Importantly, MTX was successfully monitored in pharmaceutical products using the standard recovery method. Thus, the proposed approach for the synthesis of active metal oxide materials could be sued for the determination of other anticancer drugs in real samples and other biomedical applications.