949 results on '"Saadat, S."'
Search Results
2. Muscarinic receptors blockade and nitric oxide production contribute in the relaxant effect of Berberis vulgaris extract on rat tracheal smooth muscle
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Naghdi, F., Saadat, S., Gholamnezhad, Z., Rakhshandeh, H., and Boskabady, M.H.
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- 2022
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3. Prediction of Osteometabolic Disorders Due to Diabetes Using Decision Support Systems
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Safarova, Sain S., Safarova, Saadat S., Kacprzyk, Janusz, Series Editor, Pal, Nikhil R., Advisory Editor, Bello Perez, Rafael, Advisory Editor, Corchado, Emilio S., Advisory Editor, Hagras, Hani, Advisory Editor, Kóczy, László T., Advisory Editor, Kreinovich, Vladik, Advisory Editor, Lin, Chin-Teng, Advisory Editor, Lu, Jie, Advisory Editor, Melin, Patricia, Advisory Editor, Nedjah, Nadia, Advisory Editor, Nguyen, Ngoc Thanh, Advisory Editor, Wang, Jun, Advisory Editor, Aliev, Rafik A., editor, Pedrycz, Witold, editor, Jamshidi, Mo, editor, Babanli, Mustafa, editor, and Sadikoglu, Fahreddin M., editor
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- 2021
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4. The mortality rate from self-harm in Iran
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Ghodsi, Z., Moghaddam, S.S., Vezvaei, P., Yoosefi, M., Rezaei, N., Saadat, S., Sheidaei, A., Sharif-Alhoseini, M., Sadeghian, F., Ahmadi, N., Jazayeri, S.B., Salamati, P., Khosravi, A., Moradi-Lakeh, M., Mokdad, A.H., O'Reilly, G., and Rahimi-Movaghar, V.
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- 2020
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5. A new approach for Canadian Light Source future orbit correction system driven by neural network
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Saadat, S, primary and Boland, M J, additional
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- 2024
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6. Trend of fatal poisoning at national and provincial levels in Iran from 1990 to 2015
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Ghodsi, Z., Moghaddam, S.S., Saadat, S., Yoosefi, M., Rezaei, N., Ostadrahimi, H., Mehdipour, P., Khalafi, B., Sobhani, S., Haghshenas, R., Alaedini, M., Jazayeri, S.B., Sadeghian, F., Sharif-Alhoseini, M., Bazireh, H., Naghdi, K., Derakhshan, P., Salamati, P., Moradi-Lakeh, M., Mokdad, A.H., O'Reilly, G., and Rahimi-Movaghar, V.
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- 2019
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7. Diffuse Alveolar Hemorrhage Without The Hemoptysis- A Case Report
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Primera, G., primary, Matta, J.G., additional, Eubank, L., additional, Saadat, S., additional, and Gurung, P., additional
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- 2023
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8. A new approach for Canadian Light Source future orbit correction system driven by neural network.
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Saadat, S and Boland, M J
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- 2023
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9. Automation of Pedestrian Tracking in a Crowded Situation
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Saadat, S., Teknomo, K., Peacock, Richard D., editor, Kuligowski, Erica D., editor, and Averill, Jason D., editor
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- 2011
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10. Vancomycin Resistance Pattern of Staphylococcus Aureus among Clinical Samples
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Saadat, S, Solhjoo, K, Norouz-Nejad, MJ, Kazemi, A, Erfanian, S, and Ashrafian, F
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clinical specimens ,staphylococcus aureus ,vancomycin ,antibiotic resistance ,Medicine - Abstract
Abstract Background and Objective: Vancomycin is used for treatment of methicillin-resistant S. Aureus (MRSA) infections therefore, resistance to this antibiotic is increasing. We aimed to determine the antibiotic resistance pattern and frequency of vancomycin resistant S. Areas (VRSA) strains isolated from clinical samples. Material and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 100 S. Aureus isolates collected from hospitals in Shiraz during six months, 2012, were identified by biochemical, microbiological and molecular methods. After determination of antibiotic susceptibility pattern by disc diffusion method and vancomycin agar screening test, Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) was determined by E-test for vancomycin, thicoplanin, linezolid and quinupristin-dalfopristin. Results: The most resistant and the most sensitive antibiotic were ampicillin (%95) and quinupristin-dalfopristin (99%), respectively, and 44% of isolates were resistant to methicillin. In agar screening test, 48% of strains had reduced sensitivity and in disc diffusion 3% strains were resistant to vancomycin. In E-test method, only one isolate was resistant to vancomycin. Conclusion: given the presence of VRSA and new antibiotic resistant strains, we recommend doing some intervention to prevent from spreading these strains in hospitals. . Keywords: Clinical Specimens, Staphylococcus Aureus, Vancomycin, Antibiotic Resistance
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- 2015
11. The effect of rosuvastatin on rat models asthma, hyperlipidemia and asthma-hyperlipidemia
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Boskabady, M H, primary and Saadat, S, additional
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- 2022
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12. The role of PPAR-γ antagonism on losartan ameliorating effect on lung injury and systemic inflammation induced by LPS in mice
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Boskabady, M H, primary, Rouki, V, additional, Saadat, S, additional, Memarzia, A, additional, Salmani, H, additional, Gholamnezhad, Z, additional, and Hosseini, M, additional
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- 2022
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13. Sparse Reconstruction of Regional Gravity Signal Based on Stabilized Orthogonal Matching Pursuit (SOMP)
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Saadat, S. A., Safari, A., and Needell, D.
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- 2016
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14. How has the U.S. Food and Drug Administration morcellation warning affected rates of minimally invasive hysterectomy in a large multi-center managed care setting?: 18
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Saadat, S. and Arden, D.
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- 2017
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15. Predicting the probability of mortality of gastric cancer patients using decision tree
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Mohammadzadeh, F., Noorkojuri, H., Pourhoseingholi, M. A., Saadat, S., and Baghestani, A. R.
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- 2015
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16. Higher education does not protect against firework-related injuries: A review of the economic burden and the risk factors of firework-related injuries in the capital of Iran
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Saadat, S., Mafi, M., and Smith, G.A.
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- 2012
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17. Investigation and comparison of two new dampers in short, medium and long structures
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Sadeghian ,Samet, Jamshidi M., Shahidzade A., Saadat S., and Mojtabavi A.
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Damper ,Earthquake ,Seismic Response ,Structural - Abstract
An earthquake is one of the most common natural phenomena, which causes a lot of human and financial losses due to the impossibility of predicting and preventing it. Iran is one of the regions with high earthquake risk in the world due to special tectonic conditions and the existence of active faults and high seismicity. New methods in earthquake engineering, especially in recent decades, have had a significant impact on reducing seismic damage to structures. Over the years, researchers have introduced a variety of methods to reduce earthquake damage to structures. However, the existence of economic issues arising from the use of innovative equipment has always been the subject of public debate. Structural control is one of the effective methods of earthquake engineering to reduce seismic response. Structural control means that the characteristics of the dynamic behavior of the structure are adjusted in such a way that the response of the structure does not exceed the allowable limits due to external stimuli. One way to control the structural behavior is to use dampers. In this research, the performance of a multi-level pipe in pipe damper and a new brace-type slit damper in structures is investigated. In this paper, first, four structural models including two 5 and 10 story models with the same plan and two 10 and 15 story models with the same plan are modeled in SAP software. Then the same structure is examined by considering the pipe damper in the pipe. The results show that the presence of this type of damper reduces the structural responses, including drift and displacement of the maximum roof to an acceptable extent. Also, according to the models, the performance of brace-type slit damper was better than multi-level pipe in pipe damper
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- 2021
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18. Epidemiology of injuries and poisonings in emergency departments in Iran
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Rasouli, M.R., Saadat, S., Haddadi, M., Gooya, M.M., Afsari, M., and Rahimi-Movaghar, V.
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- 2011
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19. Optimization of Pb(II) adsorption onto modified walnut shells using factorial design and simplex methodologies
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Saadat, S. and Karimi-Jashni, A.
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- 2011
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20. Clinical Outcomes in Patients Undergoing Coronary Brachytherapy for Restenosis of Coronary Vessels Previously Treated With Drug Eluting Stents
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Hazy, A.J., primary, Saadat, S., additional, Krauss, D.J., additional, Dilworth, J.T., additional, Stevens, C.W., additional, Dixon, S., additional, Safian, R.D., additional, and Lee, K.C., additional
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- 2021
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21. 1494 An Audit on The Management of Adhesional Small Bowel Obstruction at St Helier Hospital
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Rivera Cartland, M G, primary, Anjum, Z, additional, Saadat, S, additional, Studd, T, additional, and Camprodon, R, additional
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- 2021
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22. Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor Induces Cholinergic Differentiation of Rat Sympathetic Neurons in Culture
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Saadat, S., Sendtner, M., and Rohrer, H.
- Published
- 1989
23. Prediction of Osteometabolic Disorders Due to Diabetes Using Decision Support Systems
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Sain Sattar Safarova and Saadat S. Safarova
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Bone mineral ,0209 industrial biotechnology ,Decision support system ,Artificial neural network ,business.industry ,Computer science ,Process (engineering) ,Deep learning ,02 engineering and technology ,Lumbar vertebrae ,medicine.disease ,Machine learning ,computer.software_genre ,Bone remodeling ,020901 industrial engineering & automation ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Diabetes mellitus ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,medicine ,020201 artificial intelligence & image processing ,Artificial intelligence ,business ,computer - Abstract
To investigate whether a deep learning model can predict the bone mineral density (BMD) of lumbar vertebrae and levels of bone remodeling markers from unenhanced biochemical laboratory analysis. For the initial preparation of the model, we used data from laboratory and instrumental studies of 317 patients with diabetes mellitus. The development of the proposed methodology is due to the need to train artificial neural networks for intelligent decision support systems in order to process results of some laboratory data to predicting the values of indicators characterizing the qualitative and quantitative state of the bone. The results showed that the values obtained using the neural network diagnostic model reproduce the clinical research picture with a high degree of adequacy, which allows building a diagnostic algorithm for stratification impaired bone metabolism in diabetes. Therefore, ANNs could be a useful way to better understand the relationships between the numerous different variables that play a role in bone disorders in diabetes.
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- 2021
24. Sicilian Twerps and Afghan Boys: Translating Identity Issues into English from Italian Children's Literature in 1966 and 2011
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Capdevila, J.M., Alborghetti, C., Reggi, V., Moreton, J., Hijjo N.F.M, Kadhim, K.A., Gu, C., Saadat, S., Del Mar Rivas-Carmona, M., Oyali, U., Walsh, A.S., Almanna, A., Martinez Sierra J.J., Alborghetti, Claudia, claudia alborghetti (ORCID:0000-0001-5019-8383), Capdevila, J.M., Alborghetti, C., Reggi, V., Moreton, J., Hijjo N.F.M, Kadhim, K.A., Gu, C., Saadat, S., Del Mar Rivas-Carmona, M., Oyali, U., Walsh, A.S., Almanna, A., Martinez Sierra J.J., Alborghetti, Claudia, and claudia alborghetti (ORCID:0000-0001-5019-8383)
- Abstract
In recent years the growing number of immigrants reaching Italy has undermined the identity of Europe at large. Although European governments understood “the importance of better integrating their minority populations into mainstream national life” (Spellman, 2008: 58), the question of national identity opposed to foreign immigration is still open to debate. Italian children’s literature dealt with integration in numerous novels, therefore this paper wishes to explore the identity of young immigrants in two stories from 1962 and 2010 translated into English. The methodology adopted relies on the work by Lefevere and Bassnett (1998): since translators do not work in a void, the strategies they adopt to bridge the cultural gap between source language and target language provide some hints about their knowledge of the source culture and of the target public. Describing translations dealing with the (perceived) identity of immigrants may shed light on the attitude of the source culture towards these people, but also whether in translation this attitude changes when the text is mediated for a different culture. In Il treno del sole (Renée Reggiani, 1962; tr. by Patrick Creagh, 1966) young Agata is forced to leave Sicily with her family to escape violence and bandits. As they reach Turin, they are treated like “Southerners”, foreigners, even though they are still Italians. Difficulties of language, customs,education, and body features (they are described with dark faces) make integration difficult. Especially the issue of language becomes crucial in the story of Enaiatollah Akbari in Nel mare ci sono i coccodrilli (Fabio Geda, 2010; tr. by Howard Curtis, 2011). An Afghan boy, Enaiatollah is sent away at ten by his mother hoping to find a better life. His journey will lead him to Turin, Italy, and in his description of this troubled adventure as an illegal immigrant he borrows terms from several – apparently very different – languages (Pakistani, English, Italian). The ex
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- 2020
25. Severity of Chronic Pain Affects Health Care Utilization After Kidney Transplantation
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Hollisaaz, M.-T., Noorbala, M.-H., Irani, N., Bahaeloo-Horeh, S., Assari, S., Saadat, S.-H., Araghizadeh, H., and Rezaie, Y.
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- 2007
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26. Changing Treatment Protocol From Azathioprine to Mycophenolate Mofetil: Decrease in Renal Dysfunction, Increase in Infections
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Pourfarziani, V., Panahi, Y., Assari, S., Moghani-Lankarani, M., and Saadat, S.-H.
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- 2007
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27. 347 Sex Evaluation and Numeric Distribution in Emergency Medicine Residencies
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Cantwell, C., primary, Gibney, R., additional, Wray, A., additional, Osborn, M.B., additional, Wiechmann, W., additional, Saadat, S., additional, Allen, A., additional, and Toohey, S., additional
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- 2020
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28. 2663 Essentials in Minimally Invasive Gynecology (Emig) Manual Skills Pilot Validation Trial
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Munro, MG, primary, Brown, AN, additional, Saadat, S, additional, Gomez, NA, additional, Howard, DL, additional, Kahn, BS, additional, Stockwell, EL, additional, Volker, W, additional, and Thayn, K, additional
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- 2019
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29. Investigation of the generation of high-density matter using high power lasers
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Saadat, S.
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530.44 ,Plasma heating by laser - Published
- 1985
30. Predictive Values of Urinary Interleukin 18 and Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin for Delayed Graft Function Diagnosis in Kidney Transplantation
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Mojtahedzadeh, M., Farhad Etezadi, Motaharinia, J., Abdollahi, A., Mehrsa, A., Ziaie, S., and Saadat, S.
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surgical procedures, operative ,delayed graft function ,interleukin 18 ,Pathology ,kidney transplantation ,deceased donor ,RB1-214 ,Original Article ,neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin - Abstract
Background: Delayed graft function is a main complication after deceased donor kidney transplantation that adversely affects graft outcome. Difficulties in prediction and early detection of delayed graft function have hindered the ability to perform proper therapeutic interventions. We investigated whether measuring urinary interleukin 18 and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin as markers of ischemia reperfusion injury could predict delayed graft function in deceased donor kidney transplant patients. Methods: We studied 69 patients undergoing kidney transplantation from deceased donor during early October 2013 to December 2014 at the Urology Research Center, Sina Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Serial urine samples at 2, 24, and 48 h after transplantation were analyzed for interleukin 18 and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin levels. Results: Thirteen patients (18.9%) developed delayed graft function. Urine interleukin 18 to urine creatinine ratio was significantly higher in patients with delayed graft function compared to those with non-delayed graft function, at 2 (P=0.003), 24 (P
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- 2016
31. Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality and life expectancy, 1950-2017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017
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Dicker, D. Nguyen, G. Abate, D. Abate, K.H. Abay, S.M. Abbafati, C. Abbasi, N. Abbastabar, H. Abd-Allah, F. Abdela, J. Abdelalim, A. Abdel-Rahman, O. Abdi, A. Abdollahpour, I. Abdulkader, R.S. Abdurahman, A.A. Abebe, H.T. Abebe, M. Abebe, Z. Abebo, T.A. Aboyans, V. Abraha, H.N. Abrham, A.R. Abu-Raddad, L.J. Abu-Rmeileh, N.M.E. Accrombessi, M.M.K. Acharya, P. Adebayo, O.M. Adedeji, I.A. Adedoyin, R.A. Adekanmbi, V. Adetokunboh, O.O. Adhena, B.M. Adhikari, T.B. Adib, M.G. Adou, A.K. Adsuar, J.C. Afarideh, M. Afshin, A. Agarwal, G. Aggarwal, R. Aghayan, S.A. Agrawal, S. Agrawal, A. Ahmadi, M. Ahmadi, A. Ahmadieh, H. Ahmed, M.L.C.B. Ahmed, S. Ahmed, M.B. Aichour, A.N. Aichour, I. Aichour, M.T.E. Akanda, A.S. Akbari, M.E. Akibu, M. Akinyemi, R.O. Akinyemiju, T. Akseer, N. Alahdab, F. Al-Aly, Z. Alam, K. Alebel, A. Aleman, A.V. Alene, K.A. Al-Eyadhy, A. Ali, R. Alijanzadeh, M. Alizadeh-Navaei, R. Aljunid, S.M. Alkerwi, A. Alla, F. Allebeck, P. Allen, C.A. Alonso, J. Al-Raddadi, R.M. Alsharif, U. Altirkawi, K. Alvis-Guzman, N. Amare, A.T. Amini, E. Ammar, W. Amoako, Y.A. Anber, N.H. Andrei, C.L. Androudi, S. Animut, M.D. Anjomshoa, M. Anlay, D.Z. Ansari, H. Ansariadi, A. Ansha, M.G. Antonio, C.A.T. Appiah, S.C.Y. Aremu, O. Areri, H.A. Ärnlöv, J. Arora, M. Artaman, A. Aryal, K.K. Asadi-Lari, M. Asayesh, H. Asfaw, E.T. Asgedom, S.W. Assadi, R. Ataro, Z. Atey, T.M.M. Athari, S.S. Atique, S. Atre, S.R. Atteraya, M.S. Attia, E.F. Ausloos, M. Avila-Burgos, L. Avokpaho, E.F.G.A. Awasthi, A. Awuah, B. Ayala Quintanilla, B.P. Ayele, H.T. Ayele, Y. Ayer, R. Ayuk, T.B. Azzopardi, P.S. Azzopardi-Muscat, N. Badali, H. Badawi, A. Balakrishnan, K. Bali, A.G. Banach, M. Banstola, A. Barac, A. Barboza, M.A. Barquera, S. Barrero, L.H. Basaleem, H. Bassat, Q. Basu, A. Basu, S. Baune, B.T. Bazargan-Hejazi, S. Bedi, N. Beghi, E. Behzadifar, M. Behzadifar, M. Béjot, Y. Bekele, B.B. Belachew, A.B. Belay, A.G. Belay, E. Belay, S.A. Belay, Y.A. Bell, M.L. Bello, A.K. Bennett, D.A. Bensenor, I.M. Berhane, A. Berman, A.E. Bernabe, E. Bernstein, R.S. Bertolacci, G.J. Beuran, M. Beyranvand, T. Bhala, N. Bhatia, E. Bhatt, S. Bhattarai, S. Bhaumik, S. Bhutta, Z.A. Biadgo, B. Bijani, A. Bikbov, B. Bililign, N. Bin Sayeed, M.S. Birlik, S.M. Birungi, C. Bisanzio, D. Biswas, T. Bjørge, T. Bleyer, A. Bora Basara, B. Bose, D. Bosetti, C. Boufous, S. Bourne, R. Brady, O.J. Bragazzi, N.L. Brant, L.C. Brazinova, A. Breitborde, N.J.K. Brenner, H. Britton, G. Brugha, T. Burke, K.E. Busse, R. Butt, Z.A. Cahuana-Hurtado, L. Callender, C.S.K.H. Campos-Nonato, I.R. Campuzano Rincon, J.C. Cano, J. Car, M. Cárdenas, R. Carreras, G. Carrero, J.J. Carter, A. Carvalho, F. Castañeda-Orjuela, C.A. Castillo Rivas, J. Castro, F. Catalá-López, F. Çavlin, A. Cerin, E. Chaiah, Y. Champs, A.P. Chang, H.-Y. Chang, J.-C. Chattopadhyay, A. Chaturvedi, P. Chen, W. Chiang, P.P.-C. Chimed-Ochir, O. Chin, K.L. Chisumpa, V.H. Chitheer, A. Choi, J.-Y.J. Christensen, H. Christopher, D.J. Chung, S.-C. Cicuttini, F.M. Ciobanu, L.G. Cirillo, M. Claro, R.M. Cohen, A.J. Collado-Mateo, D. Constantin, M.-M. Conti, S. Cooper, C. Cooper, L.T. Cortesi, P.A. Cortinovis, M. Cousin, E. Criqui, M.H. Cromwell, E.A. Crowe, C.S. Crump, J.A. Cucu, A. Cunningham, M. Daba, A.K. Dachew, B.A. Dadi, A.F. Dandona, L. Dandona, R. Dang, A.K. Dargan, P.I. Daryani, A. Das, S.K. Das Gupta, R. Das Neves, J. Dasa, T.T. Dash, A.P. Davis Weaver, N. Davitoiu, D.V. Davletov, K. Dayama, A. de Courten, B. De la Hoz, F.P. De leo, D. De Neve, J.-W. Degefa, M.G. Degenhardt, L. Degfie, T.T. Deiparine, S. Dellavalle, R.P. Demoz, G.T. Demtsu, B.B. Denova-Gutiérrez, E. Deribe, K. Dervenis, N. Des Jarlais, D.C. Dessie, G.A. Dey, S. Dharmaratne, S.D. Dhimal, M. Ding, E.L. Djalalinia, S. Doku, D.T. Dolan, K.A. Donnelly, C.A. Dorsey, E.R. Douwes-Schultz, D. Doyle, K.E. Drake, T.M. Driscoll, T.R. Dubey, M. Dubljanin, E. Duken, E.E. Duncan, B.B. Duraes, A.R. Ebrahimi, H. Ebrahimpour, S. Edessa, D. Edvardsson, D. Eggen, A.E. El Bcheraoui, C. El Sayed Zaki, M. Elfaramawi, M. El-Khatib, Z. Ellingsen, C.L. Elyazar, I.R.F. Enayati, A. Endries, A.Y.Y. Er, B. Ermakov, S.P. Eshrati, B. Eskandarieh, S. Esmaeili, R. Esteghamati, A. Esteghamati, S. Fakhar, M. Fakhim, H. Farag, T. Faramarzi, M. Fareed, M. Farhadi, F. Farid, T.A. E Sá Farinha, C.S. Farioli, A. Faro, A. Farvid, M.S. Farzadfar, F. Farzaei, M.H. Fazeli, M.S. Feigin, V.L. Feigl, A.B. Feizy, F. Fentahun, N. Fereshtehnejad, S.-M. Fernandes, E. Fernandes, J.C. Feyissa, G.T. Fijabi, D.O. Filip, I. Finegold, S. Fischer, F. Flor, L.S. Foigt, N.A. Ford, J.A. Foreman, K.J. Fornari, C. Frank, T.D. Franklin, R.C. Fukumoto, T. Fuller, J.E. Fullman, N. Fürst, T. Furtado, J.M. Futran, N.D. Galan, A. Gallus, S. Gambashidze, K. Gamkrelidze, A. Gankpe, F.G. Garcia-Basteiro, A.L. Garcia-Gordillo, M.A. Gebre, T. Gebre, A.K. Gebregergs, G.B. Gebrehiwot, T.T. Gebremedhin, A.T. Gelano, T.F. Gelaw, Y.A. Geleijnse, J.M. Genova-Maleras, R. Gessner, B.D. Getachew, S. Gething, P.W. Gezae, K.E. Ghadami, M.R. Ghadimi, R. Ghasemi Falavarjani, K. Ghasemi-Kasman, M. Ghiasvand, H. Ghimire, M. Ghoshal, A.G. Gill, P.S. Gill, T.K. Gillum, R.F. Giussani, G. Goenka, S. Goli, S. Gomez, R.S. Gomez-Cabrera, M.C. Gómez-Dantés, H. Gona, P.N. Goodridge, A. Gopalani, S.V. Goto, A. Goulart, A.C. Goulart, B.N.G. Grada, A. Grosso, G. Gugnani, H.C. Guimaraes, A.L.S. Guo, Y. Gupta, P.C. Gupta, R. Gupta, R. Gupta, T. Gyawali, B. Haagsma, J.A. Hachinski, V. Hafezi-Nejad, N. Hagos, T.B. Hailegiyorgis, T.T. Hailu, G.B. Haj-Mirzaian, A. Haj-Mirzaian, A. Hamadeh, R.R. Hamidi, S. Handal, A.J. Hankey, G.J. Harb, H.L. Harikrishnan, S. Haririan, H. Haro, J.M. Hasan, M. Hassankhani, H. Hassen, H.Y. Havmoeller, R. Hay, R.J. Hay, S.I. He, Y. Hedayatizadeh-Omran, A. Hegazy, M.I. Heibati, B. Heidari, M. Hendrie, D. Henok, A. Henry, N.J. Heredia-Pi, I. Herteliu, C. Heydarpour, F. Heydarpour, P. Heydarpour, S. Hibstu, D.T. Hoek, H.W. Hole, M.K. Homaie Rad, E. Hoogar, P. Horino, M. Hosgood, H.D. Hosseini, S.M. Hosseinzadeh, M. Hostiuc, S. Hostiuc, M. Hotez, P.J. Hoy, D.G. Hsairi, M. Htet, A.S. Hu, G. Huang, J.J. Husseini, A. Hussen, M.M. Hutfless, S. Iburg, K.M. Igumbor, E.U. Ikeda, C.T. Ilesanmi, O.S. Iqbal, U. Irvani, S.S.N. Isehunwa, O.O. Islam, S.M.S. Islami, F. Jahangiry, L. Jahanmehr, N. Jain, R. Jain, S.K. Jakovljevic, M. James, S.L. Javanbakht, M. Jayaraman, S. Jayatilleke, A.U. Jee, S.H. Jeemon, P. Jha, R.P. Jha, V. Ji, J.S. Johnson, S.C. Jonas, J.B. Joshi, A. Jozwiak, J.J. Jungari, S.B. Jürisson, M. Madhanraj, K. Kabir, Z. Kadel, R. Kahsay, A. Kahssay, M. Kalani, R. Kapil, U. Karami, M. Karami Matin, B. Karch, A. Karema, C. Karimi, N. Karimi, S.M. Karimi-Sari, H. Kasaeian, A. Kassa, G.M. Kassa, T.D. Kassa, Z.Y. Kassebaum, N.J. Katibeh, M. Katikireddi, S.V. Kaul, A. Kawakami, N. Kazemeini, H. Kazemi, Z. Kazemi Karyani, A. Prakash, K.C. Kebede, S. Keiyoro, P.N. Kemp, G.R. Kengne, A.P. Keren, A. Kereselidze, M. Khader, Y.S. Khafaie, M.A. Khajavi, A. Khalid, N. Khalil, I.A. Khan, E.A. Khan, G. Khan, M.S. Khan, M.A. Khang, Y.-H. Khanna, T. Khater, M.M. Khatony, A. Khazaie, H. Khoja, A.T. Khosravi, A. Khosravi, M.H. Khubchandani, J. Kiadaliri, A.A. Kibret, G.D.D. Kim, C.-I. Kim, D. Kim, J.Y. Kim, Y.-E. Kimokoti, R.W. Kinfu, Y. Kinra, S. Kisa, A. Kissimova-Skarbek, K. Kissoon, N. Kivimäki, M. Kleber, M.E. Knibbs, L.D. Knudsen, A.K.S. Kochhar, S. Kokubo, Y. Kolola, T. Kopec, J.A. Kosek, M.N. Kosen, S. Koul, P.A. Koyanagi, A. Kravchenko, M.A. Krishan, K. Krishnaswami, S. Kuate Defo, B. Kucuk Bicer, B. Kudom, A.A. Kuipers, E.J. Kulikoff, X.R. Kumar, G.A. Kumar, M. Kumar, P. Kumsa, F.A. Kutz, M.J. Lad, S.D. Lafranconi, A. Lal, D.K. Lalloo, R. Lam, H. Lami, F.H. Lan, Q. Langan, S.M. Lansingh, V.C. Lansky, S. Larson, H.J. Laryea, D.O. Lassi, Z.S. Latifi, A. Lavados, P.M. Laxmaiah, A. Lazarus, J.V. Lebedev, G. Lee, P.H. Leigh, J. Leshargie, C.T. Leta, S. Levi, M. Li, S. Li, Y. Li, X. Liang, J. Liang, X. Liben, M.L. Lim, L.-L. Lim, S.S. Limenih, M.A. Linn, S. Liu, S. Liu, Y. Lodha, R. Logroscino, G. Lonsdale, C. Lorch, S.A. Lorkowski, S. Lotufo, P.A. Lozano, R. Lucas, T.C.D. Lunevicius, R. Lyons, R.A. Ma, S. Mabika, C. Macarayan, E.R.K. Mackay, M.T. Maddison, E.R. Maddison, R. Madotto, F. Magdy Abd El Razek, H. Magdy Abd El Razek, M. Maghavani, D.P. Majdan, M. Majdzadeh, R. Majeed, A. Malekzadeh, R. Malik, M.A. Malta, D.C. Mamun, A.A. Manamo, W.A. Manda, A.-L. Mansournia, M.A. Mantovani, L.G. Mapoma, C.C. Marami, D. Maravilla, J.C. Marcenes, W. Marina, S. Martinez-Raga, J. Martins, S.C.O. Martins-Melo, F.R. März, W. Marzan, M.B. Mashamba-Thompson, T.P. Masiye, F. Massenburg, B.B. Maulik, P.K. Mazidi, M. McGrath, J.J. McKee, M. Mehata, S. Mehendale, S.M. Mehndiratta, M.M. Mehrotra, R. Mehta, K.M. Mehta, V. Mekonen, T. Mekonnen, T.C. Meles, H.G. Meles, K.G. Melese, A. Melku, M. Memiah, P.T.N. Memish, Z.A. Mendoza, W. Mengistu, D.T. Mengistu, G. Mensah, G.A. Mereta, S.T. Meretoja, A. Meretoja, T.J. Mestrovic, T. Mezgebe, H.B. Miangotar, Y. Miazgowski, B. Miazgowski, T. Miller, T.R. Mini, G.K. Mirica, A. Mirrakhimov, E.M. Misganaw, A.T. Moazen, B. Moges, N.A. Mohammad, K.A. Mohammadi, M. Mohammadifard, N. Mohammadi-Khanaposhtani, M. Mohammadnia-Afrouzi, M. Mohammed, S. Mohammed, M.A. Mohan, V. Mokdad, A.H. Molokhia, M. Monasta, L. Moradi, G. Moradi, M. Moradi-Lakeh, M. Moradinazar, M. Moraga, P. Morawska, L. Moreno Velásquez, I. Morgado-Da-costa, J. Morrison, S.D. Mosapour, A. Moschos, M.M. Mousavi, S.M. Muche, A.A. Muchie, K.F. Mueller, U.O. Mukhopadhyay, S. Mullany, E.C. Muller, K. Murhekar, M. Murphy, T.B. Murthy, G.V.S. Murthy, S. Musa, J. Musa, K.I. Mustafa, G. Muthupandian, S. Nachega, J.B. Nagel, G. Naghavi, M. Naheed, A. Nahvijou, A. Naik, G. Nair, S. Najafi, F. Nangia, V. Nansseu, J.R. Nascimento, B.R. Nawaz, H. Ncama, B.P. Neamati, N. Negoi, I. Negoi, R.I. Neupane, S. Newton, C.R.J. Ngalesoni, F.N. Ngunjiri, J.W. Nguyen, H.T. Nguyen, H.T. Nguyen, L.H. Nguyen, M. Nguyen, T.H. Ningrum, D.N.A. Nirayo, Y.L. Nisar, M.I. Nixon, M.R. Nolutshungu, N. Nomura, S. Norheim, O.F. Noroozi, M. Norrving, B. Noubiap, J.J. Nouri, H.R. Nourollahpour Shiadeh, M. Nowroozi, M.R. Nsoesie, E.O. Nyasulu, P.S. Ofori-Asenso, R. Ogah, O.S. Ogbo, F.A. Oh, I.-H. Okoro, A. Oladimeji, O. Olagunju, A.T. Olagunju, T.O. Olivares, P.R. Olusanya, B.O. Olusanya, J.O. Ong, S.K. Opio, J.N. Oren, E. Ortiz, J.R. Ortiz, A. Ota, E. Otstavnov, S.S. Øverland, S. Owolabi, M.O. Oyekale, A.S. Mahesh, P.A. Pacella, R. Pakhale, S. Pakhare, A.P. Pana, A. Panda, B.K. Panda-Jonas, S. Pandey, A.R. Pandian, J.D. Parisi, A. Park, E.-K. Parry, C.D.H. Parsian, H. Patel, S. Patle, A. Patten, S.B. Patton, G.C. Paudel, D. Pearce, N. Peprah, E.K. Pereira, A. Pereira, D.M. Perez, K.M. Perico, N. Pervaiz, A. Pesudovs, K. Petri, W.A. Petzold, M. Phillips, M.R. Pigott, D.M. Pillay, J.D. Pirsaheb, M. Pishgar, F. Plass, D. Polinder, S. Pond, C.D. Popova, S. Postma, M.J. Pourmalek, F. Pourshams, A. Poustchi, H. Prabhakaran, D. Prakash, V. Prakash, S. Prasad, N. Qorbani, M. Quistberg, D.A. Radfar, A. Rafay, A. Rafiei, A. Rahim, F. Rahimi, K. Rahimi-Movaghar, A. Rahimi-Movaghar, V. Rahman, M. Ur Rahman, M.H. Rahman, M.A. Ur Rahman, S. Rai, R.K. Rajati, F. Rajsic, S. Raju, S.B. Ram, U. Ranabhat, C.L. Ranjan, P. Ranta, A. Rasella, D. Rawaf, D.L. Rawaf, S. Ray, S.E. Razo-GarcÃa, C. Rego, M.A.S. Rehm, J. Reiner, R.C. Reinig, N. Reis, C. Remuzzi, G. Renzaho, A.M.N. Resnikoff, S. Rezaei, S. Rezaeian, S. Rezai, M.S. Riahi, S.M. Ribeiro, A.L.P. Riojas, H. Rios-Blancas, M.J. Roba, K.T. Robinson, S.R. Roever, L. Ronfani, L. Roshandel, G. Roshchin, D.O. Rostami, A. Rothenbacher, D. Rubagotti, E. Ruhago, G.M. Saadat, S. Sabde, Y.D. Sachdev, P.S. Saddik, B. Sadeghi, E. Saeedi Moghaddam, S. Safari, H. Safari, Y. Safari-Faramani, R. Safdarian, M. Safi, S. Safiri, S. Sagar, R. Sahebkar, A. Sahraian, M.A. Sajadi, H.S. Salahshoor, M. Salam, N. Salama, J.S. Salamati, P. Saldanha, R.F. Salimi, Y. Salimzadeh, H. Salz, I. Sambala, E.Z. Samy, A.M. Sanabria, J. Sanchez-Niño, M.D. Santos, I.S. Santos, J.V. Santric Milicevic, M.M. Sao Jose, B.P. Sardana, M. Sarker, A.R. Sarrafzadegan, N. Sartorius, B. Sarvi, S. Sathian, B. Satpathy, M. Savic, M. Sawant, A.R. Sawhney, M. Saxena, S. Sayyah, M. Scaria, V. Schaeffner, E. Schelonka, K. Schmidt, M.I. Schneider, I.J.C. Schöttker, B. Schutte, A.E. Schwebel, D.C. Schwendicke, F. Scott, J.G. Sekerija, M. Sepanlou, S.G. Serván-Mori, E. Shabaninejad, H. Shackelford, K.A. Shafieesabet, A. Shaheen, A.A. Shaikh, M.A. Shakir, R.A. Shams-Beyranvand, M. Shamsi, M. Shamsizadeh, M. Sharafi, H. Sharafi, K. Sharif, M. Sharif-Alhoseini, M. Sharma, M. Sharma, J. Sharma, R. She, J. Sheikh, A. Sheth, K.N. Shi, P. Shibuya, K. Shifa, G.T. Shiferaw, M.S. Shigematsu, M. Shiri, R. Shirkoohi, R. Shiue, I. Shokraneh, F. Shrime, M.G. Shukla, S.R. Si, S. Siabani, S. Siddiqi, T.J. Sigfusdottir, I.D. Sigurvinsdottir, R. Silpakit, N. Silva, D.A.S. Silva, J.P. Silveira, D.G.A. Singam, N.S.V. Singh, J.A. Singh, V. Sinha, A.P. Sinha, D.N. Sitas, F. Skirbekk, V. Sliwa, K. Soares Filho, A.M. Sobaih, B.H. Sobhani, S. Soofi, M. Soriano, J.B. Soyiri, I.N. Sposato, L.A. Sreeramareddy, C.T. Srinivasan, V. Srivastava, R.K. Starodubov, V.I. Stathopoulou, V. Steel, N. Stein, D.J. Steiner, C. Stewart, L.G. Stokes, M.A. Sudaryanto, A. Sufiyan, M.B. Sulo, G. Sunguya, B.F. Sur, P.J. Sutradhar, I. Sykes, B.L. Sylaja, P.N. Sylte, D.O. Szoeke, C.E.I. Tabarés-Seisdedos, R. Tabuchi, T. Tadakamadla, S.K. Takahashi, K. Tandon, N. Tassew, A.A. Tassew, S.G. Tavakkoli, M. Taveira, N. Tawye, N.Y. Tehrani-Banihashemi, A. Tekalign, T.G. Tekle, M.G. Temesgen, H. Temsah, M.-H. Temsah, O. Terkawi, A.S. Teshale, M.Y. Tessema, B. Teweldemedhin, M. Thakur, J.S. Thankappan, K.R. Thirunavukkarasu, S. Thomas, L.A. Thomas, N. Thrift, A.G. Tilahun, B. To, Q.G. Tobe-Gai, R. Tonelli, M. Topor-Madry, R. Topouzis, F. Torre, A.E. Tortajada-Girbés, M. Tovani-Palone, M.R. Towbin, J.A. Tran, B.X. Tran, K.B. Tripathi, S. Tripathy, S.P. Truelsen, T.C. Truong, N.T. Tsadik, A.G. Tsilimparis, N. Tudor Car, L. Tuzcu, E.M. Tyrovolas, S. Ukwaja, K.N. Ullah, I. Usman, M.S. Uthman, O.A. Uzun, S.B. Vaduganathan, M. Vaezi, A. Vaidya, G. Valdez, P.R. Varavikova, E. Varughese, S. Vasankari, T.J. Vasconcelos, A.M.N. Venketasubramanian, N. Vidavalur, R. Villafaina, S. Violante, F.S. Vladimirov, S.K. Vlassov, V. Vollset, S.E. Vos, T. Vosoughi, K. Vujcic, I.S. Wagner, G.R. Wagnew, F.W.S. Waheed, Y. Wang, Y. Wang, Y.-P. Wassie, M.M. Weiderpass, E. Weintraub, R.G. Weiss, D.J. Weiss, J. Weldegebreal, F. Weldegwergs, K.G. Werdecker, A. Westerman, R. Whiteford, H.A. Widecka, J. Widecka, K. Wijeratne, T. Winkler, A.S. Wiysonge, C.S. Wolfe, C.D.A. Wondemagegn, S.A. Wu, S. Wyper, G.M.A. Xu, G. Yadav, R. Yakob, B. Yamada, T. Yan, L.L. Yano, Y. Yaseri, M. Yasin, Y.J. Ye, P. Yearwood, J.A. Yentür, G.K. Yeshaneh, A. Yimer, E.M. Yip, P. Yisma, E. Yonemoto, N. Yoon, S.-J. York, H.W. Yotebieng, M. Younis, M.Z. Yousefifard, M. Yu, C. Zachariah, G. Zadnik, V. Zafar, S. Zaidi, Z. Zaman, S.B. Zamani, M. Zare, Z. Zeeb, H. Zeleke, M.M. Zenebe, Z.M. Zerfu, T.A. Zhang, K. Zhang, X. Zhou, M. Zhu, J. Zodpey, S. Zucker, I. Zuhlke, L.J.J. Lopez, A.D. Gakidou, E. Murray, C.J.L. GBD 2017 Mortality Collaborators
- Abstract
Background: Assessments of age-specifc mortality and life expectancy have been done by the UN Population Division, Department of Economics and Social Afairs (UNPOP), the United States Census Bureau, WHO, and as part of previous iterations of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD). Previous iterations of the GBD used population estimates from UNPOP, which were not derived in a way that was internally consistent with the estimates of the numbers of deaths in the GBD. The present iteration of the GBD, GBD 2017, improves on previous assessments and provides timely estimates of the mortality experience of populations globally. Methods: The GBD uses all available data to produce estimates of mortality rates between 1950 and 2017 for 23 age groups, both sexes, and 918 locations, including 195 countries and territories and subnational locations for 16 countries. Data used include vital registration systems, sample registration systems, household surveys (complete birth histories, summary birth histories, sibling histories), censuses (summary birth histories, household deaths), and Demographic Surveillance Sites. In total, this analysis used 8259 data sources. Estimates of the probability of death between birth and the age of 5 years and between ages 15 and 60 years are generated and then input into a model life table system to produce complete life tables for all locations and years. Fatal discontinuities and mortality due to HIV/AIDS are analysed separately and then incorporated into the estimation. We analyse the relationship between age-specifc mortality and development status using the Socio-demographic Index, a composite measure based on fertility under the age of 25 years, education, and income. There are four main methodological improvements in GBD 2017 compared with GBD 2016: 622 additional data sources have been incorporated; new estimates of population, generated by the GBD study, are used; statistical methods used in diferent components of the analysis have been further standardised and improved; and the analysis has been extended backwards in time by two decades to start in 1950. Findings: Globally, 18·7% (95% uncertainty interval 18·4-19·0) of deaths were registered in 1950 and that proportion has been steadily increasing since, with 58·8% (58·2-59·3) of all deaths being registered in 2015. At the global level, between 1950 and 2017, life expectancy increased from 48·1 years (46·5-49·6) to 70·5 years (70·1-70·8) for men and from 52·9 years (51·7-54·0) to 75·6 years (75·3-75·9) for women. Despite this overall progress, there remains substantial variation in life expectancy at birth in 2017, which ranges from 49·1 years (46·5-51·7) for men in the Central African Republic to 87·6 years (86·9-88·1) among women in Singapore. The greatest progress across age groups was for children younger than 5 years; under-5 mortality dropped from 216·0 deaths (196·3-238·1) per 1000 livebirths in 1950 to 38·9 deaths (35·6-42·83) per 1000 livebirths in 2017, with huge reductions across countries. Nevertheless, there were still 5·4 million (5·2-5·6) deaths among children younger than 5 years in the world in 2017. Progress has been less pronounced and more variable for adults, especially for adult males, who had stagnant or increasing mortality rates in several countries. The gap between male and female life expectancy between 1950 and 2017, while relatively stable at the global level, shows distinctive patterns across super-regions and has consistently been the largest in central Europe, eastern Europe, and central Asia, and smallest in south Asia. Performance was also variable across countries and time in observed mortality rates compared with those expected on the basis of development. Interpretation: This analysis of age-sex-specifc mortality shows that there are remarkably complex patterns in population mortality across countries. The fndings of this study highlight global successes, such as the large decline in under-5 mortality, which refects signifcant local, national, and global commitment and investment over several decades. However, they also bring attention to mortality patterns that are a cause for concern, particularly among adult men and, to a lesser extent, women, whose mortality rates have stagnated in many countries over the time period of this study, and in some cases are increasing. © 2018 The Author(s).
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- 2018
32. 70 Accuracy of Point-of-Care Ultrasound by Emergency Physicians in Diagnosis of Diastolic Cardiac Dysfunction When Compared to 2D Echocardiogram by Cardiology
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Moeller, J., primary, Fischetti, C., additional, Shniter, I., additional, Fox, J.C., additional, Lahham, S., additional, Abrams, E., additional, Thompson, M., additional, Saadat, S., additional, and To, T., additional
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- 2019
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33. 380 Point-of-Care Ultrasound in Early Detection of Pulmonary Edema in Patients at Altitude
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Fischetti, C., primary, Moeller, J., additional, Bove, N., additional, Myatt, T., additional, Lahham, S., additional, Fox, J.C., additional, and Saadat, S., additional
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- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. Role of Family Health and Attachment Styles in Prediction of Students’ Academic Self-Efficacy
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Etemadi O and Saadat S
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Family Health ,lcsh:R5-920 ,Attachment Styles ,Self-Efficacy ,Students ,lcsh:L7-991 ,lcsh:Medicine (General) ,lcsh:Education (General) - Abstract
Aims: The learners’ beliefs on their capabilities in the process of education are defined as academic self-efficacy that is realized by a variety of factors. This study aimed to investigate the role of family health and attachment styles in prediction of the academic self-efficacy. Instrument & Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive research with a correlation design was performed in all undergraduate students of Literature and Humanities School of the University of Guilan in 2014-15 academic years and 335 students were selected using clustering random sampling method. Hovestadt Family-of-Origin's Scale, Hazan & Shaver's attachment styles and Owen & Forman’s Academic Self-efficacy questionnaires were used in order to collect data. Data analysis was conducted in SPSS 22 software using Pearson correlation coefficient and multivariate linear regression. Findings: Academic self-efficacy had positive and significant relationship with healthcare (r=0.274) and secure attachment style (r=0.336) and negative and significant relationship with avoidant attachment style (r=0.413), anxious attachment style (r=0.402 p
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- 2015
35. PTEN induces apoptosis and cavitation via HIF-2-dependent Bnip3 upregulation during epithelial lumen formation
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J Liu, Saadat S, Han Y, Lee Ly, Pier Paolo Pandolfi, Guo-Hua Fong, Li S, Qi Y, and Tian X
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Mammalian embryology ,Apoptosis ,Embryoid body ,Epithelium ,Mitochondrial Proteins ,Mice ,Downregulation and upregulation ,Animals ,PTEN ,Tensin ,Molecular Biology ,Protein kinase B ,Mice, Knockout ,Regulation of gene expression ,Original Paper ,biology ,PTEN Phosphohydrolase ,Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ,Membrane Proteins ,Cell Biology ,Embryo, Mammalian ,Up-Regulation ,Cell biology ,Cancer research ,biology.protein ,Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt ,Transcription Factors - Abstract
The tumor suppressor phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) dephosphorylates PIP3 and antagonizes the prosurvival PI3K-Akt pathway. Targeted deletion of PTEN in mice led to early embryonic lethality. To elucidate its role in embryonic epithelial morphogenesis and the underlying mechanisms, we used embryonic stem cell-derived embryoid body (EB), an epithelial cyst structurally similar to the periimplantation embryo. PTEN is upregulated during EB morphogenesis in parallel with apoptosis of core cells, which mediates EB cavitation. Genetic ablation of PTEN causes Akt overactivation, apoptosis resistance and cavitation blockade. However, rescue experiments using mutant PTEN and pharmacological inhibition of Akt suggest that the phosphatase activity of PTEN and Akt are not involved in apoptosis-mediated cavitation. Instead, hypoxia-induced upregulation of Bnip3, a proapoptotic BH3-only protein, mediates PTEN-dependent apoptosis and cavitation. PTEN inactivation inhibits hypoxia- and reactive oxygen species-induced Bnip3 elevation. Overexpression of Bnip3 in PTEN-null EBs rescues apoptosis of the core cells. Mechanistically, suppression of Bnip3 following PTEN loss is likely due to reduction of hypoxia-inducible factor-2α (HIF-2α) because forced expression of an oxygen-stable HIF-2α mutant rescues Bnip3 expression and apoptosis. Lastly, we show that HIF-2α is upregulated by PTEN at both transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels. Ablation of prolyl hydroxylase domain-containing protein 2 (PHD2) in normal EBs or inhibition of PHD activities in PTEN-null EBs stabilizes HIF-2α and induces Bnip3 and caspase-3 activation. Altogether, these results suggest that PTEN is required for apoptosis-mediated cavitation during epithelial morphogenesis by regulating the expression of HIF-2α and Bnip3.
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- 2014
36. Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality and life expectancy, 1950-2017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017.
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Sartorius B., Venketasubramanian N., Vidavalur R., Villafaina S., Violante F.S., Vladimirov S.K., Vlassov V., Vollset S.E., Vos T., Vosoughi K., Vujcic I.S., Wagner G.R., Wagnew F.W.S., Waheed Y., Wang Y., Wang Y.-P., Wassie M.M., Weiderpass E., Weintraub R.G., Weiss D.J., Weiss J., Weldegebreal F., Weldegwergs K.G., Werdecker A., Westerman R., Whiteford H.A., Widecka J., Widecka K., Wijeratne T., Winkler A.S., Wiysonge C.S., Wolfe C.D.A., Wondemagegn S.A., Wu S., Wyper G.M.A., Xu G., Yadav R., Yakob B., Yamada T., Yan L.L., Yano Y., Yaseri M., Yasin Y.J., Ye P., Yearwood J.A., YentA1/4r G.K., Yeshaneh A., Yimer E.M., Yip P., Yisma E., Yonemoto N., Yoon S.-J., York H.W., Yotebieng M., Younis M.Z., Yousefifard M., Yu C., Zachariah G., Zadnik V., Zafar S., Zaidi Z., Zaman S.B., Zamani M., Zare Z., Zeeb H., Zeleke M.M., Zenebe Z.M., Zerfu T.A., Zhang K., Zhang X., Zhou M., Zhu J., Zodpey S., Zucker I., Zuhlke L.J.J., Lopez A.D., Gakidou E., Murray C.J.L., de Courten B., Thrift A.G., Dicker D., Nguyen G., Abate D., Abate K.H., Abay S.M., Abbafati C., Abbasi N., Abbastabar H., Abd-Allah F., Abdela J., Abdelalim A., Abdel-Rahman O., Abdi A., Abdollahpour I., Abdulkader R.S., Abdurahman A.A., Abebe H.T., Abebe M., Abebe Z., Abebo T.A., Aboyans V., Abraha H.N., Abrham A.R., Abu-Raddad L.J., Abu-Rmeileh N.M.E., Accrombessi M.M.K., Acharya P., Adebayo O.M., Adedeji I.A., Adedoyin R.A., Adekanmbi V., Adetokunboh O.O., Adhena B.M., Adhikari T.B., Adib M.G., Adou A.K., Adsuar J.C., Afarideh M., Afshin A., Agarwal G., Aggarwal R., Aghayan S.A., Agrawal S., Agrawal A., Ahmadi M., Ahmadi A., Ahmadieh H., Ahmed M.L.C.B., Ahmed S., Ahmed M.B., Aichour A.N., Aichour I., Aichour M.T.E., Akanda A.S., Akbari M.E., Akibu M., Akinyemi R.O., Akinyemiju T., Akseer N., Alahdab F., Al-Aly Z., Alam K., Alebel A., Aleman A.V., Alene K.A., Al-Eyadhy A., Ali R., Alijanzadeh M., Alizadeh-Navaei R., Aljunid S.M., Alkerwi A., Alla F., Allebeck P., Allen C.A., Alonso J., Al-Raddadi R.M., Alsharif U., Altirkawi K., Alvis-Guzman N., Amare A.T., Amini E., Ammar W., Amoako Y.A., Anber N.H., Andrei C.L., Androudi S., Animut M.D., Anjomshoa M., Anlay D.Z., Ansari H., Ansariadi A., Ansha M.G., Antonio C.A.T., Appiah S.C.Y., Aremu O., Areri H.A., ArnlAv J., Arora M., Artaman A., Aryal K.K., Asadi-Lari M., Asayesh H., Asfaw E.T., Asgedom S.W., Assadi R., Ataro Z., Atey T.M.M., Athari S.S., Atique S., Atre S.R., Atteraya M.S., Attia E.F., Ausloos M., Avila-Burgos L., Avokpaho E.F.G.A., Awasthi A., Awuah B., Ayala Quintanilla B.P., Ayele H.T., Ayele Y., Ayer R., Ayuk T.B., Azzopardi P.S., Azzopardi-Muscat N., Badali H., Badawi A., Balakrishnan K., Bali A.G., Banach M., Banstola A., Barac A., Barboza M.A., Barquera S., Barrero L.H., Basaleem H., Bassat Q., Basu A., Basu S., Baune B.T., Bazargan-Hejazi S., Bedi N., Beghi E., Behzadifar M., BACopyrightjot Y., Bekele B.B., Belachew A.B., Belay A.G., Belay E., Belay S.A., Belay Y.A., Bell M.L., Bello A.K., Bennett D.A., Bensenor I.M., Berhane A., Berman A.E., Bernabe E., Bernstein R.S., Bertolacci G.J., Beuran M., Beyranvand T., Bhala N., Bhatia E., Bhatt S., Bhattarai S., Bhaumik S., Bhutta Z.A., Biadgo B., Bijani A., Bikbov B., Bililign N., Bin Sayeed M.S., Birlik S.M., Birungi C., Bisanzio D., Biswas T., BjArge T., Bleyer A., Bora Basara B., Bose D., Bosetti C., Boufous S., Bourne R., Brady O.J., Bragazzi N.L., Brant L.C., Brazinova A., Breitborde N.J.K., Brenner H., Britton G., Brugha T., Burke K.E., Busse R., Butt Z.A., Cahuana-Hurtado L., Callender C.S.K.H., Campos-Nonato I.R., Campuzano Rincon J.C., Cano J., Car M., CArdenas R., Carreras G., Carrero J.J., Carter A., Carvalho F., CastaA+/-eda-Orjuela C.A., Castillo Rivas J., Castro F., CatalA-LApez F., Aavlin A., Cerin E., Chaiah Y., Champs A.P., Chang H.-Y., Chang J.-C., Chattopadhyay A., Chaturvedi P., Chen W., Chiang P.P.-C., Chimed-Ochir O., Chin K.L., Chisumpa V.H., Chitheer A., Choi J.-Y.J., Christensen H., Christopher D.J., Chung S.-C., Cicuttini F.M., Ciobanu L.G., Cirillo M., Claro R.M., Cohen A.J., Collado-Mateo D., Constantin M.-M., Conti S., Cooper C., Cooper L.T., Cortesi P.A., Cortinovis M., Cousin E., Criqui M.H., Cromwell E.A., Crowe C.S., Crump J.A., Cucu A., Cunningham M., Daba A.K., Dachew B.A., Dadi A.F., Dandona L., Dandona R., Dang A.K., Dargan P.I., Daryani A., Das S.K., Das Gupta R., Das Neves J., Dasa T.T., Dash A.P., Davis Weaver N., Davitoiu D.V., Davletov K., Dayama A., De la Hoz F.P., De leo D., De Neve J.-W., Degefa M.G., Degenhardt L., Degfie T.T., Deiparine S., Dellavalle R.P., Demoz G.T., Demtsu B.B., Denova-GutiACopyrightrrez E., Deribe K., Dervenis N., Des Jarlais D.C., Dessie G.A., Dey S., Dharmaratne S.D., Dhimal M., Ding E.L., Djalalinia S., Doku D.T., Dolan K.A., Donnelly C.A., Dorsey E.R., Douwes-Schultz D., Doyle K.E., Drake T.M., Driscoll T.R., Dubey M., Dubljanin E., Duken E.E., Duncan B.B., Duraes A.R., Ebrahimi H., Ebrahimpour S., Edessa D., Edvardsson D., Eggen A.E., El Bcheraoui C., El Sayed Zaki M., Elfaramawi M., El-Khatib Z., Ellingsen C.L., Elyazar I.R.F., Enayati A., Endries A.Y.Y., Er B., Ermakov S.P., Eshrati B., Eskandarieh S., Esmaeili R., Esteghamati A., Esteghamati S., Fakhar M., Fakhim H., Farag T., Faramarzi M., Fareed M., Farhadi F., Farid T.A., E SA Farinha C.S., Farioli A., Faro A., Farvid M.S., Farzadfar F., Farzaei M.H., Fazeli M.S., Feigin V.L., Feigl A.B., Feizy F., Fentahun N., Fereshtehnejad S.-M., Fernandes E., Fernandes J.C., Feyissa G.T., Fijabi D.O., Filip I., Finegold S., Fischer F., Flor L.S., Foigt N.A., Ford J.A., Foreman K.J., Fornari C., Frank T.D., Franklin R.C., Fukumoto T., Fuller J.E., Fullman N., FA1/4rst T., Furtado J.M., Futran N.D., Galan A., Gallus S., Gambashidze K., Gamkrelidze A., Gankpe F.G., Garcia-Basteiro A.L., Garcia-Gordillo M.A., Gebre T., Gebre A.K., Gebregergs G.B., Gebrehiwot T.T., Gebremedhin A.T., Gelano T.F., Gelaw Y.A., Geleijnse J.M., Genova-Maleras R., Gessner B.D., Getachew S., Gething P.W., Gezae K.E., Ghadami M.R., Ghadimi R., Ghasemi Falavarjani K., Ghasemi-Kasman M., Ghiasvand H., Ghimire M., Ghoshal A.G., Gill P.S., Gill T.K., Gillum R.F., Giussani G., Goenka S., Goli S., Gomez R.S., Gomez-Cabrera M.C., GAmez-DantACopyrights H., Gona P.N., Goodridge A., Gopalani S.V., Goto A., Goulart A.C., Goulart B.N.G., Grada A., Grosso G., Gugnani H.C., Guimaraes A.L.S., Guo Y., Gupta P.C., Gupta R., Gupta T., Gyawali B., Haagsma J.A., Hachinski V., Hafezi-Nejad N., Hagos T.B., Hailegiyorgis T.T., Hailu G.B., Haj-Mirzaian A., Hamadeh R.R., Hamidi S., Handal A.J., Hankey G.J., Harb H.L., Harikrishnan S., Haririan H., Haro J.M., Hasan M., Hassankhani H., Hassen H.Y., Havmoeller R., Hay R.J., Hay S.I., He Y., Hedayatizadeh-Omran A., Hegazy M.I., Heibati B., Heidari M., Hendrie D., Henok A., Henry N.J., Heredia-Pi I., Herteliu C., Heydarpour F., Heydarpour P., Heydarpour S., Hibstu D.T., Hoek H.W., Hole M.K., Homaie Rad E., Hoogar P., Horino M., Hosgood H.D., Hosseini S.M., Hosseinzadeh M., Hostiuc S., Hostiuc M., Hotez P.J., Hoy D.G., Hsairi M., Htet A.S., Hu G., Huang J.J., Husseini A., Hussen M.M., Hutfless S., Iburg K.M., Igumbor E.U., Ikeda C.T., Ilesanmi O.S., Iqbal U., Irvani S.S.N., Isehunwa O.O., Islam S.M.S., Islami F., Jahangiry L., Jahanmehr N., Jain R., Jain S.K., Jakovljevic M., James S.L., Javanbakht M., Jayaraman S., Jayatilleke A.U., Jee S.H., Jeemon P., Jha R.P., Jha V., Ji J.S., Johnson S.C., Jonas J.B., Joshi A., Jozwiak J.J., Jungari S.B., JA1/4risson M., Madhanraj K., Kabir Z., Kadel R., Kahsay A., Kahssay M., Kalani R., Kapil U., Karami M., Karami Matin B., Karch A., Karema C., Karimi N., Karimi S.M., Karimi-Sari H., Kasaeian A., Kassa G.M., Kassa T.D., Kassa Z.Y., Kassebaum N.J., Katibeh M., Katikireddi S.V., Kaul A., Kawakami N., Kazemeini H., Kazemi Z., Kazemi Karyani A., Prakash K.C., Kebede S., Keiyoro P.N., Kemp G.R., Kengne A.P., Keren A., Kereselidze M., Khader Y.S., Khafaie M.A., Khajavi A., Khalid N., Khalil I.A., Khan E.A., Khan G., Khan M.S., Khan M.A., Khang Y.-H., Khanna T., Khater M.M., Khatony A., Khazaie H., Khoja A.T., Khosravi A., Khosravi M.H., Khubchandani J., Kiadaliri A.A., Kibret G.D.D., Kim C.-I., Kim D., Kim J.Y., Kim Y.-E., Kimokoti R.W., Kinfu Y., Kinra S., Kisa A., Kissimova-Skarbek K., Kissoon N., KivimAki M., Kleber M.E., Knibbs L.D., Knudsen A.K.S., Kochhar S., Kokubo Y., Kolola T., Kopec J.A., Kosek M.N., Kosen S., Koul P.A., Koyanagi A., Kravchenko M.A., Krishan K., Krishnaswami S., Kuate Defo B., Kucuk Bicer B., Kudom A.A., Kuipers E.J., Kulikoff X.R., Kumar G.A., Kumar M., Kumar P., Kumsa F.A., Kutz M.J., Lad S.D., Lafranconi A., Lal D.K., Lalloo R., Lam H., Lami F.H., Lan Q., Langan S.M., Lansingh V.C., Lansky S., Larson H.J., Laryea D.O., Lassi Z.S., Latifi A., Lavados P.M., Laxmaiah A., Lazarus J.V., Lebedev G., Lee P.H., Leigh J., Leshargie C.T., Leta S., Levi M., Li S., Li Y., Li X., Liang J., Liang X., Liben M.L., Lim L.-L., Lim S.S., Limenih M.A., Linn S., Liu S., Liu Y., Lodha R., Logroscino G., Lonsdale C., Lorch S.A., Lorkowski S., Lotufo P.A., Lozano R., Lucas T.C.D., Lunevicius R., Lyons R.A., Ma S., Mabika C., Macarayan E.R.K., Mackay M.T., Maddison E.R., Maddison R., Madotto F., Magdy Abd El Razek H., Magdy Abd El Razek M., Maghavani D.P., Majdan M., Majdzadeh R., Majeed A., Malekzadeh R., Malik M.A., Malta D.C., Mamun A.A., Manamo W.A., Manda A.-L., Mansournia M.A., Mantovani L.G., Mapoma C.C., Marami D., Maravilla J.C., Marcenes W., Marina S., Martinez-Raga J., Martins S.C.O., Martins-Melo F.R., MArz W., Marzan M.B., Mashamba-Thompson T.P., Masiye F., Massenburg B.B., Maulik P.K., Mazidi M., McGrath J.J., McKee M., Mehata S., Mehendale S.M., Mehndiratta M.M., Mehrotra R., Mehta K.M., Mehta V., Mekonen T., Mekonnen T.C., Meles H.G., Meles K.G., Melese A., Melku M., Memiah P.T.N., Memish Z.A., Mendoza W., Mengistu D.T., Mengistu G., Mensah G.A., Mereta S.T., Meretoja A., Meretoja T.J., Mestrovic T., Mezgebe H.B., Miangotar Y., Miazgowski B., Miazgowski T., Miller T.R., Mini G.K., Mirica A., Mirrakhimov E.M., Misganaw A.T., Moazen B., Moges N.A., Mohammad K.A., Mohammadi M., Mohammadifard N., Mohammadi-Khanaposhtani M., Mohammadnia-Afrouzi M., Mohammed S., Mohammed M.A., Mohan V., Mokdad A.H., Molokhia M., Monasta L., Moradi G., Moradi M., Moradi-Lakeh M., Moradinazar M., Moraga P., Morawska L., Moreno VelAsquez I., Morgado-Da-costa J., Morrison S.D., Mosapour A., Moschos M.M., Mousavi S.M., Muche A.A., Muchie K.F., Mueller U.O., Mukhopadhyay S., Mullany E.C., Muller K., Murhekar M., Murphy T.B., Murthy G.V.S., Murthy S., Musa J., Musa K.I., Mustafa G., Muthupandian S., Nachega J.B., Nagel G., Naghavi M., Naheed A., Nahvijou A., Naik G., Nair S., Najafi F., Nangia V., Nansseu J.R., Nascimento B.R., Nawaz H., Ncama B.P., Neamati N., Negoi I., Negoi R.I., Neupane S., Newton C.R.J., Ngalesoni F.N., Ngunjiri J.W., Nguyen H.T., Nguyen L.H., Nguyen M., Nguyen T.H., Ningrum D.N.A., Nirayo Y.L., Nisar M.I., Nixon M.R., Nolutshungu N., Nomura S., Norheim O.F., Noroozi M., Norrving B., Noubiap J.J., Nouri H.R., Nourollahpour Shiadeh M., Nowroozi M.R., Nsoesie E.O., Nyasulu P.S., Ofori-Asenso R., Ogah O.S., Ogbo F.A., Oh I.-H., Okoro A., Oladimeji O., Olagunju A.T., Olagunju T.O., Olivares P.R., Olusanya B.O., Olusanya J.O., Ong S.K., Opio J.N., Oren E., Ortiz J.R., Ortiz A., Ota E., Otstavnov S.S., Averland S., Owolabi M.O., Oyekale A.S., Mahesh P.A., Pacella R., Pakhale S., Pakhare A.P., Pana A., Panda B.K., Panda-Jonas S., Pandey A.R., Pandian J.D., Parisi A., Park E.-K., Parry C.D.H., Parsian H., Patel S., Patle A., Patten S.B., Patton G.C., Paudel D., Pearce N., Peprah E.K., Pereira A., Pereira D.M., Perez K.M., Perico N., Pervaiz A., Pesudovs K., Petri W.A., Petzold M., Phillips M.R., Pigott D.M., Pillay J.D., Pirsaheb M., Pishgar F., Plass D., Polinder S., Pond C.D., Popova S., Postma M.J., Pourmalek F., Pourshams A., Poustchi H., Prabhakaran D., Prakash V., Prakash S., Prasad N., Qorbani M., Quistberg D.A., Radfar A., Rafay A., Rafiei A., Rahim F., Rahimi K., Rahimi-Movaghar A., Rahimi-Movaghar V., Rahman M., Ur Rahman M.H., Rahman M.A., Ur Rahman S., Rai R.K., Rajati F., Rajsic S., Raju S.B., Ram U., Ranabhat C.L., Ranjan P., Ranta A., Rasella D., Rawaf D.L., Rawaf S., Ray S.E., Razo-GarcA-a C., Rego M.A.S., Rehm J., Reiner R.C., Reinig N., Reis C., Remuzzi G., Renzaho A.M.N., Resnikoff S., Rezaei S., Rezaeian S., Rezai M.S., Riahi S.M., Ribeiro A.L.P., Riojas H., Rios-Blancas M.J., Roba K.T., Robinson S.R., Roever L., Ronfani L., Roshandel G., Roshchin D.O., Rostami A., Rothenbacher D., Rubagotti E., Ruhago G.M., Saadat S., Sabde Y.D., Sachdev P.S., Saddik B., Sadeghi E., Saeedi Moghaddam S., Safari H., Safari Y., Safari-Faramani R., Safdarian M., Safi S., Safiri S., Sagar R., Sahebkar A., Sahraian M.A., Sajadi H.S., Salahshoor M., Salam N., Salama J.S., Salamati P., Saldanha R.F., Salimi Y., Salimzadeh H., Salz I., Sambala E.Z., Samy A.M., Sanabria J., Sanchez-NiA+/-o M.D., Santos I.S., Santos J.V., Santric Milicevic M.M., Sao Jose B.P., Sardana M., Sarker A.R., Sarrafzadegan N., Sarvi S., Sathian B., Satpathy M., Savic M., Sawant A.R., Sawhney M., Saxena S., Sayyah M., Scaria V., Schaeffner E., Schelonka K., Schmidt M.I., Schneider I.J.C., SchAttker B., Schutte A.E., Schwebel D.C., Schwendicke F., Scott J.G., Sekerija M., Sepanlou S.G., ServAn-Mori E., Shabaninejad H., Shackelford K.A., Shafieesabet A., Shaheen A.A., Shaikh M.A., Shakir R.A., Shams-Beyranvand M., Shamsi M., Shamsizadeh M., Sharafi H., Sharafi K., Sharif M., Sharif-Alhoseini M., Sharma M., Sharma J., Sharma R., She J., Sheikh A., Sheth K.N., Shi P., Shibuya K., Shifa G.T., Shiferaw M.S., Shigematsu M., Shiri R., Shirkoohi R., Shiue I., Shokraneh F., Shrime M.G., Shukla S.R., Si S., Siabani S., Siddiqi T.J., Sigfusdottir I.D., Sigurvinsdottir R., Silpakit N., Silva D.A.S., Silva J.P., Silveira D.G.A., Singam N.S.V., Singh J.A., Singh V., Sinha A.P., Sinha D.N., Sitas F., Skirbekk V., Sliwa K., Soares Filho A.M., Sobaih B.H., Sobhani S., Soofi M., Soriano J.B., Soyiri I.N., Sposato L.A., Sreeramareddy C.T., Srinivasan V., Srivastava R.K., Starodubov V.I., Stathopoulou V., Steel N., Stein D.J., Steiner C., Stewart L.G., Stokes M.A., Sudaryanto A., Sufiyan M.B., Sulo G., Sunguya B.F., Sur P.J., Sutradhar I., Sykes B.L., Sylaja P.N., Sylte D.O., Szoeke C.E.I., TabarACopyrights-Seisdedos R., Tabuchi T., Tadakamadla S.K., Takahashi K., Tandon N., Tassew A.A., Tassew S.G., Tavakkoli M., Taveira N., Tawye N.Y., Tehrani-Banihashemi A., Tekalign T.G., Tekle M.G., Temesgen H., Temsah M.-H., Temsah O., Terkawi A.S., Teshale M.Y., Tessema B., Teweldemedhin M., Thakur J.S., Thankappan K.R., Thirunavukkarasu S., Thomas L.A., Thomas N., Tilahun B., To Q.G., Tobe-Gai R., Tonelli M., Topor-Madry R., Topouzis F., Torre A.E., Tortajada-GirbACopyrights M., Tovani-Palone M.R., Towbin J.A., Tran B.X., Tran K.B., Tripathi S., Tripathy S.P., Truelsen T.C., Truong N.T., Tsadik A.G., Tsilimparis N., Tudor Car L., Tuzcu E.M., Tyrovolas S., Ukwaja K.N., Ullah I., Usman M.S., Uthman O.A., Uzun S.B., Vaduganathan M., Vaezi A., Vaidya G., Valdez P.R., Varavikova E., Varughese S., Vasankari T.J., Vasconcelos A.M.N., Sartorius B., Venketasubramanian N., Vidavalur R., Villafaina S., Violante F.S., Vladimirov S.K., Vlassov V., Vollset S.E., Vos T., Vosoughi K., Vujcic I.S., Wagner G.R., Wagnew F.W.S., Waheed Y., Wang Y., Wang Y.-P., Wassie M.M., Weiderpass E., Weintraub R.G., Weiss D.J., Weiss J., Weldegebreal F., Weldegwergs K.G., Werdecker A., Westerman R., Whiteford H.A., Widecka J., Widecka K., Wijeratne T., Winkler A.S., Wiysonge C.S., Wolfe C.D.A., Wondemagegn S.A., Wu S., Wyper G.M.A., Xu G., Yadav R., Yakob B., Yamada T., Yan L.L., Yano Y., Yaseri M., Yasin Y.J., Ye P., Yearwood J.A., YentA1/4r G.K., Yeshaneh A., Yimer E.M., Yip P., Yisma E., Yonemoto N., Yoon S.-J., York H.W., Yotebieng M., Younis M.Z., Yousefifard M., Yu C., Zachariah G., Zadnik V., Zafar S., Zaidi Z., Zaman S.B., Zamani M., Zare Z., Zeeb H., Zeleke M.M., Zenebe Z.M., Zerfu T.A., Zhang K., Zhang X., Zhou M., Zhu J., Zodpey S., Zucker I., Zuhlke L.J.J., Lopez A.D., Gakidou E., Murray C.J.L., de Courten B., Thrift A.G., Dicker D., Nguyen G., Abate D., Abate K.H., Abay S.M., Abbafati C., Abbasi N., Abbastabar H., Abd-Allah F., Abdela J., Abdelalim A., Abdel-Rahman O., Abdi A., Abdollahpour I., Abdulkader R.S., Abdurahman A.A., Abebe H.T., Abebe M., Abebe Z., Abebo T.A., Aboyans V., Abraha H.N., Abrham A.R., Abu-Raddad L.J., Abu-Rmeileh N.M.E., Accrombessi M.M.K., Acharya P., Adebayo O.M., Adedeji I.A., Adedoyin R.A., Adekanmbi V., Adetokunboh O.O., Adhena B.M., Adhikari T.B., Adib M.G., Adou A.K., Adsuar J.C., Afarideh M., Afshin A., Agarwal G., Aggarwal R., Aghayan S.A., Agrawal S., Agrawal A., Ahmadi M., Ahmadi A., Ahmadieh H., Ahmed M.L.C.B., Ahmed S., Ahmed M.B., Aichour A.N., Aichour I., Aichour M.T.E., Akanda A.S., Akbari M.E., Akibu M., Akinyemi R.O., Akinyemiju T., Akseer N., Alahdab F., Al-Aly Z., Alam K., Alebel A., Aleman A.V., Alene K.A., Al-Eyadhy A., Ali R., Alijanzadeh M., Alizadeh-Navaei R., Aljunid S.M., Alkerwi A., Alla F., Allebeck P., Allen C.A., Alonso J., Al-Raddadi R.M., Alsharif U., Altirkawi K., Alvis-Guzman N., Amare A.T., Amini E., Ammar W., Amoako Y.A., Anber N.H., Andrei C.L., Androudi S., Animut M.D., Anjomshoa M., Anlay D.Z., Ansari H., Ansariadi A., Ansha M.G., Antonio C.A.T., Appiah S.C.Y., Aremu O., Areri H.A., ArnlAv J., Arora M., Artaman A., Aryal K.K., Asadi-Lari M., Asayesh H., Asfaw E.T., Asgedom S.W., Assadi R., Ataro Z., Atey T.M.M., Athari S.S., Atique S., Atre S.R., Atteraya M.S., Attia E.F., Ausloos M., Avila-Burgos L., Avokpaho E.F.G.A., Awasthi A., Awuah B., Ayala Quintanilla B.P., Ayele H.T., Ayele Y., Ayer R., Ayuk T.B., Azzopardi P.S., Azzopardi-Muscat N., Badali H., Badawi A., Balakrishnan K., Bali A.G., Banach M., Banstola A., Barac A., Barboza M.A., Barquera S., Barrero L.H., Basaleem H., Bassat Q., Basu A., Basu S., Baune B.T., Bazargan-Hejazi S., 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- Abstract
Background: Assessments of age-specifc mortality and life expectancy have been done by the UN Population Division, Department of Economics and Social Afairs (UNPOP), the United States Census Bureau, WHO, and as part of previous iterations of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD). Previous iterations of the GBD used population estimates from UNPOP, which were not derived in a way that was internally consistent with the estimates of the numbers of deaths in the GBD. The present iteration of the GBD, GBD 2017, improves on previous assessments and provides timely estimates of the mortality experience of populations globally. Method(s): The GBD uses all available data to produce estimates of mortality rates between 1950 and 2017 for 23 age groups, both sexes, and 918 locations, including 195 countries and territories and subnational locations for 16 countries. Data used include vital registration systems, sample registration systems, household surveys (complete birth histories, summary birth histories, sibling histories), censuses (summary birth histories, household deaths), and Demographic Surveillance Sites. In total, this analysis used 8259 data sources. Estimates of the probability of death between birth and the age of 5 years and between ages 15 and 60 years are generated and then input into a model life table system to produce complete life tables for all locations and years. Fatal discontinuities and mortality due to HIV/AIDS are analysed separately and then incorporated into the estimation. We analyse the relationship between age-specifc mortality and development status using the Socio-demographic Index, a composite measure based on fertility under the age of 25 years, education, and income. There are four main methodological improvements in GBD 2017 compared with GBD 2016: 622 additional data sources have been incorporated; new estimates of population, generated by the GBD study, are used; statistical methods used in diferent comp
- Published
- 2018
37. Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality and life expectancy, 1950-2017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017
- Author
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Pourshams, Akram, Poustchi, Hossein, Prabhakaran, Dorairaj, Prakash, V., Prakash, Swayam, Prasad, Narayan, Qorbani, Mostafa, Quistberg, D Alex, Radfar, Amir, Rafay, Anwar, Rafiei, Alireza, Rahim, Fakher, Rahimi, Kazem, Rahimi-Movaghar, Afarin, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Mahfuzar, Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur, Rahman, Muhammad Aziz, Rahman, Sajjad ur, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Rajati, Fatemeh, Rajsic, Sasa, Raju, Sree Bhushan, Ram, Usha, Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal, Ranjan, Prabhat, Ranta, Anna, Rasella, Davide, Rawaf, David Laith, Rawaf, Salman, Ray, Sarah E, Razo-García, Christian, Rego, Maria Albertina Santiago, Rehm, Jürgen, Reiner, Robert C, Reinig, Nickolas, Reis, Cesar, Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Renzaho, Andre M N, Resnikoff, Serge, Rezaei, Satar, Rezaeian, Shahab, Rezai, Mohammad Sadegh, Riahi, Seyed Mohammad, Ribeiro, Antonio Luiz P, Riojas, Horacio, Rios-Blancas, Maria Jesus, Roba, Kedir Teji, Robinson, Stephen R, Roever, Leonardo, Ronfani, Luca, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Roshchin, Denis O, Rostami, Ali, Rothenbacher, Dietrich, Rubagotti, Enrico, Ruhago, George Mugambage, Saadat, Soheil, Sabde, Yogesh Damodar, Sachdev, Perminder S, Saddik, Basema, Sadeghi, Ehsan, Moghaddam, Sahar Saeedi, Safari, Hosein, Safari, Yahya, Safari-Faramani, Roya, Safdarian, Mahdi, Safi, Sare, Safiri, Saeid, Sagar, Rajesh, Sahebkar, Amirhossein, Sahraian, Mohammad Ali, Sajadi, Haniye Sadat, Salahshoor, Mohamadreza, Salam, Nasir, Salama, Joseph S, Salamati, Payman, Saldanha, Raphael de Freitas, Salimi, Yahya, Salimzadeh, Hamideh, Salz, Inbal, Sambala, Evanson Zondani, Samy, Abdallah M, Sanabria, Juan, Sanchez-Niño, Maria Dolores, Santos, Itamar S, Santos, João Vasco, Santric Milicevic, Milena M, Sao Jose, Bruno Piassi, Sardana, Mayank, Sarker, Abdur Razzaque, Sarrafzadegan, Nizal, Sartorius, Benn, Sarvi, Shahabeddin, Sathian, Brijesh, Satpathy, Maheswar, Savic, Miloje, Sawant, Arundhati R, Sawhney, Monika, Saxena, Sonia, Sayyah, Mehdi, Scaria, Vinod, Schaeffner, Elke, Schelonka, Kathryn, Schmidt, Maria Inês, Schneider, Ione J C, Schöttker, Ben, Schutte, Aletta Elisabeth, Schwebel, David C, Schwendicke, Falk, Scott, James G, Sekerija, Mario, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Serván-Mori, Edson, Shabaninejad, Hosein, Shackelford, Katya Anne, Shafieesabet, Azadeh, Shaheen, Amira A, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shakir, Raad A, Shams-Beyranvand, Mehran, Shamsi, MohammadBagher, Shamsizadeh, Morteza, Sharafi, Heidar, Sharafi, Kiomars, Sharif, Mehdi, Sharif-Alhoseini, Mahdi, Sharma, Meenakshi, Sharma, Jayendra, Sharma, Rajesh, She, Jun, Sheikh, Aziz, Sheth, Kevin N, Shi, Peilin, Shibuya, Kenji, Shifa, Girma Temam, Shiferaw, Mekonnen Sisay, Shigematsu, Mika, Shiri, Rahman, Shirkoohi, Reza, Shiue, Ivy, Shokraneh, Farhad, Shrime, Mark G, Shukla, Sharvari Rahul, Si, Si, Siabani, Soraya, Siddiqi, Tariq J, Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Sigurvinsdottir, Rannveig, Silpakit, Naris, Silva, Diego Augusto Santos, Silva, João Pedro, Silveira, Dayane Gabriele Alves, Singam, Narayana Sarma Venkata, Singh, Jasvinder A, Singh, Virendra, Sinha, Anju Pradhan, Sinha, Dhirendra Narain, Sitas, Freddy, Skirbekk, Vegard, Sliwa, Karen, Soares Filho, Adauto Martins, Sobaih, Badr Hasan, Sobhani, Soheila, Soofi, Moslem, Soriano, Joan B, Soyiri, Ireneous N, Sposato, Luciano A, Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T, Srinivasan, Vinay, Srivastava, Rakesh Kumar, Starodubov, Vladimir I, Stathopoulou, Vasiliki, Steel, Nicholas, Stein, Dan J, Steiner, Caitlyn, Stewart, Leo G, Stokes, Mark A, Sudaryanto, Agus, Sufiyan, Mu'awiyyah Babale, Sulo, Gerhard, Sunguya, Bruno F, Sur, Patrick John, Sutradhar, Ipsita, Sykes, Bryan L, Sylaja, P. N., Sylte, Dillon O, Szoeke, Cassandra E I, Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael, Tabuchi, Takahiro, Tadakamadla, Santosh Kumar, Takahashi, Ken, Tandon, Nikhil, Tassew, Aberash Abay, Tassew, Segen Gebremeskel, Tavakkoli, Mohammad, Taveira, Nuno, Tawye, Nega Yimer, Tehrani-Banihashemi, Arash, Tekalign, Tigist Gashaw, Tekle, Merhawi Gebremedhin, Temesgen, Habtamu, Temsah, Mohamad-Hani, Temsah, Omar, Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman, Teshale, Manaye Yihune, Tessema, Belay, Teweldemedhin, Mebrahtu, Thakur, Jarnail Singh, Thankappan, Kavumpurathu Raman, Thirunavukkarasu, Sathish, Thomas, Laura Anne, Thomas, Nihal, Thrift, Amanda G, Tilahun, Binyam, To, Quyen G, Tobe-Gai, Ruoyan, Tonelli, Marcello, Topor-Madry, Roman, Topouzis, Fotis, Torre, Anna E, Tortajada-Girbés, Miguel, Tovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto, Towbin, Jeffrey A, Tran, Bach Xuan, Tran, Khanh Bao, Tripathi, Suryakant, Tripathy, Srikanth Prasad, Truelsen, Thomas Clement, Truong, Nu Thi, Tsadik, Afewerki Gebremeskel, Tsilimparis, Nikolaos, Tudor Car, Lorainne, Tuzcu, E Murat, Tyrovolas, Stefanos, Ukwaja, Kingsley Nnanna, Ullah, Irfan, Usman, Muhammad Shariq, Uthman, Olalekan A, Uzun, Selen Begüm, Vaduganathan, Muthiah, Vaezi, Afsane, Vaidya, Gaurang, Valdez, Pascual R, Varavikova, Elena, Varughese, Santosh, Vasankari, Tommi Juhani, Vasconcelos, Ana Maria Nogales, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Vidavalur, Ramesh, Villafaina, Santos, Violante, Francesco S, Vladimirov, Sergey Konstantinovitch, Vlassov, Vasily, Vollset, Stein Emil, Vos, Theo, Vosoughi, Kia, Vujcic, Isidora S, Wagner, Gregory R, Wagnew, Fasil Wagnew Shiferaw, Waheed, Yasir, Wang, Yanping, Wang, Yuan-Pang, Wassie, Molla Mesele, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Weintraub, Robert G, Weiss, Daniel J, Weiss, Jordan, Weldegebreal, Fitsum, Weldegwergs, Kidu Gidey, Werdecker, Andrea, Westerman, Ronny, Whiteford, Harvey A, Widecka, Justyna, Widecka, Katarzyna, Wijeratne, Tissa, Winkler, Andrea Sylvia, Wiysonge, Charles Shey, Wolfe, Charles D A, Wondemagegn, Sintayehu Ambachew, Wu, Shouling, Wyper, Grant M A, Xu, Gelin, Yadav, Rajaram, Yakob, Bereket, Yamada, Tomohide, Yan, Lijing L, Yano, Yuichiro, Yaseri, Mehdi, Yasin, Yasin Jemal, Ye, Pengpeng, Yearwood, Jamal A, Yentür, Gökalp Kadri, Yeshaneh, Alex, Yimer, Ebrahim M, Yip, Paul, Yisma, Engida, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yoon, Seok-Jun, York, Hunter W, Yotebieng, Marcel, Younis, Mustafa Z, Yousefifard, Mahmoud, Yu, Chuanhua, Zachariah, Geevar, Zadnik, Vesna, Zafar, Shamsa, Zaidi, Zoubida, Zaman, Sojib Bin, Zamani, Mohammad, Zare, Zohreh, Zeeb, Hajo, Zeleke, Mulugeta Molla, Zenebe, Zerihun Menlkalew, Zerfu, Taddese Alemu, Zhang, Kai, Zhang, Xueying, Zhou, Maigeng, Zhu, Jun, Zodpey, Sanjay, Zucker, Inbar, Zuhlke, Liesl Joanna J, Lopez, Alan D, Gakidou, Emmanuela, and Murray, Christopher J L
- Abstract
Background: Assessments of age-specifc mortality and life expectancy have been done by the UN Population Division, Department of Economics and Social Afairs (UNPOP), the United States Census Bureau, WHO, and as part of previous iterations of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD). Previous iterations of the GBD used population estimates from UNPOP, which were not derived in a way that was internally consistent with the estimates of the numbers of deaths in the GBD. The present iteration of the GBD, GBD 2017, improves on previous assessments and provides timely estimates of the mortality experience of populations globally. Methods: The GBD uses all available data to produce estimates of mortality rates between 1950 and 2017 for 23 age groups, both sexes, and 918 locations, including 195 countries and territories and subnational locations for 16 countries. Data used include vital registration systems, sample registration systems, household surveys (complete birth histories, summary birth histories, sibling histories), censuses (summary birth histories, household deaths), and Demographic Surveillance Sites. In total, this analysis used 8259 data sources. Estimates of the probability of death between birth and the age of 5 years and between ages 15 and 60 years are generated and then input into a model life table system to produce complete life tables for all locations and years. Fatal discontinuities and mortality due to HIV/AIDS are analysed separately and then incorporated into the estimation. We analyse the relationship between age-specifc mortality and development status using the Socio-demographic Index, a composite measure based on fertility under the age of 25 years, education, and income. There are four main methodological improvements in GBD 2017 compared with GBD 2016: 622 additional data sources have been incorporated; new estimates of population, generated by the GBD study, are used; statistical methods used in diferent compon
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- 2018
38. A statistical model for predicting the occurrence of intracranial lesions in patients with mild head trauma
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Saadat S., Ghodsi S.M., Holakoie Naieni K., Mahmoudi M., Firooznia K., and Hosseini M.
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brain ct scan ,mild head trauma ,indication ,modeling ,indications ,Medicine ,Medicine (General) ,R5-920 - Abstract
Objective(s): To develop a statistical model to differentiate between patients who need CT scan and those who did not. Methods: 320 consecutive minor head trauma victims admitted in two teaching hospitals were entered into the study. After completion of medical care, clinical information were collected by physicians. Brain CT Scan was taken from all patients and after clinical use, was filed to be reported by a single radiologist for this research purpose. Logistic Regression method was utilized to analyze results and develop the prediction model. Results: Using logistic regression, a model was developed which showed 100% sensitivity and 74% specificity to detect a positive finding on brain CT scan. Using this model negative finding prevalence in minor head trauma brain scans decreased by 66% while no cases were missed. Conclusion: The proposed statistical model reveals the need for brain CT scan in 70% of minor head trauma victims while preventing any positive findings being missed. This model would be considered as a Clinical Practice Guideline (CPG) in rural areas to refer minor head trauma victims for Brain CT Scan. However, more investigation of this model with more sample size is recommended.
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- 2006
39. Effects of salinity and Ca:Mg ratio of irrigation water on pistachio seedlings phosphorus planted under greenhouse conditions.
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Saadat, S., Dehghany, F., Rezaei, H., Esmaeelnejad, L., and Maleki, P.
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PISTACHIO , *IRRIGATION water , *SOIL salinity , *SALINITY , *GREENHOUSE plants , *ARID regions , *WATERLOGGING (Soils) - Abstract
Phosphorus (P) is a key element in many biological processes of plants and animals. We aimed to investigate the effect of different salinity levels and Ca:Mg ratios of irrigation water arid lands on soil available P, soluble P, and P absorbed by the pistachio plant. For this purpose, a greenhouse experiment was conducted by sowing the seeds of pistachio in a factorial randomized block design with four soil salinity levels (S1 (6 dS.m-1irrigation water salinity, leaching fraction (LF) = 50), S2, S3, and S4 (9 dS.m-1 irrigation water salinity, LF = 50, 30 and 20, respectively)) and three Ca:Mg ratios (M1, M2, and M3 equal to 1, 0.5, and 0.25, respectively). After harvesting the plants, the amount of soil available P (Po), water-soluble P (Pw), and total P (Pt) at soil depths of 0-5, 5-25, 25-50, and 50-75 cm, and P concentration in the leaves of Pistachio seedlings were measured. The results showed that the salinity of soil saturated extract had no significant effect on Po, Pw, and Pt. The reduction in Ca:Mg ratio increased Po and Pw in soil surface but it did not affect Pt. Increasing salinity from S1 to S2 augmented plant P uptake but at higher salinity levels, P uptake was reduced. The decrease in Ca:Mg ratio had no significant effect on plant P contents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2020
40. Geochemistry, petrology, and mineralization in volcanic rocks located in south Neyshabour, NE Iran
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Entezari Harsini, A., Mazaheri, S. A., Saadat, S., and Santos, J. F.
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Chalcocite ,Post-Collision Volcanic Rocks ,Neyshbour ,Sr And Nd Isotopes ,NE Iran - Abstract
This paper presents the new geochemical isotopes Sr and Nd, and the mineralization data for the south Neyshabour volcanic rocks located in NE Iran. Based on the chemical classifications, the studied rocks are basaltic trachy andesite, trachy andesite, trachyte, and trachy dacite in composition. All the analyzed volcanic rocks display enrichment in light rare earth elements (LREE) relative to the heavy rare earth elements (HREE), have significant negative Ti and Nb anomalies, and have a positive U anomaly. The tectonic discrimination diagrams for the volcanic rocks in the studied area show a post-collisional arc environment. These characteristics are the specifications of the subduction-related volcanic rocks generated in a post-collisional setting. The initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios ranging from 0.70408 to 0.70593and the εNdi values between +3.34 and +5 for the four samples analyzed indicate that the studied rocks are derived from a lithospheric mantle source. Finally, it is concluded that these volcanic rocks should have formed in a post-collisional environment that followed the Neo-Tethys subduction. There are strong evidence for copper mineralization in these volcanic rocks. The main copper oxide minerals are malachite and atacamite. The copper sulfide minerals such as chalcocite, minor bornite, and covellit are also present. Chalcocite is the most abundant sulfide ore mineral present in this area. This mineralization is observed as open space filling and thin veinlets, and it is partially controlled by linear structures and fault zones. Based on the identified characteristics, this ore deposit is hydrothermal. Carbonate alteration is frequently seen in the area but argillic alteration is very low, and this issue displays a hydrothermal solution with an alkaline pH.
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- 2017
41. MULTILEGUME BAR PREPARED FROM EXTRUDED LEGUMES FLOUR TO ADDRESS PROTEIN ENERGY MALNUTRITION.
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SAADAT, S., AKHTAR, S., ISMAIL, T., SHARIF, M. K., SHABBIR, U., AHMAD, N., and ALI, A.
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WHEY protein concentrates , *LEGUMES , *PROTEIN bars , *FLOUR , *EXTRUSION process , *PALM oil , *MALNUTRITION , *SNACK bars - Abstract
This study was planned to develop and characterize extruded multilegume savory bars as a protein supplementary nutrition. Legumes were extruded to prepare composite flour. Proportions of extruded flour were mixed with whey protein concentrate, honey and palm oil for preparation of protein bar. The product was evaluated for physico-chemical, minerals, calorific value, color, hardness, protein digestibility and sensorial characteristics. In vitro protein digestibility was found from 62.04 to 74.98% and in vivo from 65.30 to 84.01%. Extrusion process and addition of whey protein concentrates significantly affected the nutritional and sensorial parameters of bars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2020
42. 277 Patterns of Opioid Prescriptions in a Childrens’ Hospital from 2012 to 2016
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Jamasbi, A., primary, Saadat, S., additional, Titze, N., additional, Bhargava, R., additional, and Chakravarthy, B., additional
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- 2018
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43. 149 In an Epidemic of West Nile Virus Infection, Higher Risk of Death and Disability in Patients With West Nile Virus Neuroinvasive Disease Can Be Determined at Emergency Department Presentation
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Burns, M., primary, Sylwanowicz, L., additional, Costantini, S., additional, Zahn, M., additional, Saadat, S., additional, Placone, T., additional, and Shearer, E., additional
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- 2018
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44. 335 Correlation Between a Direct Alcohol Biomarker, Phosphatidylethanol, and the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test
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Hoonpongsimanont, W., primary, Sahota, P.K., additional, Mobayed, O.O., additional, Danishgar, L., additional, Ghanem, G., additional, Hoffmann, J., additional, Saadat, S., additional, and Lotfipour, S., additional
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- 2018
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45. Early Caries in an In Vivo Model: Structural and Nanomechanical Characterization
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Yucesoy, D.T., primary, Fong, H., additional, Gresswell, C., additional, Saadat, S., additional, Chung, W.O., additional, Dogan, S., additional, and Sarikaya, M., additional
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- 2018
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46. Nonlinear Grey-Box Modeling and Model Predictive Control for Cascade-Type PEM Fuel Cell Stack
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Barzegari, M. M., primary, Alizadeh, E., additional, Khorshidian, M., additional, Rahgoshay, S. M., additional, and Saadat, S. H. M., additional
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- 2017
- Full Text
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47. Global, regional, and national under-5 mortality, adult mortality, age-specific mortality, and life expectancy, 1970-2016: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016.
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Shetty B.P., Tekle D.Y., Temam Shifa G., Temsah M.-H., Terkawi A.S., Tesema C.L., Tesssema B., Theis A., Thomas N., Thompson A.H., Thomson A.J., Tiruye T.Y., Tobe-Gai R., Tonelli M., Topor-Madry R., Topouzis F., Tortajada M., Tran B.X., Truelsen T., Trujillo U., Tsilimparis N., Tuem K.B., Tuzcu E.M., Tyrovolas S., Ukwaja K.N., Undurraga E.A., Uthman O.A., Uzochukwu B.S.C., Van Boven J.F.M., Varakin Y.Y., Varughese S., Vasankari T., Vasconcelos A.M.N., Venketasubramanian N., Vidavalur R., Violante F.S., Vishnu A., Vladimirov S.K., Vlassov V.V., Vollset S.E., Vos T., Waid J.L., Wakayo T., Wang Y.-P., Weichenthal S., Weiderpass E., Weintraub R.G., Werdecker A., Wesana J., Wijeratne T., Wilkinson J.D., Wiysonge C.S., Woldeyes B.G., Wolfe C.D.A., Workicho A., Workie S.B., Xavier D., Xu G., Yaghoubi M., Yakob B., Yalew A.Z., Yan L.L., Yano Y., Yaseri M., Ye P., Yimam H.H., Yip P., Yirsaw B.D., Yonemoto N., Yoon S.-J., Yotebieng M., Younis M.Z., Zaidi Z., El Sayed Zaki M., Zeeb H., Zenebe Z.M., Zerfu T.A., Zhang A.L., Zhang X., Zodpey S., Zuhlke L.J., Lopez A.D., Murray C.J.L., De Courten B., Singh A., Thrift A.G., Wang H., Abajobir A.A., Abate K.H., Abbafati C., Abbas K.M., Abd-Allah F., Abera S.F., Abraha H.N., Abu-Raddad L.J., Abu-Rmeileh N.M.E., Adedeji I.A., Adedoyin R.A., Adetifa I.M.O., Adetokunboh O., Afshin A., Aggarwal R., Agrawal A., Agrawal S., Ahmad Kiadaliri A., Ahmed M.B., Aichour A.N., Aichour I., Aichour M.T.E., Aiyar S., Akanda A.S., Akinyemiju T.F., Akseer N., Al-Eyadhy A., Al Lami F.H., Alabed S., Alahdab F., Al-Aly Z., Alam K., Alam N., Alasfoor D., Aldridge R.W., Alene K.A., Alhabib S., Ali R., Alizadeh-Navaei R., Aljunid S.M., Alkaabi J.M., Alkerwi A., Alla F., Allam S.D., Allebeck P., Al-Raddadi R., Alsharif U., Altirkawi K.A., Martin E.A., Alvis-Guzman N., Amare A.T., Ameh E.A., Amini E., Ammar W., Amoako Y.A., Anber N., Andrei C.L., Androudi S., Ansari H., Ansha M.G., Antonio C.A.T., Anwari P., Arnlov J., Arora M., Artaman A., Aryal K.K., Asayesh H., Asgedom S.W., Asghar R.J., Assadi R., Atey T.M., Atre S.R., Avila-Burgos L., Avokpaho E.F.G.A., Awasthi A., Ayala Quintanilla B.P., Babalola T.K., Bacha U., Badawi A., Balakrishnan K., Balalla S., Barac A., Barber R.M., Barboza M.A., Barker-Collo S.L., Barnighausen T., Barquera S., Barregard L., Barrero L.H., Baune B.T., Bazargan-Hejazi S., Bedi N., Beghi E., Bejot Y., Bekele B.B., Bell M.L., Bello A.K., Bennett D.A., Bennett J.R., Bensenor I.M., Benson J., Berhane A., Berhe D.F., Bernabe E., Beuran M., Beyene A.S., Bhala N., Bhansali A., Bhaumik S., Bhutta Z.A., Bikbov B., Birungi C., Biryukov S., Bisanzio D., Bizuayehu H.M., Bjerregaard P., Blosser C.D., Boneya D.J., Boufous S., Bourne R.R.A., Brazinova A., Breitborde N.J.K., Brenner H., Brugha T.S., Bukhman G., Bulto L.N.B., Bumgarner B.R., Burch M., Butt Z.A., Cahill L.E., Cahuana-Hurtado L., Campos-Nonato I.R., Car J., Car M., Cardenas R., Carpenter D.O., Carrero J.J., Carter A., Castaneda-Orjuela C.A., Castillo Rivas J., Castro F.F., Castro R.E., Catala-Lopez F., Chen H., Chiang P.P.-C., Chibalabala M., Chisumpa V.H., Chitheer A.A., Choi J.-Y.J., Christensen H., Christopher D.J., Ciobanu L.G., Cirillo M., Cohen A.J., Colquhoun S.M., Coresh J., Criqui M.H., Cromwell E.A., Crump J.A., Dandona L., Dandona R., Dargan P.I., Das Neves J., Davey G., Davitoiu D.V., Davletov K., De Leo D., Degenhardt L., Deiparine S., Dellavalle R.P., Deribe K., Deribew A., Des Jarlais D.C., Dey S., Dharmaratne S.D., Dherani M.K., Diaz-Torne C., Ding E.L., Dixit P., Djalalinia S., Do H.P., Doku D.T., Donnelly C.A., Dos Santos K.P.B., Douwes-Schultz D., Driscoll T.R., Duan L., Dubey M., Duncan B.B., Dwivedi L.K., Ebrahimi H., El Bcheraoui C., Ellingsen C.L., Enayati A., Endries A.Y., Ermakov S.P., Eshetie S., Eshrati B., Eskandarieh S., Esteghamati A., Estep K., Fanuel F.B.B., Faro A., Farvid M.S., Farzadfar F., Feigin V.L., Fereshtehnejad S.-M., Fernandes J.G., Fernandes J.C., Feyissa T.R., Filip I., Fischer F., Foigt N., Foreman K.J., Frank T., Franklin R.C., Fraser M., Friedman J., Frostad J.J., Fullman N., Furst T., Furtado J.M., Futran N.D., Gakidou E., Gambashidze K., Gamkrelidze A., Gankpe F.G., Garcia-Basteiro A.L., Gebregergs G.B., Gebrehiwot T.T., Gebrekidan K.G., Gebremichael M.W., Gelaye A.A., Geleijnse J.M., Gemechu B.L., Gemechu K.S., Genova-Maleras R., Gesesew H.A., Gething P.W., Gibney K.B., Gill P.S., Gillum R.F., Giref A.Z., Girma B.W., Giussani G., Goenka S., Gomez B., Gona P.N., Gopalani S.V., Goulart A.C., Graetz N., Gugnani H.C., Gupta P.C., Gupta R., Gupta T., Gupta V., Haagsma J.A., Hafezi-Nejad N., Haghparast Bidgoli H., Hakuzimana A., Halasa Y.A., Hamadeh R.R., Hambisa M.T., Hamidi S., Hammami M., Hancock J., Handal A.J., Hankey G.J., Hao Y., Harb H.L., Hareri H.A., Harikrishnan S., Haro J.M., Hassanvand M.S., Havmoeller R., Hay R.J., Hay S.I., He F., Heredia-Pi I.B., Herteliu C., Hilawe E.H., Hoek H.W., Horita N., Hosgood H.D., Hostiuc S., Hotez P.J., Hoy D.G., Hsairi M., Htet A.S., Hu G., Huang H., Huang J.J., Iburg K.M., Igumbor E.U., Ileanu B.V., Inoue M., Irenso A.A., Irvine C.M.S., Islam N., Jacobsen K.H., Jaenisch T., Jahanmehr N., Jakovljevic M.B., Javanbakht M., Jayatilleke A.U., Jeemon P., Jensen P.N., Jha V., Jin Y., John D., John O., Johnson S.C., Jonas J.B., Jurisson M., Kabir Z., Kadel R., Kahsay A., Kalkonde Y., Kamal R., Kan H., Karch A., Karema C.K., Karimi S.M., Karthikeyan G., Kasaeian A., Kassaw N.A., Kassebaum N.J., Kastor A., Katikireddi S.V., Kaul A., Kawakami N., Kazanjan K., Keiyoro P.N., Kelbore S.G., Kemp A.H., Kengne A.P., Keren A., Kereselidze M., Kesavachandran C.N., Ketema E.B., Khader Y.S., Khalil I.A., Khan E.A., Khan G., Khang Y.-H., Khera S., Khoja A.T.A., Khosravi M.H., Kibret G.D., Kieling C., Kim C.-I., Kim D., Kim P., Kim S., Kim Y.J., Kimokoti R.W., Kinfu Y., Kishawi S., Kissimova-Skarbek K.A., Kissoon N., Kivimaki M., Knudsen A.K., Kokubo Y., Kopec J.A., Kosen S., Koul P.A., Koyanagi A., Kravchenko M., Krohn K.J., Kuate Defo B., Kucuk Bicer B., Kuipers E.J., Kulikoff X.R., Kulkarni V.S., Kumar G.A., Kumar P., Kumsa F.A., Kutz M., Lachat C., Lagat A.K., Lager A.C.J., Lal D.K., Lalloo R., Lambert N., Lan Q., Lansingh V.C., Larson H.J., Larsson A., Laryea D.O., Lavados P.M., Laxmaiah A., Lee P.H., Leigh J., Leung J., Leung R., Levi M., Li Y., Liao Y., Liben M.L., Lim S.S., Linn S., Lipshultz S.E., Liu S., Lodha R., Logroscino G., Lorch S.A., Lorkowski S., Lotufo P.A., Lozano R., Lunevicius R., Lyons R.A., Ma S., Macarayan E.R.K., Machado I.E., Mackay M.T., Magdy Abd El Razek M., Magis-Rodriguez C., Mahdavi M., Majdan M., Majdzadeh R., Majeed A., Malekzadeh R., Malhotra R., Malta D.C., Mantovani L.G., Manyazewal T., Mapoma C.C., Marczak L.B., Marks G.B., Martinez-Raga J., Martins-Melo F.R., Massano J., Maulik P.K., Mayosi B.M., Mazidi M., McAlinden C., McGarvey S.T., McGrath J.J., McKee M., Mehata S., Mehndiratta M.M., Mehta K.M., Meier T., Mekonnen T.C., Meles K.G., Memiah P., Memish Z.A., Mendoza W., Mengesha M.M., Mengistie M.A., Mengistu D.T., Menon G.R., Menota B.G., Mensah G.A., Meretoja A., Meretoja T.J., Mezgebe H.B., Micha R., Mikesell J., Miller T.R., Mills E.J., Minnig S., Mirarefin M., Mirrakhimov E.M., Misganaw A., Mishra S.R., Mohammad K.A., Mohammadi A., Mohammed K.E., Mohammed S., Mohan M.B.V., Mohanty S.K., Mokdad A.H., Molla Assaye A., Mollenkopf S.K., Molokhia M., Monasta L., Montanez Hernandez J.C., Montico M., Mooney M.D., Moore A.R., Moradi-Lakeh M., Moraga P., Morawska L., Moreno Velasquez I., Mori R., Morrison S.D., Mruts K.B., Mueller U.O., Mullany E., Muller K., Murthy G.V.S., Murthy S., Musa K.I., Nachega J.B., Nagata C., Nagel G., Naghavi M., Naidoo K.S., Nanda L., Nangia V., Nascimento B.R., Natarajan G., Negoi I., Nguyen C.T., Nguyen G., Nguyen Q.L., Nguyen T.H., Ningrum D.N.A., Nisar M.I., Nomura M., Nong V.M., Norheim O.F., Norrving B., Noubiap J.J.N., Nyakarahuka L., Obermeyer C.M., O'Donnell M.J., Ogbo F.A., Oh I.-H., Okoro A., Oladimeji O., Olagunju A.T., Olusanya B.O., Olusanya J.O., Oren E., Ortiz A., Osgood-Zimmerman A., Ota E., Owolabi M.O., Oyekale A.S., Mahesh P.A., Pacella R.E., Pakhale S., Pana A., Panda B.K., Panda-Jonas S., Park E.-K., Parsaeian M., Patel T., Patten S.B., Patton G.C., Paudel D., Pereira D.M., Perez-Padilla R., Perez-Ruiz F., Perico N., Pervaiz A., Pesudovs K., Peterson C.B., Petri W.A., Petzold M., Phillips M.R., Piel F.B., Pigott D.M., Pishgar F., Plass D., Polinder S., Popova S., Postma M.J., Poulton R.G., Pourmalek F., Prasad N., Purwar M., Qorbani M., Rabiee R.H.S., Radfar A., Rafay A., Rahimi-Movaghar A., Rahimi-Movaghar V., Rahman M., Rahman M.H.U., Rahman S.U., Rai R.K., Rajsic S., Ram U., Rana S.M., Ranabhat C.L., Rao P.V., Rawaf S., Ray S.E., Rego M.A.S., Rehm J., Reiner R.C., Remuzzi G., Renzaho A.M.N.N., Resnikoff S., Rezaei S., Rezai M.S., Ribeiro A.L., Rokni M.B., Ronfani L., Roshandel G., Roth G.A., Rothenbacher D., Roy A., Rubagotti E., Ruhago G.M., Saadat S., Sabde Y.D., Sachdev P.S., Sadat N., Safdarian M., Safi S., Safiri S., Sagar R., Sahathevan R., Sahebkar A., Sahraian M.A., Salama J., Salamati P., Salomon J.A., Salvi S.S., Samy A.M., Sanabria J.R., Sanchez-Nino M.D., Santos I.S., Santric Milicevic M.M., Sarmiento-Suarez R., Sartorius B., Satpathy M., Sawhney M., Saxena S., Saylan M.I., Schmidt M.I., Schneider I.J.C., Schutte A.E., Schwebel D.C., Schwendicke F., Seedat S., Seid A.M., Sepanlou S.G., Servan-Mori E.E., Shackelford K.A., Shaheen A., Shahraz S., Shaikh M.A., Shamsipour M., Shamsizadeh M., Islam S.M.S., Sharma J., Sharma R., She J., Shen J., Shi P., Shibuya K., Shigematsu M., Shiri R., Shiue I., Shrime M.G., Sigfusdottir I.D., Silberberg D.H., Silpakit N., Silva D.A.S., Silva J.P., Silveira D.G.A., Sindi S., Singh J.A., Singh P.K., Singh V., Sinha D.N., Skiadaresi E., Sligar A., Smith D.L., Sobaih B.H.A., Sobngwi E., Soneji S., Soriano J.B., Sreeramareddy C.T., Srinivasan V., Stathopoulou V., Steel N., Stein D.J., Steiner C., Stockl H., Stokes M.A., Strong M., Sufiyan M.B., Suliankatchi R.A., Sunguya B.F., Sur P.J., Swaminathan S., Sykes B.L., Szoeke C.E.I., Tabares-Seisdedos R., Tadakamadla S.K., Tadese F., Tandon N., Tanne D., Tarajia M., Tavakkoli M., Taveira N., Tehrani-Banihashemi A., Tekelab T., Shetty B.P., Tekle D.Y., Temam Shifa G., Temsah M.-H., Terkawi A.S., Tesema C.L., Tesssema B., Theis A., Thomas N., Thompson A.H., Thomson A.J., Tiruye T.Y., Tobe-Gai R., Tonelli M., Topor-Madry R., Topouzis F., Tortajada M., Tran B.X., Truelsen T., Trujillo U., Tsilimparis N., Tuem K.B., Tuzcu E.M., Tyrovolas S., Ukwaja K.N., Undurraga E.A., Uthman O.A., Uzochukwu B.S.C., Van Boven J.F.M., Varakin Y.Y., Varughese S., Vasankari T., Vasconcelos A.M.N., Venketasubramanian N., Vidavalur R., Violante F.S., Vishnu A., Vladimirov S.K., Vlassov V.V., Vollset S.E., Vos T., Waid J.L., Wakayo T., Wang Y.-P., Weichenthal S., Weiderpass E., Weintraub R.G., Werdecker A., Wesana J., Wijeratne T., Wilkinson J.D., Wiysonge C.S., Woldeyes B.G., Wolfe C.D.A., Workicho A., Workie S.B., Xavier D., Xu G., Yaghoubi M., Yakob B., Yalew A.Z., Yan L.L., Yano Y., Yaseri M., Ye P., Yimam H.H., Yip P., Yirsaw B.D., Yonemoto N., Yoon S.-J., Yotebieng M., Younis M.Z., Zaidi Z., El Sayed Zaki M., Zeeb H., Zenebe Z.M., Zerfu T.A., Zhang A.L., Zhang X., Zodpey S., Zuhlke L.J., Lopez A.D., Murray C.J.L., De Courten B., Singh A., Thrift A.G., Wang H., Abajobir A.A., Abate K.H., Abbafati C., Abbas K.M., Abd-Allah F., Abera S.F., Abraha H.N., Abu-Raddad L.J., Abu-Rmeileh N.M.E., Adedeji I.A., Adedoyin R.A., Adetifa I.M.O., Adetokunboh O., Afshin A., Aggarwal R., Agrawal A., Agrawal S., Ahmad Kiadaliri A., Ahmed M.B., Aichour A.N., Aichour I., Aichour M.T.E., Aiyar S., Akanda A.S., Akinyemiju T.F., Akseer N., Al-Eyadhy A., Al Lami F.H., Alabed S., Alahdab F., Al-Aly Z., Alam K., Alam N., Alasfoor D., Aldridge R.W., Alene K.A., Alhabib S., Ali R., Alizadeh-Navaei R., Aljunid S.M., Alkaabi J.M., Alkerwi A., Alla F., Allam S.D., Allebeck P., Al-Raddadi R., Alsharif U., Altirkawi K.A., Martin E.A., Alvis-Guzman N., Amare A.T., Ameh E.A., Amini E., Ammar W., Amoako Y.A., Anber N., Andrei C.L., Androudi S., Ansari H., Ansha M.G., Antonio C.A.T., Anwari P., Arnlov J., Arora M., Artaman A., Aryal K.K., Asayesh H., Asgedom S.W., Asghar R.J., Assadi R., Atey T.M., Atre S.R., Avila-Burgos L., Avokpaho E.F.G.A., Awasthi A., Ayala Quintanilla B.P., Babalola T.K., Bacha U., Badawi A., Balakrishnan K., Balalla S., Barac A., Barber R.M., Barboza M.A., Barker-Collo S.L., Barnighausen T., Barquera S., Barregard L., Barrero L.H., Baune B.T., Bazargan-Hejazi S., Bedi N., Beghi E., Bejot Y., Bekele B.B., Bell M.L., Bello A.K., Bennett D.A., Bennett J.R., Bensenor I.M., Benson J., Berhane A., Berhe D.F., Bernabe E., Beuran M., Beyene A.S., Bhala N., Bhansali A., Bhaumik S., Bhutta Z.A., Bikbov B., Birungi C., Biryukov S., Bisanzio D., Bizuayehu H.M., Bjerregaard P., Blosser C.D., Boneya D.J., Boufous S., Bourne R.R.A., Brazinova A., Breitborde N.J.K., Brenner H., Brugha T.S., Bukhman G., Bulto L.N.B., Bumgarner B.R., Burch M., Butt Z.A., Cahill L.E., Cahuana-Hurtado L., Campos-Nonato I.R., Car J., Car M., Cardenas R., Carpenter D.O., Carrero J.J., Carter A., Castaneda-Orjuela C.A., Castillo Rivas J., Castro F.F., Castro R.E., Catala-Lopez F., Chen H., Chiang P.P.-C., Chibalabala M., Chisumpa V.H., Chitheer A.A., Choi J.-Y.J., Christensen H., Christopher D.J., Ciobanu L.G., Cirillo M., Cohen A.J., Colquhoun S.M., Coresh J., Criqui M.H., Cromwell E.A., Crump J.A., Dandona L., Dandona R., Dargan P.I., Das Neves J., Davey G., Davitoiu D.V., Davletov K., De Leo D., Degenhardt L., Deiparine S., Dellavalle R.P., Deribe K., Deribew A., Des Jarlais D.C., Dey S., Dharmaratne S.D., Dherani M.K., Diaz-Torne C., Ding E.L., Dixit P., Djalalinia S., Do H.P., Doku D.T., Donnelly C.A., Dos Santos K.P.B., Douwes-Schultz D., Driscoll T.R., Duan L., Dubey M., Duncan B.B., Dwivedi L.K., Ebrahimi H., El Bcheraoui C., Ellingsen C.L., Enayati A., Endries A.Y., Ermakov S.P., Eshetie S., Eshrati B., Eskandarieh S., Esteghamati A., Estep K., Fanuel F.B.B., Faro A., Farvid M.S., Farzadfar F., Feigin V.L., Fereshtehnejad S.-M., Fernandes J.G., Fernandes J.C., Feyissa T.R., Filip I., Fischer F., Foigt N., Foreman K.J., Frank T., Franklin R.C., Fraser M., Friedman J., Frostad J.J., Fullman N., Furst T., Furtado J.M., Futran N.D., Gakidou E., Gambashidze K., Gamkrelidze A., Gankpe F.G., Garcia-Basteiro A.L., Gebregergs G.B., Gebrehiwot T.T., Gebrekidan K.G., Gebremichael M.W., Gelaye A.A., Geleijnse J.M., Gemechu B.L., Gemechu K.S., Genova-Maleras R., Gesesew H.A., Gething P.W., Gibney K.B., Gill P.S., Gillum R.F., Giref A.Z., Girma B.W., Giussani G., Goenka S., Gomez B., Gona P.N., Gopalani S.V., Goulart A.C., Graetz N., Gugnani H.C., Gupta P.C., Gupta R., Gupta T., Gupta V., Haagsma J.A., Hafezi-Nejad N., Haghparast Bidgoli H., Hakuzimana A., Halasa Y.A., Hamadeh R.R., Hambisa M.T., Hamidi S., Hammami M., Hancock J., Handal A.J., Hankey G.J., Hao Y., Harb H.L., Hareri H.A., Harikrishnan S., Haro J.M., Hassanvand M.S., Havmoeller R., Hay R.J., Hay S.I., He F., Heredia-Pi I.B., Herteliu C., Hilawe E.H., Hoek H.W., Horita N., Hosgood H.D., Hostiuc S., Hotez P.J., Hoy D.G., Hsairi M., Htet A.S., Hu G., Huang H., Huang J.J., Iburg K.M., Igumbor E.U., Ileanu B.V., Inoue M., Irenso A.A., Irvine C.M.S., Islam N., Jacobsen K.H., Jaenisch T., Jahanmehr N., Jakovljevic M.B., Javanbakht M., Jayatilleke A.U., Jeemon P., Jensen P.N., Jha V., Jin Y., John D., John O., Johnson S.C., Jonas J.B., Jurisson M., Kabir Z., Kadel R., Kahsay A., Kalkonde Y., Kamal R., Kan H., Karch A., Karema C.K., Karimi S.M., Karthikeyan G., Kasaeian A., Kassaw N.A., Kassebaum N.J., Kastor A., Katikireddi S.V., Kaul A., Kawakami N., Kazanjan K., Keiyoro P.N., Kelbore S.G., Kemp A.H., Kengne A.P., Keren A., Kereselidze M., Kesavachandran C.N., Ketema E.B., Khader Y.S., Khalil I.A., Khan E.A., Khan G., Khang Y.-H., Khera S., Khoja A.T.A., Khosravi M.H., Kibret G.D., Kieling C., Kim C.-I., Kim D., Kim P., Kim S., Kim Y.J., Kimokoti R.W., Kinfu Y., Kishawi S., Kissimova-Skarbek K.A., Kissoon N., Kivimaki M., Knudsen A.K., Kokubo Y., Kopec J.A., Kosen S., Koul P.A., Koyanagi A., Kravchenko M., Krohn K.J., Kuate Defo B., Kucuk Bicer B., Kuipers E.J., Kulikoff X.R., Kulkarni V.S., Kumar G.A., Kumar P., Kumsa F.A., Kutz M., Lachat C., Lagat A.K., Lager A.C.J., Lal D.K., Lalloo R., Lambert N., Lan Q., Lansingh V.C., Larson H.J., Larsson A., Laryea D.O., Lavados P.M., Laxmaiah A., Lee P.H., Leigh J., Leung J., Leung R., Levi M., Li Y., Liao Y., Liben M.L., Lim S.S., Linn S., Lipshultz S.E., Liu S., Lodha R., Logroscino G., Lorch S.A., Lorkowski S., Lotufo P.A., Lozano R., Lunevicius R., Lyons R.A., Ma S., Macarayan E.R.K., Machado I.E., Mackay M.T., Magdy Abd El Razek M., Magis-Rodriguez C., Mahdavi M., Majdan M., Majdzadeh R., Majeed A., Malekzadeh R., Malhotra R., Malta D.C., Mantovani L.G., Manyazewal T., Mapoma C.C., Marczak L.B., Marks G.B., Martinez-Raga J., Martins-Melo F.R., Massano J., Maulik P.K., Mayosi B.M., Mazidi M., McAlinden C., McGarvey S.T., McGrath J.J., McKee M., Mehata S., Mehndiratta M.M., Mehta K.M., Meier T., Mekonnen T.C., Meles K.G., Memiah P., Memish Z.A., Mendoza W., Mengesha M.M., Mengistie M.A., Mengistu D.T., Menon G.R., Menota B.G., Mensah G.A., Meretoja A., Meretoja T.J., Mezgebe H.B., Micha R., Mikesell J., Miller T.R., Mills E.J., Minnig S., Mirarefin M., Mirrakhimov E.M., Misganaw A., Mishra S.R., Mohammad K.A., Mohammadi A., Mohammed K.E., Mohammed S., Mohan M.B.V., Mohanty S.K., Mokdad A.H., Molla Assaye A., Mollenkopf S.K., Molokhia M., Monasta L., Montanez Hernandez J.C., Montico M., Mooney M.D., Moore A.R., Moradi-Lakeh M., Moraga P., Morawska L., Moreno Velasquez I., Mori R., Morrison S.D., Mruts K.B., Mueller U.O., Mullany E., Muller K., Murthy G.V.S., Murthy S., Musa K.I., Nachega J.B., Nagata C., Nagel G., Naghavi M., Naidoo K.S., Nanda L., Nangia V., Nascimento B.R., Natarajan G., Negoi I., Nguyen C.T., Nguyen G., Nguyen Q.L., Nguyen T.H., Ningrum D.N.A., Nisar M.I., Nomura M., Nong V.M., Norheim O.F., Norrving B., Noubiap J.J.N., Nyakarahuka L., Obermeyer C.M., O'Donnell M.J., Ogbo F.A., Oh I.-H., Okoro A., Oladimeji O., Olagunju A.T., Olusanya B.O., Olusanya J.O., Oren E., Ortiz A., Osgood-Zimmerman A., Ota E., Owolabi M.O., Oyekale A.S., Mahesh P.A., Pacella R.E., Pakhale S., Pana A., Panda B.K., Panda-Jonas S., Park E.-K., Parsaeian M., Patel T., Patten S.B., Patton G.C., Paudel D., Pereira D.M., Perez-Padilla R., Perez-Ruiz F., Perico N., Pervaiz A., Pesudovs K., Peterson C.B., Petri W.A., Petzold M., Phillips M.R., Piel F.B., Pigott D.M., Pishgar F., Plass D., Polinder S., Popova S., Postma M.J., Poulton R.G., Pourmalek F., Prasad N., Purwar M., Qorbani M., Rabiee R.H.S., Radfar A., Rafay A., Rahimi-Movaghar A., Rahimi-Movaghar V., Rahman M., Rahman M.H.U., Rahman S.U., Rai R.K., Rajsic S., Ram U., Rana S.M., Ranabhat C.L., Rao P.V., Rawaf S., Ray S.E., Rego M.A.S., Rehm J., Reiner R.C., Remuzzi G., Renzaho A.M.N.N., Resnikoff S., Rezaei S., Rezai M.S., Ribeiro A.L., Rokni M.B., Ronfani L., Roshandel G., Roth G.A., Rothenbacher D., Roy A., Rubagotti E., Ruhago G.M., Saadat S., Sabde Y.D., Sachdev P.S., Sadat N., Safdarian M., Safi S., Safiri S., Sagar R., Sahathevan R., Sahebkar A., Sahraian M.A., Salama J., Salamati P., Salomon J.A., Salvi S.S., Samy A.M., Sanabria J.R., Sanchez-Nino M.D., Santos I.S., Santric Milicevic M.M., Sarmiento-Suarez R., Sartorius B., Satpathy M., Sawhney M., Saxena S., Saylan M.I., Schmidt M.I., Schneider I.J.C., Schutte A.E., Schwebel D.C., Schwendicke F., Seedat S., Seid A.M., Sepanlou S.G., Servan-Mori E.E., Shackelford K.A., Shaheen A., Shahraz S., Shaikh M.A., Shamsipour M., Shamsizadeh M., Islam S.M.S., Sharma J., Sharma R., She J., Shen J., Shi P., Shibuya K., Shigematsu M., Shiri R., Shiue I., Shrime M.G., Sigfusdottir I.D., Silberberg D.H., Silpakit N., Silva D.A.S., Silva J.P., Silveira D.G.A., Sindi S., Singh J.A., Singh P.K., Singh V., Sinha D.N., Skiadaresi E., Sligar A., Smith D.L., Sobaih B.H.A., Sobngwi E., Soneji S., Soriano J.B., Sreeramareddy C.T., Srinivasan V., Stathopoulou V., Steel N., Stein D.J., Steiner C., Stockl H., Stokes M.A., Strong M., Sufiyan M.B., Suliankatchi R.A., Sunguya B.F., Sur P.J., Swaminathan S., Sykes B.L., Szoeke C.E.I., Tabares-Seisdedos R., Tadakamadla S.K., Tadese F., Tandon N., Tanne D., Tarajia M., Tavakkoli M., Taveira N., Tehrani-Banihashemi A., and Tekelab T.
- Abstract
Background: Detailed assessments of mortality patterns, particularly age-specific mortality, represent a crucial input that enables health systems to target interventions to specific populations. Understanding how all-cause mortality has changed with respect to development status can identify exemplars for best practice. To accomplish this, the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016) estimated age-specific and sex-specific all-cause mortality between 1970 and 2016 for 195 countries and territories and at the subnational level for the five countries with a population greater than 200 million in 2016. Method(s): We have evaluated how well civil registration systems captured deaths using a set of demographic methods called death distribution methods for adults and from consideration of survey and census data for children younger than 5 years. We generated an overall assessment of completeness of registration of deaths by dividing registered deaths in each location-year by our estimate of all-age deaths generated from our overall estimation process. For 163 locations, including subnational units in countries with a population greater than 200 million with complete vital registration (VR) systems, our estimates were largely driven by the observed data, with corrections for small fluctuations in numbers and estimation for recent years where there were lags in data reporting (lags were variable by location, generally between 1 year and 6 years). For other locations, we took advantage of different data sources available to measure under-5 mortality rates (U5MR) using complete birth histories, summary birth histories, and incomplete VR with adjustments; we measured adult mortality rate (the probability of death in individuals aged 15-60 years) using adjusted incomplete VR, sibling histories, and household death recall. We used the U5MR and adult mortality rate, together with crude death rate due to HIV in the GBD model life table system, t
- Published
- 2017
48. Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 333 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2016: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016.
- Author
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Kaul A., Bhutta Z.A., Hailu G.B., Hamadeh R.R., Hamidi S., Hammami M., Handal A.J., Hankey G.J., Hao Y., Harb H.L., Hareri H.A., Haro J.M., Harun K.M., Harvey J., Hassanvand M.S., Havmoeller R., Hay R.J., Hedayati M.T., Hendrie D., Henry N.J., Heredia-Pi I.B., Heydarpour P., Hoek H.W., Hofman H.J., Horino M., Horita N., Hosgood H.D., Hostiuc S., Hotez P.J., Hoy D.G., Htet A.S., Hu G., Huang J.J., Huynh C., Iburg K.M., Igumbor E.U., Ikeda C., Irvine C.M.S., Jacobsen K.H., Jahanmehr N., Jakovljevic M.B., James P., Jassal S.K., Javanbakht M., Jayaraman S.P., Jeemon P., Jensen P.N., Jha V., Jiang G., John D., Johnson C.O., Johnson S.C., Jonas J.B., Jurisson M., Kabir Z., Kadel R., Kahsay A., Kamal R., Kar C., Karam N.E., Karch A., Karema C.K., Karimi S.M., Karimkhani C., Kasaeian A., Kassa G.M., Kassebaum N.J., Kassaw N.A., Kastor A., Katikireddi S.V., Kawakami N., Keiyoro P.N., Kemmer L., Kengne A.P., Keren A., Kesavachandran C.N., Khader Y.S., Khalil I.A., Khan E.A., Khang Y.-H., Khoja A.T., Khosravi A., Khubchandani J., Kieling C., Kim Y.J., Kim D., Kimokoti R.W., Kinfu Y., Kisa A., Kissimova-Skarbek K.A., Kissoon N., Kivimaki M., Knudsen A.K., Kokubo Y., Kolte D., Kopec J.A., Kosen S., Kotsakis G.A., Koul P.A., Koyanagi A., Kravchenko M., Krohn K.J., Defo B.K., Bicer B.K., Kumar G.A., Kumar P., Kyu H.H., Lager A.C.J., Lal D.K., Lalloo R., Lallukka T., Lambert N., Lan Q., Lansingh V.C., Larsson A., Leasher J.L., Lee P.H., Leigh J., Leshargie C.T., Leung J., Leung R., Levi M., Li Y., Liang X., Liben M.L., Lim S.S., Linn S., Liu A., Liu P.Y., Liu S., Liu Y., Lodha R., Logroscino G., Looker K.J., Lopez A.D., Lorkowski S., Lotufo P.A., Lozano R., Lucas T.C.D., Lunevicius R., Lyons R.A., Macarayan E.R.K., Maddison E.R., Magdy Abd El Razek H., Magdy Abd El Razek M., Magis-Rodriguez C., Mahdavi M., Majdan M., Majdzadeh R., Majeed A., Malekzadeh R., Malhotra R., Malta D.C., Mamun A.A., Manguerra H., Manhertz T., Mantovani L.G., Mapoma C.C., March L.M., Marczak L.B., Martinez-Raga J., Martins P.H.V., Martins-Melo F.R., Martopullo I., Marz W., Mathur M.R., Mazidi M., McAlinden C., McGaughey M., McGrath J.J., McKee M., Mehata S., Meier T., Meles K.G., Memiah P., Memish Z.A., Mendoza W., Mengesha M.M., Mengistie M.A., Mengistu D.T., Mensah G.A., Meretoja A., Meretoja T.J., Mezgebe H.B., Micha R., Millear A., Miller T.R., Minnig S., Mirarefn M., Mirrakhimov E.M., Misganaw A., Mishra S.R., Mitchell P.B., Mohammad K.A., Mohammadi A., Mohammed S., Mohammed K.E., Mohammed M.S.K., Mohan M.B.V., Mokdad A.H., Mollenkopf S.K., Monasta L., Montanez Hernandez J.C., Montico M., Moradi-Lakeh M., Moraga P., Morawska L., Mori R., Morrison S.D., Moses M., Mountjoy-Venning C., Mruts K.B., Mueller U.O., Muller K., Mudoch M.E., Murthy S., Murthy G.V.S., Musa K.I., Nachega J.B., Nagel G., Naghavi M., Naheed A., Naidoo K.S., Nangia V., Nasher J.T., Natarajan G., Negasa D.E., Negoi I., Negoi R.I., Newton C.R., Ngunjiri J.W., Nguyen C.T., Nguyen Q.L., Nguyen G., Nguyen T.H., Nguyen M., Nichols E., Ningrum D.N.A., Nong V.M., Norheim O.F., Norrving B., Noubiap J.J.N., Nyandwi A., Obermeyer C.M., O'Donnell M.J., Ogbo F.A., Oh I.-H., Okoro A., Oladimeji O., Olagunju A.T., Olagunju T.O., Olsen H.E., Olusanya B.O., Olusanya J.O., Ong K., Opio J.N., Oren E., Ortiz A., Osborne R.H., Osgood-Zimmerman A., Osman M., Ota E., Owolabi M.O., Pa M., Pacella R.E., Panda B.K., Pandian J.D., Papachristou C., Park E.-K., Parry C.D., Parsaeian M., Patil S.T., Patten S.B., Patton G.C., Paudel D., Paulson K., Pearce N., Pereira D.M., Perez K.M., Perico N., Pesudovs K., Peterson C.B., Petri W.A., Petzold M., Phillips M.R., Phipps G., Pigott D.M., Pillay J.D., Pinho C., Piradov M.A., Plass D., Pletcher M.A., Popova S., Poulton R.G., Pourmalek F., Prabhakaran D., Prasad N., Purcell C., Purwar M., Qorbani M., Rabiee R.H.S., Radfar A., Rafay A., Rahimi K., Rahimi-Movaghar A., Rahimi-Movaghar V., Rahman M., Rahman M.A., Rahman M.H.U., Rai R.K., Rajsic S., Ram U., Ranabhat C.L., Rangaswamy T., Rankin Z., Rao P.V., Rao P.C., Rawaf S., Ray S.E., Reiner R.C., Reinig N., Reitsma M., Remuzzi G., Renzaho A.M.N., Resnikof S., Rezaei S., Ribeiro A.L., Roba H.S., Robinson S.R., Rojas-Rueda D., Rokni M.B., Ronfani L., Roshandel G., Roth G.A., Rothenbacher D., Roy A., Rubagotti E., Ruhago G.M., Saadat S., Safdarian M., Safri S., Sagar R., Sahathevan R., Sahraian M.A., Salama J., Saleh M.M., Salomon J.A., Salvi S.S., Samy A.M., Sanabria J.R., Sanchez-Nino M.D., Santomauro D., Santos J.V., Santos I.S., Santric Milicevic M.M., Sartorius B., Satpathy M., Sawhney M., Saxena S., Schelonka K., Schmidt M.I., Schneider I.J.C., Schottker B., Schutte A.E., Schwebel D.C., Schwendicke F., Seedat S., Sepanlou S.G., Servan-Mori E.E., Shaheen A., Shaikh M.A., Shamsipour M., Shariful Islam S.M., Sharma R., Sharma J., She J., Shi P., Shibuya K., Shields C., Shiferaw M.S., Shigematsu M., Shiri R., Shirkoohi R., Shirude S., Shishani K., Shoman H., Siabani S., Sibai A.M., Sigfusdottir I.D., Silberberg D.H., Silva J.P., Silva D.A.S., Silveira D.G.A., Singh J.A., Singh V., Singh O.P., Singh N.P., Sinha D.N., Skiadaresi E., Skirbekk V., Slepak E.L., Smith D.L., Smith M., Sobaih B.H.A., Sobngwi E., Soljak M., Sorensen R.J.D., Sousa T.C.M., Sposato L.A., Sreeramareddy C.T., Srinivasan V., Stanaway J.D., Stathopoulou V., Steel N., Stein D.J., Steiner C., Steinke S., Stokes M.A., Stovner L.J., Strub B., Subart M., Sufyan M.B., Abdulkader R.S., Sunguya B.F., Sur P.J., Swaminathan S., Sykes B.L., Sylte D., Szoeke C.E.I., Tabares-Seisdedos R., Tadakamadla S.K., Tafere G.R., Takala J.S., Tandon N., Tanne D., Tarekegn Y.L., Tavakkoli M., Taveira N., Taylor H.R., Tegegne T.K., Tehrani-Banihashemi A., Tekelab T., Temam Shifa G., Terkawi A.S., Tesfaye D.J., Tesssema B., Thakur J.S., Thamsuwan O., Theadom A.M., Theis A.M., Thomas K.E., Thomas N., Thompson R., Tobe-Gai R., Tobollik M., Tonelli M., Topor-Madry R., Tortajada M., Touvier M., Traebert J., Tran B.X., Troeger C., Truelsen T., Tsoi D., Tuzcu E.M., Tymeson H., Tyrovolas S., Ukwaja K.N., Undurraga E.A., Uneke C.J., Updike R., Uthman O.A., Uzochukwu B.S.C., Van Boven J.F.M., Varughese S., Vasankari T., Veerman L.J., Venkatesh S., Venketasubramanian N., Vidavalur R., Vijayakumar L., Violante F.S., Vishnu A., Vladimirov S.K., Vlassov V.V., Vollset S.E., Vos T., Wadilo F., Wakayo T., Wallin M.T., Wang Y.-P., Weichenthal S., Weiderpass E., Weintraub R.G., Weiss D.J., Werdecker A., Westerman R., Whiteford H.A., Wijeratne T., Williams H.C., Wiysonge C.S., Woldeyes B.G., Wolfe C.D.A., Woodbrook R., Woolf A.D., Workicho A., Xavier D., Xu G., Yadgir S., Yaghoubi M., Yakob B., Yan L.L., Yano Y., Ye P., Yihdego M.G., Yimam H.H., Yip P., Yonemoto N., Yoon S.-J., Yotebieng M., Younis M.Z., Yu C., Zaidi Z., Zaki M.E.S., Zegeye E.A., Zenebe Z.M., Zhang X., Zheng Y., Zhou M., Zipkin B., Zodpey S., Zoeckler L., Zuhlke L.J., Murray C.J.L., Adedji I.A., Murdoch M.E., Bryane C.E.G., De Courten B., Thrift A.G., Biadgilign S., Hay S.I., Abajobir A.A., Abate K.H., Abbafati C., Abbas K.M., Abd-Allah F., Abdulle A.M., Abebo T.A., Abera S.F., Aboyans V., Abu-Raddad L.J., Ackerman I.N., Adedeji I.A., Adetokunboh O., Afshin A., Aggarwal R., Agrawal S., Agrawal A., Kiadaliri A.A., Ahmed M.B., Aichour A.N., Aichour I., Aichour M.T.E., Aiyar S., Akinyemiju T.F., Akseer N., Al Lami F.H., Alahdab F., Al-Aly Z., Alam K., Alam N., Alam T., Alasfoor D., Alene K.A., Ali R., Alizadeh-Navaei R., Alkaabi J.M., Alkerwi A., Alla F., Allebeck P., Allen C., Al-Maskari F., Almazroa M.A., Al-Raddadi R., Alsharif U., Alsowaidi S., Althouse B.M., Altirkawi K.A., Alvis-Guzman N., Amare A.T., Amini E., Ammar W., Amoako Y.A., Ansha M.G., Antonio C.A.T., Anwari P., Arnlov J., Arora M., Artaman A., Aryal K.K., Asgedom S.W., Atey T.M., Atnafu N.T., Avila-Burgos L., Arthur Avokpaho E.F.G., Awasthi A., Awasthi S., Quintanilla B.P.A., Azarpazhooh M.R., Azzopardi P., Babalola T.K., Bacha U., Badawi A., Balakrishnan K., Bannick M.S., Barac A., Barker-Collo S.L., Barnighausen T., Barquera S., Barrero L.H., Basu S., Battista R., Battle K.E., Baune B.T., Bazargan-Hejazi S., Beardsley J., Bedi N., Bejot Y., Bekele B.B., Bell M.L., Bennett D.A., Bennett J.R., Bensenor I.M., Benson J., Berhane A., Berhe D.F., Bernabe E., Betsu B.D., Beuran M., Beyene A.S., Bhansali A., Bhatt S., Bienhof K., Bikbov B., Birungi C., Biryukov S., Bisanzio D., Bizuayehu H.M., Blyth F.M., Boneya D.J., Bose D., Bou-Orm I.R., Bourne R.R.A., Brainin M., Brayne C.E.G., Brazinova A., Breitborde N.J.K., Briant P.S., Britton G., Brugha T.S., Buchbinder R., Bulto L.N.B., Bumgarner B., Butt Z.A., Cahuana-Hurtado L., Cameron E., Campos-Nonato I.R., Carabin H., Cardenas R., Carpenter D.O., Carrero J.J., Carter A., Carvalho F., Casey D., Castaneda-Orjuela C.A., Rivas J.C., Castle C.D., Catala-Lopez F., Chang J.-C., Charlson F.J., Chaturvedi P., Chen H., Chibalabala M., Chibueze C.E., Chisumpa V.H., Chitheer A.A., Chowdhury R., Christopher D.J., Ciobanu L.G., Cirillo M., Colombara D., Cooper L.T., Cooper C., Cortesi P.A., Cortinovis M., Criqui M.H., Cromwell E.A., Cross M., Crump J.A., Dadi A.F., Dalal K., Damasceno A., Dandona L., Dandona R., Das Neves J., Davitoiu D.V., Davletov K., De Leo D., De Steur H., Degenhardt L., Deiparine S., Dellavalle R.P., Deribe K., Deribew A., Das Jarlais D.C., Dey S., Dharmaratne S.D., Dhillon P.K., Dicker D., Djalalinia S., Do H.P., Dokova K., Doku D.T., Dorsey E.R., Dos Santos K.P.B., Driscoll T.R., Dubey M., Duncan B.B., Ebel B.E., Echko M., El-Khatib Z.Z., Enayati A., Endries A.Y., Ermakov S.P., Erskine H.E., Eshetie S., Eshrati B., Esteghamati A., Estep K., Fanuel F.B.B., Farag T., Farinha C.S.E.S., Faro A., Farzadfar F., Fazeli M.S., Feigin V.L., Feigl A.B., Fereshtehnejad S.-M., Fernandes J.C., Ferrari A.J., Feyissa T.R., Filip I., Fischer F., Fitzmaurice C., Flaxman A.D., Foigt N., Foreman K.J., Franklin R.C., Frostad J.J., Fullman N., Furst T., Furtado J.M., Futran N.D., Gakidou E., Garcia-Basteiro A.L., Gebre T., Gebregergs G.B., Gebrehiwot T.T., Geleijnse J.M., Geleto A., Gemechu B.L., Gesesew H.A., Gething P.W., Ghajar A., Gibney K.B., Gillum R.F., Ginawi I.A.M., Gishu M.D., Giussani G., Godwin W.W., Goel K., Goenka S., Goldberg E.M., Gona P.N., Goodridge A., Gopalani S.V., Gosselin R.A., Gotay C.C., Goto A., Goulart A.C., Graetz N., Gugnani H.C., Gupta P.C., Gupta T., Gupta V., Gupta R., Gutierrez R.A., Hachinski V., Hafezi-Nejad N., Hailu A.D., Kaul A., Bhutta Z.A., Hailu G.B., Hamadeh R.R., Hamidi S., Hammami M., Handal A.J., Hankey G.J., Hao Y., Harb H.L., Hareri H.A., Haro J.M., Harun K.M., Harvey J., Hassanvand M.S., Havmoeller R., Hay R.J., Hedayati M.T., Hendrie D., Henry N.J., Heredia-Pi I.B., Heydarpour P., Hoek H.W., Hofman H.J., Horino M., Horita N., Hosgood H.D., Hostiuc S., Hotez P.J., Hoy D.G., Htet A.S., Hu G., Huang J.J., Huynh C., Iburg K.M., Igumbor E.U., Ikeda C., Irvine C.M.S., Jacobsen K.H., Jahanmehr N., Jakovljevic M.B., James P., Jassal S.K., Javanbakht M., Jayaraman S.P., Jeemon P., Jensen P.N., Jha V., Jiang G., John D., Johnson C.O., Johnson S.C., Jonas J.B., Jurisson M., Kabir Z., Kadel R., Kahsay A., Kamal R., Kar C., Karam N.E., Karch A., Karema C.K., Karimi S.M., Karimkhani C., Kasaeian A., Kassa G.M., Kassebaum N.J., Kassaw N.A., Kastor A., Katikireddi S.V., Kawakami N., Keiyoro P.N., Kemmer L., Kengne A.P., Keren A., Kesavachandran C.N., Khader Y.S., Khalil I.A., Khan E.A., Khang Y.-H., Khoja A.T., Khosravi A., Khubchandani J., Kieling C., Kim Y.J., Kim D., Kimokoti R.W., Kinfu Y., Kisa A., Kissimova-Skarbek K.A., Kissoon N., Kivimaki M., Knudsen A.K., Kokubo Y., Kolte D., Kopec J.A., Kosen S., Kotsakis G.A., Koul P.A., Koyanagi A., Kravchenko M., Krohn K.J., Defo B.K., Bicer B.K., Kumar G.A., Kumar P., Kyu H.H., Lager A.C.J., Lal D.K., Lalloo R., Lallukka T., Lambert N., Lan Q., Lansingh V.C., Larsson A., Leasher J.L., Lee P.H., Leigh J., Leshargie C.T., Leung J., Leung R., Levi M., Li Y., Liang X., Liben M.L., Lim S.S., Linn S., Liu A., Liu P.Y., Liu S., Liu Y., Lodha R., Logroscino G., Looker K.J., Lopez A.D., Lorkowski S., Lotufo P.A., Lozano R., Lucas T.C.D., Lunevicius R., Lyons R.A., Macarayan E.R.K., Maddison E.R., Magdy Abd El Razek H., Magdy Abd El Razek M., Magis-Rodriguez C., Mahdavi M., Majdan M., Majdzadeh R., Majeed A., Malekzadeh R., Malhotra R., Malta D.C., Mamun A.A., Manguerra H., Manhertz T., Mantovani L.G., Mapoma C.C., March L.M., Marczak L.B., Martinez-Raga J., Martins P.H.V., Martins-Melo F.R., Martopullo I., Marz W., Mathur M.R., Mazidi M., McAlinden C., McGaughey M., McGrath J.J., McKee M., Mehata S., Meier T., Meles K.G., Memiah P., Memish Z.A., Mendoza W., Mengesha M.M., Mengistie M.A., Mengistu D.T., Mensah G.A., Meretoja A., Meretoja T.J., Mezgebe H.B., Micha R., Millear A., Miller T.R., Minnig S., Mirarefn M., Mirrakhimov E.M., Misganaw A., Mishra S.R., Mitchell P.B., Mohammad K.A., Mohammadi A., Mohammed S., Mohammed K.E., Mohammed M.S.K., Mohan M.B.V., Mokdad A.H., Mollenkopf S.K., Monasta L., Montanez Hernandez J.C., Montico M., Moradi-Lakeh M., Moraga P., Morawska L., Mori R., Morrison S.D., Moses M., Mountjoy-Venning C., Mruts K.B., Mueller U.O., Muller K., Mudoch M.E., Murthy S., Murthy G.V.S., Musa K.I., Nachega J.B., Nagel G., Naghavi M., Naheed A., Naidoo K.S., Nangia V., Nasher J.T., Natarajan G., Negasa D.E., Negoi I., Negoi R.I., Newton C.R., Ngunjiri J.W., Nguyen C.T., Nguyen Q.L., Nguyen G., Nguyen T.H., Nguyen M., Nichols E., Ningrum D.N.A., Nong V.M., Norheim O.F., Norrving B., Noubiap J.J.N., Nyandwi A., Obermeyer C.M., O'Donnell M.J., Ogbo F.A., Oh I.-H., Okoro A., Oladimeji O., Olagunju A.T., Olagunju T.O., Olsen H.E., Olusanya B.O., Olusanya J.O., Ong K., Opio J.N., Oren E., Ortiz A., Osborne R.H., Osgood-Zimmerman A., Osman M., Ota E., Owolabi M.O., Pa M., Pacella R.E., Panda B.K., Pandian J.D., Papachristou C., Park E.-K., Parry C.D., Parsaeian M., Patil S.T., Patten S.B., Patton G.C., Paudel D., Paulson K., Pearce N., Pereira D.M., Perez K.M., Perico N., Pesudovs K., Peterson C.B., Petri W.A., Petzold M., Phillips M.R., Phipps G., Pigott D.M., Pillay J.D., Pinho C., Piradov M.A., Plass D., Pletcher M.A., Popova S., Poulton R.G., Pourmalek F., Prabhakaran D., Prasad N., Purcell C., Purwar M., Qorbani M., Rabiee R.H.S., Radfar A., Rafay A., Rahimi K., Rahimi-Movaghar A., Rahimi-Movaghar V., Rahman M., Rahman M.A., Rahman M.H.U., Rai R.K., Rajsic S., Ram U., Ranabhat C.L., Rangaswamy T., Rankin Z., Rao P.V., Rao P.C., Rawaf S., Ray S.E., Reiner R.C., Reinig N., Reitsma M., Remuzzi G., Renzaho A.M.N., Resnikof S., Rezaei S., Ribeiro A.L., Roba H.S., Robinson S.R., Rojas-Rueda D., Rokni M.B., Ronfani L., Roshandel G., Roth G.A., Rothenbacher D., Roy A., Rubagotti E., Ruhago G.M., Saadat S., Safdarian M., Safri S., Sagar R., Sahathevan R., Sahraian M.A., Salama J., Saleh M.M., Salomon J.A., Salvi S.S., Samy A.M., Sanabria J.R., Sanchez-Nino M.D., Santomauro D., Santos J.V., Santos I.S., Santric Milicevic M.M., Sartorius B., Satpathy M., Sawhney M., Saxena S., Schelonka K., Schmidt M.I., Schneider I.J.C., Schottker B., Schutte A.E., Schwebel D.C., Schwendicke F., Seedat S., Sepanlou S.G., Servan-Mori E.E., Shaheen A., Shaikh M.A., Shamsipour M., Shariful Islam S.M., Sharma R., Sharma J., She J., Shi P., Shibuya K., Shields C., Shiferaw M.S., Shigematsu M., Shiri R., Shirkoohi R., Shirude S., Shishani K., Shoman H., Siabani S., Sibai A.M., Sigfusdottir I.D., Silberberg D.H., Silva J.P., Silva D.A.S., Silveira D.G.A., Singh J.A., Singh V., Singh O.P., Singh N.P., Sinha D.N., Skiadaresi E., Skirbekk V., Slepak E.L., Smith D.L., Smith M., Sobaih B.H.A., Sobngwi E., Soljak M., Sorensen R.J.D., Sousa T.C.M., Sposato L.A., Sreeramareddy C.T., Srinivasan V., Stanaway J.D., Stathopoulou V., Steel N., Stein D.J., Steiner C., Steinke S., Stokes M.A., Stovner L.J., Strub B., Subart M., Sufyan M.B., Abdulkader R.S., Sunguya B.F., Sur P.J., Swaminathan S., Sykes B.L., Sylte D., Szoeke C.E.I., Tabares-Seisdedos R., Tadakamadla S.K., Tafere G.R., Takala J.S., Tandon N., Tanne D., Tarekegn Y.L., Tavakkoli M., Taveira N., Taylor H.R., Tegegne T.K., Tehrani-Banihashemi A., Tekelab T., Temam Shifa G., Terkawi A.S., Tesfaye D.J., Tesssema B., Thakur J.S., Thamsuwan O., Theadom A.M., Theis A.M., Thomas K.E., Thomas N., Thompson R., Tobe-Gai R., Tobollik M., Tonelli M., Topor-Madry R., Tortajada M., Touvier M., Traebert J., Tran B.X., Troeger C., Truelsen T., Tsoi D., Tuzcu E.M., Tymeson H., Tyrovolas S., Ukwaja K.N., Undurraga E.A., Uneke C.J., Updike R., Uthman O.A., Uzochukwu B.S.C., Van Boven J.F.M., Varughese S., Vasankari T., Veerman L.J., Venkatesh S., Venketasubramanian N., Vidavalur R., Vijayakumar L., Violante F.S., Vishnu A., Vladimirov S.K., Vlassov V.V., Vollset S.E., Vos T., Wadilo F., Wakayo T., Wallin M.T., Wang Y.-P., Weichenthal S., Weiderpass E., Weintraub R.G., Weiss D.J., Werdecker A., Westerman R., Whiteford H.A., Wijeratne T., Williams H.C., Wiysonge C.S., Woldeyes B.G., Wolfe C.D.A., Woodbrook R., Woolf A.D., Workicho A., Xavier D., Xu G., Yadgir S., Yaghoubi M., Yakob B., Yan L.L., Yano Y., Ye P., Yihdego M.G., Yimam H.H., Yip P., Yonemoto N., Yoon S.-J., Yotebieng M., Younis M.Z., Yu C., Zaidi Z., Zaki M.E.S., Zegeye E.A., Zenebe Z.M., Zhang X., Zheng Y., Zhou M., Zipkin B., Zodpey S., Zoeckler L., Zuhlke L.J., Murray C.J.L., Adedji I.A., Murdoch M.E., Bryane C.E.G., De Courten B., Thrift A.G., Biadgilign S., Hay S.I., Abajobir A.A., Abate K.H., Abbafati C., Abbas K.M., Abd-Allah F., Abdulle A.M., Abebo T.A., Abera S.F., Aboyans V., Abu-Raddad L.J., Ackerman I.N., Adedeji I.A., Adetokunboh O., Afshin A., Aggarwal R., Agrawal S., Agrawal A., Kiadaliri A.A., Ahmed M.B., Aichour A.N., Aichour I., Aichour M.T.E., Aiyar S., Akinyemiju T.F., Akseer N., Al Lami F.H., Alahdab F., Al-Aly Z., Alam K., Alam N., Alam T., Alasfoor D., Alene K.A., Ali R., Alizadeh-Navaei R., Alkaabi J.M., Alkerwi A., Alla F., Allebeck P., Allen C., Al-Maskari F., Almazroa M.A., Al-Raddadi R., Alsharif U., Alsowaidi S., Althouse B.M., Altirkawi K.A., Alvis-Guzman N., Amare A.T., Amini E., Ammar W., Amoako Y.A., Ansha M.G., Antonio C.A.T., Anwari P., Arnlov J., Arora M., Artaman A., Aryal K.K., Asgedom S.W., Atey T.M., Atnafu N.T., Avila-Burgos L., Arthur Avokpaho E.F.G., Awasthi A., Awasthi S., Quintanilla B.P.A., Azarpazhooh M.R., Azzopardi P., Babalola T.K., Bacha U., Badawi A., Balakrishnan K., Bannick M.S., Barac A., Barker-Collo S.L., Barnighausen T., Barquera S., Barrero L.H., Basu S., Battista R., Battle K.E., Baune B.T., Bazargan-Hejazi S., Beardsley J., Bedi N., Bejot Y., Bekele B.B., Bell M.L., Bennett D.A., Bennett J.R., Bensenor I.M., Benson J., Berhane A., Berhe D.F., Bernabe E., Betsu B.D., Beuran M., Beyene A.S., Bhansali A., Bhatt S., Bienhof K., Bikbov B., Birungi C., Biryukov S., Bisanzio D., Bizuayehu H.M., Blyth F.M., Boneya D.J., Bose D., Bou-Orm I.R., Bourne R.R.A., Brainin M., Brayne C.E.G., Brazinova A., Breitborde N.J.K., Briant P.S., Britton G., Brugha T.S., Buchbinder R., Bulto L.N.B., Bumgarner B., Butt Z.A., Cahuana-Hurtado L., Cameron E., Campos-Nonato I.R., Carabin H., Cardenas R., Carpenter D.O., Carrero J.J., Carter A., Carvalho F., Casey D., Castaneda-Orjuela C.A., Rivas J.C., Castle C.D., Catala-Lopez F., Chang J.-C., Charlson F.J., Chaturvedi P., Chen H., Chibalabala M., Chibueze C.E., Chisumpa V.H., Chitheer A.A., Chowdhury R., Christopher D.J., Ciobanu L.G., Cirillo M., Colombara D., Cooper L.T., Cooper C., Cortesi P.A., Cortinovis M., Criqui M.H., Cromwell E.A., Cross M., Crump J.A., Dadi A.F., Dalal K., Damasceno A., Dandona L., Dandona R., Das Neves J., Davitoiu D.V., Davletov K., De Leo D., De Steur H., Degenhardt L., Deiparine S., Dellavalle R.P., Deribe K., Deribew A., Das Jarlais D.C., Dey S., Dharmaratne S.D., Dhillon P.K., Dicker D., Djalalinia S., Do H.P., Dokova K., Doku D.T., Dorsey E.R., Dos Santos K.P.B., Driscoll T.R., Dubey M., Duncan B.B., Ebel B.E., Echko M., El-Khatib Z.Z., Enayati A., Endries A.Y., Ermakov S.P., Erskine H.E., Eshetie S., Eshrati B., Esteghamati A., Estep K., Fanuel F.B.B., Farag T., Farinha C.S.E.S., Faro A., Farzadfar F., Fazeli M.S., Feigin V.L., Feigl A.B., Fereshtehnejad S.-M., Fernandes J.C., Ferrari A.J., Feyissa T.R., Filip I., Fischer F., Fitzmaurice C., Flaxman A.D., Foigt N., Foreman K.J., Franklin R.C., Frostad J.J., Fullman N., Furst T., Furtado J.M., Futran N.D., Gakidou E., Garcia-Basteiro A.L., Gebre T., Gebregergs G.B., Gebrehiwot T.T., Geleijnse J.M., Geleto A., Gemechu B.L., Gesesew H.A., Gething P.W., Ghajar A., Gibney K.B., Gillum R.F., Ginawi I.A.M., Gishu M.D., Giussani G., Godwin W.W., Goel K., Goenka S., Goldberg E.M., Gona P.N., Goodridge A., Gopalani S.V., Gosselin R.A., Gotay C.C., Goto A., Goulart A.C., Graetz N., Gugnani H.C., Gupta P.C., Gupta T., Gupta V., Gupta R., Gutierrez R.A., Hachinski V., Hafezi-Nejad N., and Hailu A.D.
- Abstract
Background: Measurement of changes in health across locations is useful to compare and contrast changing epidemiological patterns against health system performance and identify specific needs for resource allocation in research, policy development, and programme decision making. Using the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016, we drew from two widely used summary measures to monitor such changes in population health: disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) and healthy life expectancy (HALE). We used these measures to track trends and benchmark progress compared with expected trends on the basis of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI). Method(s): We used results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 for all-cause mortality, cause-specific mortality, and non-fatal disease burden to derive HALE and DALYs by sex for 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2016. We calculated DALYs by summing years of life lost and years of life lived with disability for each location, age group, sex, and year. We estimated HALE using age-specific death rates and years of life lived with disability per capita. We explored how DALYs and HALE difered from expected trends when compared with the SDI: the geometric mean of income per person, educational attainment in the population older than age 15 years, and total fertility rate. Finding(s): The highest globally observed HALE at birth for both women and men was in Singapore, at 75.2 years (95% uncertainty interval 71.9-78.6) for females and 72.0 years (68.8-75.1) for males. The lowest for females was in the Central African Republic (45.6 years [42.0-49.5]) and for males was in Lesotho (41.5 years [39.0-44.0]). From 1990 to 2016, global HALE increased by an average of 6.24 years (5.97-6.48) for both sexes combined. Global HALE increased by 6.04 years (5.74-6.27) for males and 6.49 years (6.08-6.77) for females, whereas HALE at age 65 years increased by 1.78 years (1.61-1.93) for m
- Published
- 2017
49. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 328 diseases and injuries for 195 countries, 1990-2016: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. []
- Author
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Larsson A., Arnlov J., Artaman A., Aryal K.K., Asayesh H., Asgedom S.W., Assadi R., Atey T.M., Atnafu N.T., Atre S.R., Avila-Burgos L., Avokpaho E.F.G.A., Awasthi A., Ayala Quintanilla B.P., Ba Saleem H.O., Bacha U., Badawi A., Balakrishnan K., Banerjee A., Bannick M.S., Barac A., Barber R.M., Barker-Collo S.L., Barnighausen T., Barquera S., Barregard L., Barrero L.H., Basu S., Battista B., Battle K.E., Baune B.T., Bazargan-Hejazi S., Beardsley J., Bedi N., Beghi E., Bejot Y., Bekele B.B., Bell M.L., Bennett D.A., Bensenor I.M., Benson J., Berhane A., Berhe D.F., Bernabe E., Betsu B.D., Beuran M., Beyene A.S., Bhala N., Bhansali A., Bhatt S., Bhutta Z.A., Biadgilign S., Bienhoff K., Bikbov B., Birungi C., Biryukov S., Bisanzio D., Bizuayehu H.M., Boneya D.J., Boufous S., Bourne R.R.A., Brazinova A., Brugha T.S., Buchbinder R., Bulto L.N.B., Bumgarner B.R., Butt Z.A., Cahuana-Hurtado L., Cameron E., Car M., Carabin H., Carapetis J.R., Cardenas R., Carpenter D.O., Carrero J.J., Carter A., Carvalho F., Casey D.C., Caso V., Castaneda-Orjuela C.A., Castle C.D., Catala-Lopez F., Chang H.-Y., Chang J.-C., Charlson F.J., Chen H., Chibalabala M., Chibueze C.E., Chisumpa V.H., Chitheer A.A., Christopher D.J., Ciobanu L.G., Cirillo M., Colombara D., Cooper C., Cortesi P.A., Criqui M.H., Crump J.A., Dadi A.F., Dalal K., Dandona L., Dandona R., Das Neves J., Davitoiu D.V., De Leo D., Degenhardt L., Deiparine S., Dellavalle R.P., Deribe K., Des Jarlais D.C., Dey S., Dharmaratne S.D., Dhillon P.K., Dicker D., Ding E.L., Djalalinia S., Do H.P., Dorsey E.R., Dos Santos K.P.B., Douwes-Schultz D., Doyle K.E., Driscoll T.R., Dubey M., Duncan B.B., El-Khatib Z.Z., Ellerstrand J., Enayati A., Endries A.Y., Ermakov S.P., Erskine H.E., Eshrati B., Eskandarieh S., Esteghamati A., Estep K., Fanuel F.B.B., Farinha C.S.E.S., Faro A., Farzadfar F., Fazeli M.S., Feigin V.L., Fereshtehnejad S.-M., Fernandes J.C., Ferrari A.J., Feyissa T.R., Filip I., Fischer F., Fitzmaurice C., Flaxman A.D., Flor L.S., Foigt N., Foreman K.J., Franklin R.C., Fullman N., Furst T., Furtado J.M., Futran N.D., Gakidou E., Ganji M., Garcia-Basteiro A.L., Gebre T., Gebrehiwot T.T., Geleto A., Gemechu B.L., Gesesew H.A., Gething P.W., Ghajar A., Gibney K.B., Gill P.S., Gillum R.F., Ginawi I.A.M., Giref A.Z., Gishu M.D., Giussani G., Godwin W.W., Gold A.L., Goldberg E.M., Gona P.N., Goodridge A., Gopalani S.V., Goto A., Goulart A.C., Griswold M., Gugnani H.C., Gupta R., Gupta T., Gupta V., Hafezi-Nejad N., Hailu A.D., Hailu G.B., Hamadeh R.R., Hamidi S., Handal A.J., Hankey G.J., Hao Y., Harb H.L., Hareri H.A., Haro J.M., Harvey J., Hassanvand M.S., Havmoeller R., Hawley C., Hay R.J., Hay S.I., Henry N.J., Heredia-Pi I.B., Heydarpour P., Hoek H.W., Hoffman H.J., Horita N., Hosgood H.D., Hostiuc S., Hotez P.J., Hoy D.G., Htet A.S., Hu G., Huang H., Huynh C., Iburg K.M., Igumbor E.U., Ikeda C., Irvine C.M.S., Jacobsen K.H., Jahanmehr N., Jakovljevic M.B., Jassal S.K., Javanbakht M., Jayaraman S.P., Jeemon P., Jensen P.N., Jha V., Jiang G., John D., Johnson C.O., Johnson S.C., Jonas J.B., Jurisson M., Kabir Z., Kadel R., Kahsay A., Kamal R., Kan H., Karam N.E., Karch A., Karema C.K., Kasaeian A., Kassa G.M., Kassaw N.A., Kassebaum N.J., Kastor A., Katikireddi S.V., Kaul A., Kawakami N., Keiyoro P.N., Kengne A.P., Keren A., Khader Y.S., Khalil I.A., Khan E.A., Khang Y.-H., Khosravi A., Khubchandani J., Kieling C., Kim D., Kim P., Kim Y.J., Kimokoti R.W., Kinfu Y., Kisa A., Kissimova-Skarbek K.A., Kivimaki M., Knudsen A.K., Kokubo Y., Kolte D., Kopec J.A., Kosen S., Koul P.A., Koyanagi A., Kravchenko M., Krishnaswami S., Krohn K.J., Kuate Defo B., Kucuk Bicer B., Kumar G.A., Kumar P., Kumar S., Kyu H.H., Lal D.K., Lalloo R., Lambert N., Lan Q., Lavados P.M., Leasher J.L., Lee J.-T., Lee P.H., Leigh J., Leshargie C.T., Leung J., Leung R., Levi M., Li Y., Li Kappe D., Liang X., Liben M.L., Lim S.S., Linn S., Liu A., Liu P.Y., Liu S., Liu Y., Lodha R., Logroscino G., London S.J., Looker K.J., Lopez A.D., Lorkowski S., Lotufo P.A., Low N., Lozano R., Lucas T.C.D., Macarayan E.R.K., Magdy Abd El Razek H., Magdy Abd El Razek M., Mahdavi M., Majdan M., Majdzadeh R., Majeed A., Malekzadeh R., Malhotra R., Malta D.C., Mamun A.A., Manguerra H., Manhertz T., Mantilla A., Mantovani L.G., Mapoma C.C., Marczak L.B., Martinez-Raga J., Martins-Melo F.R., Martopullo I., Marz W., Mathur M.R., Mazidi M., McAlinden C., McGaughey M., McGrath J.J., McKee M., McNellan C., Mehata S., Mehndiratta M.M., Mekonnen T.C., Memiah P., Memish Z.A., Mendoza W., Mengistie M.A., Mengistu D.T., Mensah G.A., Meretoja A., Meretoja T.J., Mezgebe H.B., Micha R., Millear A., Miller T.R., Mills E.J., Mirarefin M., Mirrakhimov E.M., Misganaw A., Mishra S.R., Mitchell P.B., Mohammad K.A., Mohammadi A., Mohammed K.E., Mohammed S., Mohanty S.K., Mokdad A.H., Mollenkopf S.K., Monasta L., Hernandez J.M., Montico M., Moradi-Lakeh M., Moraga P., Mori R., Morozoff C., Morrison S.D., Moses M., Mountjoy-Venning C., Mruts K.B., Mueller U.O., Muller K., Murdoch M.E., Murthy G.V.S., Musa K.I., Nachega J.B., Nagel G., Naghavi M., Naheed A., Naidoo K.S., Naldi L., Nangia V., Natarajan G., Negasa D.E., Negoi I., Negoi R.I., Newton C.R., Ngunjiri J.W., Nguyen C.T., Nguyen G., Nguyen M., Nguyen Q.L., Nguyen T.H., Nichols E., Ningrum D.N.A., Nolte S., Nong V.M., Norrving B., Noubiap J.J.N., O'Donnell M.J., Ogbo F.A., Oh I.-H., Okoro A., Oladimeji O., Olagunju A.T., Olagunju T.O., Olsen H.E., Olusanya B.O., Olusanya J.O., Ong K., Opio J.N., Oren E., Ortiz A., Osgood-Zimmerman A., Osman M., Owolabi M.O., Pa M., Pacella R.E., Pana A., Panda B.K., Papachristou C., Park E.-K., Parry C.D., Parsaeian M., Patten S.B., Patton G.C., Paulson K., Pearce N., Pereira D.M., Perico N., Pesudovs K., Peterson C.B., Petzold M., Phillips M.R., Pigott D.M., Pillay J.D., Pinho C., Plass D., Pletcher M.A., Popova S., Poulton R.G., Pourmalek F., Prabhakaran D., Prasad N., Prasad N.M., Purcell C., Qorbani M., Quansah R., Rabiee R.H.S., Radfar A., Rafay A., Rahimi K., Rahimi-Movaghar A., Rahimi-Movaghar V., Rahman M., Rahman M.H.U., Rai R.K., Rajsic S., Ram U., Ranabhat C.L., Rankin Z., Rao P.V., Rao P.C., Rawaf S., Ray S.E., Reiner R.C., Reinig N., Reitsma M.B., Remuzzi G., Renzaho A.M.N., Resnikoff S., Rezaei S., Ribeiro A.L., Ronfani L., Roshandel G., Roth G.A., Roy A., Rubagotti E., Ruhago G.M., Saadat S., Sadat N., Safdarian M., Safi S., Safiri S., Sagar R., Sahathevan R., Salama J., Salomon J.A., Salvi S.S., Samy A.M., Sanabria J.R., Santomauro D., Santos I.S., Santos J.V., Santric Milicevic M.M., Sartorius B., Satpathy M., Sawhney M., Saxena S., Schmidt M.I., Schneider I.J.C., Schottker B., Schwebel D.C., Schwendicke F., Seedat S., Sepanlou S.G., Servan-Mori E.E., Setegn T., Shackelford K.A., Shaheen A., Shaikh M.A., Shamsipour M., Shariful Islam S.M., Sharma J., Sharma R., She J., Shi P., Shields C., Shigematsu M., Shinohara Y., Shiri R., Shirkoohi R., Shirude S., Shishani K., Shrime M.G., Sibai A.M., Sigfusdottir I.D., Silva D.A.S., Silva J.P., Silveira D.G.A., Singh J.A., Singh N.P., Sinha D.N., Skiadaresi E., Skirbekk V., Slepak E.L., Sligar A., Smith D.L., Smith M., Sobaih B.H.A., Sobngwi E., Sorensen R.J.D., Sousa T.C.M., Sposato L.A., Sreeramareddy C.T., Srinivasan V., Stanaway J.D., Stathopoulou V., Steel N., Stein D.J., Stein M.B., Steiner C., Steiner T.J., Steinke S., Stokes M.A., Stovner L.J., Strub B., Subart M., Sufiyan M.B., Suliankatchi Abdulkader R., Sunguya B.F., Sur P.J., Swaminathan S., Sykes B.L., Sylte D.O., Tabares-Seisdedos R., Taffere G.R., Takala J.S., Tandon N., Tavakkoli M., Taveira N., Taylor H.R., Tehrani-Banihashemi A., Tekelab T., Temam Shifa G., Terkawi A.S., Tesfaye D.J., Tesssema B., Thamsuwan O., Thomas K.E., Tiruye T.Y., Tobe-Gai R., Tollanes M.C., Tonelli M., Topor-Madry R., Tortajada M., Touvier M., Tran B.X., Tripathi S., Troeger C., Truelsen T., Tsoi D., Tuem K.B., Tuzcu E.M., Tyrovolas S., Ukwaja K.N., Undurraga E.A., Uneke C.J., Updike R., Uthman O.A., Uzochukwu B.S.C., Van Boven J.F.M., Varughese S., Vasankari T., Venkatesh S., Venketasubramanian N., Vidavalur R., Violante F.S., Vladimirov S.K., Vlassov V.V., Vollset S.E., Wadilo F., Wakayo T., Wang Y.-P., Weaver M., Weichenthal S., Weiderpass E., Weintraub R.G., Werdecker A., Westerman R., Whiteford H.A., Wijeratne T., Wiysonge C.S., Wolfe C.D.A., Woodbrook R., Woolf A.D., Workicho A., Wulf Hanson S., Xavier D., Xu G., Yadgir S., Yaghoubi M., Yakob B., Yan L.L., Yano Y., Ye P., Yimam H.H., Yip P., Yonemoto N., Yoon S.-J., Yotebieng M., Younis M.Z., Zaidi Z., Zaki M.E.S., Zegeye E.A., Zenebe Z.M., Zhang X., Zhou M., Zipkin B., Zodpey S., Zuhlke L.J., Murray C.J.L., De Courten B., Thrift A.G., Vos T., Abajobir A.A., Abbafati C., Abbas K.M., Abate K.H., Abd-Allah F., Abdulle A.M., Abebo T.A., Abera S.F., Aboyans V., Abu-Raddad L.J., Ackerman I.N., Adamu A.A., Adetokunboh O., Afarideh M., Afshin A., Agarwal S.K., Aggarwal R., Agrawal A., Agrawal S., Ahmad Kiadaliri A., Ahmadieh H., Ahmed M.B., Aichour A.N., Aichour I., Aichour M.T.E., Aiyar S., Akinyemi R.O., Akseer N., Al Lami F.H., Alahdab F., Al-Aly Z., Alam K., Alam N., Alam T., Alasfoor D., Alene K.A., Ali R., Alizadeh-Navaei R., Alkerwi A., Alla F., Allebeck P., Allen C., Al-Maskari F., Al-Raddadi R., Alsharif U., Alsowaidi S., Altirkawi K.A., Amare A.T., Amini E., Ammar W., Amoako Y.A., Andersen H.H., Antonio C.A.T., Anwari P., Larsson A., Arnlov J., Artaman A., Aryal K.K., Asayesh H., Asgedom S.W., Assadi R., Atey T.M., Atnafu N.T., Atre S.R., Avila-Burgos L., Avokpaho E.F.G.A., Awasthi A., Ayala Quintanilla B.P., Ba Saleem H.O., Bacha U., Badawi A., Balakrishnan K., Banerjee A., Bannick M.S., Barac A., Barber R.M., Barker-Collo S.L., Barnighausen T., Barquera S., Barregard L., Barrero L.H., Basu S., Battista B., Battle K.E., Baune B.T., Bazargan-Hejazi S., Beardsley J., Bedi N., Beghi E., Bejot Y., Bekele B.B., Bell M.L., Bennett D.A., Bensenor I.M., Benson J., Berhane A., Berhe D.F., Bernabe E., Betsu B.D., Beuran M., Beyene A.S., Bhala N., Bhansali A., Bhatt S., Bhutta Z.A., Biadgilign S., Bienhoff K., Bikbov B., Birungi C., Biryukov S., Bisanzio D., Bizuayehu H.M., Boneya D.J., Boufous S., Bourne R.R.A., Brazinova A., Brugha T.S., Buchbinder R., Bulto L.N.B., Bumgarner B.R., Butt Z.A., Cahuana-Hurtado L., Cameron E., Car M., Carabin H., Carapetis J.R., Cardenas R., Carpenter D.O., Carrero J.J., Carter A., Carvalho F., Casey D.C., Caso V., Castaneda-Orjuela C.A., Castle C.D., Catala-Lopez F., Chang H.-Y., Chang J.-C., Charlson F.J., Chen H., Chibalabala M., Chibueze C.E., Chisumpa V.H., Chitheer A.A., Christopher D.J., Ciobanu L.G., Cirillo M., Colombara D., Cooper C., Cortesi P.A., Criqui M.H., Crump J.A., Dadi A.F., Dalal K., Dandona L., Dandona R., Das Neves J., Davitoiu D.V., De Leo D., Degenhardt L., Deiparine S., Dellavalle R.P., Deribe K., Des Jarlais D.C., Dey S., Dharmaratne S.D., Dhillon P.K., Dicker D., Ding E.L., Djalalinia S., Do H.P., Dorsey E.R., Dos Santos K.P.B., Douwes-Schultz D., Doyle K.E., Driscoll T.R., Dubey M., Duncan B.B., El-Khatib Z.Z., Ellerstrand J., Enayati A., Endries A.Y., Ermakov S.P., Erskine H.E., Eshrati B., Eskandarieh S., Esteghamati A., Estep K., Fanuel F.B.B., Farinha C.S.E.S., Faro A., Farzadfar F., Fazeli M.S., Feigin V.L., Fereshtehnejad S.-M., Fernandes J.C., Ferrari A.J., Feyissa T.R., Filip I., Fischer F., Fitzmaurice C., Flaxman A.D., Flor L.S., Foigt N., Foreman K.J., Franklin R.C., Fullman N., Furst T., Furtado J.M., Futran N.D., Gakidou E., Ganji M., Garcia-Basteiro A.L., Gebre T., Gebrehiwot T.T., Geleto A., Gemechu B.L., Gesesew H.A., Gething P.W., Ghajar A., Gibney K.B., Gill P.S., Gillum R.F., Ginawi I.A.M., Giref A.Z., Gishu M.D., Giussani G., Godwin W.W., Gold A.L., Goldberg E.M., Gona P.N., Goodridge A., Gopalani S.V., Goto A., Goulart A.C., Griswold M., Gugnani H.C., Gupta R., Gupta T., Gupta V., Hafezi-Nejad N., Hailu A.D., Hailu G.B., Hamadeh R.R., Hamidi S., Handal A.J., Hankey G.J., Hao Y., Harb H.L., Hareri H.A., Haro J.M., Harvey J., Hassanvand M.S., Havmoeller R., Hawley C., Hay R.J., Hay S.I., Henry N.J., Heredia-Pi I.B., Heydarpour P., Hoek H.W., Hoffman H.J., Horita N., Hosgood H.D., Hostiuc S., Hotez P.J., Hoy D.G., Htet A.S., Hu G., Huang H., Huynh C., Iburg K.M., Igumbor E.U., Ikeda C., Irvine C.M.S., Jacobsen K.H., Jahanmehr N., Jakovljevic M.B., Jassal S.K., Javanbakht M., Jayaraman S.P., Jeemon P., Jensen P.N., Jha V., Jiang G., John D., Johnson C.O., Johnson S.C., Jonas J.B., Jurisson M., Kabir Z., Kadel R., Kahsay A., Kamal R., Kan H., Karam N.E., Karch A., Karema C.K., Kasaeian A., Kassa G.M., Kassaw N.A., Kassebaum N.J., Kastor A., Katikireddi S.V., Kaul A., Kawakami N., Keiyoro P.N., Kengne A.P., Keren A., Khader Y.S., Khalil I.A., Khan E.A., Khang Y.-H., Khosravi A., Khubchandani J., Kieling C., Kim D., Kim P., Kim Y.J., Kimokoti R.W., Kinfu Y., Kisa A., Kissimova-Skarbek K.A., Kivimaki M., Knudsen A.K., Kokubo Y., Kolte D., Kopec J.A., Kosen S., Koul P.A., Koyanagi A., Kravchenko M., Krishnaswami S., Krohn K.J., Kuate Defo B., Kucuk Bicer B., Kumar G.A., Kumar P., Kumar S., Kyu H.H., Lal D.K., Lalloo R., Lambert N., Lan Q., Lavados P.M., Leasher J.L., Lee J.-T., Lee P.H., Leigh J., Leshargie C.T., Leung J., Leung R., Levi M., Li Y., Li Kappe D., Liang X., Liben M.L., Lim S.S., Linn S., Liu A., Liu P.Y., Liu S., Liu Y., Lodha R., Logroscino G., London S.J., Looker K.J., Lopez A.D., Lorkowski S., Lotufo P.A., Low N., Lozano R., Lucas T.C.D., Macarayan E.R.K., Magdy Abd El Razek H., Magdy Abd El Razek M., Mahdavi M., Majdan M., Majdzadeh R., Majeed A., Malekzadeh R., Malhotra R., Malta D.C., Mamun A.A., Manguerra H., Manhertz T., Mantilla A., Mantovani L.G., Mapoma C.C., Marczak L.B., Martinez-Raga J., Martins-Melo F.R., Martopullo I., Marz W., Mathur M.R., Mazidi M., McAlinden C., McGaughey M., McGrath J.J., McKee M., McNellan C., Mehata S., Mehndiratta M.M., Mekonnen T.C., Memiah P., Memish Z.A., Mendoza W., Mengistie M.A., Mengistu D.T., Mensah G.A., Meretoja A., Meretoja T.J., Mezgebe H.B., Micha R., Millear A., Miller T.R., Mills E.J., Mirarefin M., Mirrakhimov E.M., Misganaw A., Mishra S.R., Mitchell P.B., Mohammad K.A., Mohammadi A., Mohammed K.E., Mohammed S., Mohanty S.K., Mokdad A.H., Mollenkopf S.K., Monasta L., Hernandez J.M., Montico M., Moradi-Lakeh M., Moraga P., Mori R., Morozoff C., Morrison S.D., Moses M., Mountjoy-Venning C., Mruts K.B., Mueller U.O., Muller K., Murdoch M.E., Murthy G.V.S., Musa K.I., Nachega J.B., Nagel G., Naghavi M., Naheed A., Naidoo K.S., Naldi L., Nangia V., Natarajan G., Negasa D.E., Negoi I., Negoi R.I., Newton C.R., Ngunjiri J.W., Nguyen C.T., Nguyen G., Nguyen M., Nguyen Q.L., Nguyen T.H., Nichols E., Ningrum D.N.A., Nolte S., Nong V.M., Norrving B., Noubiap J.J.N., O'Donnell M.J., Ogbo F.A., Oh I.-H., Okoro A., Oladimeji O., Olagunju A.T., Olagunju T.O., Olsen H.E., Olusanya B.O., Olusanya J.O., Ong K., Opio J.N., Oren E., Ortiz A., Osgood-Zimmerman A., Osman M., Owolabi M.O., Pa M., Pacella R.E., Pana A., Panda B.K., Papachristou C., Park E.-K., Parry C.D., Parsaeian M., Patten S.B., Patton G.C., Paulson K., Pearce N., Pereira D.M., Perico N., Pesudovs K., Peterson C.B., Petzold M., Phillips M.R., Pigott D.M., Pillay J.D., Pinho C., Plass D., Pletcher M.A., Popova S., Poulton R.G., Pourmalek F., Prabhakaran D., Prasad N., Prasad N.M., Purcell C., Qorbani M., Quansah R., Rabiee R.H.S., Radfar A., Rafay A., Rahimi K., Rahimi-Movaghar A., Rahimi-Movaghar V., Rahman M., Rahman M.H.U., Rai R.K., Rajsic S., Ram U., Ranabhat C.L., Rankin Z., Rao P.V., Rao P.C., Rawaf S., Ray S.E., Reiner R.C., Reinig N., Reitsma M.B., Remuzzi G., Renzaho A.M.N., Resnikoff S., Rezaei S., Ribeiro A.L., Ronfani L., Roshandel G., Roth G.A., Roy A., Rubagotti E., Ruhago G.M., Saadat S., Sadat N., Safdarian M., Safi S., Safiri S., Sagar R., Sahathevan R., Salama J., Salomon J.A., Salvi S.S., Samy A.M., Sanabria J.R., Santomauro D., Santos I.S., Santos J.V., Santric Milicevic M.M., Sartorius B., Satpathy M., Sawhney M., Saxena S., Schmidt M.I., Schneider I.J.C., Schottker B., Schwebel D.C., Schwendicke F., Seedat S., Sepanlou S.G., Servan-Mori E.E., Setegn T., Shackelford K.A., Shaheen A., Shaikh M.A., Shamsipour M., Shariful Islam S.M., Sharma J., Sharma R., She J., Shi P., Shields C., Shigematsu M., Shinohara Y., Shiri R., Shirkoohi R., Shirude S., Shishani K., Shrime M.G., Sibai A.M., Sigfusdottir I.D., Silva D.A.S., Silva J.P., Silveira D.G.A., Singh J.A., Singh N.P., Sinha D.N., Skiadaresi E., Skirbekk V., Slepak E.L., Sligar A., Smith D.L., Smith M., Sobaih B.H.A., Sobngwi E., Sorensen R.J.D., Sousa T.C.M., Sposato L.A., Sreeramareddy C.T., Srinivasan V., Stanaway J.D., Stathopoulou V., Steel N., Stein D.J., Stein M.B., Steiner C., Steiner T.J., Steinke S., Stokes M.A., Stovner L.J., Strub B., Subart M., Sufiyan M.B., Suliankatchi Abdulkader R., Sunguya B.F., Sur P.J., Swaminathan S., Sykes B.L., Sylte D.O., Tabares-Seisdedos R., Taffere G.R., Takala J.S., Tandon N., Tavakkoli M., Taveira N., Taylor H.R., Tehrani-Banihashemi A., Tekelab T., Temam Shifa G., Terkawi A.S., Tesfaye D.J., Tesssema B., Thamsuwan O., Thomas K.E., Tiruye T.Y., Tobe-Gai R., Tollanes M.C., Tonelli M., Topor-Madry R., Tortajada M., Touvier M., Tran B.X., Tripathi S., Troeger C., Truelsen T., Tsoi D., Tuem K.B., Tuzcu E.M., Tyrovolas S., Ukwaja K.N., Undurraga E.A., Uneke C.J., Updike R., Uthman O.A., Uzochukwu B.S.C., Van Boven J.F.M., Varughese S., Vasankari T., Venkatesh S., Venketasubramanian N., Vidavalur R., Violante F.S., Vladimirov S.K., Vlassov V.V., Vollset S.E., Wadilo F., Wakayo T., Wang Y.-P., Weaver M., Weichenthal S., Weiderpass E., Weintraub R.G., Werdecker A., Westerman R., Whiteford H.A., Wijeratne T., Wiysonge C.S., Wolfe C.D.A., Woodbrook R., Woolf A.D., Workicho A., Wulf Hanson S., Xavier D., Xu G., Yadgir S., Yaghoubi M., Yakob B., Yan L.L., Yano Y., Ye P., Yimam H.H., Yip P., Yonemoto N., Yoon S.-J., Yotebieng M., Younis M.Z., Zaidi Z., Zaki M.E.S., Zegeye E.A., Zenebe Z.M., Zhang X., Zhou M., Zipkin B., Zodpey S., Zuhlke L.J., Murray C.J.L., De Courten B., Thrift A.G., Vos T., Abajobir A.A., Abbafati C., Abbas K.M., Abate K.H., Abd-Allah F., Abdulle A.M., Abebo T.A., Abera S.F., Aboyans V., Abu-Raddad L.J., Ackerman I.N., Adamu A.A., Adetokunboh O., Afarideh M., Afshin A., Agarwal S.K., Aggarwal R., Agrawal A., Agrawal S., Ahmad Kiadaliri A., Ahmadieh H., Ahmed M.B., Aichour A.N., Aichour I., Aichour M.T.E., Aiyar S., Akinyemi R.O., Akseer N., Al Lami F.H., Alahdab F., Al-Aly Z., Alam K., Alam N., Alam T., Alasfoor D., Alene K.A., Ali R., Alizadeh-Navaei R., Alkerwi A., Alla F., Allebeck P., Allen C., Al-Maskari F., Al-Raddadi R., Alsharif U., Alsowaidi S., Altirkawi K.A., Amare A.T., Amini E., Ammar W., Amoako Y.A., Andersen H.H., Antonio C.A.T., and Anwari P.
- Abstract
Background As mortality rates decline, life expectancy increases, and populations age, non-fatal outcomes of diseases and injuries are becoming a larger component of the global burden of disease. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016) provides a comprehensive assessment of prevalence, incidence, and years lived with disability (YLDs) for 328 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2016. Methods We estimated prevalence and incidence for 328 diseases and injuries and 2982 sequelae, their non-fatal consequences. We used DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression tool, as the main method of estimation, ensuring consistency between incidence, prevalence, remission, and cause of death rates for each condition. For some causes, we used alternative modelling strategies if incidence or prevalence needed to be derived from other data. YLDs were estimated as the product of prevalence and a disability weight for all mutually exclusive sequelae, corrected for comorbidity and aggregated to cause level. We updated the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and total fertility rate. GBD 2016 complies with the Guidelines for Accurate and Transparent Health Estimates Reporting (GATHER). Findings Globally, low back pain, migraine, age-related and other hearing loss, iron-deficiency anaemia, and major depressive disorder were the five leading causes of YLDs in 2016, contributing 57.6 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 40.8-75.9 million [7.2%, 6.0-8.3]), 45.1 million (29.0-62.8 million [5.6%, 4.0-7.2]), 36.3 million (25.3-50.9 million [4.5%, 3.8-5.3]), 34.7 million (23.0-49.6 million [4.3%, 3.5-5.2]), and 34.1 million (23.5-46.0 million [4.2%, 3.2-5.3]) of total YLDs, respectively. Age-standardised rates of YLDs for all causes combined decreased between 1990 and 2016 by 2.7% (95% UI 2.3-3.1). Despite mostly stagnant age-standardised rates, the absolute number of YLDs from non-c
- Published
- 2017
50. Global, regional, and national age-sex specifc mortality for 264 causes of death, 1980-2016: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016.
- Author
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Kinfu Y., Barregard L., Barrero L.H., Baune B.T., Bedi N., Beghi E., Bekele B.B., Bell M.L., Bennett J.R., Bensenor I.M., Berhane A., Bernabe E., Betsu B.D., Beuran M., Feigin V.L., Fereshtehnejad S.-M., Fernandes J.C., Ferrari A.J., Feyissa T.R., Filip I., Finegold S., Fischer F., Fitzmaurice C., Flaxman A.D., Foigt N., Frank T., Fraser M., Fullman N., Furst T., Furtado J.M., Gakidou E., Garcia-Basteiro A.L., Gebre T., Gebregergs G.B., Gebrehiwot T.T., Gebremichael D.Y., Geleijnse J.M., Genova-Maleras R., Gesesew H.A., Gething P.W., Gillum R.F., Ginawi I.A.M., Giref A.Z., Giroud M., Giussani G., Godwin W.W., Gold A.L., Goldberg E.M., Gona P.N., Gopalani S.V., Gouda H.N., Goulart A.C., Griswold M., Gupta P.C., Gupta R., Gupta T., Gupta V., Haagsma J.A., Hafezi-Nejad N., Hailu A.D., Hailu G.B., Hamadeh R.R., Hambisa M.T., Hamidi S., Hammami M., Hancock J., Handal A.J., Hankey G.J., Hao Y., Harb H.L., Hareri H.A., Hassanvand M.S., Havmoeller R., Hay S.I., He F., Hedayati M.T., Henry N.J., Heredia-Pi I.B., Herteliu C., Hoek H.W., Horino M., Horita N., Hosgood H.D., Hostiuc S., Hotez P.J., Hoy D.G., Huynh C., Iburg K.M., Ikeda C., Ileanu B.V., Irenso A.A., Irvine C.M.S., Jurisson M., Jacobsen K.H., Jahanmehr N., Jakovljevic M.B., Javanbakht M., Jayaraman S.P., Jeemon P., Jha V., John D., Johnson C.O., Johnson S.C., Jonas J.B., Kabir Z., Kadel R., Kahsay A., Kamal R., Karch A., Karimi S.M., Karimkhani C., Kasaeian A., Kassaw N.A., Kassebaum N.J., Katikireddi S.V., Kawakami N., Keiyoro P.N., Kemmer L., Kesavachandran C.N., Khader Y.S., Khan E.A., Khang Y.-H., Khoja A.T.A., Khosravi A., Khosravi M.H., Khubchandani J., Kieling C., Kievlan D., Kim D., Kim Y.J., Kimokoti R.W., Kissoon N., Kivimaki M., Knudsen A.K., Kopec J.A., Kosen S., Koul P.A., Koyanagi A., Defo B.K., Kulikof X.R., Kumar G.A., Kumar P., Kutz M., Kyu H.H., Lal D.K., Lalloo R., Lambert T.L.N., Lan Q., Lansingh V.C., Larsson A., Lee P.H., Leigh J., Leung J., Levi M., Li Y., Kappe D.L., Liang X., Liben M.L., Lim S.S., Liu A., Liu P.Y., Liu Y., Lodha R., Logroscino G., Lorkowski S., Lotufo P.A., Lozano R., Lucas T.C.D., Ma S., Macarayan E.R.K., Maddison E.R., Abd El Razek M.M., Majdan M., Majdzadeh R., Majeed A., Malekzadeh R., Malhotra R., Malta D.C., Manguerra H., Manyazewal T., Mapoma C.C., Marczak L.B., Markos D., Martinez-Raga J., Martins-Melo F.R., Martopullo I., McAlinden C., McGaughey M., McGrath J.J., Mehata S., Meier T., Meles K.G., Memiah P., Memish Z.A., Mengesha M.M., Mengistu D.T., Menota B.G., Mensah G.A., Meretoja A., Meretoja T.J., Millear A., Miller T.R., Minnig S., Mirarefn M., Mirrakhimov E.M., Misganaw A., Mishra S.R., Mohammad K.A., Mohammadi A., Mohammed S., Mokdad A.H., Mola G.L.D., Mollenkopf S.K., Molokhia M., Monasta L., Hernandez J.C.M., Montico M., Mooney M.D., Moradi-Lakeh M., Moraga P., Morawska L., Morrison S.D., Morozof C., Mountjoy-Venning C., Mruts K.B., Muller K., Murthy G.V.S., Musa K.I., Nachega J.B., Naheed A., Naldi L., Nangia V., Nascimento B.R., Nasher J.T., Natarajan G., Negoi I., Ngunjiri J.W., Nguyen C.T., Nguyen G., Nguyen M., Nguyen Q.L., Nguyen T.H., Nichols E., Ningrum D.N.A., Nong V.M., Noubiap J.J.N., Ogbo F.A., Oh I.-H., Okoro A., Olagunju A.T., Olsen H.E., Olusanya B.O., Olusanya J.O., Ong K., Opio J.N., Oren E., Ortiz A., Osman M., Ota E., Mahesh P.A., Pacella R.E., Pakhale S., Pana A., Panda B.K., Jonas S., Papachristou C., Park E.-K., Patten S.B., Patton G.C., Paudel D., Paulson K., Pereira D.M., Perez-Ruiz F., Perico N., Pervaiz A., Petzold M., Phillips M.R., Pigott D.M., Pinho C., Plass D., Pletcher M.A., Polinder S., Postma M.J., Pourmalek F., Purcell C., Qorbani M., Radfar A., Rafay A., Rahimi-Movaghar V., Rahman M., Ur Rahman M.H., Rai R.K., Ranabhat C.L., Rankin Z., Rao P.C., Rath G.K., Rawaf S., Ray S.E., Rehm J., Reiner R.C., Reitsma M.B., Remuzzi G., Rezaei S., Rezai M.S., Rokni M.B., Ronfani L., Roshandel G., Roth G.A., Rothenbacher D., Ruhago G.M., Rizwan S.A., Saadat S., Sachdev P.S., Sadat N., Safdarian M., Saf S., Safiri S., Sagar R., Sahathevan R., Salama J., Salamati P., Salomon J.A., Samy A.M., Sanabria J.R., Sanchez-Nino M.D., Santomauro D., Santos I.S., Milicevic M.M.S., Sartorius B., Satpathy M., Shahraz S., Schmidt M.I., Schneider I.J.C., Schulhofer-Wohl S., Schutte A.E., Schwebel D.C., Schwendicke F., Sepanlou S.G., Servan-Mori E.E., Shackelford K.A., Shaikh M.A., Shamsipour M., Shamsizadeh M., Islam S.M.S., Sharma J., Sharma R., She J., Sheikhbahaei S., Shey M., Shi P., Shields C., Shigematsu M., Shiri R., Shirude S., Shiue I., Shoman H., Shrime M.G., Sigfusdottir I.D., Silpakit N., Silva J.P., Singh J.A., Skiadaresi E., Sligar A., Smith A., Smith D.L., Smith M., Sobaih B.H.A., Soneji S., Sorensen R.J.D., Soriano J.B., Sreeramareddy C.T., Srinivasan V., Stanaway J.D., Stathopoulou V., Steel N., Stein D.J., Steiner C., Steinke S., Stokes M.A., Strong M., Strub B., Subart M., Sufyan M.B., Sunguya B.F., Sur P.J., Swaminathan S., Sykes B.L., Tabares-Seisdedos R., Tadakamadla S.K., Takahashi K., Takala J.S., Talongwa R.T., Tarawneh M.R., Tavakkoli M., Taveira N., Tegegne T.K., Tehrani-Banihashemi A., Temsah M.-H., Terkawi A.S., Thakur J.S., Thamsuwan O., Thankappan K.R., Thomas K.E., Thompson A.H., Thomson A.J., Tobe-Gai R., Topor-Madry R., Torre A., Tortajada M., Towbin J.A., Tran B.X., Troeger C., Truelsen T., Tsoi D., Tuzcu E.M., Tyrovolas S., Ukwaja K.N., Undurraga E.A., Updike R., Uthman O.A., Uzochukwu B.S.C., Van Boven J.F.M., Vasankari T., Venketasubramanian N., Violante F.S., Vlassov V.V., Vollset S.E., Vos T., Wakayo T., Wallin M.T., Wang Y.-P., Weiderpass E., Weintraub R.G., Weiss D.J., Werdecker A., Westerman R., Whetter B., Whiteford H.A., Wijeratne T., Wiysonge C.S., Woldeyes B.G., Wolfe C.D.A., Woodbrook R., Workicho A., Xavier D., Xiao Q., Xu G., Yaghoubi M., Yakob B., Yano Y., Yaseri M., Yimam H.H., Yonemoto N., Yoon S.-J., Yotebieng M., Younis M.Z., Zaidi Z., El Sayed Zaki M., Zegeye E.A., Zenebe Z.M., Zerfu T.A., Zhang A.L., Zhang X., Zipkin B., Zodpey S., Lopez A.D., Murray C.J.L., De Courten B., Singh A., Thrift A.G., Naghavi M., Abajobir A.A., Abbafati C., Abbas K.M., Abd-Allah F., Abera S.F., Aboyans V., Adetokunboh O., Arnlov J., Afshin A., Agrawal A., Kiadaliri A.A., Ahmadi A., Ahmed M.B., Aichour A.N., Aichour I., Aichour M.T.E., Aiyar S., Al-Eyadhy A., Alahdab F., Al-Aly Z., Alam K., Alam N., Alam T., Alene K.A., Ali S.D., Alizadeh-Navaei R., Alkaabi J.M., Alkerwi A., Alla F., Allebeck P., Allen C., Al-Raddadi R., Alsharif U., Altirkawi K.A., Alvis-Guzman N., Amare A.T., Amini E., Ammar W., Amoako Y.A., Anber N., Andersen H.H., Andrei C.L., Androudi S., Ansari H., Antonio C.A.T., Anwari P., Arora M., Artaman A., Aryal K.K., Asayesh H., Asgedom S.W., Atey T.M., Avila-Burgos L., Avokpaho E.F.G.A., Awasthi A., Quintanilla B.P.A., Bejot Y., Babalola T.K., Bacha U., Balakrishnan K., Barac A., Barboza M.A., Barker-Collo S.L., Barquera S., Bhatt S., Biadgilign S., Bienhof K., Bikbov B., Bisanzio D., Bourne R.R.A., Breitborde N.J.K., Bulto L.N.B., Bumgarner B.R., Butt Z.A., Cardenas R., Cahuana-Hurtado L., Cameron E., Campuzano J.C., Car J., Carrero J.J., Carter A., Casey D.C., Castaneda-Orjuela C.A., Catala-Lopez F., Charlson F.J., Chibueze C.E., Chimed-Ochir O., Chisumpa V.H., Chitheer A.A., Christopher D.J., Ciobanu L.G., Cirillo M., Cohen A.J., Colombara D., Cooper C., Cowie B.C., Criqui M.H., Dandona L., Dandona R., Dargan P.I., Das Neves J., Davitoiu D.V., Davletov K., Degenhardt L., Deiparine S., Deribe K., Deribew A., Dey S., Dicker D., Ding E.L., Djalalinia S., Do H.P., Doku D.T., Douwes-Schultz D., Driscoll T.R., Dubey M., Duncan B.B., Echko M., El-Khatib Z.Z., Ellingsen C.L., Enayati A., Erskine H.E., Eskandarieh S., Esteghamati A., Ermakov S.P., Estep K., Sa Farinha C.S., Faro A., Farzadfar F., Kinfu Y., Barregard L., Barrero L.H., Baune B.T., Bedi N., Beghi E., Bekele B.B., Bell M.L., Bennett J.R., Bensenor I.M., Berhane A., Bernabe E., Betsu B.D., Beuran M., Feigin V.L., Fereshtehnejad S.-M., Fernandes J.C., Ferrari A.J., Feyissa T.R., Filip I., Finegold S., Fischer F., Fitzmaurice C., Flaxman A.D., Foigt N., Frank T., Fraser M., Fullman N., Furst T., Furtado J.M., Gakidou E., Garcia-Basteiro A.L., Gebre T., Gebregergs G.B., Gebrehiwot T.T., Gebremichael D.Y., Geleijnse J.M., Genova-Maleras R., Gesesew H.A., Gething P.W., Gillum R.F., Ginawi I.A.M., Giref A.Z., Giroud M., Giussani G., Godwin W.W., Gold A.L., Goldberg E.M., Gona P.N., Gopalani S.V., Gouda H.N., Goulart A.C., Griswold M., Gupta P.C., Gupta R., Gupta T., Gupta V., Haagsma J.A., Hafezi-Nejad N., Hailu A.D., Hailu G.B., Hamadeh R.R., Hambisa M.T., Hamidi S., Hammami M., Hancock J., Handal A.J., Hankey G.J., Hao Y., Harb H.L., Hareri H.A., Hassanvand M.S., Havmoeller R., Hay S.I., He F., Hedayati M.T., Henry N.J., Heredia-Pi I.B., Herteliu C., Hoek H.W., Horino M., Horita N., Hosgood H.D., Hostiuc S., Hotez P.J., Hoy D.G., Huynh C., Iburg K.M., Ikeda C., Ileanu B.V., Irenso A.A., Irvine C.M.S., Jurisson M., Jacobsen K.H., Jahanmehr N., Jakovljevic M.B., Javanbakht M., Jayaraman S.P., Jeemon P., Jha V., John D., Johnson C.O., Johnson S.C., Jonas J.B., Kabir Z., Kadel R., Kahsay A., Kamal R., Karch A., Karimi S.M., Karimkhani C., Kasaeian A., Kassaw N.A., Kassebaum N.J., Katikireddi S.V., Kawakami N., Keiyoro P.N., Kemmer L., Kesavachandran C.N., Khader Y.S., Khan E.A., Khang Y.-H., Khoja A.T.A., Khosravi A., Khosravi M.H., Khubchandani J., Kieling C., Kievlan D., Kim D., Kim Y.J., Kimokoti R.W., Kissoon N., Kivimaki M., Knudsen A.K., Kopec J.A., Kosen S., Koul P.A., Koyanagi A., Defo B.K., Kulikof X.R., Kumar G.A., Kumar P., Kutz M., Kyu H.H., Lal D.K., Lalloo R., Lambert T.L.N., Lan Q., Lansingh V.C., Larsson A., Lee P.H., Leigh J., Leung J., Levi M., Li Y., Kappe D.L., Liang X., Liben M.L., Lim S.S., Liu A., Liu P.Y., Liu Y., Lodha R., Logroscino G., Lorkowski S., Lotufo P.A., Lozano R., Lucas T.C.D., Ma S., Macarayan E.R.K., Maddison E.R., Abd El Razek M.M., Majdan M., Majdzadeh R., Majeed A., Malekzadeh R., Malhotra R., Malta D.C., Manguerra H., Manyazewal T., Mapoma C.C., Marczak L.B., Markos D., Martinez-Raga J., Martins-Melo F.R., Martopullo I., McAlinden C., McGaughey M., McGrath J.J., Mehata S., Meier T., Meles K.G., Memiah P., Memish Z.A., Mengesha M.M., Mengistu D.T., Menota B.G., Mensah G.A., Meretoja A., Meretoja T.J., Millear A., Miller T.R., Minnig S., Mirarefn M., Mirrakhimov E.M., Misganaw A., Mishra S.R., Mohammad K.A., Mohammadi A., Mohammed S., Mokdad A.H., Mola G.L.D., Mollenkopf S.K., Molokhia M., Monasta L., Hernandez J.C.M., Montico M., Mooney M.D., Moradi-Lakeh M., Moraga P., Morawska L., Morrison S.D., Morozof C., Mountjoy-Venning C., Mruts K.B., Muller K., Murthy G.V.S., Musa K.I., Nachega J.B., Naheed A., Naldi L., Nangia V., Nascimento B.R., Nasher J.T., Natarajan G., Negoi I., Ngunjiri J.W., Nguyen C.T., Nguyen G., Nguyen M., Nguyen Q.L., Nguyen T.H., Nichols E., Ningrum D.N.A., Nong V.M., Noubiap J.J.N., Ogbo F.A., Oh I.-H., Okoro A., Olagunju A.T., Olsen H.E., Olusanya B.O., Olusanya J.O., Ong K., Opio J.N., Oren E., Ortiz A., Osman M., Ota E., Mahesh P.A., Pacella R.E., Pakhale S., Pana A., Panda B.K., Jonas S., Papachristou C., Park E.-K., Patten S.B., Patton G.C., Paudel D., Paulson K., Pereira D.M., Perez-Ruiz F., Perico N., Pervaiz A., Petzold M., Phillips M.R., Pigott D.M., Pinho C., Plass D., Pletcher M.A., Polinder S., Postma M.J., Pourmalek F., Purcell C., Qorbani M., Radfar A., Rafay A., Rahimi-Movaghar V., Rahman M., Ur Rahman M.H., Rai R.K., Ranabhat C.L., Rankin Z., Rao P.C., Rath G.K., Rawaf S., Ray S.E., Rehm J., Reiner R.C., Reitsma M.B., Remuzzi G., Rezaei S., Rezai M.S., Rokni M.B., Ronfani L., Roshandel G., Roth G.A., Rothenbacher D., Ruhago G.M., Rizwan S.A., Saadat S., Sachdev P.S., Sadat N., Safdarian M., Saf S., Safiri S., Sagar R., Sahathevan R., Salama J., Salamati P., Salomon J.A., Samy A.M., Sanabria J.R., Sanchez-Nino M.D., Santomauro D., Santos I.S., Milicevic M.M.S., Sartorius B., Satpathy M., Shahraz S., Schmidt M.I., Schneider I.J.C., Schulhofer-Wohl S., Schutte A.E., Schwebel D.C., Schwendicke F., Sepanlou S.G., Servan-Mori E.E., Shackelford K.A., Shaikh M.A., Shamsipour M., Shamsizadeh M., Islam S.M.S., Sharma J., Sharma R., She J., Sheikhbahaei S., Shey M., Shi P., Shields C., Shigematsu M., Shiri R., Shirude S., Shiue I., Shoman H., Shrime M.G., Sigfusdottir I.D., Silpakit N., Silva J.P., Singh J.A., Skiadaresi E., Sligar A., Smith A., Smith D.L., Smith M., Sobaih B.H.A., Soneji S., Sorensen R.J.D., Soriano J.B., Sreeramareddy C.T., Srinivasan V., Stanaway J.D., Stathopoulou V., Steel N., Stein D.J., Steiner C., Steinke S., Stokes M.A., Strong M., Strub B., Subart M., Sufyan M.B., Sunguya B.F., Sur P.J., Swaminathan S., Sykes B.L., Tabares-Seisdedos R., Tadakamadla S.K., Takahashi K., Takala J.S., Talongwa R.T., Tarawneh M.R., Tavakkoli M., Taveira N., Tegegne T.K., Tehrani-Banihashemi A., Temsah M.-H., Terkawi A.S., Thakur J.S., Thamsuwan O., Thankappan K.R., Thomas K.E., Thompson A.H., Thomson A.J., Tobe-Gai R., Topor-Madry R., Torre A., Tortajada M., Towbin J.A., Tran B.X., Troeger C., Truelsen T., Tsoi D., Tuzcu E.M., Tyrovolas S., Ukwaja K.N., Undurraga E.A., Updike R., Uthman O.A., Uzochukwu B.S.C., Van Boven J.F.M., Vasankari T., Venketasubramanian N., Violante F.S., Vlassov V.V., Vollset S.E., Vos T., Wakayo T., Wallin M.T., Wang Y.-P., Weiderpass E., Weintraub R.G., Weiss D.J., Werdecker A., Westerman R., Whetter B., Whiteford H.A., Wijeratne T., Wiysonge C.S., Woldeyes B.G., Wolfe C.D.A., Woodbrook R., Workicho A., Xavier D., Xiao Q., Xu G., Yaghoubi M., Yakob B., Yano Y., Yaseri M., Yimam H.H., Yonemoto N., Yoon S.-J., Yotebieng M., Younis M.Z., Zaidi Z., El Sayed Zaki M., Zegeye E.A., Zenebe Z.M., Zerfu T.A., Zhang A.L., Zhang X., Zipkin B., Zodpey S., Lopez A.D., Murray C.J.L., De Courten B., Singh A., Thrift A.G., Naghavi M., Abajobir A.A., Abbafati C., Abbas K.M., Abd-Allah F., Abera S.F., Aboyans V., Adetokunboh O., Arnlov J., Afshin A., Agrawal A., Kiadaliri A.A., Ahmadi A., Ahmed M.B., Aichour A.N., Aichour I., Aichour M.T.E., Aiyar S., Al-Eyadhy A., Alahdab F., Al-Aly Z., Alam K., Alam N., Alam T., Alene K.A., Ali S.D., Alizadeh-Navaei R., Alkaabi J.M., Alkerwi A., Alla F., Allebeck P., Allen C., Al-Raddadi R., Alsharif U., Altirkawi K.A., Alvis-Guzman N., Amare A.T., Amini E., Ammar W., Amoako Y.A., Anber N., Andersen H.H., Andrei C.L., Androudi S., Ansari H., Antonio C.A.T., Anwari P., Arora M., Artaman A., Aryal K.K., Asayesh H., Asgedom S.W., Atey T.M., Avila-Burgos L., Avokpaho E.F.G.A., Awasthi A., Quintanilla B.P.A., Bejot Y., Babalola T.K., Bacha U., Balakrishnan K., Barac A., Barboza M.A., Barker-Collo S.L., Barquera S., Bhatt S., Biadgilign S., Bienhof K., Bikbov B., Bisanzio D., Bourne R.R.A., Breitborde N.J.K., Bulto L.N.B., Bumgarner B.R., Butt Z.A., Cardenas R., Cahuana-Hurtado L., Cameron E., Campuzano J.C., Car J., Carrero J.J., Carter A., Casey D.C., Castaneda-Orjuela C.A., Catala-Lopez F., Charlson F.J., Chibueze C.E., Chimed-Ochir O., Chisumpa V.H., Chitheer A.A., Christopher D.J., Ciobanu L.G., Cirillo M., Cohen A.J., Colombara D., Cooper C., Cowie B.C., Criqui M.H., Dandona L., Dandona R., Dargan P.I., Das Neves J., Davitoiu D.V., Davletov K., Degenhardt L., Deiparine S., Deribe K., Deribew A., Dey S., Dicker D., Ding E.L., Djalalinia S., Do H.P., Doku D.T., Douwes-Schultz D., Driscoll T.R., Dubey M., Duncan B.B., Echko M., El-Khatib Z.Z., Ellingsen C.L., Enayati A., Erskine H.E., Eskandarieh S., Esteghamati A., Ermakov S.P., Estep K., Sa Farinha C.S., Faro A., and Farzadfar F.
- Abstract
Background: Monitoring levels and trends in premature mortality is crucial to understanding how societies can address prominent sources of early death. The Global Burden of Disease 2016 Study (GBD 2016) provides a comprehensive assessment of cause-specifc mortality for 264 causes in 195 locations from 1980 to 2016. This assessment includes evaluation of the expected epidemiological transition with changes in development and where local patterns deviate from these trends. Method(s): We estimated cause-specifc deaths and years of life lost (YLLs) by age, sex, geography, and year. YLLs were calculated from the sum of each death multiplied by the standard life expectancy at each age. We used the GBD cause of death database composed of: vital registration (VR) data corrected for under-registration and garbage coding; national and subnational verbal autopsy (VA) studies corrected for garbage coding; and other sources including surveys and surveillance systems for specifc causes such as maternal mortality. To facilitate assessment of quality, we reported on the fraction of deaths assigned to GBD Level 1 or Level 2 causes that cannot be underlying causes of death (major garbage codes) by location and year. Based on completeness, garbage coding, cause list detail, and time periods covered, we provided an overall data quality rating for each location with scores ranging from 0 stars (worst) to 5 stars (best). We used robust statistical methods including the Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm) to generate estimates for each location, year, age, and sex. We assessed observed and expected levels and trends of cause-specifc deaths in relation to the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary indicator derived from measures of average income per capita, educational attainment, and total fertility, with locations grouped into quintiles by SDI. Relative to GBD 2015, we expanded the GBD cause hierarchy by 18 causes of death for GBD 2016. Finding(s): The quality of available data vari
- Published
- 2017
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