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Stochastic lattice-gas models provide the natural framework for analysis of the surface diffusion-mediated evolution of crystalline metal nanostructures on the appropriate time scale (often 101–104 s) and length scale. Model behavior can be precisely assessed by kinetic Monte Carlo simulation, typically incorporating a rejection-free algorithm to efficiently handle the broad range of Arrhenius rates for hopping of surface atoms. The model should realistically prescribe these rates, or the associated barriers, for a diversity of local surface environments. However, commonly used generic choices for barriers fail, even qualitatively, to simultaneously describe diffusion for different low-index facets, for terrace vs step edge diffusion, etc. We introduce an alternative Unconventional Interaction–Conventional Interaction formalism to prescribe these barriers, which, even with few parameters, can realistically capture most aspects of behavior. The model is illustrated for single-component fcc metal systems, mainly for the case of Ag. It is quite versatile and can be applied to describe both the post-deposition evolution of 2D nanostructures in homoepitaxial thin films (e.g., reshaping and coalescence of 2D islands) and the post-synthesis evolution of 3D nanocrystals (e.g., reshaping of nanocrystals synthesized with various faceted non-equilibrium shapes back to 3D equilibrium Wulff shapes). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The surface electric field (F) of β-FeSi2 has been investigated by Franz–Keldysh oscillations (FKOs) observed in photoreflectance spectra. The FKO signals were observed in an undoped β-FeSi2 epitaxial layer (3 nm) grown on p+-type β-FeSi2 layers (UP+ structure) by molecular beam epitaxy. The surface electric field obtained from the FKO at 11 K was F = 220 kV/cm. The surface electric field was almost independent of the excitation light power and temperature, showing that the surface electric field was not affected by the surface photovoltage effect. In the dependence of F on the thickness of the undoped layer (d), F was nearly constant at d = 2–56 nm. The result showed that the surface electric field of β-FeSi2 was applied to a thin region (<2 nm) at the surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the effect of different finishing protocols on the wear behavior of lithium disilicate glass-ceramics (LD). Materials and Methods: Specimens were produced from LD prefabricated CAD/CAM blocks and divided into three groups according to the surface treatment (n = 8): control, polishing, and glaze. Ceramic specimens were subjected to wear testing using a dual-axis chewing simulator. A 49-N load was applied in the axial direction combined with a lateral movement (1-mm path) using an LD spherical piston for a total of 106 cycles. Qualitative analysis of the wear surface was performed using an optical microscope. Quantitative analysis of surface roughness and volume loss was performed using a confocal microscope and a 3D-image editing software, respectively. Surface roughness and volume loss data were analyzed using Friedman's nonparametric statistical test for repeated measures and the Student-Newman-Keuls test (a = .050). Results: There were statistical differences for surface roughness and volume loss of LD specimens in the different experimental conditions (P < .001). The control and polishing groups showed similar surface roughness and volume loss values for all testing times. The glaze group had greater wear volume after 103, 104, and 105 cycles. After 106 cycles, surface roughness and volume loss were similar in all groups. For the piston, surface roughness was similar over time and among groups. Conclusions: A distinct wear behavior was found for glazed glass-ceramic specimens compared to control and polished specimens. At the end of the simulation, the surface roughness and volume loss was similar for the groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Identifying the stable surface phases under a given electrochemical conditions serves as the basis for studying the atomistic mechanism of reactions at solid/water interfaces. In this work, we systematically compare the performance of the two main approaches that are used to capture the impact of an aqueous environment, implicit and explicit solvent, on surface energies and phase diagrams. As a model system, we consider the magnesium/water interface with (i) Ca substitution and (ii) proton and hydroxyl adsorption. We show that while the implicit solvent model is computationally very efficient, it suffers from two shortcomings. First, the choice of the implicit solvent parameters significantly influences the energy landscape in the vicinity of the surface. The default parameters benchmarked on solvation in water underestimate the energy of the dissolved Mg ion and lead to spontaneous dissolution of the surface atom, resulting in large differences in the surface energetics. Second, in systems containing a charged surface and a solvated ion, the implicit solvent model may not converge to the energetically stable ionic charge state but remain in a high-energy metastable configuration, representing the neutral charge state of the ion. When these two issues are addressed, surface phase diagrams that closely match the explicit water results can be obtained. This makes the implicit solvent model highly attractive as a computationally-efficient surrogate model to compute surface energies and phase diagrams. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copper (Cu) interconnections have been widely used in advanced electronic packaging due to their outstanding thermal and electric properties. Preparing a smooth and uniform Cu seed thin layer is one of the critical processes to obtain high-reliability Cu interconnections. The barrier layer between Cu and silicon (Si) devices is necessary to prevent the inter-diffusion between Cu and Si. However, little work has been done on the surface roughness analysis of the Cu seed layer deposited on the diffusion barrier layer. In this paper, the influences of deposition thickness, incident energy, barrier layer temperature, and surface morphology on the surface roughness of the Cu seed layer deposited on α-titanium (α-Ti) barrier layer were studied in detail by the molecular dynamics (MD). The simulation results indicated that appropriate parameters have a beneficial effect on reducing the surface roughness, and the surface morphology of the Cu seed layer strongly connects with that of the barrier layer. These results provided a foundation for optimizing the quality of the Cu seed layer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One question that needs to be asked in understanding the consequences of humour in service encounters is whether the prevalent bivariate approaches capture the full range of humour consequences. Therefore, this study examines the influence of frontline employees' (FLEs) combined use of affiliative and self-defeating humour on customers' perceptions of service quality in 268 service encounters. Bivariate results show that the positive effect of affiliative humour is much stronger than the negative effect of self-defeating humour. On the contrary, response surface analyses show that bad may be stronger than good. FLEs' humour use is particularly advantageous with customers who appreciate humour, while for those who do not, there is an optimal margin effect when affiliative humour exceeds self-defeating humour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Upadacitinib (UPA) is a selective and reversible oral Janus kinase (JAK) 1 inhibitor and is of great importance in treating inflammatory bowel disease (Zheng et al., Int Immunopharmacol 126:111229, 2024; Foy et al., JAAD Case Rep 42:20–22, 2023). Although there are limitations to the effectiveness of UPA, it has received positive responses in clinical trials and is approved for the treatment of atopy dermatitis (AD) (Li et al., Int Immunopharmacol 125:111193, 2023). In this study, a nanoparticle-doped molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP)-based electrochemical sensor was developed for sensitive and selective detection of UPA. The developed sensor was designed as a thin film layer using the photopolymerization method on the surface of the prepared nanoparticle-doped polymerization solution glassy carbon electrode (GCE). Various nanoparticles, such as multi-walled carbon nanotube, titanium dioxide, oxide, and zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles, were the most suitable for UPA. Surface characterization of the developed sensor was done by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and electrochemical characterization was done by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The quantitative analysis of UPA was performed in 5.0 mM [Fe (CN)6]3−/4− solution using the differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) technique. Under optimum conditions, the calibration range was between 0.1 and 1 pM. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were calculated as 0.005 pM and 0.017 pM, respectively. The sensor's accuracy was proven by performing a recovery study in serum. The sensor's selectivity was also evaluated using common interfering substances such as KNO3, CaCl2, Na2SO4, uric acid, ascorbic acid, dopamine, and paracetamol. According to the results obtained, the performance of the designed sensor was found to be quite sensitive and selective in determining UPA. The developed UPA-ZnO/3-APBA@MIP-GCE sensor showed high sensitivity and selectivity towards UPA. In addition, the selectivity, the most important feature of the MIP-based sensor, was confirmed by imprinting factor (IF) calculations using tofacitinib (TOF) and ruxolitinib (RUX). The sensor's unique selectivity is demonstrated by its successful performance even in the presence of UPA impurities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon dots (CDs), an emerging nanomaterial, have shown significant promise in the materials science. This study aims to electrochemical deposited reduce carbon dots (RCDs) and pectin (PC) scaffold on the pencil graphite electrode (PGE), resulting a multifunctional electrocatalyst support (PC/RCDs/PGE) for electroloading of the nickel nanoparticles (NiNPs) to creates the NiNPs/PC/RCDs/PGE for electrooxidation of ethanol. Comprehensive surface and structural analysis and chemical identification methods were utilized for characterization of the modified electrode. Evaluation as an electrocatalyst for ethanol oxidation in 0.1 M NaOH, demonstrated that the NiNPs/PC/RCDs/PGE shows high electrocatalytic activity (Jp = 112 mA cm−2), outperforming several comparisons modified electrodes, RCDs/PGE, NiNPs/RCDs/PGE, NiNPs/PC/PGE, and NiNPs/PGE. These findings suggest that the RCDs and PC scaffold enhances the electrocatalytic activity of the NiNPs via the increasing the surface area of electrodeposited NiNPs and synergistic effect of nanocomposite components, indicating potential for significant advancements in non-platinum ethanol oxidation electrocatalysts. [Display omitted] • The RCDs were electrodeposited at PGE by electroreduction of the synthesized CDs. •The PC was electrodeposited on/in RCDs/PGE for first time to produce PC/RCDs/PGE. •The NiNPs/PC/RCDs/PGE was prepared by electroloading of NiNPs on/in PC/RCDs/PGE. •The NiNPs/PC/RCDs/PGE was used as a potent electrocatalyst for EOR in 0.1 M NaOH. •The NiNPs/PC/RCDs/PGE displayed high electrocatalytic activity toward EOR in NaOH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the effect of TiO₂ doping on the catalytic performance of copper ferrite (CuFe₂O₄) nanoparticles in degrading methyl green dye under visible light. Copper ferrite nanoparticles were synthesized and doped with varying TiO₂ concentrations. The catalysts were characterized using XRD, SEM, EDX, and BET surface area analysis. The TiO₂-doped copper ferrite catalysts showed significantly enhanced catalytic activity compared to undoped copper ferrite. The optimal doping concentration of 10 wt% TiO₂ achieved a degradation efficiency of 92 % for methyl green dye after 60 min of irradiation. The BET surface area increased with TiO₂ doping, contributing to the improved catalytic performance. Reusability tests over five cycles indicated a slight decrease in efficiency, attributed to the loss of active sites. These results indicate that TiO₂ doping effectively enhances the catalytic properties of copper ferrite, making it a viable option for environmental remediation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The zinc doped calcium phosphate biomaterials have recently attracted much attention. In this study, we have investigated the bioactivity, cytotoxicity and antibacterial activity of zinc doped calcium phosphate-sulfate hydroxyapatites Ca 9-x Zn x Na(PO 4) 5 (SO 4)(OH) 2 (x = 0, 0.2, 0.5). The samples have been synthesized by the solid-state reaction at high temperature and then have been characterized using X-ray diffraction, Infrared spectroscopy and Raman scattering spectroscopy. The surface analysis was conducted by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in combination with energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDX) and Zeta-potential measurements. The bioactivity investigation involved immersing the samples in a simulated body fluid (SBF), providing valuable insights into the samples capability to stimulate the formation of an apatite layer similar to that found in bones. The antibacterial activity of the materials was studied using pathogenic bacteria. The assessment of sample cytotoxicity was involved using artemia salina as the experimental model. X-ray diffraction patterns reveal that the samples crystallize in the hexagonal system with the P 6 3 / m space group. The x = 0.2 material exhibited the best crystallinity and the highest negative Zeta potential, making it the most bioactive sample when immersed in simulated body fluid (SBF). SEM analysis confirmed that this sample effectively promotes the formation of a new apatite layer, highlighting its promising potential for biomedical applications. The results of the study highlight the significantly beneficial effect of doped hydroxyapatite (x = 0.2) on the biological properties, compared to the other samples analyzed in this study, thus underscoring the strong potential of this material for promising applications in the fields of bioengineering and tissue regeneration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing sustainable and highly effective electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is a significant research target for precise custody of water splitting to fulfill worldwide energy demands. This study focuses on the fabrication of SrTiO 3 /rGO-based composite via a solvothermal technique, which works as an electrocatalyst for evaluating the efficiency of OER in alkaline media. The material displays outstanding OER efficacy in 1 M KOH solution with its cubic structure validated by the X-ray diffraction (XRD) study. The electrochemical study reveals that the SrTiO 3 /rGO composite has a minimal overpotential (222 mV) compared to SrTiO 3 (289 mV) and the commercial catalyst RuO 2 (367 mV). The SrTiO 3 /rGO composite also has a minimal Tafel plot gradient of 37 mV dec−1 whereas RuO 2 has a Tafel value of 72 mV dec−1. The current material has superior properties compared to RuO 2 , a commercial catalyst for the OER. The SrTiO 3 /rGO composite shows exceptional stability for 40 h. The low conductivity of oxygen-deficient SrTiO 3 perovskite can be improved by incorporating carbon-based rGO into it, as demonstrated by the minimal Rct (0.07 Ω) obtained from electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) analysis and an enlarged surface area of 250 cm2, as evidenced by electrochemical surface area (ECSA). Therefore, our research indicates that a particular morphology of metal oxide can improve the efficiency of electrocatalysis when combined with reduced graphene oxide (rGO), suggesting its potential for generating effective and environmentally friendly energy. Hence, these findings may improve the smooth passage of electrons and provide a novel perspective to function as an adequate substitute for RuO 2 , a commercial catalyst. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, pineapple peel (PAP) was successfully modified into a novel magnetic biochar (M–BCPAP) by co-precipitating it with iron magnetic nanoparticles (MNP) for amoxicillin removal from aqueous solutions. Characterization of the synthesized M-BCPAP was carried out by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) and Brunauer – Emmett – Teller (BET) surface analysis. The suitability of the adsorption of Amoxicillin (AMX) on M-BCPAP with Freundlich, Langmuir, and Temkin isotherm models was investigated and it was determined that the isotherm with the best fitness with adsorption was the Langmuir isotherm (R2=0.9998), which suggests single-layer adsorption. A maximum adsorption capacity of 18.6 mg/g was obtained with Langmuir isotherm. The pseudo-second-order kinetic model had a better fit with the best correlation to the kinetic data. Various adsorption parameters such as pH (2–6), initial AMX concentration (10–100 mg/L), amount of adsorbent (50–125 mg) and adsorption time (10–180 min) were investigated in the adsorption of AMX on M-BCPAP. As a result, the obtained data show that the synthesized magnetic biochar is a highly effective and low-cost, environmentally friendly alternative adsorbent in the removal of amoxicillin from aqueous solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A detailed kinetic study of the electrocatalytic oxidation of arsenite [As(III)] to arsenate [As(V)] has been performed in acidic medium by using gold (Au) immobilized platinum (Pt) electrodes. To prepare the Au-modified Pt electrodes, a polycrystalline Pt electrode was cycled between 0 and −1 V vs. Ag/AgCl (sat. KCl) in 0.05 M HAuCl4 solution at a scan rate of 0.1 V s−1. The Pt–Au electrode prepared by 1 deposition cycle of Au demonstrated an As(III) oxidation peak potential at 0.79 V with a peak current value of 62.14 μA. As the deposition cycle was increased, the required potential for oxidation reaction decreased shifting towards a more negative value. The least potential required was observed for the electrode prepared with 8 deposition cycles of Au. This result was also verified with various surface characterization techniques including SEM, EDX, XRD, and XPS. Kinetic investigation revealed that the As(III) ions approach the 8 cycles of Au deposited Pt electrode through a diffusion-limited process, subsequently following a first-order reaction with stepwise transfer of electrons. The electrode exhibited a sensitivity of 23.13 μA mM−1 for As(III) oxidation. The LOD for As(III) by the proposed electrode was found to be 65.39 μM, which also boasts its excellent performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Improving light‐trapping capabilities through surface microstructuring of transparent conductive oxides is a promising approach to enhance solar cell efficiency. This study focuses on treating fluorine‐doped tin oxide (FTO) thin films using four‐beam direct laser interference patterning (DLIP) to create dot‐like periodic surface microstructures. The surface analysis using scanning electron microscopy and confocal microscopy reveals the presence of a periodic square grid of microcraters with a spatial period of ≈700 nm and an average depth ranging between 4 and 18 nm. These structures enhance the dispersion of incoming light up to 1000% in the visible and NIR spectra. When integrated into metal halide perovskite solar cells, FTO films patterned using low fluence conditions lead to a notable increase in the power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) compared to those made using untreated FTO. Importantly, preliminary stability tests on devices based on patterned FTO substrates show significantly improved stability compared to those fabricated using reference unpatterned substrates. These findings demonstrate that a DLIP treatment of FTO substrates is a promising technique that can substantially enhance the efficiency and stability of perovskite photovoltaic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT This article presents the synthesis of a novel mononuclear Co (II) complex [Co(9‐BuA)2Cl2] (1), its characterization, supramolecular packing pattern, theoretical calculations, anticancer properties, and molecular docking studies. Complex 1 was generated from 9‐butyl adenine (9‐BuA) building block and characterized by spectroscopic methods (FT‐IR, mass, elemental analysis) and single crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis. The cobalt (II) ion in complex 1 is distorted in its tetrahedral environment. The Co+2 is coordinated to the two rare N1 binding sites of the pyrimidinate moiety of two 9‐BuA ligands and two chlorine atoms occupying the axial positions. Both intramolecular and intermolecular hydrogen bonds support the formation of supramolecular assembly and stabilize the crystal structure. The nature of the intermolecular interactions in the supramolecular network was also decoded by Hirshfeld surface analysis and molecular surface contours (dnorm). The percentage contributions are represented by 2D fingerprint plots. The average energy between dimers was determined by the energy framework analysis, and the crystal packing's three‐dimensional topology was also investigated. Density functional theory (DFT) has been used to ascertain the geometry and interactions in the complex. The cytotoxic effects of Co (II) complex 1 and corresponding 9‐BuA ligand were investigated in Dalton's lymphoma (DL) malignant cancer cells and on normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) to evaluate their anticancer activity. Finally, molecular docking analyses have been carried out to analyze the nature of molecular interactions between Co (II) complex 1 and the receptor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the first of its kind, Cr 3 + -substituted calcium hexaferrite (CaCrxFe 1 2 − x O 1 9 (x = 1 , 3, 5 and 7)) nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized via a facile, economical, eco-friendly lemon juice extract mediated green solution combustion method. The samples were calcined followed by characterization. The Bragg reflections confirm the formation of a single phase M-type hexaferrite crystal structure. No other impurity or mixed phases are observed even after the substitution of Cr 3 + to the host matrix. Meanwhile, the crystallite size decreases from 29.44 to 19.92 nm with an increase in the substitution of Cr 3 + ions. The surface morphological analysis shows the presence of agglomerated irregularly shaped NPs. The direct energy band gap estimated using Wood and Tauc's relation depicts the decrease in energy band gap from 2.98 to 2.74 eV with an increase in the substitution of Cr 3 + ions. These Cr 3 + -substituted calcium hexaferrite NPs were predicted to be useful in high-frequency applications based on structural, dielectric, and magnetic studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The enhancement of the photovoltaic performance upon the aging process at particular environment is often observed in perovskite solar cells (PSCs), particularly for the devices with 2,2′,7,7′‐tetrakis(N,N‐di(4‐methoxyphenyl)amino)−9,9′‐spirobifluorene (spiro‐OMeTAD) as hole transporting material (HTM). In this work, for the first time the effect of aging the typical n‐i‐p PSCs employing nickel phthalocyanine (coded as Bis‐PF‐Ni) solely as dopant‐free HTM is investigated and as an additive in spiro‐OMeTAD solution. This study reveals that the prolong aging of these devices at dry air condition (RH = 2%, 25 °C) is beneficial for the improvement of their performances. Various bulk and surface characterization techniques are utilized to understand the factors behind the spontaneous efficiency enhancement of the devices after storage. As a result, the changes in properties of the Bis‐PF‐Ni layer are observed and at perovskite/Bis‐PF‐Ni interface, which ultimately improves the charge transport and reduces non‐radiative recombination. In addition, the devices with Bis‐PF‐Ni HTM reveal enhanced long‐term ambient and thermal stability compared to the PSCs based on doped spiro‐OMeTAD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights This work investigates the effects of laser processing parameters on basalt fiber‐reinforced composites for the optimization of surface processing without fiber damage. Various conditions of laser power, speed, and stand‐off distance were applied using a CO₂ laser. Consequently, a well‐processed morphology with full matrix removal and clear fiber exposure was achieved under optimized conditions of 32 W power, 200 mm/s speed, and 5 mm SOD. Those parameters resulted in a surface roughness Sa of 6.11 μm. Using the optimum parameters obtained from the experiments, the surface energy density was computed as 0.89 J/mm2, while ensuring adequate material removal without damage to the fiber. Lower power input of 20 W resulted in incomplete removal of the matrix; on the other extreme, unreasonably high powers resulted in fiber degradation. The experiments determined that optimum laser parameters indeed play a critical role in the processing of basalt fiber composites surfaces. Ideal laser settings: 32 W, 200 mm/s, 5 mm SOD. Full‐matrix removal and fiber exposition realized without any damage. The achieved surface roughness Sa is 6.11 μm for optimized laser parameters. Excessive laser power leads to a fiber damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: In the present study, blends of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), starch (SH), nanohydroxyapatite (Nano-HA), and reduced graphene oxide (r-GO) were used to fabricate an electrospun nano scaffold (ENS), via electrospinning for their potential application in oral and maxillofacial bone soft and hard tissue regeneration. Materials and methods: The scaffold was characterized for its physicochemical and mechanical properties. An invitro study was carried out using human osteoblast MG-63 bone cells. Surface characterization, particularly the analysis of calcium content, was performed before and after immersion in the simulated body fluid (SBF). Additionally, the impact of surface treatment on antimicrobial activity was investigated. Results: The results demonstrated that the tensile strength (18.12 ± 0.14 MPa), elongation at break (19.23 ± 0.11%), and flexing index (20.15 ± 0.13%) of the ENS were outstanding, indicating promising performance. The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays demonstrated the biocompatible nature of the ENS. The bioactivity test result of ENS showed excellent deposition of bone apatite crystals. The ENS exhibited antimicrobial properties against E. coli (3.41 ± 0.03 mm) and S. aureus (3.12 ± 0.08 mm). Conclusions: The ENS, possessing the desired properties, has the potential to be tested in large animals for oral and maxillofacial bone and soft tissue regeneration after obtaining the necessary approvals. The developed ENS offers a promising solution for bone tissue regeneration in the oral and maxillofacial region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tropical cyclone forecasting relies on accurate sea surface temperature, yet the errors in available sea surface temperature products remain unclear. Here, I evaluate the sea surface temperature errors under tropical cyclones in the western North Pacific based on surface drifters across eight widely-used datasets, including satellite, atmospheric and oceanic analysis-or-reanalysis products, spanning from 2014 to 2023. The ensemble mean bias and root-mean-squared-error are firstly quantified. Both satellite and oceanic analysis sea surface temperatures exhibit a cold bias, while atmospheric analysis-or-reanalysis sea surface temperature shows a warm bias. Specifically, atmospheric analysis-or-reanalysis products consistently show a warm bias in the right-rear quadrant of the tropical cyclone coordinate system. Regarding root-mean-squared-error, for most products, the right side consistently exhibits higher errors than the left side. SST bias significantly impacts tropical cyclone intensity change as indicated by empirical relationship. These results provide direct insights for operational tropical cyclone forecasting and research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rise in non-albicans Candida species, exhibiting unpredictable antifungal resistance, complicates treatment and contributes to the growing threat of invasive, life-threatening infections. This study evaluates the antifungal activity of four benzo[a]phenoxazine derivatives (C34, C35, A42, and A44) against 14 Candida strains following EUCAST standards. Fluconazole interactions are analysed through fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) calculation and response surface analysis based on the Bliss model. Macrophage-like J774A.1 cells are used to assess Candida killing in the presence of synergistic compounds. The MIC values against the different strains vary, with C34 showing the strongest activity, followed by C35, while A42 has the highest MIC values, indicating lower efficacy. However, A42 demonstrates the best synergy with fluconazole against fluconazole-resistant Candida strains. Cytotoxicity assays reveal that the chloropropyl group present in C35 and A42 enhances cytocompatibility. Co-culture with macrophages shows significant yeast killing for C. albicans and C. auris when fluconazole and A42 are combined, requiring concentrations 4 and 16 times lower than their MIC values, enhancing antifungal activity. Given fluconazole's fungistatic nature and the emergence of drug-resistant strains, benzo[a]phenoxazine derivatives' ability to enhance fluconazole's efficacy present a promising strategy to address antifungal resistance in critical pathogens. These findings align with global research priorities, offering new potential avenues for developing more effective antifungal therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Four new pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines (P1–P4) were successfully synthesized in good relative yields by reacting 3-methyl-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-ol with various alkylating agents (methyl iodide, propargyl bromide, and phenacyl bromide) at room temperature in DMF solvent, employing liquid–solid phase transfer catalysis. The P1–P4 structures were elucidated using NMR spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. Intermolecular interactions in P1–P4 were analyzed via Hirshfeld surface analysis and 2D fingerprint plots. Geometrical parameters were accurately modeled by DFT calculations using the B3LYP hybrid functional combined with a 6–311++G(d,p) basis set. The antiproliferative activity of P1–P4 towards colorectal carcinoma (HCT 116), human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2), and human breast cancer (MCF-7) cell lines, along with one normal cell line (WI38) was investigated using the MTT assay and sunitinib as a reference. Compounds P1 and P2 exhibited antiproliferative activities comparable to the reference drug towards all tested cells, with an IC50 range of 22.7–40.75 µM. Both compounds also showed high selectivity indices and minimal cytotoxic effects on the normal cell line. Molecular docking revealed that the significant antiproliferative activity may attributed to the number and type of intermolecular hydrogen bonding established between pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines and DNA topoisomerase, a common target for various anticancer agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Straightforward synthetic access to bis‐pyrazole derivatives has presented. The titled bis‐pyrazole derivative: 3′,5‐diphenyl‐1′,2‐bis(5,6,7,8‐tetrahydrobenzo[4,5]thieno[2,3‐d]pyrimidin‐4‐yl)‐1′H,2H‐[3,4′‐bispyrazol]‐5′‐ol 3 was obtained from the reaction of pyran‐2,4‐dione 1 and 4‐hydrazineyl‐5,6,7,8‐tetrahydrobenzo[4,5]thieno[2,3‐d]pyrimidine 2 in ethanol in a one‐step reaction. The other bis‐pyrazole derivative: 5,5′‐diphenyl‐1′H,2H‐[3,4′‐bispyrazol]‐3′‐ol 5 formed from hydrazinolysis of pyran‐2,4‐dione 1 or (E)‐3‐((allylamino)(phenyl)methylene)‐6‐phenyl‐2H‐pyran‐2,4(3H)‐dione 4 in ethanol. The molecular structure of both compounds elucidated by X‐ray crystallographic identification and spectrophotometric tools. The supramolecular structure of 3 could be described as a hydrogen bonded dimer via O–H...N interactions which are further connected by π...π contacts. Hirshfeld analysis showed the significance of the N...H, O...H, C...H, C...C, N...N, C...O and H...H interactions. These contacts contributed by 14.4%, 3.2%, 16.4%, 3.9%, 1.0%, 0.4% and 42.7%, respectively from the whole interactions occurred in the crystal. The dnorm, shape index and curvedness maps revealed the importance of π–π stacking interactions in the molecular packing where the % C...C is 3.9%. In case of 5, the short N...H, C...H, and H...H contacts contributed by 15.5%–17.0%, 28.3%–36.7% and 37.8%–45%, respectively in the molecular packing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Additive manufacturing (AM) methods are increasingly being adopted as an alternative for mass production. In particular, Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) technology is leading the way in this field. However, the adhesion of the layers in products produced using FDM technology is an important issue. These products are particularly vulnerable to forces acting parallel to the layers and especially to impact strength. Most products used in the industry have complex geometries and thin walls. Therefore, solid infill is often required in production, and this production must take place in the ZX orientation. This study aims to optimize the impact strength against loads acting parallel to the layers (ZX orientation) of PA6, one of the most widely used materials in the industry. This orientation is critical in terms of mechanical properties, and the mechanical characteristics are significantly lower compared to other orientations. In this study, filaments containing pure PA6 with 15% short carbon fiber and 30% glass fiber were utilized. Additionally, the printing temperature, layer thickness and heat treatment duration were used as independent variables. An L9 orthogonal array was employed for experimental design and then each experiment was repeated three times to conduct impact strength tests. Characterization, Taguchi optimization, and factor analyses were performed, followed by fracture surface characterization by SEM. As a result, the highest impact strength was achieved with pure PA6 at 8.9 kJ/m2, followed by PA6 GF30 at 8.1 kJ/m2, and the lowest impact strength was obtained with PA6 CF15 at 6.258 kJ/m2. Compared to the literature and manufacturer datasheets, it was concluded that the impact strength values had significantly increased and the chosen experimental factors and their levels, particularly nozzle temperature, were effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review article highlights the critical impact of surface roughness in modifying the structure of two-phase flow within mini- and microchannels, particularly in processes such as boiling and condensation. Channel surface roughness enhances flow resistance, affects the distribution of vapor bubbles, and enhances heat transfer by providing additional nucleation sites. Several experiments have shown that while increased surface roughness enhances the efficiency of heat transfer, increased flow resistance may hurt system performance. This is so because too high a surface roughness negatively impacts flow resistance, a factor of importance in the optimization for a balance between heat transfer and flow resistance, especially in high-performance compact heat exchangers. Furthermore, the review identifies that higher-degree measurement and characterization techniques of the surface roughness are increasingly required, as traditional 2D parameters may not fully represent the actual physics of complex surface interactions in two-phase flow systems. Consequently, the article calls for further research that can examine the exact relationship between roughness, flow structure, and thermal performance with the aim of improving design strategies for future heat exchanger technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ultrasonic welding of fibre-reinforced thermoplastics is a joining technology with high potential for short welding times and low energy consumption. While the majority of the current studies on continuous ultrasonic welding have so far focused on woven reinforcements, unidirectional materials are preferred for highly loaded aerospace components due to their better mechanical performance. Therefore, this paper investigates the influence and interdependence of the welding speed, amplitude, and energy director thickness on the weld quality of adherends made of unidirectional composites. The quality of the welded joints is assessed by a single-lap shear strength and fracture surface analysis complemented by the microscopic analysis of cross-sections and comparison to a co-consolidated reference. The results showed that the welding process is highly affected by changing welding speeds for a given amplitude. Furthermore, while lower amplitudes lead to significant scatter in the welding quality, higher amplitudes result in increased heating rates and a fully molten energy director even for high welding speeds. Nevertheless, insufficient consolidation at high welding speeds results in porosity in the weld line. Finally, it was observed that thicker, and therefore more compliant, energy directors lead to more uniform melting of the energy director and less deviation in the weld quality for a wider range of welding speeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of studies aimed at assessing the impact of the molding process on the variability of surface irregularities of casting models. This research was conducted using a selected multiscale method, i.e., wavelet transformation, in both discrete and continuous perspective. The test samples were made both based on traditional methods of manufacturing casting models, i.e., machining of aluminum and wood, as well as using three additive technologies. The impact of the forming process on the variability of the topography of the produced models was evaluated. This research comprehensively relates to the assessment of the applicability of additive technologies, which are increasingly used in various industrial areas, as well as the impact of the process on surface topography in relation to scale. The statistical assessment based on the ANOVA analysis demonstrated that it is possible to distinguish between the surfaces before and after a specific number of forming cycles. Studies have shown that the impact of the forming process is relatively small, mainly affecting the long-term irregularity components, and there are no functional dependencies in terms of the impact of the forming process on the variation in surface topography in relation to the manufacturing method or its parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the process of manufacturing mechanical joint components using additive manufacturing (AM) techniques such as Material Extrusion (Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM)), Material Jetting (PolyJet), and Vat Photopolymerization (VAT)/Stereolithography (SLA). Using the PolyJet technique and a photopolymer resin, spline and threaded joint components were produced. For comparative analysis, the threaded joint was also fabricated using FDM and SLA techniques. PLA material was used for the FDM technique, while photopolymer resin was utilized for the SLA process. The components produced underwent a surface analysis to evaluate the accuracy of the dimensions in relation to the nominal dimensions. For the spline connection components, the dimensional deviations recorded by a 3D scanner ranged from −0.11 to +0.18 mm for the shaft and up to 0.24 mm for the sleeve. Measurements of screw and nut diameters showed the highest accuracy for screws produced using the PolyJet technique, while the nuts exhibited the best accuracy when fabricated with the SLA method. The profile of the screw threads using a contour gauge revealed the most accurate thread profile on the screw manufactured with the PolyJet technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to improve the activity of copper (Cu) towards electrolytic reduction of nitrate, thin films of magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2) were deposited on Cu substrate. For the first time, these films were synthesized by electrochemical deposition in a potassium sulfate bath containing Mg2+ at 70 °C. The effect of various experimental parameters, such as deposition time and potential, on the electrocatalytic activity for the nitrate reduction was investigated. Surface analysis techniques (SEM, EDX and XRD) were used to get information on the morphology, the composition and the structure of the deposits. The activity of the modified electrode was studied by cyclic voltammetry, and amperometric method. The modified Mg(OH)2/Cu sensor exhibited a good electrocatalytic behavior towards the reduction of nitrates with high reproducible reduction peak currents. In addition, the sensor exhibits a linear answer for concentration in nitrate between 0.125 to 7 mM, combined with high sensitivity (24.6 µA mM−1 cm−2) and limit of detection (225.35 µM) values. When common interfering molecules were added to the solution, Mg(OH)2/Cu electrodes have kept their good selectivity. They demonstrated acceptable detection levels for nitrates in tap water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The corrosion behavior and electrochemical damage mechanisms induced by sulfate‐reducing bacteria (SRB) on copper (Cu) were investigated in this study. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy revealed that SRB accelerated the corrosion of Cu, albeit with a mitigating effect observed due to the formation of a protective and dense biofilm. However, upon the rupture of this protective film, the corrosion tendency of Cu significantly increased. Surface analysis corroborated these findings, with the predominant corrosion product identified as Cu2S, a result further supported by thermodynamic calculations. The accelerated corrosion of Cu was primarily attributed to the physiological metabolism of SRB, which generates hydrogen sulfide as the principal agent driving corrosion processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three dinuclear zinc(II) acetate complexes of the general formula [Zn{Ln}(AcO)]2, namely, di‐μ‐acetato‐κ4O:O′‐bis[({2‐[(pyridin‐2‐ylmethylidene)amino]phenyl}sulfanido‐κ3N,N′,S)zinc(II)], [Zn2(C12H9N2S)2(C2H3O2)2] (n = 1), 4, μ‐acetato‐1:2κ2O:O′‐acetato‐2κO‐[μ‐(2‐{[1‐(pyridin‐2‐yl)ethylidene]amino}phenyl)sulfanido‐1κS:2κ3N,N′,S][(2‐{[1‐(pyridin‐2‐yl)ethylidene]amino}phenyl)sulfanido‐1κ3N,N′,S]dizinc(II), [Zn2(C13H11N2S)2(C2H3O2)2] (n = 2), 5, and μ‐acetato‐1:2κ2O:O′‐acetato‐2κO‐[μ‐(2‐{[phenyl(pyridin‐2‐yl)methylidene]amino}phenyl)sulfanido‐1κS:2κ3N,N′,S][(2‐{[phenyl(pyridin‐2‐yl)methylidene]amino}phenyl)sulfanido‐1κ3N,N′,S]dizinc(II)–bis(2‐aminophenyl) disulfide (2/1), [Zn2(C18H13N2S)2(C2H3O2)2]·0.5C12H12N2S2 (n = 3), 6·0.5(2‐APS)2, were obtained from the reaction of 2‐R‐(pyridin‐2‐yl)benzothiazoline precursors (R = H, 1; R = Me, 2; R = Ph, 3) with zinc acetate dihydrate in a 1:1 ratio. All the complexes crystallized as dinuclear species and complex 6 cocrystallized with one molecule of bis(2‐aminophenyl) disulfide (2‐APS)2. The anionic Schiff base ligands {Ln}− displayed a κ2N,κS‐tridentate coordination mode with the formation of two five‐membered chelate rings. In 4, 5 and 6·0.5(2‐APS)2, both ZnII ions are pentacoordinated and the coordination sphere of 4 was different with respect to those in 5 and 6·0.5(2‐APS)2. For 4, the X‐ray diffraction study showed a dinuclear complex containing two bridging acetate ligands linked to both ZnII ions. For 5 and 6·0.5(2‐APS)2, the dinuclear complexes displayed one bridging acetate ligand linked to both ZnII ions, where the first ZnII ion includes a dative bond with one S atom from an adjacent anionic Schiff base {Ln}−, while the second ZnII ion is coordinated to one terminal acetate ligand. In each dinuclear complex, the geometry is the same for both ZnII metal centres. The local geometry of the ZnII cation in 4 is halfway between trigonal bipyramidal and square pyramidal local geometries; in 5 and 6, the local geometries are described as distorted square pyramidal. Hirshfeld surface analysis of 5 and 6 showed the predominance of H...H interactions, as well as the contribution of C—H...C, C—H...O and C—H...S noncovalent interactions to the cohesion of the crystalline network of the ZnII complexes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Utilizing NMR (1H-NMR and 13C-NMR), FT-IR, UV-Visible, and quantum chemical approaches by using the DFT technique, experiments on 2-phenylthioanline were carried out. The B3LYP method and the 6-311++G(d,p) basis set were used to optimize the molecular structure and vibrational modes. The ideal binding parameters match up well with the experimental binding parameters. VEDA successfully finished the assignments concerning the distribution of potential energy. The GIAO method was used to calculate shifts in the 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR, and the outcomes were compared to experimental spectra. The TDDFT approach and the CPCM solvent model were used to examine electronic properties such as UV-Vis (in the gas phase, methanol, Acetone, and DCM), and the results were compared to experimental UV-Vis spectra. The HOMO/LUMO energy values provide sufficient proof of such. Molecular docking and dynamic simulations were carried out with a 2HI4 protein target and gave the best result among the three proteins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we aimed to (i) better understand the phytochemical composition of extracts prepared from the leaves and roots with rhizomes of the scarcely studied Iris versicolor , and (ii) propose optimal extraction conditions (solvent composition, temperature, time) for the isolation of bioactive compounds. A UHPLC-QTOF-MS/MS targeted screening method was applied in combination with in silico fragmentation. The analysis revealed a total of 106 target metabolites, many of which are reported to occur in I. versicolor for the first time. (Iso)flavonoids were the most abundant compounds, followed by terpenoids, phenols, xanthones, phenolic acids, quinones, and steroids, with quinones being reported for the first time in this species. Terpenoids were characteristic of roots with rhizomes, while xanthones dominated in the leaves. Based on the varied experimental conditions, surface response analysis generated significant models for the extraction of terpenoids, quinones, and steroids. Our research provides valuable insight for the effective medicinal and commercial use of I. versicolor. [Display omitted] • A UHPLC-QTOF-MS/MS method was developed for metabolic screening of Iris versicolor. • 106 secondary metabolites detected, including phenolics and terpenoids. • Xanthones dominated in the leaves, while roots were rich in terpenoids. • Quinones reported to occur in I. versicolor for the first time. • Significant extraction models for terpenoids, steroids, and quinones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salamo‐type ligand H2L was designed and synthesized and reacted with Cu (II) and Zn (II) acetate, respectively, to obtain two binuclear Cu (II) and Zn (II) complexes: [Cu2(L)2]·2CH3OH (1) and [Zn2(L)2] (2) having the same coordination number but distinct geometries. Complex 1 is a Cu (II) complex containing two crystalline ethanol molecules, where two Cu (II) atoms are surrounded by two utterly deprotonated (L)2− parts, forming slightly twisted tetragonal pyramidal configurations of pentacoordinate. In complex 2, two utterly deprotonated (L)2− parts surround two Zn (II) atoms, forming pentadentate twisted triangular bipyramidal configurations. The complexes were elucidated via IR analyses and ultraviolet spectroscopy. Using DFT theoretical calculation, MEPs, IRI, and Hirshfeld surface analysis to investigate further the molecular interactions and reaction sites. Ultimately, the fluorescence characteristics of H2L and its complexes 1 and 2 were discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A quinoxaline‐based ligand, 6,7‐dimethyl‐2,3‐di(2‐pyridyl)quinoxaline (Me2dpq), and its unique binuclear Co(II)‐Me2dpq complex were prepared and analyzed using single crystal X‐ray diffraction and several spectroscopy techniques. Hirshfeld surface analyses were also used to clarify the Me2dpq ligand and the Co(II)‐Me2dpq crystal packing. The Co(II)‐Me2dpq complex crystallized in triclinic P‐1 space group and exhibited a distorted trigonal bipyramidal geometry around the cobalt(II) ion. Each Co(II) ion coordinated to a Me2dpq ligand through two N donor centers from pyridyl and quinoxaline rings along with a terminal Cl and two bridged Cl atoms. The binding properties of the ligand and its complex with CT‐DNA were studied by several techniques, namely UV–Vis spectroscopy, fluorescence quenching, viscosity measurements, thermal denaturation, and gel electrophoresis. The CT‐DNA binding interaction tests demonstrated that both the Co(II)‐Me2dpq complex and its parent ligand bind to DNA in an intercalative way. The antioxidant studies of the novel Co(II)‐Me2dpq complex illustrated significant activity against DPPH• and OH•· radicals. The in vitro cytotoxic effect of Me2dpq ligand and its Co(II)‐complex on MCF‐7 and Hep‐G2 tumor cell lines was evaluated by using the MTT assay. The studies showed that the Co(II)‐Me2dpq complex had superior activity toward the tested cell lines. Molecular docking studies of synthesized compounds were employed to figure out the way they would associate with a biologically macromolecular target B‐DNA (PDB: 1BNA). Thus, this study is anticipated to provide novel opportunities for the successful utilization of the synthesized compounds in many medical domains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the purpose of improving the forming quality of cold extrusion internal thread and investigating the interactive effects of distinct process parameters on the forming quality of internal thread, this article established a regression response model between the influencing factors and optimization objectives by using the response surface experiment analysis method, and obtained the interactive effects of the bottom hole diameter, the extrusion speed and the coefficient of friction on the extrusion torque, extrusion temperature, and tooth height rate. The objective function was optimized using the regression model to obtain the optimal combination of parameters (bottom hole diameter 7.34 mm, extrusion speed 30 r/min, and friction coefficient 0.11). For the purpose of verifying the feasibility and validity of the theoretical model and the optimized design, internal thread extrusion experiments are carried out under the optimal combination parameters. The experiment results show that the extrusion torque is 3.17 N m, the extrusion temperature is 79.8 °C, and the tooth height rate is 77.23%, and the error with the predicted value is 8.56%, 2.57%, and 5.27%, respectively, which further demonstrates the accuracy of the model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: During the perinatal period, women and their birth companions form expectations about childbirth. We aimed to examine whether a mismatch between birth expectations and experiences predict childbirth‐related post‐traumatic stress symptoms (CB‐PTSS) for mothers and birth companions. We also explored the influence of the mismatch between mothers' and birth companions' expectations/experiences on CB‐PTSS. Design: Dyadic longitudinal data from the Self‐Hypnosis IntraPartum Trial. Methods: Participants (n = 469 mothers; n = 358 birth companions) completed questionnaires at 27 and 36 weeks of gestation and 2 and 6 weeks post‐partum. We used the measures of birth expectations (36 weeks gestation), birth experiences (2 weeks post‐partum) and CB‐PTSS (6 weeks post‐partum). Results: Correlations revealed that birth expectations were associated with experiences for both mothers and birth companions but were not consistently associated with CB‐PTSS. Birth experiences related to CB‐PTSS for both mothers and birth companions. The response surface analysis results showed no support for the effect of a mismatch between expectations and experiences on CB‐PTSS in mothers or birth companions. Similarly, a mismatch between mothers' and birth companions' expectations or experiences was unrelated to CB‐PTSS. Conclusions: Following previous literature, birth expectations were associated with experiences, and experiences were associated with CB‐PTSS. By testing the effect of the match between birth experiences and expectations using an advanced statistical method, we found that experiences play a more substantial role than the match between experiences and expectations in CB‐PTSS. The impact of birth experiences on CB‐PTSS highlights the importance of respectful and supportive maternity care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ILs ([Li (synthetic esters)] NTF2) were prepared by the in situ synthesis method. The tribological behaviour of the ILs to friction pairs of Ti‐6Al‐4V titanium alloy against silicon nitride was studied by SRV‐V under different concentrations and friction frequencies; the wear scar was studied by SEM, XPS and TOF‐SIMS. The results showed that the friction coefficient and wear loss decreased gradually with the increase of the LiNTF2 content; when the LiNTF2 content reached a certain value (10%), the friction coefficient and wear loss did not change much. Tribofilm composed of titanium oxide, Al2O3, TiFO2, AlOF2, Ti2O4F and Al2O3F plays a major role in lubrication and anti‐friction effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermal shock behaviors of porous alumina samples with different porosities (4.6–16.0 %) and mean grain sizes (2.72–5.02 μm) were investigated under different quenching temperatures. The slit island method was used to analyze the structures of the pores. The effect of the pore structure on the thermal shock resistance of alumina ceramics was described quantitatively. The results revealed that the thermal shock resistance decreased when the fractal dimension of the pores increased. Alumina ceramic strips with a porosity and mean grain size of 4.6 % and 5.02 μm, respectively, were fabricated using raw powders with a mean particle size of ∼0.3 μm. These samples possessed the highest residual strength ratio (∼46.16 % at 600 °C) and critical temperature difference (∼262 °C). In addition, the fractal characterization of cracks on the surfaces of the alumina ceramics after thermal shock was carried out using the box-counting dimension method. In addition, we investigated the correlation between the mechanical properties and fractal dimensions of the surface cracks. The box-counting dimension increased with crack propagation and negatively correlated with the residual strength. Furthermore, the propagation rate of the surface cracks decreased as the temperature difference increased, resulting in a decrease in the growth rate of the fractal dimension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we present a comprehensive study on the 3D nanoscale topography of LaMnO 3 thin films, focusing on the influence of calcination temperature on surface morphology. The study reveals significant structural, chemical, and morphological changes as a function of the calcination temperature. XRD analysis confirmed the formation of the orthorhombic LaMnO 3 structure at 700 °C, 750 °C, and 800 °C, with increasing unit cell volume and crystallite size observed at higher temperatures. FTIR spectra identified characteristic functional groups associated with molecular vibrations, indicating the perovskite structure. SEM imaging showed grain growth with temperature, while EDS analysis confirmed compound formation and substrate interactions. AFM analysis revealed increased surface roughness with temperature, attributed to nucleation and crystal growth. Morphological and microtextural analyses further detailed changes in surface features, peaks, valleys, and voids. Fractal characterization highlighted variations in surface texture with temperature, with a decrease in dominant wavelength indicating changes in microtexture complexity. Overall, the findings provide insights into the temperature-dependent properties of LaMnO 3 thin films, essential for optimizing growth conditions and understanding their potential applications in various fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In sophisticated engineering machining, ceramic materials are in great demand in today's precision industries because they have a wide range of potential applications, including automobiles, aircraft, and biomedical engineering. Silicon nitride ceramics (Si3N4) are difficult to manufacture using conventional machining processes. Modern technology allows Ultrasonic Micro-machining (USMM) to create almost any kind of material. Abrasive particles made of silicon carbide are used in this research work to look into the Si3N4 USMM process parameters. The physical structure and chemical composition have been examined in a scanning electron microscope with an integrated energy-dispersive X-ray analyzer. Particle swam optimization and Response Surface Methodology (RSM) desirability were the two types of optimizations used to find the best USMM process parameters. It has been shown that both techniques can be used together to get the best Material Removal Rate (MRR). The best settings were Slurry Concentration: 50 (g/l), Power Rating: 329 (W), and Tool Feed Rate: 1.06 (mm/min). Similarly, to minimize Overcut (OC) and Taper Angle (TA), the ideal method is to use a slurry concentration of 50 (g/l), a power rating of 400 (W), and a tool feed rate of 1.2 (mm/min). Finally, using the RSM, the USMM process was optimized in a way that maximized the MRR while minimizing OC and TA. It was found that the slurry concentration of 42.7 g/l, the power rating of 357.6 W, and the tool feed rate of 1.2 mm/min were the ideal settings for the USMM process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wire-electrical discharge machining (wire-EDM) is gaining wider acceptance for producing components of Al-matrix composites (Al-MCs) that are hard to machine by traditional methodologies. The related research is primarily limited to ex-situ Al-MCs commonly reinforced with ceramic particles; however, Al-MCs reinforced with in-situ ordered intermetallics have evolved as superior composites nowadays. This research has focused on wire-EDM of in-situ Al/Al3Fe composites developed by the reactive stir-casting route. The influence of three machining variables (pulse-on-time, servo voltage, and peak-current) and one material parameter (vol% of reinforcement) have been studied following the L27 Taguchi design. The integrity of the machined surface has been characterized via measurements of surface roughness (SR) and the alteration of surface chemistry (ASC, ΣCu + Zn + O), in addition to the evaluation of kerf width (KW) as a machining performance indicator. It has been established that all four control factors are significant for KW, while ASC is influenced by all factors except vol% of reinforcement; however, only pulse-on-time is substantial for SR. Analytical models of individual responses are developed while the desirability approach helps to accomplish the multi-response optimization; several confirmation experiments establish the authenticity of these predictions with an error < 8%. Characterizations of machined surfaces and wire electrodes by FESEM and EDS techniques reveal that the surface integrity of in-situ Al/Al3Fe composites varies significantly with machining conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional free vibration-based forward models generate theoretical dispersion curves under the assumption of planar waves, neglecting the influence of the actual source-receiver configuration. The 2D/3D discretization-based numerical wavefield modeling approaches can mimic real field scenarios considering active source-receiver information. However, numerical methods are computationally inefficient. This study introduces an active sourced semianalytical wavefield modeling approach for laterally homogeneous horizontally stratified media, incorporating source-receiver data acquisition layouts. The method considers a cylindrically spreading wavefield described by the Hankel function instead of the planar wave assumption. The approach considers both propagating waves characterized by real wavenumbers and decaying waves with complex wavenumbers, allowing for the calculation of surface displacements in both the far and near fields. The proposed model captures the complete wavefield, including source-offset effects and leaky waves, while maintaining computational efficiency comparable to any free vibration-based approaches. The method entails solving the eigenvalue problem constructed through the higher-order thin-layer method. Subsequently, it calculates the frequency domain vertical and radial surface responses at any desired location in space generated by a vertically positioned active source. The proposed method's overall performance is investigated on diverse subsurface profiles, including regularly dispersive media, low-velocity layer models, and a field cross-hole model. The Rayleigh wave's vertical and radial component dispersion images obtained from the proposed method are validated against the numerical approach. The proposed method is at least two orders of magnitude faster than the numerical approach. Notably, it addresses mode misidentification issues arising from modal osculation at low frequencies and effectively captures the smooth transition of modal energy from fundamental modes to higher modes. Note that the present method is limited to laterally homogeneous media. However, this method provides a valuable tool for advancing the accuracy and efficiency of active surface wave methods in various engineering applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solid lubricants are added to polymers to upgrade their tribological properties, especially in cases where adhesive and abrasive friction are valid. However, there are not enough studies on the effects of solid lubricants on particle erosion. This study investigated the effects on solid particle erosion behavior of three different well known solid lubricants (molybdenum disulfide, polytetrafluoroethylene, and graphite). These solid lubricants were added at three different ratios (5, 10, and 15 wt.%) to the two different type (rigid and toughened) epoxy resins. Garnet abrasive particles (180–400 μm) were blasted to the sample surface under 1.5 bar for 15 s to conduct solid particle erosion tests. The erosive wear mechanisms of neat and solid lubricant‐reinforced epoxy resins were investigated in relation to the epoxy type, solid lubricant type, and solid lubricant reinforcement ratio. Statistical analysis was performed according to response surface methodology to support the experimental results, and ANOVA tables were obtained. The wear and deformations that occurred on the surface after solid particle erosion were examined using a noncontact optical profilometer system and scanning electron microscopy, and a significant relationship was detected between the deformation on the surface and particle erosion. Analysis results showed that the factor causing the greatest erosion rate change was the epoxy resin type. Finally, it has been observed that all solid lubricants reduce the erosive wear resistance, and this resistance decreases as the weight ratio increases. Highlights: Investigations were conducted into the erosion behavior of two types of epoxy resins: rigid and toughened. The toughened epoxy resin exhibited greater resistance to erosion. Although it has the same type of content, on average, rigid epoxy worn 2–4 times more than toughened epoxy.The effect of adding polytetrafluoroethylene tended to increase the erosion rate of both rigid and toughened epoxy resin less than that of other solid lubricants.Graphite particles increased the erosion rate of toughened epoxy by 1.5–3 times and that of rigid epoxy by 2–3 times, depending on the value of the reinforcement ratio.MoS2 increased the erosion rate of toughened epoxy by 1.5–3 times and that of rigid epoxy by 2–3 times.Using a noncontact optical profilometer (for investigating surface topography), it was proven that there is a significant relationship between the erosion rate and roughness characteristics. Wear mechanisms were identified by SEM analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using adhesively bonded joints is an effective strategy for achieving lightweight designs. However, understanding the long‐term performance of these bonded joints remains a critical concern. Creep is a time‐dependent phenomenon induced by sustained mechanical loads, which can lead to viscous strain in adhesive materials. This strain has the potential to cause cracking in bonded structures over time. This study aims to investigate the creep and post‐creep behaviors of adhesively bonded aluminum joints, focusing on two crucial parameters: creep load level and creep duration. Butt adhesive joint (BAJ) specimens were fabricated and exposed to varying creep loads and times. Subsequently, quasi‐static tensile tests were conducted to assess the residual mechanical properties. The results indicated that higher creep loads resulted in increased creep deformations at constant creep durations. Furthermore, a downward trend was observed in the residual tensile mechanical properties of BAJ specimens following creep. Specifically, higher creep load levels and longer times led to more pronounced reductions in joint strength, strain, and stiffness. These reductions in joint mechanical properties were corroborated through joint fracture surface analysis. Additionally, mathematical models were developed using response surface methodology (RSM) to predict the experimental joint residual mechanical properties under different creep loads and times. Highlights: Investigation of creep and post‐creep behaviors in adhesive joints.Higher creep load levels result in greater joint permanent deformations.Impact of higher creep load levels and durations on joint failure strength.Decreasing in the joint deformability and stiffness after creep. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Postharvest Agaricus bisporus is susceptible to browning, water loss, and microbial infection. In order to extend its shelf life, cold plasma technology was used to treat and evaluate A. bisporus. Firstly, according to the results of a single factor test and response surface analysis, the optimal conditions for cold plasma treatment were determined as a voltage of 95 kV, a frequency of 130 Hz, and a processing time of 10 min. Secondly, storage experiments were carried out using the optimized cold plasma treatment. The results showed that the cold plasma treatment in the packaging significantly reduced the total viable count in A. bisporus by approximately 16.5%, maintained a browning degree at 26.9% lower than that of the control group, and a hardness at 25.6% higher than that of the control group. In addition, the cold plasma treatment also helped to preserve the vitamin C and total protein content of A. bisporus. In conclusion, cold plasma treatment showed great potential in enhancing the postharvest quality of fresh A. bisporus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abrasive Waterjet (AWJ) milling effectively processes high-strength materials like WNiFe tungsten alloy without altering their properties. This study investigates the effects of jet pressure, traverse speed, and abrasive mass flow rate on the machining performance. The results indicate that increasing jet pressure significantly enhances groove depth, with higher pressures leading to more aggressive material removal. Conversely, higher traverse speeds reduce groove depth, emphasizing the need for slower speeds for deeper penetration. Increased abrasive mass flow rates also significantly improve groove depth but pose challenges related to material wear and cost. Surface analysis using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that higher jet pressures and lower traverse speeds produce smoother surfaces and more distinct grooves. The findings highlight the importance of optimizing AWJ parameters to achieve efficient material removal and desired groove geometries. This research provides valuable insights for improving AWJ machining of tungsten alloys in industrial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ILs ([Li (synthetic esters)] NTF2) were prepared by the in situ synthesis method. The tribological behaviour of the ILs to friction pairs of Ti‐6Al‐4V titanium alloy against silicon nitride was studied by SRV‐V under different concentrations and friction frequencies; the wear scar was studied by SEM, XPS and TOF‐SIMS. The results showed that the friction coefficient and wear loss decreased gradually with the increase of the LiNTF2 content; when the LiNTF2 content reached a certain value (10%), the friction coefficient and wear loss did not change much. Tribofilm composed of titanium oxide, Al2O3, TiFO2, AlOF2, Ti2O4F and Al2O3F plays a major role in lubrication and anti‐friction effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surface properties of dental implant materials, whether they are physical, chemical, mechanical, or biological, influence the processes of osseointegration and the development of the biological seal at the implant-soft tissue interface. In turn, successful occurrence of these steps prevents peri-implant diseases. This goal can be achieved through the application of surface treatments of a bioactive nature leading to an effective implant-bone union. Our work focuses on a thorough characterization of bioactive surface properties obtained through alkaline treatment on two different surfaces used in the dental implant industry, namely, a surface blasted with calcium phosphate particles and a micro-arc anodized surface. The results show that the alkaline treatment modifies the surface properties of both blasted and anodized samples. Modification is related to the formation of a nanoporous amorphous sodium titanate hydrogel that exhibits high bioactivity in an SBF medium. To assess in vitro biocompatibility and bioactivity, a 48-hour cell culture assay was conducted using dental pulp mesenchymal stem cells. All samples demonstrated cell adhesion, growth, and intercellular communication, indicating that the surfaces are biocompatible and non-cytotoxic. However, samples subjected to alkaline treatment exhibited qualitatively superior bioactivity and in vitro behavior and among them, the blasted sample produced the surface with best performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]