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An efficient approach for the synthesis of substituted aryl naphthoquinones via a Pd(II)‐catalyzed template‐assisted m−C(sp2)−H bond functionalization reaction of arylmethane sulfonates have been demonstrated. The method involves usage of less expensive and abundant pharmacologically important scaffold naphthoquinone. A wide range of arylmethane sulfonates were examined and found to be compatible with the protocol. The protocol has also been further extended to the synthesis of various substituted aryl maleimide scaffolds. A plausible reaction mechanism has also been proposed to account for the selective distal m−C(sp2)−H bond functionalization reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modulating the molecular structure to achieve the full reaction including oxygen reduction reaction and water oxidation reaction is a promising strategy for efficient photosynthesis of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) but remains a challenge. Herein, a triphenylamine and naphthalimide‐based conjugated porous polymers are synthesized with photo oxidation‐reduction structures, then sulfonate (─SO3H) and quaternary ammonium groups are introduced via a post‐modification strategy to produce two photocatalysts named NI‐TPA‐NI‐SO3H and NI‐TPA‐NI‐N, respectively. Introducing charged functional groups has improved the hydrophilicity and oxygen (O2) adsorption, beyond that, the ─SO3H further stabilizes the adsorbed O2 via hydrogen bonding as well as accelerates the photogenerated carrier separation and electron/proton transport that enables full reaction photosynthesis of H2O2. Therefore, motivated by efficient charge separation, stabilized O2 adsorption, and boosted proton‐coupled electron transfer, NI‐TPA‐NI‐SO3H exhibits the highest light‐driven H2O2 production rate among the three photocatalysts, reaching 3.40 mmol g−1 h−1, which is 4.9‐fold of NI‐TPA‐NI. Remarkably, in the presence of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt, its rate significantly enhances to 14.5 mmol g−1 h−1, superior to most reported organic photocatalysts to the best of the knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The necessary separation of anodic and cathodic compartments in the electrochemical multicomponent synthesis of alkyl arenesulfonates in batch was overcome by the transfer of this reaction in an undivided electrochemical flow cell. The yield was increased from an initial 23 % to 67 % by optimization using Design of Experiments (DoE). The experiments were carried out using an automated experimental flow electrolysis setup controlled by the automation software LABS (Laboratory Automation and Batch Scheduling), an open‐source software that allows to plan and conduct experiments with an arbitrary, freely selectable experimental setup. The automated experimental setup turned out to be stable and provides reproducible results. In total, 6 examples are demonstrated with isolated yields up to 81 %. In addition, the robust scalability of the electrochemical reaction was demonstrated in a 10‐fold scale‐up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A synthetic strategy involving salicylaldehyde, 2-chloroprop-2-ene-1-sulfonyl fluoride (CESF), and pyrrole has been developed to construct novel pyrrole-4H-chromene-embedded vinyl sulfonyl fluoride derivatives with exclusive regioselectivity. This method exhibits moderate to excellent yields (45–93%) and showcases a wide substrate scope with excellent functional group compatibility. Additionally, the resulting sulfonyl fluorides were further diversified via sulfur fluoride exchange (SuFEx) reactions to produce sulfonates and sulfonamides, which are valuable structural motifs in medicinal chemistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the process of unconventional oil and gas exploitation, the invasion of a large amount of drilling fluid into the formation is one of the most critical reasons leading to wellbore instability. A temperature‐sensitive polymer (AOS) was synthesized from acrylamide, oligo (ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate (OEGMA), and sodium p‐styrene sulfonate by emulsion polymerization. The material is a solid‐free fluid with good fluidity at room temperature, after injection into the formation, the fluid is gradually transformed into hard gel above the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) (90°C), thus blocking micro‐fractures and improving wellbore stability. Infrared and NMR characterization confirmed the successful preparation of the target product. The transmittance of AOS with ambient temperature was measured by UV–vis spectrophotometer, and the LCST behavior of AOS was verified by rheological and viscoelastic measurements. The interaction mechanism between AOS and sodium bentonite was evaluated according to the American Petroleum Institute standard. The results show that after aging at 180°C, the filtration loss is reduced by 93%, and the medium permeability (100, 200 mD) formation is effectively plugged, with a plugging efficiency is as high as 74.7%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, the copper-mediated radiofluorination of aryl pinacol boronates (arylBPin) using the commercially available, air-stable Cu(OTf)2Py4 catalyst is one of the most efficient synthesis approaches, greatly facilitating access to a range of radiotracers, including drug-like molecules with nonactivated aryl scaffolds. Further adjustment of this methodology, in particular, the [18F]fluoride recovery step for the routine preparation of radiotracers, has been the focus of recent research. In our recent study, an organic solution of 4-dimethylaminopyridinium trifluoromethanesulfonate (DMAPOTf) was found to be an efficient PTC for eluting radionuclides retained on the weak anion exchange cartridge, Oasis WAX 1cc, employing the inverse sorption–elution protocol. Notably, the following Cu-mediated radiofluorination of arylBPin precursors in the presence of the Cu(OTf)2(Py)4 catalyst can be performed with high efficiency in the same solvent, bypassing not only the conventional azeotropic drying procedure but any solvent replacement. In the current study, we aimed to translate this methodology, originally developed for remote-controlled operation with manual interventions, into the automated synthesis module on the TRACERlab automation platform. The adjustment of the reagent amounts and solvents allowed for high efficiency in the radiofluorination of a series of model arylBPin substrates on the TRACERlab FXFE Pro synthesis module, which was adapted for nucleophilic radiofluorinations. The practical applicability of the developed radiofluorination approach with DMAPOTf elution was demonstrated in the automated synthesis of 6-L-[18F]FDOPA. The radiotracer was obtained with an activity yield (AY; isolated, not decay-corrected) of 5.2 ± 0.5% (n = 3), with a synthesis time of ca. 70 min on the TRACERlab FX N Pro automation platform. The obtained AY was comparable with one reported by others (6 ± 1%) using the same boronate precursor, while a slightly higher AY of 6-L-[18F]FDOPA (14.5 ± 0.5%) was achieved in our previous work using commercially available Bu4NOTf as the PTC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphene oxide has attracted many interests in the recent decade due to its unique mechanical and chemical properties. This study focuses on the modification of graphene oxide and preparation proton exchange membrane (PEM) by sulfonated poly ether ether ketone (SPEEK) as base polymer for using in MFC as a modified membrane to remove COD and electricity generation. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) images, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and contact angle measurements were used to verify hydrophilic properties of the synthesized membranes. First, preparation procedures and properties of sulfonated reduced graphene oxide are briefly described. Subsequently, modification of proton exchange membrane from SPEEK polymer with prepared nano particle of sulfonated reduced graphene oxide 0.5 wt. % and its operation in MFC was considered. COD removal, power density, current density and coulombic efficiency were monitored during the process operation to evaluate the MFC performance. During the process operation, COD removal, power density, current density, and coulombic efficiency were tracked to assess the MFC performance. The power density and current density, 39.43 mW/m² and 161 mA/m² and the columbic efficiency 48.9 % was obtained, respectively. The COD removal of 89.5 % was obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sulfonate esters are a class of organic impurities that includes highly potent mutagenic substances that typically need to be controlled down to a low ppm level in pharmaceutical development. In this work, two genotoxic impurities of sulfonate esters in Posaconazole, for example, ((3S,5R)‐5‐((1H‐1,2,4‐triazol‐1‐yl)methyl)‐5‐(2,4‐difluorophenyl)tetrahydrofuran‐3‐yl)methyl‐4‐methylbenzenesulfonate and (2S,3S)‐3‐ (4‐(4‐(4‐(4‐(((3R,5R)‐5‐((1H‐1,2,4‐triazol‐1‐yl)methyl)‐5‐(2,4‐difluorophenyl)tetrahydrofuran‐3‐yl)methoxy)phenyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)phenyl)‐5‐oxo‐4,5‐dihydro‐1H‐1,2,4‐triazol‐1‐yl)pentan‐2‐yl‐4‐methylbenzenesulfonate, were synthesized and characterized. The genotoxicity which was evaluated by two (quantitative) structure‐activity relationships prediction methodologies showed positive. Furthermore, a novel high‐performance liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry limit test method for detecting these two impurities in Posaconazole has been established and validated. The chromatographic separation of analytes was conducted on an ACQUITY BEH C18 column, and performed with 0.05% methanoic acid‐water and 0.05% methanoic acid‐acetonitrile as mobile phases A and B, respectively. Six batches of commercial‐scale Posaconazole samples were detected by the validated method and the results were in accordance with the Food and Drug Administration acceptance criteria for the genotoxic impurities in drug substances. Finally, a tentative mechanism for these two impurities was proposed, they are generally accepted to undergo an SN2‐type reaction, resulting in 7‐methylguanine as the predominant adduct in double‐stranded DNA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the performances of methylallyl ether (HPEG) type polycarboxylate ether-based water reducing admixtures (PCE) partially substituted with phosphate and sulfonate anionic groups were investigated. The effects of synthesized PCE's on the fresh, rheological, and some hardened properties of mixtures prepared with cements having different C3A contents were examined. Increasing the phosphate and sulfonate substitution ratio of PCE up to a certain value improved the rheological properties of the mixtures. Best flow retention and rheological properties were obtained with 9% phosphate (P9) and 7% sulfonate (S7) PCEs. Due to the high PCE dosage used in the Marsh-funnel and mini slump experiments, the nonadsorbed PCE in the pore solution blocked the adsorbed polymers on the cement particles. Also, the hydrodynamic radius of the polymer had a significant effect on the adsorption and dispersion performance of PCE. Morover, with the increase of cement C3A content, the fresh properties of the mixtures were adversely affected. However, the increase in C3A content up to a certain value improved the hardened properties of the cementitious system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investigating surfactant effects on the floatability of Wiser bituminous coal holds significant importance in improving coal cleanliness and utilization value. Using density functional theory and molecular dynamics simulation methods, this study constructed models of Wiser bituminous coal and examined the impact of different surfactants, including the anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate, the cationic surfactant hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB), and the non-ionic surfactant fatty alcohol ethoxylated ether. The focus was on investigating the charge distribution characteristics of these molecules and the modifying effect of binary surfactants on the hydrophobicity of bituminous coal. Results revealed that the maximum electrostatic potential was concentrated near oxygen/nitrogen/sulfur-containing functional groups like sulfonic acid groups, quaternary ammonium cations, ethylene oxide, hydroxyl groups, carboxyl groups, and sulfur bonds. These functional groups exhibited a propensity for accepting/delivering electrons to form hydrogen bonds. Among the surfactants tested, CTAB revealed the slightest difference in frontier orbital energy, measuring 3.187 eV, thereby demonstrating a superior trapping ability compared with the other two surfactants. Adsorption reactions within the system were determined to be spontaneous, with over 60% of the interaction force attributed to electrostatic forces. Moreover, the repulsive force magnitude with water molecules followed the trend: sulfonate group (2.20 Å) < ethylene oxide (2.43 Å) < quaternary ammonium cation (2.57 Å), indicating more excellent water repellency of CTAB. Findings showed that CTAE binary surfactants proved most effective in modifying the hydrophobicity of bituminous coal. This study offers valuable insights into reducing waste, pollution, and resource wastage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alkyl glycoside hydroxypropyl sulfonate (APGSHS), as a kind of anionic surfactant was successfully prepared using sodium 3‐chloro‐2‐hydroxypropane sulfonate and alkyl polyglucoside (APG). The surface and application properties of APGSHS were studied in detail. The results showed that APGSHS showed much enhanced solubility and there for better foaming and detergency properties than APG due to the introduction of sulfonate group. Then, the mildness of APGSHS and commercially available mild surfactants was compared using zein test and hemolysis of red blood cells (RBC) test. APGSHS has higher mildness than other surfactants, such as potassium lauroylglycinate (PLG), lauramidopropyl betaine (LAB), and sodium laurylmethyl taurate (LMT). The mechanism of mildness was investigated by studying the interaction between APGSHS and protein using zein model through micelle behavior and protein structure. It was observed that compared to other anionic surfactants such as sodium fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether sulfate (AES) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), APGSHS possesses a larger hydrophilic head group and causes less damage to the secondary structure of zein. Finally, the effect of different surfactants on the hair keratin loss during washing was evaluated. The results showed APGSHS had a minimal damaging effect on keratin in the hair, resulting in the lowest protein loss. This work suggests APGSHS as a promising ingredient for green and mild cleaning products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, two different water‐soluble Schiff base ligands as sodium(Z)‐3((2,5‐dihydroxybenzylidene)amino)benzene sulfonate (SLI) ve sodium (Z)3‐((3,4‐dihydroxybenzylidene)amino)benzene sulfonate (SLII) were synthesized as a result of the condensation reaction of 3‐aminobenzenesulfonicacid containing sulfo group with 2,5‐dihydroxybenzaldehyde and 3,4‐dihydroxybenzaldehyde, respectively. The chemical structures of the synthesized Schiff base ligands were characterized by melting point determination, elemental analysis, FT‐IR and 1H‐NMR techniques. Electrochemical behaviors of synthesized SLI and SLII ligands were examined by cyclic voltammetry technique against Ag/AgCl/KCl(sat) at the glassy carbon electrode in Britton Robinson buffer solution, pH 5.0. Electrode surfaces modified with SLI and SLII ligands were characterized by cyclic voltammetry technique in the presence of ferrocene and potassium hexacyanoferrate (III) redox probes, water contact angle measurement, scanning electron microscope and atomic force microscope and compared with the data of the bare glassy carbon electrode surface. Theoretical calculations of SLI and SLII ligand were performed with Density Functional Theory (DFT) and compared with experimental results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the development of a practical method for Fischer indolization, a commonly used synthetic approach in chemistry. The researchers used bench-stable sodium arylhydrazine sulfonates as a substitute for arylhydrazine, which is typically used in Fischer indolization. The sodium arylhydrazine sulfonates were easily obtained from substituted anilines and could be used directly in the reaction without further purification. The method was successful in synthesizing various tetrahydrocarbazoles and tryptamine-based pharmaceutical molecules. The researchers believe that this method has potential applications in the synthesis of indole-based pharmaceutical compounds. [Extracted from the article]

This article discusses the synthesis and characterization of thiosulfonates, sulfonyl hydrazides, and sulfonothioate compounds. The authors explore different methods for synthesizing these compounds and provide details on reaction conditions, yields, and physical properties. The text highlights the potential applications of these compounds in medicinal chemistry, drug design, and organic synthesis. The information provided can be valuable for researchers studying these compounds and their properties. The supporting information for the article is available online. [Extracted from the article]

Sulfur-containing scaffolds originating from small alkyl fragments play a crucial role in various pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and materials. Nonetheless, their synthesis using conventional methods presents significant challenges. In this study, we introduce a practical and efficient approach that harnesses hydrogen atom transfer photocatalysis to activate volatile alkanes, such as isobutane, butane, propane, ethane, and methane. Subsequently, these nucleophilic radicals react with SO2 to yield the corresponding sulfinates. These sulfinates then serve as versatile building blocks for the synthesis of diverse sulfur-containing organic compounds, including sulfones, sulfonamides, and sulfonate esters. Our use of flow technology offers a robust, safe and scalable platform for effectively activating these challenging gaseous alkanes, facilitating their transformation into valuable sulfinates. Sulfur-containing scaffolds originating from small alkyl fragments play a crucial role in various pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and materials, but their synthesis presents significant challenges. Herein, the authors report the photocatalytic conversion of C(sp3)–H bonds originating from lightweight alkanes into alkyl sulfinates, employing SO2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein we report the use of tetrakis (guanidinium) pyrenetetrasulfonate (G4PYR) and bis (guanidinium) 1,5‐napthalene disulfonate (G2NDS) to catalyze the cyclization of 2‐cyanobenzamide (1) to isoindolone (2). Moreover, we demonstrate the remarkable selectivity of these guanidinium organosulfonate hosts in encapsulating 2 over 1. By thoroughly investigating the intramolecular cyclization reaction, we determined that guanidinium and the organosulfonate moiety acts as the catalyst in this process. Additionally, 2 is selectively encapsulated, even in mixtures of other structurally similar heterocycles like indole. Furthermore, the tautomeric state of 2 (amino isoindolone (2–A) and imino isoindolinone forms (2–I)) can be controlled by utilizing different guanidinium organosulfonate frameworks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article delves into the synthesis and biological evaluation of sulfated and sulfonated disaccharide analogs, exploring their interactions with toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and their potential as drug candidates for inflammatory diseases. A significant aspect of the study is the examination of these analogs as inhibitors of heparanase, an enzyme that cleaves glycosidic linkages in heparan sulfate, producing proinflammatory fragments that activate TLR4. The research presents a comparative analysis of sulfate and sulfonate groups in these compounds, evaluating their synthesis, biological activity, and specific roles in TLR4-mediated immune responses, with a particular focus on their ability to modulate heparanase activity. Compound 9 (6,60-disulfonated disaccharide from methyl cellobioside) emerged as a potent TLR4 activator and a promising candidate for inflammatory drug development, exhibiting notable specificity and efficacy. The IC50 values for heparanase inhibition varied, highlighting distinct efficacy profiles for sulfonated and sulfated analogs, with cellobiose derivatives showing notable differences in inhibition capabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using a modified co-precipitation method, 11(2) nm γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles functionalized with PSSNa [Poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate)] saloplastic polymer were successfully synthesized, and their structural, vibrational, electronic, thermal, colloidal, hyperfine, and magnetic properties were systematically studied using various analytic techniques. The results showed that the functionalized γ-Fe2O3/PSSNa nanohybrid has physicochemical properties that allow it to be applied in the magnetic remediation process of water. Before being applied as a nanoadsorbent in real water treatment, a short-term acute assay was developed and standardized using a Daphnia magna biomarker. The ecotoxicological tests indicated that the different concentrations of the functionalized nanohybrid may affect the mortality of the Daphnia magna population during the first 24 h of exposure. A lethal concentration of 533(5) mg L−1 was found. At high concentrations, morphological changes were also seen in the body, heart, and antenna. Therefore, these results suggested the presence of alterations in normal growth and swimming skills. The main changes observed in the D. magna features were basically caused by the PSSNa polymer due to its highly stable colloidal properties (zeta potential > −30 mV) that permit a direct and constant interaction with the Daphnia magna neonates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyelectrolyte microcapsules (PMC) based on polyallylamine and polystyrene sulfonate are utilized in various fields of human activity, including medicine, textiles, and the food industry, among others. However, characteristics such as microcapsule size, shell thickness, and pore size are not sufficiently studied and systematized, even though they determine the possibility of using microcapsules in applied tasks. The aim of this review is to identify general patterns and gaps in the study of the morphology of polyelectrolyte microcapsules obtained by the alternate adsorption of polystyrene sulfonate and polyallylamine on different solid cores. First and foremost, it was found that the morphological change in polyelectrolyte microcapsules formed on different cores exhibits a significant difference in response to varying stimuli. Factors such as ionic strength, the acidity of the medium, and temperature have different effects on the size of the microcapsules, the thickness of their shells, and the number and size of their pores. At present, the morphology of the microcapsules formed on the melamine formaldehyde core has been most studied, while the morphology of microcapsules formed on other types of cores is scarcely studied. In addition, modern methods of nanoscale system analysis will allow for an objective assessment of PMC characteristics and provide a fresh perspective on the subject of research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the depolymerization of waste polyamide-6,6 by using sodium-1-heptane sulphonate as a catalyst was carried out by acid hydrolysis. This method provides the recycling of polyamide into its monomer derivative which is dibenzoyl derivative of hexamethylene diamine. Depolymerization was carried out at different time from 30 min to 180 min by using 0.03 g of sodium-1-heptane sulphonate at 80°C by taking various amount of catalyst. Reaction takes place around 120 min to get 78.23% yield of the product. The product was analyzed by its melting point (154°C) and FTIR spectra and it was found to be same as the pure one. Kinetics shows pseudo first order with reaction rate constant 6.68 ×10-3 minute-1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing inspiration from the architecture of bacterial tentacles, a novel humidity-sensitive material has been engineered by grafting sulfonates onto the exterior of a fullerene cage. This innovative material with high hydrophilicity and fast response demonstrates superior humidity sensing capabilities, making it apt for non-contact humidity monitoring. [Display omitted] In this work, a straightforward method for synthesizing fullerene derivatives with tentacle structures has been explored for monitoring environmental humidity, which involves introducing sulfonate onto the fullerenes. The structure and number of polar groups in three fullerene derivatives determined by a series of structural tests greatly affect their hydrophilicity and morphology, resulting in changes in humidity sensitive properties. In particular, the hysteresis and response time of the sensors display a great correlation with hydrophilicity. C 60 -Ho, the best performing derivative of this work, has exhibited high response values (∼3500 times), good linearity (R2 = 97.3 %), and rapid response/recovery times (0.3/4.4 s), making it suitable for various applications such as non-contact detection of respiration, finger distance, and soil humidity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The leaching solution from the direct reduction-sodium smelting process of ultra-poor vanadium-bearing titanomagnetite contained sodium, vanadium, and impurities. It was carbonated to ensure sodium recovery, and the recovery of vanadium proved challenging. This study proposed and optimized a novel process of extracting vanadium from this alkaline carbonated solution using the transformed organic phase of 20 vol% (0.44 mol/L) Aliquat 336, 8 vol% 2-octanol, and 72 vol% sulfonated kerosene. To achieve superior vanadium extraction, Aliquat 336 in the organic phase was transformed into carbonate type by successively washing with NaHCO3 and NaOH solutions. The single-stage extraction efficiency of vanadium exceeded 85% at a pH of 8.0‒9.0 and an organic-to-aqueous phase ratio of 1:1. The thermodynamics of the vanadium extraction process was examined, confirming that the extraction process is an exothermic reaction (ΔH0 = −9.56 kJ/mol). Furthermore, using a solution of 4 mol/L NH4Cl and 1 mol/L NH4OH with a pH of 8.8 as the effective stripping reagent to realize one-step stripping and precipitation of vanadium, the single-stage stripping efficiency of vanadium was 99.8%, and the precipitation efficiency was about 95%. Through this stripping-precipitation process, solid ammonium metavanadate with a purity of 98.14% was obtained in one step. The mechanisms of transformation, extraction, and stripping were studied via infrared spectra of the organic phases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A good organic single crystal of 2‐Amino‐1‐methyl‐4‐oxo‐4, 5‐di‐hydro‐1H‐imidazol‐3‐ium 4‐methyl‐benzene‐sulfonate (2ADPTS) is grown by slow evaporation technique, and the orthorhombic system with noncentrosymmetric space group (P212121) is corroborated by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis. The structural parameters of the 2ADPTS crystal are investigated and weighted up with the theoretical interpretation. The Hydrogen–Hydrogen interaction with (43.6%) in 2ADPTS promotes crystal structure packing stabilization. The presence of various functional groups and chemical composition of the 2ADPTS compound is identified by FTIR and FT‐Raman spectroscopy. The natural bond orbital evaluation interprets all the possible hydrogen bonding interactions and charge delocalizations in the crystal structure. Thermal analysis confirmed the thermal stability of the 2ADPTS crystal. The absorption spectrum of the 2ADPTS crystal is recorded using UV–Vis spectroscopy. The third‐order nonlinear property of the 2ADPTS crystal is confirmed by using the Z‐scan technique. The higher significant antibacterial activity of 2ADPTS is carried out by the standard Kirby‐Bauer test against four pathogenic bacteria commonly called the agar well diffusion process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document provides concise and factual information about the synthesis and characterization of various sulfonothioate compounds. The compounds are prepared using a general procedure, and their yields and melting points are reported. The document also includes NMR spectra, which provide information about the chemical shifts of the compounds' protons and carbon atoms. The aim of the document is to provide valuable information for library patrons conducting research on these specific compounds. Additional supporting information for the article is available online. [Extracted from the article]

Abstract The necessary separation of anodic and cathodic compartments in the electrochemical multicomponent synthesis of alkyl arenesulfonates in batch was overcome by the transfer of this reaction in an undivided electrochemical flow cell. The yield was increased from an initial 23 % to 67 % by optimization using Design of Experiments (DoE). The experiments were carried out using an automated experimental flow electrolysis setup controlled by the automation software LABS (Laboratory Automation and Batch Scheduling), an open‐source software that allows to plan and conduct experiments with an arbitrary, freely selectable experimental setup. The automated experimental setup turned out to be stable and provides reproducible results. In total, 6 examples are demonstrated with isolated yields up to 81 %. In addition, the robust scalability of the electrochemical reaction was demonstrated in a 10‐fold scale‐up.

ABSTRACT Prokaryotes contribute to the global sulfur cycle by using diverse sulfur compounds as sulfur sources or electron acceptors. In this study, we report that a nitrogenase-like enzyme (NFL) and a radical SAM enzyme (RSE) are involved in the novel anaerobic assimilation pathway of a sulfonate, isethionate, in the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodobacter capsulatus. The nflHDK genes for NFL are localized at a locus containing genes for known sulfonate metabolism in the genome. A gene nflB encoding an RSE is present just upstream of nflH, forming a small gene cluster nflBHDK. Mutants lacking any nflBHDK genes are incapable of growing with isethionate as the sole sulfur source under anaerobic photosynthetic conditions, indicating that all four NflBHDK proteins are essential for the isethionate assimilation pathway. Heterologous expression of the islAB genes encoding a known isethionate lyase that degrades isethionate to sulfite and acetaldehyde restored the isethionate-dependent growth of a mutant lacking nflDK, indicating that the enzyme encoding nflBHDK is involved in an isethionate assimilation reaction to release sulfite. Furthermore, the heterologous expression of nflBHDK and ssuCAB encoding an isethionate transporter in the closely related species R. sphaeroides, which does not have nflBHDK and cannot grow with isethionate as the sole sulfur source, conferred isethionate-dependent growth ability to this species. We propose to rename nflBHDK as isrBHDK (isethionate reductase). The isrBHDK genes are widely distributed among various prokaryote phyla. Discovery of the isethionate assimilation pathway by IsrBHDK provides a missing piece for the anaerobic sulfur cycle and for understanding the evolution of ancient sulfur metabolism.IMPORTANCENitrogenase is an important enzyme found in prokaryotes that reduces atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia and plays a fundamental role in the global nitrogen cycle. It has been noted that nitrogenase-like enzymes (NFLs), which share an evolutionary origin with nitrogenase, have evolved to catalyze diverse reactions such as chlorophyll biosynthesis (photosynthesis), coenzyme F430 biosynthesis (methanogenesis), and methionine biosynthesis. In this study, we discovered that an NFL with unknown function in the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodobacter capsulatus is a novel isethionate reductase (Isr), which catalyzes the assimilatory degradation of isethionate, a sulfonate, releasing sulfite used as the sulfur source under anaerobic conditions. Isr is widely distributed among various bacterial phyla, including intestinal bacteria, and is presumed to play an important role in sulfur metabolism in anaerobic environments such as animal guts and microbial mats. This finding provides a clue for understanding ancient metabolism that evolved under anaerobic environments at the dawn of life.

The polar sulfonate groups in cationic dyeable polyester (CDP) lead to complex crystallization behavior, affecting CDP production's stability. In this study, cationic dyeable polyesters (CDP) with different sulfonate group contents were prepared via one-step feeding of sodium isophthalic acid-5-sulfonate (SIPA), terephthalic acid (PTA), and ethylene glycol (EG). The non-isothermal crystallization behavior of these copolyesters was analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Results show that the crystallization temperature of the sample shifts to lower values with the increase in SIPA content. The relaxation behavior of the molecular chain is enhanced due to the ionic aggregation effect of sulfonate groups in CDP. Therefore, at low cooling rates (2.5 °C/min and 5 °C/min), some molecular chain segments in CDP are still too late to orderly stack into the lattice, forming metastable crystals, and melting double peaks appear on the melting curve after crystallization. When the cooling rate increases (10–20 °C/min), the limited region of sulfonate aggregation in CDP increases, resulting in more random chain segments, and a cold crystallization peak appears on the melting curve after crystallization. The non-isothermal crystallization behavior of all samples was fitted and analyzed by the Jeziorny equation, Ozawa equation, and Mo equation. The results indicate that the nucleation density and nucleation growth rate of CDP decrease with the increase in SIPA content. Meanwhile, analysis of the Kissinger equation reveals that the activation energy of non-isothermal crystallization decreases gradually with the increase in SIPA content, and the addition of SIPA makes CDP crystallization more difficult. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Strain improvement via chemical mutagen could impart traits with better enzyme production or improved characteristics. The present study sought to investigate the physicochemical properties of pullulanase produced from the wild Bacillus sp and the mutant. The pullulanases produced from the wild and the mutant Bacillus sp. (obtained via induction with ethyl methyl sulfonate) were purified in a-three step purification procedure and were also characterized. The wild and mutant pullulanases, which have molecular masses of 40 and 43.23 kDa, showed yields of 2.3% with 6.0-fold purification and 2.0% with 5.0-fold purification, respectively, and were most active at 50 and 40 °C and pH 7 and 8, respectively. The highest stability of the wild and mutant was between 40 and 50 °C after 1 h, although the mutant retained greater enzymatic activity between pH 6 and 9 than the wild. The mutant had a decreased Km of 0.03 mM as opposed to the wild type of 1.6 mM. In comparison to the wild, the mutant demonstrated a better capacity for tolerating metal ions and chelating agents. These exceptional characteristics of the mutant pullulanase may have been caused by a single mutation, which could improve its utility in industrial and commercial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nucleophilic substitutions are fundamentally important transformations in synthetic organic chemistry. Despite the substantial advances in bimolecular nucleophilic substitutions (SN2) at saturated carbon centers, analogous SN2 reaction at the amide nitrogen atom remains extremely limited. Here we report an SN2 substitution method at the amide nitrogen atom with amine nucleophiles for nitrogen–nitrogen (N−N) bond formation that leads to a novel strategy toward biologically and medicinally important hydrazide derivatives. We found the use of sulfonate‐leaving groups at the amide nitrogen atom played a pivotal role in the reaction. This new N−N coupling reaction allows the use of O‐tosyl hydroxamates as electrophiles and readily available amines, including acyclic aliphatic amines and saturated N‐heterocycles as nucleophiles. The reaction features mild conditions, broad substrate scope (>80 examples), excellent functional group tolerability, and scalability. The method is applicable to late‐stage modification of various approved drug molecules, thus enabling complex hydrazide scaffold synthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emulsified asphalt is widely acknowledged as an environmentally friendly technology that contributes to the advancement of sustainable development in road engineering by conserving resources and reducing hazardous fumes during paving. However, the stability of emulsified asphalt is crucial to its performance, especially after long-term storage or transport, which is significantly affected by the structure of the emulsifier. In this study, three dodecyl sulfonate emulsifiers [i.e., sodium dodecyl sulfonate (SDSN), sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS), and sodium dodecyl diphenyl ether disulfonate (SLDED)] with zero, one, and two phenyl functional groups in their lipophilic group were utilized to explore the effects of phenyl functional groups and emulsifier concentrations on the stability of dodecyl sulfonate emulsified asphalt using a storage stability test and particle size distribution test. Moreover, molecular simulation was employed to explore the underlying mechanism of the phenyl functional groups on the stability of emulsified asphalt. The results demonstrated that the incorporation of the phenyl functional group performed a negative effect on the adsorption of emulsifiers at the water–asphalt interface at low dosages of 3% and 5% by weight. Due to the steric hindrance of the phenyl functional group and the overlap of SLDED's lipophilic and hydrophilic groups, SDBS and SLDED exhibited a stronger electrostatic potential than that of SDSN. SDBS emulsified asphalt displayed greater stability compared with SDSN emulsified asphalt, but SLDED emulsified asphalt conducted worse stability than both SDBS and SDSN emulsified asphalts because of its pronounced electrostatic potential distribution and intricate molecular structure. Therefore, it is recommended for suitable incorporation of phenyl functional groups in the emulsifiers to enhance the formation of a stable monolayer film at the water–asphalt interface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most serious threats to human health is the increasing prevalence of drug-resistant pathogens. The development of new antibiotics capable of combating drug resistance is critical. In various bacteria and plant species, 4-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) is produced and used as a substrate for folate generation. In this study, a new series of PABA analogs were synthesized and evaluated for their antimicrobial activity. Thirteen novel compounds were prepared by linking PABA hydrazide to sulfonate esters via a hydrazone bridge (4a–m). The structures of these compounds were characterized by 1H and 13C NMR and FT-IR spectroscopy as well as by LC-MS. Following structural characterization, all compounds were tested for their antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 29213), Enterococcus faecium (ATCC 19434), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), and Candida albicans (ATCC 10231) strains. Four compounds were found to have moderate antimicrobial activity against the P. aeruginosa strain. These compounds, including 4e, 4f, 4g, and 4m, containing a hydrazide-hydrazone sulfonate functionality, showed the best MIC value of 64 μg/mL. In addition, synergistic effects of ascorbic acid, salicylic acid, and N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) with synthesized compounds were also investigated. It was observed that the combination of compounds 4f and 4g with NAC showed antipseudomonal activity with MIC values of 32 μg/mL and 16 μg/mL, respectively, against the P. aeuriginosa strain. The antimicrobial activity of 4f and 4g was enhanced by two folds in combination with NAC. Our findings in this study can be crucial for the development of new potent antimicrobial agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A corncob-derived magnetic solid acid catalyst was synthesized through the sulfonation method and an impregnation process, respectively. In the sulfonation process, the concentrated H2SO4 was utilized as an activation agent to obtain acidic properties. The solution of ferric sulphate-ferrous sulphate was utilized for impregnation to generate the magnetic behaviour of the material. The prepared magnetic acid solid catalyst had a high saturation magnetisation value of 16.48 emu/g and a total acidity of 1.43 mmol/g. The performance of the catalyst was evaluated in the esterification reaction of waste cooking oil. The best result presented 86.12% FFA conversion under reaction conditions of 5% catalyst loading and a 1:15 oil-tomethanol molar ratio at 60oC for 4 h. The catalyst was separated magnetically from the reaction solution and exhibited a good reusability with 61% remaining active after 5 consecutive cycles of reaction. This study resulted in a promising method to obtain magnetic-sulfonated carbonbased catalyst from corncob residue, and it is economical potentially and environmentally friendly for the esterification of low-quality feedstock for biodiesel production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrazonylsulfones such as Bt-NHNHSO2R and their iminotautomers have been studied as optical materials and for their biological potential. In this work, a structural study has been carried out on N-(1,3-benzothiazol-2-yl)-4-(halogenobenzenesulfonyl)-hydrazides (1: X = F, Cl, Br). For (1: X = F), single-crystal X-ray diffraction, Hirshfeld surface analysis, and PIXEL calculations were conducted, while in (1: X = Cl) and (1: X = Br), only single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies were successfully conducted due to the disordering of the solvent. Each compound crystallises with two independent but similar amino tautomers in the asymmetric units: compound (1: X = F) crystallises in the monoclinic P21/c, and the isostructural pair (X: 1 = Cl and Br) crystallises in the tetragonal P-421c space group. In the most stable motif of the supramolecular arrangement, the molecules of the asymmetric unit are connected by classical N–H(hydrazinyl)···N(thiazoyl) hydrogen bonds and several face-to-face, offset π···π interactions. This motif has a very powerful influence on the crystal structure due to its direct links with the other weaker motifs. Other significant intermolecular interactions found in the structure include N–H(hydrazonyl)···O(sulfonate) bonds. Analogous intermolecular interactions were found in similar compounds, leading to the conclusion that those interactions are the most important instabilizing the solid state of hydrazonylsulfones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pest disasters which occurs on crops is a serious problem that not only cause crop yield loss or even crop failure but can also spread a number of plant diseases.Sulfonate derivatives have been widely used in insecticide and fungicide research in recent years. On this basis, a series of sulfonate derivatives bearing an amide unit are synthesized and the biological activities are evaluated. The bioassay results showed that compounds A8, A13, A16, B1, B3, B4, B5, B10, B12 − 20, C3, C5, C9, C10, C14, C15, C17 and C19 showed 100% activity at a concentration of 500 µg/mL against the Plutella xylostella (P. xylostella). Among them, B15 which contains a thiadiazole sulfonate structure still shows 100% activity at 50 µg/mL concentration against P. xylostella and had the lowest median lethal concentration (LC50) (7.61 µg/mL) among the target compounds. Further mechanism studies are conducted on compounds with better insecticidal activity. Molecular docking results shows that B15 formed hydrophobic interactions π-π and hydrogen bonds with the indole ring of Trp532 and the carboxyl group of Asp384, respectively, with similar interaction distances or bond lengths as those of diflubenzuron. Moreover, chitinase inhibition assays are performed to further demonstrate its mode of action. In addition, the anti-bacterial activity of the series of compounds is also tested and the results showed that the series of compounds has moderate biological activity against Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) and Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola (Xoc), with inhibition rates of 91%, 92% and 92%, 88% at the concentration of 100 µg/mL, respectively. Our study indicates that B15 can be used as a novel insecticide for crop protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An investigation was carried out on the feasibility of obtaining a reagent based on complex compounds for regulating the parameters of a drilling mud by introducing complex‑forming ferrous cations into a sodium lignosulfonate composition followed by additional modification with phosphonic compounds and obtaining a polyelectrolyte complex derived from anionic polyelectrolyte‑sodium lignosulfonate and modified cationic starch. The presence of functional groups in the sodium lignosulfonate sample studied capable of complexation was established by IR spectrometry. The determination of the optimal ratios of the starting components for the obtaining complex compounds using lignosulfonate, iron sulfate, and phosphonic compounds was carried by mathematical modelling with the Statistica 12 software package. The surface activity of the experimental samples was studied by a stalagmometric method (drop count method). The particle size distribution method using an SALD‑7101 laser analyzer was employed to study changes in the structure of the macromolecule of sodium lignosulfonate and a polyelectrolyte complex derived from sodium lignosulfonate and cationic starch. Obtaining a stable polyelectrolyte complex by selecting the optimal ratios of the anionic and cationic components involved measuring the dependence of the impedance of an electrochemical cell on the alternating currency frequency. The best mole ratio for preparation of the polyelectrolyte complex was 1:1. Feasibility was studied for using this lignosulfonate reagent based on complex compounds as a reagent for regulating the drilling mud parameters in the temperature range from 20° to 160-180°C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taurine, an amino sulfonic acid that is sometimes referred to as an amino acid, is endogenously synthesized by the action of the key genes/enzymes: cysteine dioxygenase (cdo), cysteine sulfonate decarboxylase (csad), glutamate decarboxylase (gad), and 2-amino ethanethiol dioxygenase (ado). The taurine transporter (taut) also distributes this taurine formation across the plasma. These genes have been identified as important in different physiological processes such as reproduction, digestion, olfactory, visual, circulatory, and muscular systems. Thus, a literature review of these genes in fish has been described in the present work. Moreover, there is null information regarding the study of regulatory elements such as transcription factors (TFs) in taurine biosynthesis and transportation genes of fishes. In this interest and taking advantage of the availability of different sequence databases, bioinformatics can be applied as a first approach for an in silico identification of the putative TFs and transcription factor binding sites (TFBS) that might play an important role in regulating these genes. The results showed that some are commonly shared, whereas TFs and TFBs vary among fish species. Hence, binding sites for homeobox protein BarH-like 1 (BARX1), brain-specific homeobox protein homolog (BSX), helicase-like transcription factor (HLTF), homeobox protein Hox-A7 (HOXA7), homeobox protein Hox-B3 (HOXB3), homeobox protein Hox-B6 (HOXB6), homeobox protein Meis1 (MEIS1), homeobox protein Meis3 (MEIS3), nuclear factor of activated T cells 1 (NFATC1), and homeobox protein Nkx-6.2 (NKX6-2) were commonly found in the promoter regions of genes involved in taurine transportation and biosynthesis. Additionally, our results suggested that the frequency of HOXB3, a transcription factor involved in development, has repetitive TFBS sites in the promoter region of all species analyzed in the present study. Although bioinformatics gives us an approach to determine putative TFs and TFBS, further work is needed to verify how the found regulatory elements play a key role in taurine biosynthesis and transportation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Methyl ester sulphonate (MES) is an anionic surfactant that is suitable to be used as an active ingredient in household products. Four palm-based MES compounds with various carbon chains, namely C12, C14, C16 and C16/18 MES, were assayed by the in vitro bacterial reverse mutation (Ames) test in the Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98, TA100, TA1535, and TA1537 and the Escherichia coli strain WP2 uvrA, with the aim of establishing the safety data of the compounds, specifically their mutagenicity. The test was also carried out on linear alkylbenzene sulphonate (LAS) for comparison. The plate incorporation method was conducted according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Test Guideline 471. All compounds were tested at five analysable non-cytotoxic concentrations, varying from.001 mg/plate to 5 mg/plate, with and without S-9 metabolic activation. All tested concentrations showed no significant increase in the number of revertant colonies compared to revertant colonies of the negative control. The Ames test indicated that each concentration of C12, C14, C16, C16/18 MES, and LAS used in this study induced neither base-pair substitutions nor frame-shift mutations in the S. typhimurium strains TA98, TA100, TA1535, and TA1537 and the E. coli strain WP2 uvrA. The results showed that C12, C14, C16 and C16/18 MES have no potential mutagenic properties in the presence and absence of S-9 metabolic activation, similarly to LAS. Therefore, the MES is safe to be used as an alternative to petroleum-based surfactants for household cleaning products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies on the occurrence and environmental distribution of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have clearly demonstrated their ubiquity in surface soil as a result of historic and ongoing emissions from various manufacturing and industrial activities worldwide. Given global efforts to characterize and mitigate risk from point source–impacted sites, there is, thus, an urgent need to quantify nonpoint source threshold concentrations (i.e., background) to support site management decisions particularly for perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) as a top priority. Accordingly, this study evaluated the application of Gaussian mixture models (GMMs) fitted to log-transformed PFOS concentrations using nation-wide metadata consisting of thousands of surface soil samples representative of both background and aqueous film–forming foam (AFFF) impacts with unknown proportion. Multiple GMMs were fitted for a given number of components using different methods to account for bias associated with a marginal non-detect fraction (n = 8%) including exclusion, substitution, and imputation. Careful evaluation of the rate of change among multiple goodness-of-fit measures universally justified fitting a 2-component GMM; thus, discriminating between background and AFFF-impacted samples among the metadata. Background threshold PFOS concentrations were defined as the intersection of the probability density functions and ranged between 1.9 and 13.8 µg/kg within a broader concentration range extending up to ~ 50,000 µg/kg reflecting AFFF impacts. By demonstrating an innovative statistical approach that intelligently incorporates different criteria for model selection, this research makes significant contributions to risk mitigation efforts at point source–impacted sites and lays the groundwork for future targeted regulatory actions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Linear alkyl-benzene sulfonate surfactants (LAS) are a major pollutant source of sewage and wastewater. They trigger severe impact on the environmental fauna and flora. Current research explores the synthesis of three different core–shell nanocomposites (CSNCs) containing titania through an inexpensive oxidative polymerization technique. The fabricated CSNCs were evaluated for the photocatalytic degradation of LAS water contaminations. The selected CSNCs investigated for this study were the TiO2/poly(aniline-co-pyrrole) and TiO2/ poly(aniline-co-3-Me-thiophene) as well as the TiO2/terpolymer (aniline-pyrrole-m-aminobenzoic acid). The structure of the formed nanocomposites was confirmed by varied characterization spectroscopy. The core–shell structure of the nanocomposites was confirmed by scanning electron micrographs and transmission electron microscopy. The CSNCs exhibited intensive photo catalytic degradation efficacy toward LAS under visible light exposure in comparison with the exposure in their absence. The parameters optimizing their photovoltaic degradation efficiency were assessed. The presented approach implies that an effective, economical, and environmentally friendly synthetic setup was achieved to produce novel CSNCs with high potential as LAS photodegradation agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations constitute a powerful tool that provides a 3D perspective of the dynamical behavior of chemical systems. Herein the first MD study of the dynamics of a catalytic organometallic system, in micellar media, is presented. The challenging methane catalytic functionalization into ethyl propionate through a silver‐catalyzed process has been targeted as the case study. The intimate nature of the micelles formed with the surfactants sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) and potassium perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) has been ascertained, as well as the relative distribution of the main actors in this transformation, namely methane, the diazo reagent and the silver catalyst, the latter in two different forms: the initial compound and a silver‐carbene intermediate. Catalyst deactivation occurs with halide containing surfactants dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride (DTAC) and Triton X‐100. Computed simulations allow explaining the experimental results, indicating that micelles behave differently regarding the degree of accumulation and the local distribution of the reactants and their effect in the molecular collisions leading to net reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heterogenous nanofluidic membranes with bi‐layer structures and ionic diode effect are shown great potential in efficiently harvesting the energy existing in a salinity gradient (or called the osmotic power conversion). However, exploitation of a heterogenous membrane with superior ion selectivity, excellent conductance, and strong ionic diode characteristics has remained a great challenge. Here, a novel heterogenous subnanochannel membrane with a tri‐continuous pore structure of a large geometry gradient ranging from sub‐nanoscale to nanoscale to sub‐microscale, which is composed of a thin and crack‐free layer of zeolitic imidazolate framework‐8 (ZIF‐8)/polystyrene sulfonate (PSS) membranes and an aligned branch‐type alumina nanochannel membrane (BANM) is reported. It is demonstrated that such a tri‐continuous pore structure can endow the exploited membrane, ZIF‐8/PSS@BANM, with enhanced ion selectivity, strong ion current rectification, and ultrafast ion transport properties, in organic electrolyte solutions. Thus, an amazingly high power of ≈50.5 W m−2 is produced by mixing a 2 m LiCl‐methanol and pure methanol solutions, which is over 45‐fold higher than the existing membranes. Realizing high ion selectivity and amplified directional ion transport at sub‐nanoconfined spaces in organic solvents paves the new way to develop ion‐channel‐mimetic membranes toward efficient ion separation and high‐performance energy harvesters for battery applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Porous hydrophilic polyelectrolyte matrices have been obtained by reverse suspension copolymerization of p-styrenesulfonate with N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide, as well as by cryotropic gelation of sulfonic acrylates (3-sulfopropyl methacrylate and sulfobetaine methacrylate). It has been shown that the concentration of sulfonate groups in the obtained polyelectrolytes is 2–3 mmol/g. The morphology and structure of the surface layer of the polyelectrolyte matrices have been studied by scanning electron microscopy and FTIR spectroscopy, while the specific surface area and pore size distribution have been investigated by the BET method. Adsorption of Cu2+ ions has been studied spectrophotometrically. It has been found that polyelectrolyte matrices containing aromatic sulfonate groups have the maximum sorption capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we synthesized and characterized Schiff base ligands (S1–3), which contained sulfonamide/sulfonate groups, and their corresponding Pd(II) complexes (K1–3). We also introduced these complexes into Al2O3‐supported materials (M1–3) using the impregnation method. Following the structural characterization, we proceeded to evaluate the performance of the supported materials in a series of degradation and reduction reactions of involving organic pollutants. These assessments were conducted with the intention of exploring their potential as catalysts in aqueous environments in the presence of NaBH4. The study's findings present novel approaches to develop effective catalysts for reducing/degrading organic pollutants in aqueous environments. The M2 catalyst showed excellent results for dye mixing after 90 s. Additionally, we investigated the antibacterial and cytotoxic properties of the synthesized compounds. The outcome also suggests that these synthesized compounds exhibit potential antibacterial and cytotoxic properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reports on a study that investigated the use of blended sulfonated polymer membranes for fuel cell applications. The researchers blended a sulfonated poly(arylene ether) polymer material with an amine-based crosslinking agent in 1%–5% varying weight percentages. By replacing the sulfonates' hydrogen bonds with the amine groups in the crosslinking agent, the researchers were able to enhance the structure of the polymer material. This, in turn, can help resolve the issue of inadequate dimensional stability of SA8, thereby prolonging the lifespan of fuel cells. The resulting membranes showed improved dimensional stability, oxidative stability, and cell component efficiency, with the 5% crosslinking agent blend ratio demonstrating decrease 30.8 times in swelling ratio and a 4.9% increase in oxidative stability. Additionally, the fuel cell efficiency of the 1% crosslinking agent blend ratio membrane was 20.4% higher than that of the commercial membrane, with a power density of 1.21 W/cm2. The SA8+1P blend ratio had the highest ion exchange capacity and water uptake, resulting in increased proton conductivity and power density. Furthermore, the dimensional stability of the membranes improved with the blend ratio, with the SA8+5P membrane outperforming the commercial Nafion 211 membrane. The SA8+1P and SA8+5P membranes have been proven to demonstrate exceptional performance in terms of ion exchange capacity, conductivity, and dimensional stability. Furthermore, these membranes also show high efficiency in fuel cell efficiency. Overall, the results suggest that blending sulfonated polymer membranes with an amine-based crosslinking agent has the potential to improve the performance of fuel cell components. • SA8 exhibits outstanding membrane-forming properties and remarkable proton conductivity in fuel cells. • Amine-based Sulfonated poly(arylene ether) can increase the dimensional and cell component efficiency stability. • Membranes demonstrate excellent performance with SA8 blending ratios of 1% and 5% crosslinking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The toxicity of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LABs) to Clarias gariepinus was investigated. For 30 days, the fish were exposed to LABs at 0.00, 0.50, 1.00, 1.50, and 2.00 mg/L. After each trial period, one fish from each plastic tub was chosen and its heart was punctured for blood samples. The blood samples were then collected and deposited in pre-designated bottles for analysis. Following blood collection, a fish was dissected and its organs were extracted. The organs were preserved in liquid nitrogen at -25oC until they were analyzed. A portable refractometer was used to quantify total serum protein content. A microplate reader was used to measure reduced glutathione (GSH). Albumin was quantified using the Bromocresol Green albumin assay kit, whereas alanine aminotransferase activity was assessed colorimetrically. Subtracting albumin from protein concentration yielded the globulin content. On days 23 and 30, protein content corresponds positively with exposure length and differs significantly (p < 0.05) between the control and treatment groups. The activity of GSH reduced slightly but not significantly (p > 0.05). Significant variations in albumin and globulin (p < 0.05) only on day 30. AAS activity differs significantly (p < 0.05) between treatments and the control. This study demonstrated that LAB exposure can be harmful to human health. Because anthropogenic sources are the primary source of LAB exposure, authorities must implement strict mitigation measures to limit this risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The multi-network hydrogel synthesized using a novel combination of acrylamide and sodium vinyl sulfonate as monomers, along with N,N′-methylene bisacrylamide as a crosslinking agent, exhibits promising potential for applications in wastewater treatment and drug delivery systems. In addition to evaluating the chemical and thermal properties, the swelling behavior of the hydrogels was examined. Furthermore, the findings from the study of paracetamol adsorption onto the multi-network hydrogel were examined utilizing a variety of adsorption isotherms and kinetic models. The results demonstrate that the hydrogel with a swelling equilibrium value of 265.78 g H2O/g dry gel has considerable potential for the removal of paracetamol from aqueous solution, with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model offering an outstanding fit to the experimental data. This work contributes to the development of potential and sustainable materials for environmental and biomedical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last few decades, sulfonated carbon materials have garnered significant attention as Brønsted solid acid catalysts. The sulfonation process and catalytic activity of sulfonated biochar can be influenced by the aromaticity and degree of condensation exhibited by biochar. However, the relationships between the aromaticity, sulfonating ability, and resultant catalytic activity are not fully understood. In this study, biochar samples pyrolyzed at 300–650 °C exhibiting different aromaticity and degrees of condensation were sulfonated and employed as sulfonate-bearing solid catalysts for hydrolytically removing tylosin. They exhibited excellent hydrolytic performance and their kinetic constants were positively correlated with the total acidity and negatively correlated with their aromaticity. This study has uncovered the relationship between the structure, properties, sulfonating ability, and subsequent hydrolytic performance of biochar samples. It was observed that the aromaticity of biochar decreased as the pyrolysis temperature increased. Lower pyrolysis temperatures resulted in a reduced degree of condensation, smaller ring size, and an increased number of ring edge sites available for sulfonation, ultimately leading to enhanced catalytic performance. These findings provide valuable insights into the fundamental chemistry behind sulfonation upgrading of biochar, with the aim of developing functional catalysts for mitigating antibiotics in contaminated water. Highlights: Effects of aromatic, condensation and topology of condensed ring in biochar on their sulfonation ability were revealed The total acidity of sulfonated biochar was positively correlated with its hydrolytic ability for tolysin mitigation Low aromaticity, low degree of condensation and abundant edge sites led to high acidity and enhanced catalytic ability [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research focuses on utilizing gamma irradiation to synthesize polyacrylic acid-co-polyacrylamide p(AAm-co-AAc) hydrogels. The effect of synthetic parameters on physicochemical features of p(AAm-co-AAc) hydrogls were examined, including acrylic acid (AAc): acrylamide (AAm) weight ratios, monomer concentration, and gamma irradiation dosage (kGy). At the optimum synthetic conditions (30 kGy and 75% AAc), different chemical modifications are explored to incorporate sulfonate, hydroxyl, carboxyl, cysteine, thiol, and amine functional groups within the bare hydrogel (Cpd 0) structure. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses confirmed the success development of functionalized hydrogels (namely Cpd 1 to 6) with three-dimensional porous structures. These modified hydrogels include Cpd 1, a sulfonated hydrogel through a sulfonation reaction; Cpd 2, modified via NaOH hydrolysis; Cpd 3, modified using thionyl chloride; Cpd 4, incorporating cysteine modification through reaction with cysteine; Cpd 5, with 4-(Dimethylamino) benzaldehyde; and Cpd 6, modified with 3,4-Dimethylbenzoic acid.The effect of hydrogel composition and surface functionalities on the swelling capacity and interactions with scale-forming/heavy metal ions (e.g., Ba2+, Sr2+, and Cu2+) was investigated in saline water solution (NaCl = 1000 mg/L). Batch adsorption studies reveal that all modified hydrogels exhibited higher removal efficiency for the three metal ions than unmodified p(AAm-co-AAc) hydrogel, validating the key role of surface functionalities in tailoring hydrogel affinity for metal ions adsorption. Amongst these, NaOH-treated hydrogel (Cpd 2) outperformed all other modified ones in the removal of Cu2+, Ba2+, and Sr2+ ions, with maximum capacities of 13.67, 36.4, and 27.31 mg/g, respectively. Based on adsorption isotherm and kinetic modeling, the adsorption process of the three metal ions onto all modified hydrogels better obeyed Freundlich isotherm and pseudo-first-order kinetic models. Thermodynamic studies also indicated that the adsorption behavior of Sr2+ ions can exhibit both exothermic and endothermic characteristics, depending on the nature of hydrogel surface chemistry. Conversely, the adsorption process of Cu2+ and Ba2+ ions onto all modified hydrogels is endothermic, suggesting favorable chemical adsorption mechanisms. These findings reveal that the specific adsorption performance of hydrogel is dependent on the type of modification and the targeted heavy metal ions. Based on the nature of hydrogel surface functionality, surface modifications can change the charge density, hydrophilicity, and overall chemical environment of the hydrogel, offering a versatile approach to optimize the adsorption affinity/selectivity of hydrogel's in removing scale-forming/heavy metals from water solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in Pd-catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reactions using triflates or nonaflates as alternative substrates. It explores the challenges and optimization required for successful cross-coupling reactions with triflates, highlighting the use of different triflates as electrophilic coupling partners. The document also discusses the diverse applications and methodologies of SM cross-coupling reactions using aryl triflates as substrates, including the synthesis of complex molecules, chiral compounds, and incorporation of radioactive isotopes. Additionally, it provides examples of SM cross-coupling reactions using different catalysts and reaction conditions, demonstrating the tolerance of electron-withdrawing and electron-donating groups. The document also discusses the use of nonaflates as alternatives to triflates in cross-coupling reactions and provides an overview of methods for the conversion of triflates to halides. [Extracted from the article]

(Hetero)Aryl fluorosulfates (ArOSO2F/ArOFs) emerged as a versatile synthon in "click chemistry," attracting the interest of chemists owing to their extensive applications in fields such as biology, medicine, materials, and polymers. Readily prepared from widely available phenolic compounds in nature, fluorosulfates serve as a economical, efficient, and environmentally friendly alternative to trifluoromethane sulfonates. In recent years, fluorosulfates have attracted research attention as emerging electrophilic reagents in transition‐metal‐catalyzed coupling reactions. The development of a broad range of coupling reactions will considerably expand their applications in interdisciplinary fields. This review summarized the synthesis methods for fluorosulfates and their instances as coupling partners in various transition‐metal‐catalyzed reactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]