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Topological interface states have wide applications for their robustness and energy localization. Multiple topological interface states in 1D acoustic systems are preferred for signal enhancement at specific frequencies. However, previous 1D topological systems with local interactions can realize only one topological interface state in a bandgap. Here, we find that connected acoustic Su–Schrieffer–Heeger (SSH) chains with nonlocal interactions can achieve two or more topological interface states at different frequencies in a single bandgap, even in the subwavelength region. The difference in frequency can be modulated by merely adjusting the structural design at the interface. A mechanical metamaterial with a large winding number is designed to realize multiple nondegenerate topological interface states. This metamaterial can enhance weak acoustic signals at multiple specific frequencies simultaneously and has applications in the fields of acoustic detecting and color imaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ice accumulation on aircraft can lead to aerodynamic performance degradation and even trigger security incidents. However, traditional surface dielectric barrier discharge (SDBD) reactors cannot work while covered by glaze ice. In the present work, a novel three-electrode double-sided SDBD is proposed and employed for glaze ice deicing. Compared with traditional SDBD reactor, three-electrode double-sided SDBD introduces an additional discharge area and grounding electrode. On one hand, the heat generated in the additional discharge area can melt the glaze ice covered on the high-voltage electrode, providing a discharge gap for the subsequent discharge. On the other hand, the introduction of the additional grounding electrode can also dramatically enhance the upper discharge and thermal effect. As a result, compared with the three-electrode single-sided SDBD and two-electrode double-sided SDBD, the three-electrode double-sided SDBD has the highest deposited energy, maximal temperature, and deicing rate. To further optimize the structural design, the effect of air gap length below the dielectric on three-electrode double-sided SDBD is investigated. And it is found that the best deicing performance can be obtained at the air gap length of 1 mm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resistive random-access memories have attracted significant attention in memory applications, while the physical mechanism behind their resistive switching behavior is still unclear. As a key issue, the migration of oxygen vacancies (VO) directly influences the performance of devices in the formation and rupture of conductive filaments (CFs). In this work, the distance of VO migration is performed as electric field dependent and affects the performance of the device. Sufficient distance of VO migration is essential for formation and rupture of CF completely, leading to, ideally, SET/RESET transition of the device. Based on this mechanism, an enhanced electric field is designed that optimizes the stability of the device significantly, which is demonstrated to be a promising approach to optimize the properties of the device. The investigation is helpful for guiding the design of device structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spatially dual-confined Ni-dope CoS 2 @NC@C microrods (Ni-CoS 2 @NC@C) are developed via structural design, heteroatom doping and carbon confinement to boost sodium storage performance of the material. [Display omitted] Currently, conversion-type transition metal sulfides have been extensively favored as the anodes for sodium-ion batteries due to their excellent redox reversibility and high theoretical capacity; however, they generally suffer from large volume expansion and structural instability during repeatedly Na+ de/intercalation. Herein, spatially dual-confined Ni-doped CoS 2 @NC@C microrods (Ni-CoS 2 @NC@C) are developed via structural design, heteroatom doping and carbon confinement to boost sodium storage performance of the material. The morphology of one-dimensional-structured microrods effectively enlarges the electrode/electrolyte contact area, while the confinement of dual - carbon layers greatly alleviates the volume change-induced stress, pulverization, agglomeration of the material during charging and discharging. Moreover, the introduction of Ni improves the electrical conductivity of the material by modulating the electronic structure and enlarges the interlayer distance to accelerate Na+ diffusion. Accordingly, the as-prepared Ni-CoS 2 @NC@C exhibits superb electrochemical properties, delivering the satisfactory cycling performance of 526.6 mA h g−1 after 250 cycles at 1 A g−1, excellent rate performance of 410.9 mA h g−1 at 5 A g−1 and superior long cycling life of 502.5 mA h g−1 after 1,500 cycles at 5 A g−1. This study provides an innovative idea to improve sodium storage performance of conversion-type transition metal sulfides through the comprehensive strategy of structural design, heteroatom doping and carbon confinement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diversion head works, also called weirs or barrages, are structures constructed across rivers or canals to store water or raise the water level. The design of diversion weir structures involves calculating the depth, length and thickness of the horizontal and sloping aprons and sheet pile cut-offs. The design parameters of a diversion weir structure, which have complex non-linear relationships, are traditionally determined using empirically derived recommendations and iterations to achieve structural stability against failures due to scour, uplift, sliding, piping and overturning. However, current design approaches do not explicitly explore the trade-offs between the many relevant design objectives and thus fail to reveal possibly superior designs. A multi-objective optimisation design approach for a diversion weir structure is proposed in this article. A free and open-source code that can be used as a design tool is also provided. The method is demonstrated on a stylised design problem. The results show that the method reveals solutions with diverse balances of stability metrics and cost, with the optimal relationships of parameter values of components also varying based on the relative cost of the construction materials for sheet piles and aprons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tunable electromagnetically induced transparency-like (EIT-like) metamaterials exhibit extremely high modulation depth and sensitivity, and are widely applied in sensors, modulators and filters. However, frequency shift may occur in the process of regulation, and this law has not been discovered yet. In this work, we reveal the law of frequency shift in tunable EIT-like metamaterials. Based on bright-dark coupling mode and bright-bright coupling mode, two EIT-like metamaterials with simple structures are proposed. The transmission amplitude and frequency of EIT-like effect can be dynamically controlled by tuning the Fermi level of graphene. The law reveals that the frequency of EIT-like effect shifts only when the damping rates of both coupling modes change and the change of one damping rate cannot shift the EIT-like effect. The conclusion can be verified by two-particle model. Due to the universality in tunable EIT-like metamaterials, the law can reduce the blindness of building models in metamaterials and improve the efficiency of structural design. Our work shows great practical prospect in terahertz modulators, optical switches and buffers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The inverse design of nanophotonic devices has been widely concerned by researchers, and on-demand design is the difficulty of inverse design. In inverse design, researchers usually define a target spectrum based on the performance indicators and experiences and then inverse design the structural parameters from the target spectrum. Due to the uncertainty of inverse design and "one-to-many" problem, it is not usually possible to guarantee that the target spectrum is sure to correspond to a real nanostructure. In order to solve these problems, an inverse design method combining generative model and genetic algorithm is proposed in this paper. Before the inverse design, the real spectrum is compressed into a latent space by the generation model, and then, the target spectrum is decoded from the latent space according to the performance index. Finally, the hybrid optimization algorithm combining genetic algorithm and forward prediction network is used to optimize the generated spectrum. The design method follows the process from performance indicators to target spectrum to structural parameter, and we successfully realized the inverse design of multilayer nanofilms on demand by using this method in the experimental part. The inverse design method proposed in this paper provides a possible solution for the inverse design of nanophotonic devices on demand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The progress of chrome-free tanning in tanning has made the development of its supporting polymer chemicals a hot spot. In terms of polymers, the structure of polymer chains has a significant impact on their molecular structure, directly affecting their application range and effectiveness as the leather chemicals in this process. To date, there are still few reports on the review of organic chromium-free tanning chemicals based on the structure of polymer chains. Thus, in this study, the polymer chemicals used in chrome free tanning was reviewed according to the main construction methods such as linear, branched, and cross-linked structures. In addition, the characteristics of the different configurations, the main factors affecting them and the advantages of the corresponding configurations in the preparation of chemicals for chrome-free tanning were characteristics. This study can provide theoretical supports for the development of polymer chemicals in organic chromium-free tanning systems, and further promote the transformation, upgrading, and sustainable development of the traditional leather industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The integration of inserts into sandwich panel constructions is a complex multi-step process with significant human intervention that also limits the geometrical freedom of the insert design. In a standard sandwich construction, the panel core is made up of multiple materials across its main components: insert, potting and core. This multi-material assembly is not only difficult to manufacture, but it also promotes stress jumps at the insert-core interface, leading to a sub-optimal load distribution from the bolt to the panel core. Additive manufacturing (AM) can lead to a single-part core and insert assembly with more optimised insert geometries that can better transmit the loads applied to the panel. Previous work by the authors has explored the manufacturing limits and the failure modes of AM inserts integrated in cores printed out of sintered AlSi10Mg. The conclusions were that the core walls and insert elements should have a minimum design thickness of 0.5 mm to survive the tapping process without facesheets attached and it was found that the main failure mode of the geometries tested in pull-out was buckling of the insert walls. Based on these results, the paper proposes a novel insert design philosophy that can delay the buckling of 3D printed inserts and move the failure point of the insert away from the bolt. A set of inserts that follow this design direction is manufactured and tested under normal pull-out loads and the optimised designs outperform standard printed insert geometries by a factor of three. The design philosophy can be further developed to offer a suitable alternative to the current insert standard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Design space exploration and margin analysis can inform critical decisions early in engineering design, helping to handle the uncertainties of early design while ensuring design performance. In practice, the complexity of many products makes such decision-making challenging. This paper addresses the challenge with a new design framework that relies on the margin value method to evaluate sets of concepts that are combinatorially generated from an enhanced function-means tree. The basis for concept comparison is the margin value in each design alternative. The margin value method is expanded to address a broad class of design problems by using surrogate models and novel metrics for evaluating different conceptual alternatives. Visualization tools are introduced to support the evaluations. The efficacy of the framework is demonstrated using the design of a structural aero-engine component involving simulation models and uncertain load specifications. Overall, this paper shows how design concepts can be compared objectively and distilled to a set of alternatives that would retain their values throughout product development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents the development of a maize ear model and a predictive approach for kernel damage in maize threshing, integrating physical simulation and predictive analytics to understand better and forecast threshing-related damage. First, a maize ear model was developed to analyse kernel damage during threshing. Through the angle of repose experiments, the optimal number of spheres for the kernel model was established as 65. Tensile tests were conducted to evaluate the kernel-cob bond strength, revealing an average relative error in the bonding force of 8.71%. Vogel impact energy modelling was applied to the kernel threshing process to determine kernel damage. The correlation between the speed of seed grain movement and the occurrence of damage was analysed by post-processing to identify locations with frequent kernel damage in the drum. In-depth data analysis of kernel damage in the threshing drum further elucidates the inherent relationship between kernel velocity and damage extent. The study then focused on applying neural networks to predict damage rates. The comparative evaluation shows that the PSO-LSTM model has better prediction accuracy than LSTM and RNN models, with the PSO-LSTM network achieving an RMSE of 0.096, a R 2 of 99.96%, and a final damage rate of 2.41% in validation tests. Threshing experiments were conducted to verify the model, showing a 1.4% discrepancy between predicted and actual damage rates. This study proposes a kernel damage prediction model and provides new insights and directions for the structural design of threshing drums. • Applied Vogel model for threshing damage analysis. • Seeds are vulnerable to damage at the top and bottom of the drum. • PSO-LSTM outperforms LSTM, RNN in damage prediction. • Verified model accuracy with practical threshing experiments. • Identified optimal kernel number through repose angle tests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The guardrail structure is generally installed in parallel on the inner side of the basic rail, which is expected to prevent the wheelsets of rail vehicles from derailing during the train-to-train collision test. This study aims to conduct research on the structural design and optimization of the guardrail for the train-to-train collision test platform. A two-step optimization method was employed, i.e., the topological optimization design of the supporting post and the lightweight size optimization of the overall guardrail, to improve the material utilization rate and achieve the best space size design. In order to explore the topology optimization of the supporting post alone and the overall topology optimization of the guardrail (i.e., a combination of supporting post and central plate), two optimization models were designed with seven subcases each loaded with different heights (H_Fc). Through comparative analysis, the selected supporting post under the H_Fc of 650 mm exhibited a mass reduction rate of 69.597%. In order to explore the optimal configuration of the guardrail and the spacing arrangement of supporting posts, a lightweight size optimization design based on topological result was carried out. The supporting post condition and the central plate condition were considered according to the different positions where the guardrail may be impacted by the wheelset, and the normalization method was adopted to make the output responses dimensionless. The optimization results were obtained by implementing the Box Behnken method, the Hammersley method, response surface model and genetic algorithm. The optimized structure showed that its mass per unit length is 43.885% lighter than the initial configuration. Compared with the conceptual design, the optimized structure was 3.564% lighter, while the maximum deformation was reduced by 9.049%. Therefore, the lightweight optimized guardrail has higher protection strength and lower mass, which is expected to be widely used for the train-to-train collision test platform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent days, the sandwich structure has created significant evolutionary changes in world technology, which are used in many sectors like automobile, aeronautical, defence, etc., The structural-based studies are evaluated and replaced with the sandwich structure, which contains three layers; a core layer, upper and lower face sheets. This article evaluates the transverse shear modulus of the sandwich core structure of 3D-printed materials. Henceforth the bioinspired structural design is adopted as core structure which is bio-mimicked from the microstructural layer design of the woodpecker's beak. Forming the wavy patterns is incorporated with the conventional honeycomb shape. The edges of the structure's waviness are modeled as champer edges with the required dimensions. The fused deposition modeling (FDM) process is carried out to bring out the expected sandwich core design. Here, the article speaks about the contest between the various types of materials like polylactic acid (PLA), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), high impact polystyrene (HIPS), carbon fiber-polylactic acid (CF-PLA), carbon fiber - acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (CF-ABS), carbon fiber-polyethylene terephthalate glycol (CF-PETG). Each material contains specific properties; Henceforth, each material property is validated by ASTM E1876 standard. The objective is to find the good effectiveness of transverse shear modulus by the Nondestructive process called alternative dynamic method among the 3D-printed Bioinspired materials. In this study, CF-PLA stands ahead to give efficient transverse shear modulus property values. These results can be carried forward to structural development, enhancing the structure's performance as the futuristic pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

NNN bis-aryl amide pincer ligands may be designed to meet the structural requirements for Cu(II) metallocycle hexamer formation, giving supramolecular crystals containing solvent-accesible voids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tailoring the selectivity at the electrode‐electrolyte interface is one of the greatest challenges for heterogeneous electrocatalysis, and complementary strategies to catalyst structural designs need to be developed. Herein, we proposed a new strategy of controlling the electrocatalytic pathways by lateral adsorbate interaction for the bio‐polyol oxidation. Redox‐innocent 1,1,1,3,3,3‐hexafluoro‐2‐propanol (HFIP) anion possesses the alcoholic property that facilely adsorbs on the nickel oxyhydroxide catalyst, but is resistant to oxidation due to the electron‐withdrawing trifluoromethyl groups. The alien HFIP adsorbents can compete with bio‐polyols and form a mixed adsorbate layer that creates lateral adsorbate interaction via hydrogen bonding, which achieved a >2‐fold enhancement of the oxalate selectivity to 55 % for the representative glycerol oxidation and can be extended to various bio‐polyol substrates. Through in situ spectroscopic analysis and DFT calculation on the glycerol oxidation, we reveal that the hydrogen‐bonded adsorbate interaction can effectively tune the adsorption energies and tailor the oxidation capabilities toward the targeted products. This work offers an additional perspective of tuning electrocatalytic reactions via introducing redox‐innocent adsorbates to create lateral adsorbate interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents research on the use of anisogrid lattice structures in fighter wing applications. While the anisogrid lattice structure has been widely used in spacecraft structures, its implementation in main aircraft structures is still limited. The study is aimed at investigating the feasibility of utilizing an anisogrid lattice structure in fighter wing design. The analysis and optimization focus on determining the optimal weight of the composite wing structure, considering static, buckling, and flutter failure constraints. Various lift distributions, including triangular, Schrenk, and constant, are applied to evaluate the structure's response to static failure caused by aerodynamic loads. The anisogrid structure design incorporates inclined lattice elements between ribs and spars, with spar arrangement in the wing box featuring an anisogrid configuration. The anisogrid lattice structure is expected to produce higher bending and torsional stiffness compared to conventional orthogonal structures, producing better flutter and buckling characteristics. The optimized wing structure successfully meets static, buckling, and flutter load requirements at speeds below 500 m/s. The study showcases triangular, Schrenk, and constant load distributions resulting in half-wing masses of 504, 571, and 707 kg, respectively. The results show that flutter and buckling loads are no longer the critical loads in wing structural design but static load. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work inspects the utilization of all-polymer solar cells (APSCs) in indoor applications under LED illumination, with a focus on boosting efficiency through simulation-based design. The study employs a SCAPS TCAD device simulator to investigate the performance of APSCs under white LED illumination at 1000 lux, with a power density of 0.305 mW/cm2. Initially, the simulator is validated against experimental results obtained from a fabricated cell utilizing CD1:PBN-21 as an absorber blend and PEDOT:PSS as a hole transportation layer (HTL), where the initial measured efficiency is 16.75%. The simulation study includes an examination of both inverted and conventional cell structures. In the conventional structure, where no electron transportation layer (ETL) is present, various materials are evaluated for their suitability as the HTL. NiO emerges as the most promising HTL material, demonstrating the potential to achieve an efficiency exceeding 27%. Conversely, in the inverted configuration without an HTL, the study explores different ETL materials to engineer the band alignment at the interface. Among the materials investigated, ZnS emerges as the optimal choice, recording an efficiency of approximately 33%. In order to reveal the efficiency limitations of these devices, the interface and bulk defects are concurrently investigated. The findings of this study underscore the significance of careful material selection and structural design in optimizing the performance of APSCs for indoor applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three-dimensional (3D) printing of polymer materials encompasses a wide range of applications and innovations. Polymer-based 3D printing, also known as additive manufacturing, has gained significant attention due to its versatility, cost-effectiveness, and potential to revolutionize various industries. The current paper focuses on obtaining a durable low-cost rehabilitation knee orthosis. Researchers propose that the entire structure should be obtained using modern equipment within the additive manufacturing domain—3D printing. The researchers focus on determining, through a 3D analysis of the entire 3D model assembly, which parts present a high degree of stress when a kinematic simulation is developed. The entire 3D model of the orthosis starts based on the result obtained from a 3D scanning of the knee joint of a patient, providing a precise fixation, and allowing for direct personalization. Based on the results and identification of the critical parts, there will be used different materials and a combination of 3D printing strategies to validate the physical model of the entire orthosis. For the manufacturing process, the researchers use two types of low-cost fused filament fabrication (FFF), which are easy to find on the worldwide market. The motivation for manufacturing the entire assembly using 3D printing techniques is the short time in which complex shapes can be obtained, which is relevant for the present study. The main purpose of the present research is to advance orthotic technology by developing an innovative knee brace made of 3D-printed polymers that are designed to be lightweight, easy-to-use, and provide comfort and functionality to patients during the rehabilitation process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ceramic fibers have the advantages of high temperature resistance, light weight, favorable chemical stability and superior mechanical vibration resistance, which make them widely used in aerospace, energy, metallurgy, construction, personal protection and other thermal protection fields. Further refinement of the diameter of conventional ceramic fibers to microns or nanometers could further improve their thermal insulation performance and realize the transition from brittleness to flexibility. Processing traditional two-dimensional (2D) ceramic fiber membranes into three-dimensional (3D) ceramic fiber aerogels could further increase porosity, reduce bulk density, and reduce solid heat conduction, thereby improving thermal insulation performance and expanding application areas. Here, a comprehensive review of the newly emerging 2D ceramic micro-nanofiber membranes and 3D ceramic micro-nanofiber aerogels is demonstrated, starting from the presentation of the thermal insulation mechanism of ceramic fibers, followed by the summary of 2D ceramic micro-nanofiber membranes according to different types, and then the generalization of the construction strategies for 3D ceramic micro-nanofiber aerogels. Finally, the current challenges, possible solutions, and future prospects of ceramic micro-nanofiber materials are comprehensively discussed. We anticipate that this review could provide some valuable insights for the future development of ceramic micro-nanofiber materials for high temperature thermal insulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The air-cooled system is one of the most widely used battery thermal management systems (BTMSs) for the safety of electric vehicles. In this study, an efficient design of air-cooled BTMSs is proposed for improving cooling performance and reducing pressure drop. Combining with a numerical calculation method, a strategy with a varied step length of adjustments (∆d) is developed to optimize the spacing distribution among battery cells for temperature uniformity improvement. The optimization results indicate that the developed strategy reduces the optimization time by about 50% compared with a strategy using identical ∆d values while maintaining good performance of the optimized system. Furthermore, the system's pressure drop does not increase after the spacing optimization. Based on this characteristic, a structural design strategy is proposed to improve the cooling performance and reduce the pressure drop simultaneously. First, the appropriate flow pattern is arranged and the secondary outlet is added to reduce the pressure drop of the system. The results show that the BTMS with U-type flow combined with a secondary outlet against the original outlet can effectively reduce the pressure drop of the system. Subsequently, this BTMS is further improved using the developed cell spacing optimization strategy with varied ∆d values while the pressure drop is fixed. It is found that the final optimized BTMS achieves a battery temperature difference below 1 K for different inlet airflow rates, with the pressure drop being reduced by at least 45% compared with the BTMS before the optimization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid development of additive manufacturing (AM) has facilitated the creation of bionic lightweight, energy-absorbing structures, enabling the implementation of more sophisticated internal structural designs. For protective structures, the utilization of artificially controlled deformation patterns can effectively reduce uncertainties arising from random structural damage and enhance deformation stability. This paper proposed a bionic corrugated lightweight honeycomb structure with controllable deformation. The force on the onset state of deformation of the overall structure was investigated, and the possibility of controlled deformation in the homogeneous structure was compared with that in the corrugated structure. The corrugated structures exhibited a second load-bearing capacity wave peak, with the load-bearing capacity reaching 60.7% to 117.29% of the first load-bearing peak. The damage morphology of the corrugated structure still maintained relative integrity. In terms of energy absorption capacity, the corrugated lightweight structure has a much stronger energy absorption capacity than the homogeneous structure due to the second peak of the load carrying capacity. The findings of this study suggested that the combination of geometric customization and longitudinal corrugation through additive manufacturing offers a promising approach for the development of high-performance energy-absorbing structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The short wavelength (SW) emission region of the materials employing strong donor (DS) phenothiazine (PTZ) is generally correlated to its quasi‐axial (QAPTZ) conformer arrangement. This propels to investigate the specific role of weak donors (DW) such as carbazole (CZ) in determining the emission characteristics of molecular heredity (MH) type structural design encompassing dual donors of varying strength. For this purpose, a common DS(PTZ)–Acceptor unit is linked to the DW(CZ) unit via different linkage positions to form M1, M2, and M3, which not only alters the absorption and dual emission characteristics but also influences the delayed fluorescence phenomenon. The SW emission originates by minimizing the aggregation factor rather than by literature envisaged QAPTZ conformer. Incorporating M1 as a single molecular white light emitter (SMWLE) in near UV light emitting diode (LED) devices results in cold white light emission with CRI of 68 and CIE of (0.24, 0.33), while its corresponding solution‐processed organic light‐emitting diode devices delivers warm white electroluminescence with an EQE of 5.8%. Overall, this work demonstrates the significant contribution of the DW in attaining the white light emission characteristics of MH molecular design not only at the molecular level but also in practical light‐emitting devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

3,4‐Dimethylenecyclobutene (DMCB) is an unusual isomer of benzene. Motivated by recent synthetic progress to substituted derivatives of this scaffold, we carried out a theoretical and computational analysis with a particular focus on the extent of (anti)aromatic character in the lowest excited states of different multiplicities. We found that the parent DMCB is non‐aromatic in its singlet ground state (S0), lowest triplet state (T1), and lowest singlet excited state (S1), while it is aromatic in its lowest quintet state (Q1) as this state is represented by a triplet multiplicity cyclobutadiene (CBD) ring and two uncoupled same‐spin methylene radicals. Interestingly, the Q1 state, despite having four unpaired electrons, is placed merely 4.8 eV above S0, and there is a corresponding singlet tetraradical 0.16 eV above. The DMCB is potentially a highly useful structural motif for the design of larger molecular entities with interesting optoelectronic properties. Here, we designed macrocycles composed of fused DMCB units, and according to our computations, two of these have low‐lying nonet states (i. e., octaradical states) at energies merely 2.40 and 0.37 eV above their S0 states as a result of local Hückel‐ and Baird‐aromatic character of individual 6π‐ and 4π‐electron monocycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to the requirement of "structural design and manufacturing feasibility" of the electric vehicle battery pack, the design of carbon fiber composite material instead of metal material is studied in this paper. Firstly, the cross-section performance of the composite battery pack was determined by the principle of equal stiffness. Moreover, the different layups were verified from a manufacturing point of view and the advantages and disadvantages of the three improvements, linear shear, V-shear, and V-shear + linear shear, were compared. Secondly, the three steps of free size optimization, size optimization, and layup sequence optimization were carried out for the lower box to find the lightest structure; the upper box was directly reinforced with a "King" type to alleviate the excessive amplitude. The total mass of the final pack is 14.09 kg, with a weight reduction rate of 56%. Finally, the volume-of-fluid (VOF) method in ANSYS Fluent is chosen to simulate the curing process. The molding results of four injection methods are discussed, while resin viscosity and pressure are considered to find the optimal process parameters. The work in this paper provides a reference for the lightweight application of composite materials in new energy vehicles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] The rational design of efficient photocatalysts to achieve artificial nitrogen fixation is an urgent challenge. Herein, we combined donor–acceptor covalent organic framework with iron-doped nitrogen vacancy graphitized carbon nitride (D-A COF/Fe-g-C 3 N x) for photocatalytic nitrogen fixation. The photocatalyst exhibited good crystallinity, high porosity, and a large specific surface area. Without a sacrificial agent, the optimal 40 % D-A COF/Fe-g-C 3 N x exhibited an excellent rate of ammonia production (646 μmol h−1 g−1) at 420 nm, and durable stability after successive cycling. Exhaustive experimental research and theory calculations verified that the D-A unit and Fe doping redistributed the distribution of the charge, which enhanced the visible light utilization and provided chemisorption sites for further polarization. Besides N -vacancies can serve as electron-trapping active sites to promote the directional migration of carriers. The reaction mechanism demonstrated that superoxide radical and hydrogen peroxide were formed by electron and hole, respectively, which promote the reduction of nitrogen to ammonia. This work provides a new idea for the rationalizing design of efficient catalysts for photocatalytic nitrogen fixation under mild conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An improved design is described for ferroelectric crystals and implemented with the "methoxyphenyl series" of acetophenone azines, (MeO−Ph, Y)‐azines with Y=F (1), Cl (2), Br (3), or I (4). The crystal structures of these azines exhibit polar stacking of parallel beloamphiphile monolayers (PBAMs). Azines 1, 3, and 4 form true racemates whereas chloroazine 2 crystallizes as a kryptoracemate. Azines 1–4 are helical because of the N−N bond conformation. In true racemates the molecules of opposite helicity (M and P) are enantiomers A(M) and A*(P) while in kryptoracemates they are diastereomers A(M) and B*(P). The stacking mode of PBAMs is influenced by halogen bonding, with 2–4 showcasing a kink due to directional interlayer halogen bonding, whereas fluoroazine 1 demonstrates ideal polar stacking by avoiding it. Notably, (MeO−Ph, Y)‐azines display a stronger bias for dipole parallel alignment, attributed to the linearity of the biphenyl moiety as compared to the phenoxy series of (PhO, Y)‐azines with their non‐linear Ph−O−Ph moiety. The crystals of 1–4 all feature planar biphenyls and this synthon facilitates their crystallization through potent triple T‐contacts and enhances their nonlinear optical (NLO) performance by increasing conjugation length and affecting favorable chromophore conformations in the solids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interfacial solar‐vapor generation (ISVG) is an emerging technology for water purification. However, high cost, low evaporation rate, clogging issues, and limited solar utilization under natural condictions greatly hinder its practical application. Herein, inspired by the aligned microstructure of dragonfly wings, a 3D microarray structure composed of vertically aligned hierarchical and hydrophilic carbon fibers (CFs) is constructed using a scalable fiber manufacturing technology. The microarray structure of the high‐thermal‐conductivity CFs with nanocapillaries contributes to the fast mass (steam and salt ions) and heat transfer as well as high omnidirectional light absorption. More importantly, due to the strong multiscale capillary effect, the formed 3D water evaporation surface containing abundant micro‐meniscuses and nanoscale thin water layers in the CFs arrays effectively reduces the evaporation enthalpy and creates more water/air interfaces, leading to the significant increasing evaporation rate. As a result, a high evaporation rate of 2.21 kg m−2 h−1 under one‐sun irradiation can be achieved. Moreover, the off‐grid water treatment device assembled with multiple 3D CFs‐based customized spherical evaporators can obtain a high pure water collection of 10.71 kg m−2 per day without salt accumulation under real environmental conditions. This work demonstrates a high‐efficiency, cost‐effective, and scalable strategy for high‐performance ISVG. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Retrosynthetic design and synthesis with structural isolation of two unprecedented core modified N-confused N-fused porphodimethene-like porphyrinoids possessing a [5.5.5.5] tetracyclic ring with tunable photophysical properties is reported. The solid-state X-ray crystal structure reveals the expected cis geometry for the meso-sp³ carbons. Controlled chemical oxidation of the porphodimethene analogue 11 bearing the N-confused pyrrole moiety to the corresponding porphotrimethene 12 has been achieved in quantitative yield, while 10 bearing the N-methyl N-confused pyrrole moiety remained unsusceptible to chemical oxidation. All three S2N3 hybrid N-confused N-fused porphodi(tri)methene-like porphyrinoids 10-12 could recognize the fluoride anion with high selectivity; however, porphodimethene 10 and porphotrimethene 12 do so via deprotonation rather than an anion recognition based mechanism as has been anticipated in the case of porphodimethene 11. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study deals with the forms and expressions of the Christian piety of the Hungarian aristocracy in the early modern period on the example of Anton Erdődy (1714–1769), a representative of one of the most influential and most ancient Hungarian–Croatian noble families. The personal piety of this socially high-ranking aristocrat was shaped by familial, social, and spiritual traditions, which determined the nature of his artistic patronage. The unique Baroque organ preserved in the chapel of his no longer existing mansion in Trenčianske Bohuslavice, Slovakia (former Bohuslavice, Upper Hungary) is a magnificent manifestation of this patronage. The reconstruction of Anton Erdődy's idea of the spiritual world and of his piety enables us to formulate a hypothesis that the atypical architectural and structural design of this organ did not result only from the aesthetic requirements of its commissioner, but also had a theological foundation and religious essence in addition to its visual effect. This study is the result of extensive heuristic research and analysis of sources and extant artefacts using the methods of music historiography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The attractive specifications of vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) are its operating with low noise and wind in various directions. To achieve a higher performance of these turbines, modeling of a curved‐blade VAWT by the modified double multiple streamtube (DMST) method and optimizing this wind turbine are performed. The power coefficient and the total normal force acting on blades were selected as two objective functions. Minimizing the normal force acting on turbine blades as the second objective function was not observed in the open literature. The amount of normal force is crucial in the structural design of VAWT because it generates both the bending moment on blades and forces on supporting arms of VAWT. Another innovation of this study is to consider the shape coefficient parameter that determines the shape of the rotor geometry as a design variable in optimization procedure. A 3 m height curved‐blade VAWT type was optimized by this multi‐objective optimization technique. The optimum values of the design variables obtained by the Genetic Algorithm were selecting an elliptical rotor geometry, pitch angle −1.4°, diameter/height 1.3, blade aspect ratio 19.8, tip speed ratio 4.3 and selecting three blades which could provide a power coefficient of 0.49 and a normal force of 158.7 N. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A non-linear finite-element macro-element-based multipurpose algorithm to simulate reinforced concrete (RC) structural members (SMs) such as columns, beams, beam–columns and shear walls under cyclic combined loading is proposed, which can be applied for several different types of loading. In the proposed algorithm, the SMs are divided into an appropriate number of macro-elements and the surfaces of the critical sections are discretised into a large number of fixed rectangular finite fibres. The proposed algorithm has been validated by comparing the simulated results to the results of experimental testing on full-scale RC SMs. To illustrate the influence of the mechanical properties of materials, the influences of reinforcement percentage and lateral force orientation angle and axial force on the behaviour of the SM, a parametric study has been performed. The parametric study allows optimisation of the choices in compliance with the safety and economic criteria in building construction projects. Furthermore, the application of the proposed algorithm illustrates how a heavy axial force makes SMs brittle, reduces the ductility, imposes a large amount of material loss and causes quick failure of the SM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On the global warming potential (GWP) of centric loaded columns in structural engineering The advancing climate change and the change of boundary conditions regarding the planning process of buildings are influencing the building industry in its fundamental principles. A "business as usual" is irresponsible in view of the proclaimed goals of the German government regarding climate neutrality in 2045. This paper is intended as a step towards the necessary sensitization regarding a more sustainable structural design using the example of centric loaded structural columns in structural engineering. For the selected materials timber, steel and reinforced concrete the main factors influencing the GWP are discussed and compared on the basis of functional equivalence. The aim of the comparison is to determine the sensitivity of individual parameters with regard to the global warming potential (GWP) of structural columns and to support more ecological structural design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate the stress coupling effects of spherically anisotropic piezoelectric hollow spheres with functional gradients (represented by radial power law functions) under external uniform radial traction. By means of submatrix operations, we derive a dimensionless expression that signifies not only the characteristic (amplification/shielding) of the stress coupling, but also the magnitude of the effect. This should be very beneficial for structural design. When bounded strain energy conditions are assumed, the study extends to solid spheres under uniform radial traction on the surface. As in the case of pure elasticity, infinite stresses can occur at the center of the sphere regardless of the magnitude of the applied stress, but all have weaker stress singularities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Concrete-filled double steel tubes (CFDSTs) are a load-bearing structure of composite materials. By combining concrete and steel pipes in a nested structure, the performance of the column will be greatly improved. The performance of CFDSTs is closely related to their design. However, existing codes for CFDST design often focus on how to verify the reliability of a design, but specific design parameters cannot be directly provided. As a machine learning technique that can simultaneously learn multiple related tasks, multi-task learning (MTL) has great potential in the structural design of CFDSTs. Based on 227 uniaxial compression cases of CFDSTs collected from the literature, this paper utilized three multi-task models (multi-task Lasso, VSTG, and MLS-SVR) separately to provide multiple parameters for CFDST design. To evaluate the accuracy of models, four statistical indicators were adopted (R2, RMSE, RRMSE, and ρ). The experimental results indicated that there was a non-linear relationship among the parameters of CFDSTs. Nevertheless, MLS-SVR was still able to provide an accurate set of design parameters. The coefficient matrices of two linear models, multi-task Lasso and VSTG, revealed the potential connection among CFDST parameters. The latent-task matrix V in VSTG divided the prediction tasks of inner tube diameter, thickness, strength, and concrete strength into three groups. In addition, the limitations of this study and future work are also summarized. This paper provides new ideas for the design of CFDSTs and the study of related codes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The improvement of aero-engine performance still strongly relies on the innovation design of the single crystal turbine blades. As the single crystal blades evolve from the solid type to the double-wall film cooling structure, the cooling efficiency has been greatly improved, leading to undertake much higher inlet temperatures. However, due to the complex structures of the next-generation turbine blade, both the strength design and life assessment become much more difficult. Meanwhile, the mechanical properties at localised regions are inevitably different from those of the separately cast standard test specimens, which may seriously affect the accurate mechanical performance evaluation. In order to fill this gap, this paper presents several challenges for the industrial applications of the next-generation single crystal turbine blades, and introduces the recent progress in the fields of structural optimisation, strength life assessment, and intrinsic mechanical performance testing, which would be helpful to the development of the next-generation component. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The efficient design of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors (PMSMs) is crucial for their operational performance. A key design parameter, cogging torque, is significantly influenced by various structural parameters of the motor, complicating the optimization of motor structures. This paper proposes an optimization method for PMSM structures based on heuristic optimization algorithms, named the Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Self-Optimization Lift Algorithm (PMSM-SLA). Initially, a dataset capturing the efficiency of motors under various structural parameter scenarios is created using finite element simulation methods. Building on this dataset, a batch optimization solution aimed at PMSM structure optimization was introduced to identify the set of structural parameters that maximize motor efficiency. The approach presented in this study enhances the efficiency of optimizing PMSM structures, overcoming the limitations of traditional trial-and-error methods and supporting the industrial application of PMSM structural design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The incorporation of a "graphene-carbon nanotube-graphene" structure as a filler in polyimide composites to enhance their mechanical and thermal properties was investigated. The performance of the composites was evaluated by molecular dynamics simulations. Findings revealed that this arrangement significantly enhanced the mechanical strength and stiffness of the composites, improving their tensile and shear properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In an increasingly competitive and digital industrial environment, the optimization of structures is a key point not only to reduce costs but also to reduce the consumption of natural resources. To this end, different approaches have emerged throughout history based on the tools available at the time. With the current rise of artificial intelligence and the concept of machine learning, revolutionary ideas are emerging that allow an optimal dimensioning of structures in record time. This work presents the use of variational autoencoders and mixed-variable solvers as a proposal for structural optimization and material selection. It has expanded upon previous research by advancing in three directions: (1) incorporating more material attributes, particularly relevant for environmental considerations; (2) analyzing in more detail aspects of VAEs such as the dimensionality of the latent space; and (3) a two-step hybrid approach to select the optimal candidate: preliminary filtering with VAE and final design via mixed-variable model. Various examples demonstrate the applicability of the proposed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anode materials are a key part of lithium-ion batteries, of which silicon-based anodes are considered the most promising electrode materials due to their high theoretical specific capacity. However, during the operation of the battery, the silicon material undergoes a huge volume change resulting in damage to the electrodes. Currently, the use of additive particles to make composite electrodes is a more reasonable approach. During the charge/discharge cycle of the battery, the electrodes may undergo cyclic expansion/contraction and may undergo elastic deformation and inelastic deformation, and lead to electrode ratchet deformation and capacity degradation. In this paper, a coupled nanoelectrode mechanics-electrochemistry model is developed to investigate the electrode stress evolution and strain accumulation of nanocomposite negative electrode during charge/discharge cycling under different influencing factors, and to analyze the change of electrochemical properties due to diffusion stress. Our work shows that the use of composite matrix materials, on the other hand, exhibits better mechanical stability, has smaller inelastic strains after a cycle, and produces less accumulation of irreversible strains. The established analytical model of nanocomposite electrode helps electrode design and is instructive for the preparation and structural design of nanocomposite negative electrodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Generally, bioinspired structures often exhibit superior mechanical performance compared to traditional structures, due to their excellent impact resistance and energy absorption. In the present study, we design a bioinspired transparent hexahedral structure, in which the glass panels on the first and second layers are arranged in different ways. Using experiments and finite element method simulations, we demonstrate that the bioinspired transparent hexahedral structure exhibits high-impact resistance because its local severe damage forms easily, dissipating the projectile's kinetic energy. Under a high-speed steel ball impact, the damage of bioinspired hexahedral structure concentrates on the center region, exhibiting a progressive damage and failure mode. This is in stark contrast to that of the traditional structure, in which the panel cracks are divergent. More importantly, the design of bioinspired hexahedral structures may decrease the intensity of tensile stress wave and shear stress waves on the surface of the glass panel of the composites. Therefore, the high-impact resistance of the bioinspired hexahedral structure is significantly improved with a relatively small damaged area. This study provides valuable insights into the design of biomimetic structural composites with excellent impact resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surgical sutures are necessary for the rotator cuff (RC) repair to reconnect the torn and degenerating cuff tendon to its footprint. Early‐stage immunomodulation, angiogenesis, and the progressive mechanobiological response encourage complex healing processes involving micro‐nano dimensional reconstruction, including tendon‐bone interface integration and tendon remodeling. However, commercially available sutures with mismatched micrometer‐scale diameters resulted in mechanobiological and biological deficiencies, severely impeding RC regeneration. We developed a bionic functional surgical suture (SS) with helical and hierarchical micro‐nano structures using nano‐ and micro‐Poly (DL‐lactide‐co‐glycolide) (PLGA) yarns (ny), which was subsequently crosslinked in situ with a temporary chemotactic (TC) layer of physiological fibrin networks (TC‐nySS). The TC‐nySS has both mechanobiological and biological advantages: 1) biomimetic helical and hierarchical micro‐nano structures showed progressive degradation behavior, inducing the incremental mechanobiological response of the repaired tissues; 2) outer TC layer of biochemical modification by fibrin networks supplied dual‐functions of angiogenesis and immunomodulation at the early stage, subsequently resulting in timely vascularization and inflammatory regressions due to superior degradation behavior of the constructs. Consequently, TC‐nySS with structural and biochemical designs that elicit process‐matching mechanobiological and biological responses tailored to the RC regeneration successfully achieved the complex healing processes, including superior tendon‐bone interface integration and tendon remodelling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal halide perovskites are promising semiconductors with promising applications in optoelectronic and photonic technologies. When coherent emission applications are targeted, materials with lower lasing thresholds and increased stabilities must be developed to increase the performance under continuous wave optical pumping condition and finally allow the realization of the long sought‐after electrically pumped lasers. Perovskite multiple‐quantum‐wells (MQWs) can potentially ease the population inversion by confining photoexcitation within the heterostructure's wells, but their fabrication process and structural design still require a delicate optimization to make them valuable photonic platforms. Here, perovskite MQWs are fabricated based on organic semiconductors and CsPbBr3, using a facile and easily scalable sequential single‐source vacuum evaporation method. Perovskite with the organic interlayer shows radically enhanced phase stability, passivated defects, and improved radiative recombination properties. In this way, upon proper design of the heterostructure wells and barriers thicknesses, optically pumped amplified spontaneous emission can be achieved. This work reports an effective fabrication approach for perovskite MQWs, while providing a deeper understanding of their photophysical properties to foster their application as coherent light emitters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flexible strain sensors are being increasingly applied as wearable electronic materials owing to their functional characteristics (e.g., light weight, stretchability, wearability), which highlight their enormous potential in health monitoring and medical care. However, challenges related to signal distortion and corrosion risks arise when they are used under extreme or harsh conditions. Superhydrophobic flexible strain sensors combine the water‐repellent, anticorrosion, and anti‐fouling features of the superhydrophobic coating with the high ductility and high sensitivity of the flexible strain sensor, thereby broadening the application scope of strain sensors, especially for underwater wearable sensing. However, the underwater sensing applications of superhydrophobic flexible strain sensors have not yet been thoroughly summarized. This review presents the key performance parameters and design strategies of superhydrophobic flexible strain sensors, with an emphasis on the diverse applications for underwater sensing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We demonstrate how to analyze complete multivariate generalizability theory (GT) designs within structural equation modeling frameworks that encompass both individual subscale scores and composites formed from those scores. Results from numerous analyses of observed scores obtained from respondents who completed the recently updated form of the Big Five Inventory (BFI-2) revealed that the lavaan SEM package in R produced results virtually identical to those obtained from the mGENOVA package, which historically has served as the gold standard for conducting multivariate GT analyses. We further extended lavaan analyses beyond what mGENOVA allows to produce Monte Carlo based confidence intervals for key GT parameters and correct score consistency and correlational indices for effects of scale coarseness characteristic of binary and ordinal data. Our comprehensive online includes code for performing all illustrated analyses using lavaan and mGENOVA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When hydrogen internal combustion engine works using the intake manifold injection mode to provide the hydrogen, it has to face a contradiction between the abnormal combustion (preignition, backfire, etc.). Currently, most researches on abnormal combustion in hydrogen internal combustion engines have focused primarily on backfire and detonation, with limited investigation of pre-ignition, particularly when initiated by in-cylinder hot spots. In order to explore the relationship between the hot spot and the pre-ignition of hydrogen internal combustion engine, the influence of characteristic parameters of hot spot, such as hot spot area, initial temperature, duration of hot spot and temperature change rate, on pre-ignition of hydrogen internal combustion engines were analyzed. On the basis of using the isolated factor method to research the influence of each characteristic parameter on the occurrence time of pre-ignition of hydrogen internal combustion engines, the comprehensive effect of these characteristic parameters on the occurrence moment of pre-ignition in hydrogen internal combustion engines was also investigated with the orthogonal test method. It is found that the occurrence of pre-ignition of hydrogen internal combustion engines is the result of multi-factor interaction. Pre-ignition is most affected by hot spot area, and when the hot spot area is the same, the order of influence of pre-ignition timing is initial temperature > temperature change rate > duration of hot spot. The research results can promote the practical application of hydrogen fuel in internal combustion engines and provide guidance for the structural design of hydrogen internal combustion engines. • Hydrogen engine pre-ignition results from combined effects of several parameters such as the area, initial temp. • Strategies to control temp change rates could mitigate pre-ignition risks and optimize combustion performance. • Compared to initial temp, the moment of pre-ignition is more sensitive to changes in the area of the hot spot. • With equal hot spot area: initial temp > temp change rate > duration influence hydrogen engine pre-ignition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In high-speed electrical machines (HSEM), mechanical vibration associated with critical speeds of rotor systems can be detrimental to the machine operational stability, especially for vibration near resonances. The structural sizing of a rotor system is often constrained to its mechanical parameters, such as its overall weight, maximum torque, and rated power, which complicate the design, necessitating an iterative design optimization process. This work presents a systematic and iterative rotor structural sizing optimization methodology that incorporates semi-analytical and numerical modeling, specifically taking into account multiple mechanical design parameters from the static, rotordynamic, and electromagnetic-thermal evaluation. The proposed methodology provides an effective design optimization procedure for a general application of HSEM to accelerate its design process, by which the power density and the dynamics stability during high-speed operation are optimized simultaneously. A parametric analysis was carried out where a 24-kW, 12,000-rpm aviation starter-generator was optimized. It was demonstrated that the power density of the machine could be increased by 14.7% from 2.3 to 2.6 kW/kg, while the critical speed was increased by 128.6% from 1,400 to 3,200 Hz. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The saggar plays a crucial role as a carrier during the solid‐state sintering process of Li‐ion battery cathode materials. In order to enhance its resistance against alkali erosion, the study utilized hibonite, cordierite, α‐Al2O3, and zirconia as primary raw materials, along with Ca(OH)2 as an additive, to fabricate a composite‐layered hibonite–cordierite saggar. Our investigation delves into the sintering bond formation between the composite layer and the saggar matrix and, more crucially, scrutinizes the saggar's erosion resistance against Li‐ion battery cathode materials. The outcome underscores the groundbreaking impact of a 3% Ca(OH)2 infusion on in situ anorthite formation within the composite layer, ushering in a robust integration between the composite layer and the saggar matrix. Moreover, this unique anorthite formation establishes a dense isolating shield along the periphery of hibonite particles, effectively impeding the corrosive reaction between the cathode material and the saggar, thus enhancing the saggar's resistance to corrosion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, energy-dissipation devices have gained significant attention in seismic protection engineering because of their effectiveness in mitigating the destructive effects of earthquakes. Inspired by an origami pattern invented by Ron Resch, in this study, we propose a novel type of energy-dissipation brace to guide the deformation process and prevent the global buckling of engineering structures. To this end, a parametric geometric model is developed, followed by exploring the effects of different geometric parameters on structural collapse modes. Subsequently, by using hierarchical clustering, the collapse modes are classified into four groups. Finally, an optimal design is introduced to improve energy absorption during quasi-static axial crushing while reducing the initial peak force. The results show specific parameters play a decisive role in determining the collapse modes of the structures. Each group is associated with a particular force-displacement curve characterized by specific properties. We demonstrate that the proposed structural design optimization process reduces the initial peak force by 15.6% without affecting the specific energy absorption. This study provides insights into the application of origami-inspired structures in the design and development of high-performance energy-dissipation braces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sensitivity stands as a critical figure of merit in assessing the performance of a photodetector and can be characterized by two distinct parameters: responsivity or detectivity. Simultaneous optimization of these two parameters is essential to ensure the applicability of a single detector across various scenarios, yet it remains a persistent challenge for mid-infrared photodetector. Here, we demonstrate that the construction of a photoconductive detector based on a MoS2/BP/MoS2 npn junction field-effect transistor configuration can effectively balance the tradeoffs between photoresponsivity and detectivity. In this device, the black phosphorus layer serves as the channel, while the top and bottom MoS2 layers act as photogates to boost the photocurrent. Consequently, a high-performance room-temperature-operating mid-infrared photodetector with a responsivity and detectivity reaching 9.04 A W−1 and 5.36 × 109 cm Hz1/2 W−1 (1550 nm), and 7.25 A W−1 and 4.29 × 109 cm Hz1/2 W−1 (3600 nm) is achieved. Our study provides an alternative structural design, enabling the applications of mid-infrared photodetectors across multiple scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]