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Highlights Glass fiber reinforced plastics (GFRPs) is a key material for the outer protecting layer of ships as well as for energy storage tanks. Its ballistic and blast resistance is closely related to the inclusion structure of its glass fiber and polyester matrix, however, the related detailed studies have not been reported. In this paper, ballistic shooting tests and finite element simulations are both employed to investigate the ballistic limit velocities (V50) of GFRPs and reveal the effects of glass fiber layers and the polyester matrix thickness on the V50. The results show that the V50 of GFRPs is essentially linearly related to the thickness of the target plate for a given number of glass fiber layers. An increase in the number of glass fiber layers enhances the overall V50 value of GFRPs, but the linear relationship with the thickness remains unchanged. The target plate with more layers of glass fiber interacts with the projectile for a longer time, resulting in the debonding of the fiber and the resin matrix. The resin around the crater loses its support and then produces irregular cracks. Based on energy conservation, a theoretical model for predicting the V50 of GFRPs with considering the effects of glass fiber and polyester matrix is proposed. After comparing the results of theoretical calculations with experimental and simulation data, the relationship equations between the key parameters (ballistic strength) in the model and the number of fiber layers and target plate thickness are finally given. These findings can provide support for the design of ballistic GFRPs. Ballistic velocity limit (V50) of glass fiber reinforced plastics (GFRPs) obtained by experiment and finite element simulation Tuning the V50 of GFRPs by designing the number of glass fiber and polyester thickness. Proposed a theoretical model for predicting the V50 of GFRPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a power generation fuel, high-pressure hydrogen gas is widely used in transportation, and significantly contributed to development of hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicles. However, obvious temperature rise generated during fast refueling causes serious safety risk to reliable operation of fuel cell stacks. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct in-depth research on fast filling process. Based on safety reasons, the SAE J2601/ISO 15869 strictly regulates the maximum temperature limit of 85 °C in specifications for refueling hydrogen gas tanks. In this study, a 70 MPa, Type IV on-board hydrogen storage tank is adopted as the research object, and a 2-dimensional axisymmetric numerical model is established to study the temperature rise of the vapor within storage tanks during fast refueling. The Realizable k - ε turbulence model is employed to simulate high intensity turbulent fluctuation during fast filling. Considering the compressibility of vapor, the state of equation for real hydrogen gas is used by obtaining fluid thermodynamic properties from the National Institute of Standards and Technology database. Three groups of fast filling experiments are selected to validate the developed numerical model. The comparison result shows that the numerical model has good prediction ability on hydrogen fast refueling. The final mass average temperature differences between numerical results and experimental data are 2.6 K, 4.3 K, and 0.03 K, respectively. Based on the developed numerical model, the influences of structure parameters and material properties on the temperature rise of hydrogen storage tanks are investigated. The results indicate that the inlet diameter and wall thickness of the inner and outer layers of the storage tank have weaken impacts on the temperature rise during rapid charging, with the maximum temperature differences of 1.8 K, 0.74 K, and 0.54 K, respectively. Due to the influence of heat capacity, the material properties of different layers exhibit a similar variation trend. This work can deepen researchers' understanding of the temperature rise of on-board hydrogen storage tanks during fast filling, and provide technical references for the structural optimal design of tanks and rapid refueling at hydrogen stations. • A 2-dimensional axisymmetric numerical model is constructed to predict the temperature rise during rapid charging. • Different structural parameters and material properties on the temperature rise performance are specially investigated. • Effects of inlet pipe diameter and wall thickness on the thermal behavior of hydrogen storage tanks are not so obvious. • The material properties of liner and laminate of storage tanks cause obvious impacts on the temperature rise control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cryo-adsorptive hydrogen storage exhibits high hydrogen storage density and low storage pressure, rendering it highly promising. Among various adsorption materials, covalent organic frameworks (COFs) stand out as promising materials for cryo-adsorptive hydrogen storage. However, current research has problems of low research pressure and limited hydrogen storage density, which hinder the widespread application of cryo-adsorptive hydrogen storage. In this work, the gravimetric and volumetric hydrogen storage densities of different cryo-adsorptive hydrogen storage tanks are simulated and predicted in the pressure range of 0.1–55 MPa at 77 K. Nine kinds of COFs are selected as adsorbents for cryo-adsorptive hydrogen storage. The modified Dubinin-Astakhov (D-A) model is used to simulate the hydrogen adsorption isotherms. The relevant model parameters of COFs are nonlinearly fitted and then validated for reliability. The results indicate that under specific conditions, 3D COFs can achieve hydrogen storage density comparable to liquid hydrogen at relatively lower pressures, exhibiting excellent cryo-adsorptive hydrogen storage performance with promising application prospects. • CcH 2 combined with adsorption can reach higher density with lower pressure. • COFs adsorption performance simulation in a wide pressure range at 77 K. • COF-108 plays a negative role when exceeds the specific pressure (19 MPa at 77 K). • COFs can significantly improve the density of CcH 2 in a wide range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: Most of the studies on oil tanks have focused on the analysis of deformation and settlement, and more research needs to be done on crack extraction from external LNG tanks. Oil tanks are more sensitive to temperature due to the lower temperature inside the tank. Using infrared images as a dataset for crack recognition can identify cracks that the naked eye cannot see, and a convolutional neural network that introduces a channel attention mechanism is used for crack recognition with a recognition accuracy of 85.9%. The automatic extraction of three-dimensional (3D) crack point clouds using depth images is novel and accurate, with an accuracy of about 97.6%. The precise detection and ongoing surveillance of surface fractures on exterior LNG storage tanks are crucial in guaranteeing the secure transit and storage of natural gas. Undetected fractures have the potential to result in the release of liquefied natural gas (LNG), hence presenting a significant risk to both public health and the environment. This paper presents a novel approach for crack identification, which involves the integration of thermal infrared images and point clouds derived from close-range images captured by unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). The aim of this approach is to overcome the limitations of conventional manual detection methods, namely in terms of efficiency and safety concerns. The primary approach for acquiring two-dimensional photographs of the tank surface is the utilization of infrared technology to generate an infrared dataset capturing the presence of fractures on the storage tanks' exterior. The utilization of the attention mechanism convolutional neural network is employed during the process of model training. The UAV close-range photos were utilized in close-range photogrammetry to generate an accurate point cloud model. This was achieved by incorporating control point coordinates and matching feature points. The infrared photos that were discovered were subsequently matched with this particular model. The 3D model that was officially was employed as a point of reference on the unfolded two-dimensional (2D) plane. To construct the depth image, a least-squares approach of least-column fitting was utilized. In order to validate the accuracy of the automated extraction process, a manual crack extraction was conducted on the original close-range image point cloud of the tank exterior. The results indicated that the extracted cracks exhibited an accuracy level of around 97.6%. The experimental findings demonstrate that the process of crack extraction exhibits a high level of accuracy, hence presenting numerous possible applications in the realms of maintenance management and intelligent monitoring. The utilization of this technology is appropriate for the purpose of monitoring the thermal conditions and structural soundness of LNG storage tanks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A fragility-based probabilistic framework is proposed for the optimal design of friction pendulum (FP) bearings in seismically isolated liquid-storage tanks. The isolation period and sliding friction coefficient of the FP system, which significantly influence the seismic performance of isolated liquid-storage tanks, were analyzed as the two design parameters of the isolation system. The seismic fragility functions of the isolated tanks, generated using incremental dynamic analysis (IDA), were evaluated and used to determine the optimal ranges for these design parameters. This procedure, which yields the minimum seismic failure probability of the considered structures, was examined in the design of seismic isolation systems for two on-grade cylindrical steel storage tanks with broad and slender configurations. Moreover, the effects of including or excluding the failure mode corresponding to the excessive displacement of the isolation system from the considered failure limit states were analyzed and discussed. Finally, the present study provides recommendations for the optimal selection of design parameters for FP isolators in liquid-storage tanks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In pulp mills, lags obscure the effect of upstream operations on downstream measurements. Here, we estimate lags in a Canadian pulp mill using autoregressive exogenous (ARX) models. First, we show that ARX models can approximate lags in a process simulation that resembles the liquor storage tanks in pulp mills, a major source of lag in the kraft recovery cycle. Then, we use ARX models to estimate the lagged effect of a change in species pulped on as-fired liquor heating value, viscosity, and boiling point rise. Additionally, we compare the predictions of the ARX models to autoregressive (AR) models and a persistence model. The estimated lags between a change in species and heating value (49 h) and boiling point rise (41 h) agree with a detailed simulation of the mill and are close to estimated hydraulic residence times, suggesting that the liquor tanks exhibit imperfect mixing. A lagged effect of species change on viscosity could not be identified. ARX and AR models produce similar predictions that are slightly better than those of a persistence model. Finally, we show that process measurements upstream of units characterized by large residence times will likely provide little benefit to prediction accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Corrosion is a phenomenon that occurs on pipes, reinforced concrete structures, and storage tanks and causes a major impact on the facility structures and can have a major impact on a facility's structural integrity. This can result in a serious failure in the system and lead to substantial economic losses. One of the solutions widely used to eliminate the corrosion effects is by applying cathodic protection, which depends on direct current as the supply potential. The technique of cathodic protection is used to control corrosion in the utilisation of reinforced concrete structures, pipelines, storage tanks, etc. A photovoltaic cathodic protection system is normally used as an energy source to supply the system. This research reviews the technique utilised for applying solar photovoltaics in powering systems of cathodic protection. Subsequently, it highlights the methods of cathodic protection systems, sacrificial anode cathodic protection and the impressed current cathodic protection. Finally, it is indicated that applying solar photovoltaics in powering cathodic protection systems has great efficacy in controlling the corrosion in the facility's equipment in a smarter, controlled way. Furthermore, this study provides significant insight into the designing and operating the domain of solar photovoltaic systems that power cathode protection systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Przegląd Elektrotechniczny is the property of Przeglad Elektrotechniczny and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Storage tank fire can pose great threats to life and environment as it can cause strong radiant heat, fast-spreading flame, and destructive explosion. In this research, a 1.5 m-diameter circular steel pan is used to simulate the full surface fire of a storage tank in an industrial park. A self-built fire-extinguishing system gently releasing foam at the rate of 11.4 L/min was applied for the evaluation of the effectiveness of different types of foam of extinguishing diesel/methanol pool fires. Experiments were conducted to analyze the temperature increases of fires after releasing different types of foam. In this research, the nondimensional average temperature 0.85 and 0.71 regard as the fire extinguishing temperatures of methanol and diesel fuel, respectively. Over the spreading process, the increase in foam spreading length over time still follows the power law. The fastest flow velocity of 6% FP/AR in methanol pool fire and 6% Synthetic foams in diesel pool fire was 0.0136 m s −1and 0.044 m s −1, respectively, with a foam application rate of 11.4 L/min. The results show that, in the methanol pool fire, the cooling effect of the foam is ranked as FP/AR > AFFF > AFFF/AR > S > FP > S/AR. And the cooling effect of foam for diesel is ranked as S > S/AR > AFFF > AFFF/AR > FP > FP/AR. Foam's cooling impact is especially notable in diesel pool fires. As for methanol pool fires, the foam extinguishing mechanism is mainly based on the "anti-soluble film" effect, which quickly forms a covering layer on the surface of the flammable liquid, seperating the flame from heat feedback and inhibiting the generation of flammable vapors, insulating itself against the air and ultimately asphyxiating the fire. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen has become a popular alternative energy to traditional fossil fuels due to its potential to contribute to a more sustainable future. It is recognized that the safety, efficiency, and economic aspects of hydrogen storage and transportation play an important role in the hydrogen energy industry. The development and commercialization of hydrogen energy are currently hindered by the structural integrity issue associated with hydrogen storage tanks. To tackle this structural integrity issue, a tangible structural health monitoring (SHM) technology is entailed for the health management of hydrogen storage tanks. Currently, flexible transducers are increasingly used to construct sensing systems and facilitate the deployment of SHM methods due to their superior properties such as conformality, low profile, and lightweight. This paper provides an overview of the SHM methods based on flexible sensing technology for hydrogen storage tanks. The most common damage modes caused by diverse factors during the service life for four types of hydrogen storage tanks are first summarized. The burgeoning flexible sensing technologies with corresponding damage characterization methods (including strain-based and elastic wave-based methods) are reviewed, and their applications in storage tanks are also discussed. On this basis, potential advancements and research topics regarding SHM systems based on flexible sensing technology for hydrogen storage tanks are discussed, and it is expected that flexible sensing technology will play a game-changing role in the future construction of SHM systems for hydrogen storage tanks. [Display omitted] • Flexible sensors are suitable for the SHM application of hydrogen storage tanks. • The sensor array and composite sensor-structure approaches are introduced. • Flexible piezoelectric transducers can provide guided waves with mode tuning. • Applying ultrasonic guided wave method to composite pressure vessels is limited. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to excellent performance, hydrogen is treated as the most promising energy carrier. However, during the storage of liquid hydrogen, there are still some thorny issues that need to be addressed urgently, such as fluid thermal stratification and sloshing phenomenon. To efficiently grasp fluid sloshing mechanical characteristics, a simple visual sloshing experiment rig was established by using a rectangle transparent water vessel. The variations of the interface shape and the impact force during sloshing were monitored and analyzed. The effects of sloshing frequency, horizontal acceleration, and initial liquid height on fluid sloshing mechanical mechanism were investigated. The results show that when the external sloshing excitation is close to the first order natural frequency, obvious interface fluctuation and large amplitude sloshing force variation are observed. The present work is of significance to strengthen the understanding of fluid sloshing mechanical performance and may lay a solid foundation for fluid sloshing suppression and long‐term storage of cryogenic fuels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The inorganic water-based non-expanding fireproof coating was taked as the research object, and the coating thickness as the main influencing factor, the thermal response tests of liquefied petroleum gas tanks were conducted in a pool fire environment. The wall temperature response, damage time, and failure mode of storage tanks after spray fireproof coatings were studied in pool fire environments. The results show that the inorganic water-based non-expansion fireproof coatings have a significant delayed effect on the explosion time of storage tanks under fire action. For civilian liquefied petroleum gas storage tanks, when the filling level is the same, the tank which coating thickness is 2 cm is 6.91 times that of bare tanks in a pool fire environment, the tank which coating thickness is 3 cm is 1.20 times that of the tank which coating thickness is 2 cm, and the tank which coating thickness is 4 cm is 1.05 times that of the tank which coating thickness is 3 cm. The delayed effect of increasing coating thickness on the damage time of storage tanks in a pool fire environment gradually decreases, so it is suggest that to the coating thickness of 3 cm is suitable for storage tank. The research results have certain significance for the safety protection application of storage tanks in a pool fire environment and the study of fireproof coating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Methane emissions from the oil and gas sector are a large contributor to climate change. Robust emission quantification and source attribution are needed for mitigating methane emissions, requiring a transparent, comprehensive, and accurate geospatial database of oil and gas infrastructure. Realizing such a database is hindered by data gaps nationally and globally. To fill these gaps, we present a deep learning approach on freely available, high-resolution satellite imagery for automatically mapping well pads and storage tanks. We validate the results in the Permian and Denver-Julesburg basins, two high-producing basins in the United States. Our approach achieves high performance on expert-curated datasets of well pads (Precision = 0.955, Recall = 0.904) and storage tanks (Precision = 0.962, Recall = 0.968). When deployed across the entire basins, the approach captures a majority of well pads in existing datasets (79.5%) and detects a substantial number (>70,000) of well pads not present in those datasets. Furthermore, we detect storage tanks (>169,000) on well pads, which were not mapped in existing datasets. We identify remaining challenges with the approach, which, when solved, should enable a globally scalable and public framework for mapping well pads, storage tanks, and other oil and gas infrastructure. This work uses deep learning on satellite imagery to map well pads and storage tanks in two major U.S. basins. The resulting data fills large gaps in existing databases, a crucial step for improving methane emission estimates and source attribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geological conditions and rainfall intensity are two primary factors that can induce changes in groundwater level, which are one of the major triggering causes of geological disasters, such as collapse, landslides, and debris flow. In view of this, an improved TANK model is developed based on the influence of rainfall intensity, terrain, and geological conditions on the groundwater level in order to effectively predict the groundwater level evolution of rainfall landslides. A trapezoidal structure is used instead of the traditional rectangular structure to define the nonlinear change in a water level section to accurately estimate the storage of groundwater in rainfall landslides. Furthermore, big data are used to extract effective features from large-scale monitoring data. Here, we build prediction models to accurately predict changes in groundwater levels. Monitoring data of the Taziping landslide are taken as the reference for the study. The simulation results of the traditional TANK model and the improved TANK model are compared with the actual monitoring data, which proves that the improved TANK model can effectively simulate the changing trend in the groundwater level with rainfall. The study can provide a reliable basis for predicting and evaluating the change in the groundwater state in rainfall-type landslides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid development of the hydrogen energy industry and the vigorous promotion of the application of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles, hydrogen refueling station (HRS) has gradually penetrated into cities, mostly built in densely populated areas. Once leakage, fire, and/or explosion accident occurs, it is highly likely to cause casualties, property damage, and environmental pollution. In order to avoid HRS risks, this paper establishes a risk decision support model based on Cloud-Analytic Hierarchy Process for HRS. Firstly, the static and dynamic features of HRS emergency plan selection are analyzed, and the weight coefficient of each feature is determined by using the cloud analysis hierarchy process. Then, the case-based reasoning theory and the weighted Euclidean distance based on the cloud model are used to establish a decision support model based on emergency plan optimization. Finally, taking the HRS hydrogen storage tank fire as an example, the risk decision support model based on the cloud analysis hierarchical process is applied to form the optimal scheme of the HRS hydrogen storage tank fire emergency plan. The results show that the weighted Euclidean distance scheme selection method based on cloud model can be effectively combined with the weight acquisition method based on cloud analysis hierarchy process to provide decision support for HRS emergency risk management and control. • Decision support model is proposed based on Cloud-Analytic Hierarchy Process. • A scheme selection model with static and dynamic dual features is established. • The Weighted Distance-Based Approximation method assists in scheme selection based on dynamic features. • Case study confirms the superiority and efficiency of the proposed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dehydrogenations of two hydrogen storage tanks filled with ∼1.6 kg MWCNT-doped LaNi 5 at different setting temperatures (T set = 25–50 °C) and setting hydrogen flow rates (H 2 -FR set = 1.0 and 2.0 SLM) are carried out. By increasing T set to 50 °C under high H 2 -FR set = 2.0 SLM, dehydrogenation rate significantly enhances up to 1.5 time, and the obtained hydrogen release rate of 0.40–0.55 SLM prolongs for 4 h 35 min. The increase of hydrogen release rate favors the utilization with PEMFC stack owning greater rated power. For dehydrogenation under lower H 2 -FR set = 1.0 SLM, although initial dehydrogenation rate is hindered due to the restricted H 2 -FR set , overall performance based on dehydrogenation time, hydrogen capacity, and the obtained hydrogen release rate are preserved. The integrated PEMFC stack (200 W) with LaNi 5 -based tanks (T set = 50 °C and H 2 -FR set = 2.0 SLM) produces total electrical power of 321.2 Wh. This corresponds to the utilized hydrogen capacity of 0.85 wt % H 2 (∼75% of reversible capacity of 1.14 wt % H 2). Some limitations of the current and the power withdrawn from PEMFC stack are observed since the obtained hydrogen release rate from LaNi 5 -based tanks is deficient. The possibility to improve the performance of PEMFC stack coupled with LaNi 5 -based hydrogen storage tank is proposed. • Two H 2 storage tanks filled with 1.6 kg of MWCNT-doped LaNi 5. • Effects of setting temperatures (T set) and H 2 flow rates (H 2 -FR set) on hydrogen sorptions. • Enhanced dehydrogenation rate at high T set and under high H 2 -FR set. • Poor initial desorption rate under low H 2 -FR set despite at high T set. • Performance of PEMFC stack coupled with LaNi 5 -based H 2 storage tanks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of design parameters on the thermal performance of a packed bed thermocline thermal energy storage (TES) system was analyzed. Both one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) in-house codes were developed in MATLAB environment. The diameter of solid filler, height of storage tank, and fluid velocity were varied. The thermal performance of the system, such as discharging time, thermocline thickness, and energy efficiency was calculated. As the diameter of the solid filler and fluid velocity increased, and the height of the storage tank decreased, the discharging time decreased. As the diameter of the solid filler and the height of storage tank increased, the thermocline generally became thicker. The thermocline thickness according to the fluid velocity showed non-monotonic behavior: initially increasing and then decreasing, since it affected heat transfer coefficient, fluid-solid contact time and discharging time, which affected thermocline expansion. The 2D model exhibited higher energy efficiency than the 1D model, due to the consideration of the additional wall heating to the fluid, resulting in extended discharging time except for very low flow velocities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofibers have specific characteristics such as thermal insulation, weatherproofing, and sunlight resistance and therefore are appropriate to be applied as insulation materials for various industries, especially in greenhouse construction. The heat source in greenhouse buildings that operate independently in the heating network comes from heat storage tanks. In the present study, employing thermal field numerical simulations, we investigate the heat flux of a cylindrical heat storage tank with silica aerogel-modified PAN nanofibers as thermal insulation materials. The geometric scale of the tank body, thermal insulation material thickness, and outdoor temperature are optimized to improve thermal insulation. The significant discrepancy in heat flux at different parts of the heat storage tank leads to the extreme heat flux arising at the water–gas interface on the inner and outer walls. It is indicated that the heat flux distribution can be effectively ameliorated by modifying the scale of the tank body to retain the overall water temperature. In particular, effective insulation can merely be acquired when the thermal conductivity of the insulation material is below 3.3 W·m−1·K−1. Eventually, the heat storage tank is optimized to store 1400 L water at 100 °C with a radius of 0.6 m and a thermal insulation thickness of 50 mm at an outdoor temperature of −10 °C, which can maintain excellent thermal insulation for 8 and 24 h at 87.7 and 69.9 °C, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The polymer liner of the hydrogen storage cylinder was studied to investigate better hydrogen storage capacity in Type-IV cylinders. Molecular dynamics methods were used to simulate the adsorption and diffusion processes of hydrogen in a graphene-filled polyamide 6 (PA6) system. The solubility and diffusion characteristics of hydrogen in PA6 systems filled with different filler ratios (3 wt%, 4 wt%, 5 wt%, 6 wt%, and 7 wt%) were studied under working pressures (0.1 MPa, 35 MPa, 52 MPa, and 70 MPa). The effects of filler ratio, temperature, and pressure on hydrogen diffusion were analyzed. The results show that at atmospheric pressure when the graphene content reaches 5 wt%, its permeability coefficient is as low as 2.44 × 10−13 cm3·cm/(cm2·s·Pa), which is a 54.6% reduction compared to PA6. At 358 K and 70 MPa, the diffusion coefficient of the 5 wt% graphene/PA6 composite system is 138% higher than that at 298 K and 70 MPa. With increasing pressure, the diffusion coefficients of all materials generally decrease linearly. Among them, pure PA6 has the largest diffusion coefficient, while the 4 wt% graphene/PA6 composite system has the smallest diffusion coefficient. Additionally, the impact of FFV (free volume fraction) on the barrier properties of the material was studied, and the movement trajectory of H2 in the composite system was analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hydrogen gas storage tank market includes passenger cars and heavy-duty trucks. However, there is insufficient economic analysis of these tanks, which is the key element for achieving market expansion. Theoretical studies have investigated the cost of carbon composites in automotive and aerospace applications and hydrogen storage tanks. However, there is insufficient analysis based on actual technological and cost data. Moreover, there is limited analysis of the material, labor, and expense costs and equipment investments based on production quantities. The objective of this study is to analyze the costs related to hydrogen tanks in passenger cars and heavy-duty trucks on the basis of the manufacturing technologies, tank volume, type, and annual production. Furthermore, this study uses a cost – profit modeling approach to identify the cost, price, investment, and key cost drivers and provide target costs, effective manufacturing technologies, and strategies to meet the demands of the hydrogen tank market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new damping control method for the adjacent liquid storage tanks (LSTs) based on vibration barrier (ViBa) is proposed. Considering liquid-solid-soil coupling and structure-soil-structure interaction, a three-dimensional numerical calculation model is established by ADINA. The seismic control effect of ViBa is investigated, and parametric analysis is carried out. The results show that ViBa has a significant control effect on seismic responses and wave height, and the reduction factor of base shear force reaches the maximum value of 49.26%. The larger the seismic intensity, the liquid storage height and the height-radius ratio, the larger the reduction factor of the ViBa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the building roof acts as hub for atmospheric sediment deposition, the attached microbes can enter rainwater storage tank with ease to cause health issue for rainwater users. This study aims to explore the trend of roof-top deposited microbes in the different areas of Ikorodu local Government Area at Lagos, Nigeria. This paper also tests the hypothesis that the roof sediment deposition being a significant source to home bacteria. The total deposition rate on the roof for 34 weeks, which include 17 rainy and 17 dry weeks, were investigated. The enumerated bacteria was obtained from the roof deposit samples, where four representative different sites have been analysed to study the solid depositions and microbes within the area thoroughly. The sites were selected judging by their levels of sanitation and vegetation rate. The experimental investigations showed that enumerated microbes and total suspended solid (TSS) depositions in the different areas were higher in the dry season compared to rainy season, and the highest deposition was experienced in the Harmattan period. In addition, the results showed that areas with poor drainage infrastructure and poor sanitation have the roof-top deposition with higher bacterial count than good sanitation areas; while the unpaved and unvegetated areas produced higher deposits than the paved and vegetated areas. In terms of contamination sources, this study has illustrated that the particulate deposition on the roof-top prior to collection has further contaminated the roof-harvested rainwater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: What was the main work done? A study was conducted to investigate the stratification performance of storage tanks equipped with porous obstacles. Five CFD models of storage tanks with different internal structures were established. Comparing the thermal stratification performance of storage tanks with different internal structures. The stratification characteristics of traditional storage tanks, perforated plate obstacle tanks, and porous obstacle tanks were compared. Additionally, the heat storage properties of tanks with porous obstacles installed in various configurations were evaluated. What are the main findings? The installation of porous obstacles within storage tanks yields superior stratification effects compared to perforated plate obstacles. Storage tanks equipped with porous obstacles near both the top and bottom exhibit optimal thermal stratification performance. Thermocline storage tanks are critical components in energy storage systems for solar renewable energy utilization. The use of thermal stratification of the working fluid within the storage tank for energy storage is a pivotal technology in these systems. Effective thermal stratification can significantly enhance energy storage efficiency, meet a broader range of user demands, and improve the overall performance of the storage tank. Therefore, enhancing the energy storage efficiency of storage tanks is an essential objective. To promote internal temperature stratification within the tank, this study introduces a porous obstacle designed to improve the tank's internal structure. A comparative analysis was conducted with tanks featuring different structural configurations. Using the commercial finite element software ANSYS, an unsteady Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model was formulated to simulate the energy discharge process of five different tank structures under various operating conditions. By analyzing the internal temperature distribution, thermocline thickness, dimensionless exergy efficiency, and flow field trajectories, the stratification characteristics were determined. The results indicate that the porous obstacle significantly enhances stratification compared to the perforated plate obstacle. At a flow rate of 0.3 m/s, the thermocline thickness in traditional tanks and tanks with perforated plate obstacles is 42% and 14.3% greater, respectively, than in tanks with porous obstacles. Additionally, the study demonstrates that temperature stratification is more pronounced when the porous obstacle is positioned closer to the tank's bottom, with the optimal configuration being the placement of porous obstacles near both the top and bottom of the tank. At a flow rate of 0.3 m/s, the thermocline thickness in tanks with porous obstacles only at the bottom and middle is 17% and 133% greater, respectively, than in tanks with porous obstacles at both the top and bottom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Open manure storage contributes to the release of ammonia (NH3) into the atmosphere. Tank floating covers represent an effective technique to reduce NH3 emissions and biochar has been gain attention as a floating cover and as manure additive. Nevertheless, the mechanisms involved in the process still need to be elucidated since they are influenced by the biochar specific properties, application methods and dose. This work aims to study: (i) the biochar adsorption performances in an NH3 aqueous solution under conditions relevant to manure storage and (ii) the effect of different biochar application methods and dosage on NH3 emissions from buffalo digestate storage. The results show that a 43% reduction in NH3 emissions can be achieved by using biochar as a floating cover of 2 cm rather than as an additive. Moreover, the results show that the biochar produced at 550 °C acts as an adsorbent material for both NH4+ and NH3, by being adsorbed on the biochar surface in the form of NH4+ after H+ abstraction from the acid groups. A minimum cover height of 2 cm is required to give compactness and provide an additional resistance to the gas transfer, which is even more relevant than the adsorption in reducing NH3 emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rainwater tank is a critical component of the rainwater harvesting system and has a significant impact on the non-potable water saving efficiency and economic acceptability of the rainwater harvesting system. The choice of a suitable tank design to suit an existing catchment and local conditions is critical. In this paper, capacity is considered as a function of local rainfall data, unit price of tap water, roof area, non-potable water demand and an estimate of the cost of constructing a rainwater harvesting system. Analytical equations are derived that allow direct calculation of the desired cistern volume in terms of roof area and non-potable water demand. The validity of the analytical equations was demonstrated by comparing their results with the results of the sequential simulation, and the analytical equations proved to be adequate for the estimation of cisterns, but it was necessary to exclude some extreme scenarios due to the high deviation rate of the calculation results in the buildings with extremely high demand rates or extremely low roof areas. The proposed approach provides 'easy-to-use' design tools for engineers, architects, local authorities and rainwater tank manufacturers to estimate or recommend suitable sizes of rainwater cisterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Horizontal storage tanks are integral to the petrochemical industry but pose significant risks during earthquakes, potentially causing severe secondary disasters. Current seismic designs predominantly assume rigid tank walls, which can lead to an underestimation of seismic responses. This study introduces a novel analysis method for assessing the dynamic response of flexible-walled horizontal storage tanks. By separating the liquid velocity potential into convective and impulsive components and integrating these with beam vibration theory, we developed a simplified mechanical model. A parameter analysis and dynamic response research were conducted using numerical methods. Results indicate that flexible tank walls amplify seismic responses, including liquid dynamic pressure peaks, base shear, and overturning bending moments, compared to rigid walls. Additionally, the impact of flexible walls is more pronounced in tanks with larger radii, aspect ratios, diameter–thickness ratios, and H/R ratios. These findings highlight the necessity for revised seismic design approaches that consider wall flexibility to enhance the safety and resilience of horizontal storage tanks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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AbstractIn order to improve the safety of on-board hydrogen storage tanks during collision, a protective shell based on a negative Poisson’s ratio (NPR) core is designed in this paper. After analyzing and comparing the crashworthiness of three typical honeycomb structures, the concave hexagonal negative Poisson’s ratio honeycomb is selected as the energy-absorbing inner core of the hydrogen storage tank protection structure. The sensitivity analysis of the structural parameters of the NPR shell is conducted through orthogonal tests to identify parameters with a significant impact on crash performance. These parameters are then used as experimental variables for subsequent optimization design. Subsequently, a response surface approximation model between the optimization objective and the structural parameters is established based on the response surface method. Finally, the adaptive simulated annealing algorithm (ASA), neighborhood cultivation genetic algorithm (NCGA), and non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-II (NSGA-II) are used to optimize the structural parameters, and the optimization results are verified by the whole-vehicle crash simulation. The simulation results demonstrate that all three algorithms achieve better optimization results, among which NCGA is more advantageous in improving the overall performance of the protective shell. After NCGA optimization, the specific energy absorption of the protective shell increases by 19.75%, the maximum collision force of the rigid wall decreases by 23.63%, and the maximum stress of the hydrogen storage tank body decreases by 22.77%. These findings indicate that the designed protection shell effectively improves the crashworthiness of the hydrogen storage tank during collisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the process of the on–board transportation of liquid hydrogen storage and transportation tanks, apart from considering the support strength and adiabatic performance, it is imperative to take into account the vibration characteristics of the carrying platform. The present work introduces a versatile support structure comprising a damping module and a ball contact insulation structure, enabling effective isolation of external vibrations while simultaneously providing support and insulation. The first step involves describing the principle of a flexible support structure and designing the mechanical structure. Subsequently, a damping analysis is conducted based on dynamic theory to establish the relationship between the spring and damping. Finally, the structural parameters of the dual–function strut are determined, followed by simulation of heat transfer performance. The results demonstrate that the dual–function strut exhibits exceptional vibration damping performance by reducing the amplitude of external vibrations greater than 5 Hz to less than 6%. Moreover, owing to the compact linear diameter spring structure of the vibration damping module and its ball contact effect, the thermal resistance of the dual–function strut is significantly enhanced, resulting in a mere heat leakage of only 22 W/m2 in a single rod section. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pre-cooling of a large LNG storage tank involves complex phenomena such as heat transfer, low-temperature flow, gas displacement, and vaporization. The whole pre-cooling process could take up to 50 h. For large-scale, full-capacity storage tanks, it is particularly important to accurately control the pre-cooling temperature. Digital twin technology can characterize and predict the full life cycle parameters from the beginning of pre-cooling development to the end and even the appearance of damage in real time. The construction of a digital twin platform requires a large number of data samples in order to predict the operating state of the device. Therefore, a simulation method with high computational efficiency for the pre-cooling process of LNG tanks is of great importance. In this paper, the mixture model and discrete phase model (DPM) are applied to simulate the pre-cooling process of a large LNG full-capacity tank. Following Euler–Lagrange, the DPM greatly simplifies the solution process. Compared with the experimental results, the maximum error of the DPM simulation results is less than 11%. Such a highly efficient simulation method for the large LNG full-capacity storage tank can make it possible to build the digital twin platform that needs hundreds of data model samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compared to ground supported tank, column supported tank has the advantages of saving land space, having strong adaptability and making gas transmission cost small. It can be mass-produced in the center of a city, which has been widely used in practices. However, its seismic responses are much different from those of cylindrical tank. Limited research works and standard codes involve uplift effect and retrofitting measure of column supported tanks. Therefore, a shaking table test is conducted with a model tank designed by quasi-dimensional analysis method. To solve the problem of the anchored tank that may suffer damage under severe earthquake, a designed resilient tank is presented with mild steel dampers. The seismic responses of those two tanks are compared with each other, including the structural displacement parallel to excitation direction, the strain of tank walls and columns, the uplift displacement and the structural force. The results show that due to the uplift effect and the energy dissipation of dampers, the resilient tank has larger horizontal displacement, but less base shear and overturning moment than the anchored tank. Its strains of columns and walls in excitation direction decrease obviously, while those in perpendicular direction increase but with small variation, resulting in more balanced force allocation of the resilient tank. When encountering plastic failure, the dampers can be replaced in a very short time, making the normal use of the tank quickly even extreme condition. The resilient tank can save repairing time and cost. It can help resume the gas supply function of a city quickly after severe earthquake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a novel TIP–TIG (TT) automatic welding method was used to weld the girth seams of liquefied natural gas (LNG) tanks composed of 9% nickel steel. The microstructure of the joints was characterized via electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction. The tensile strength and ductility of the joints were evaluated via tensile testing. The low-temperature toughness of the joints was investigated via low-temperature impact testing at - 196 °C. This increased the toughness and strength of the TT-welded joint compared to the corresponding values of joints welded using conventional submerged arc welding (SAW). A comparison with the SAW-welded joints revealed that the TT-welded joint presented high strength and excellent low-temperature toughness, which can be primarily attributed to the low heat input. Compared with SAW, TT welding resulted in a lower joint dilution ratio, smaller heat-affected zone, and lower degree of grain coarsening. In addition to fine austenite, as the joint microstructure and several uniformly distributed carbides in the weld seam. These properties hindered the dislocation slip. However, they promoted precipitation strengthening and grain refinement and provided excellent low-temperature toughness to the TT-welded joints. Notably, TT welding does not require weld-bead cleaning between passes. Additionally, owing to improvements in the degree of automation for TT welding, the welding time can be further matched with that of SAW. TT welding with narrow-gap grooves reduces the required amount of filler metal by more than 50%. Therefore, the TT welding process is significantly advantageous and can replace SAW for girth–seam welding of LNG storage tanks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Safety is one of the goals of a smart city. To study storage tank explosion damage in a city's chemical industrial parks, determine the position of control measures according to the situation, and realize the analysis of the measured utility, we proposed the area damage probability importance distribution. In this way, the prediction and prevention of risk in chemical industrial parks can be achieved intelligently. The concept of area damage probability importance distribution was given, and the utility analysis method of the control measures for storage tank explosion accidents was put forward. It is concluded that the area damage probability importance distribution represents the change degree of damage probability: that is, the damage degree of storage tank explosion in a chemical industrial park. The control measures for a storage tank explosion can be set up in varying positions, as the explosion damage is mainly caused by shock waves; the blast walls are selected as the measure set, and the calculation method for the area damage probability is modified. By comparing the calculated area damage probability distribution before and after, evaluation of the control measures' effectiveness can be achieved. Finally, the flow chart of the algorithm is given. The example analysis shows that the calculation process and analysis results meet the design requirements of the algorithm. The effectiveness of the method, the distribution characteristics, and the significance and function of the importance distribution of damage probability are discussed. This provides an effective method for smart cities to predict and prevent the impact of an explosion at chemical industrial parks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Probabilistic safety assessment has been widely used to evaluate nuclear power plant safety systems. It couples fault tree (FT) analysis and event tree (ET) analysis. The FT analysis is to develop failure scenarios, to quantify the failure probability, and to identify critical components. The ET analysis is to develop event sequences (ESs) leading to reactor core damage and quantify core damage frequency. Currently, there is no approach in probabilistic safety assessment that can be used to identify minimal combinations of safety system failures leading to reactor core damage. This study proposes an event sequence based fault tree analysis, which integrates the FT model with the ET model. The ET model is to identify the ESs leading to the reactor core damage. Meanwhile, the FT model is to identify minimal combinations of those ESs found in the ET model. The motivation of this study is how to identify critical safety systems in nuclear power plants to mitigate disturbances caused by a group of postulated initiating events to avoid core damage. To confirm the feasibility and the applicability of the proposed approach, the performance of the AP1000 passive core cooling system is evaluated. It is found that if an in-containment refueling water storage tank, an automatic depressurization system - full, an accumulator, a core make-up tank, and a passive residual heat removal work properly, the reactor core will remain intact. These results confirmed that the proposed approach could be applicable to identify minimal combinations of safety systems to keep the reactor core intact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An analysis of various system configurations of hydrogen refueling stations and the types of failures that can occur in these stations is presented herein. Although the major components (compressor, storage tank, dispenser and chiller) are the same across various configurations, the numbers of compressors and storage tanks, as well as the system layouts, are different. Because compressors are operated at high pressure, leakage from valves and malfunctioning of lubricant oil pumps occur frequently (−50 % of all failures). Moreover, because hydrogen gas at −40 °C flows through the dispenser, the receptacle at the inlet of the storage cylinder can freeze, and leakage of cold refrigerant from the chiller system occurs frequently (both account for −20 % of all failures). Periodic maintenance of pipes and valves, compressor, and dispenser should be performed to pre-vent leakages and compressor malfunction. The outcomes of this study can help improve the economic feasibility of hydrogen refueling stations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the extensive utilization of liquid nature gas (abbreviated as LNG) resources and a multitude of considerations, LNG storage tanks are gradually transitioning towards smaller footprints and heightened safety standards. Consequently, underground LNG storage tanks are being designed and constructed. However, underground LNG storage tanks release a considerable quantity of cold into the ground under both accidental and normal conditions. The influence of cold results in the ground freezing, which further compromises the safety of the structure. Existing research has neglected to consider the effects of this. This oversight could potentially lead to serious safety accidents. In this work, a complete set of experiments using a novel LNG underground storage tank fluid-solid-thermal coupled cryogenic leakage scale model were conducted for the first time to simulate the effect of the tank on the soil temperature field, stress field, and displacement field and to analyze the development of the three fields and the results of the effect. This research helps the related personnel to better design, construct, and evaluate the LNG underground storage tanks to avoid the catastrophic engineering risks associated with cryogenic leakage and helps to improve the design process of LNG underground storage tanks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The risk of flammable dangerous liquids stored on the industrial premises escaping into the environment in the event of major industrial accidents must be minimized. Such a risk reduction result can be achieved by the use of safety barriers, such as a remediation bund area, which can retain, collect and store the released material. The careful determination of design parameters of this installation is of great importance. Therefore, this study–based on the analyses of applicability of existing guidelines (SPCC and HSNOCOP 47)—will propose a new sizing calculation methodology to design optimal and efficient remediation bund parameters, including the remediation bund wall height and distance between the remediation bund and the storage tank walls. The design parameters are defined by applying Toricelli's theorem and their practical compliance is tested using consequence analysis simulation software ALOHA 5.4.7 covering three possible major accident scenarios. As a result of the newly proposed methodology, the risk of overflow through the remediation bund wall can be excluded and higher effectiveness of the application of firefighting and technical rescue intervention activities can be ensured. The results of present research ultimately serve to prevent major industrial accidents and eliminate their possible harmful environmental impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this manuscript, CH4 emissions from sludge treatment centres are quantified using an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) framework, with particular focus on anaerobic digesters and digestate storage tanks. The outcomes are compared to those obtained using the carbon accounting workbook (CAW), which is the most commonly used industry tool by UK and Irish water companies to estimate the annual greenhouse gas emissions from their process operations. Path integrated concentrations are monitored with the use of an open-path tuneable diode laser absorption spectroscopy sensor embedded on a UAV. Measurements are interpolated using geostatistics (Kriging) and coupled with the mass balance approach to estimate emissions. The findings show that the CAW seems to underestimate emissions from digestate storage tanks by up to an order of magnitude. The results also show that CH4 emissions are linked with the residence time in the tank and temperature of the digestate. This study highlights the limitations of assumptions made using current reporting methods based on the carbon accounting workbook. This study proves that the UAV framework, together with the mass balance approach, provides high spatial resolution data; it captures the dynamic nature of emissions compared to the CAW and can be a cost-effective solution to estimate CH4 fluxes compared to other sensor-based systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Methane (CH 4) is a significant greenhouse gas in exacerbating climate change. Approximately 25 % of CH 4 is emitted from storage tanks. It is crucial to spatially explore the CH 4 emission patterns from storage tanks for efficient strategy proposals to mitigate climate change. However, due to the lack of publicly accessible storage tank locations and distributions, it is difficult to ascertain the CH 4 emission spatial pattern over a large-scale area. To address this problem, we generated a storage tank dataset (STD) by implementing a deep learning model with manual refinement based on 4403 high-spatial-resolution images (1–2 m) from the Gaofen-1, Gaofen-2, Gaofen-6, and Ziyuan-3 satellites over city regions in China with officially reported numerous storage tanks in 2021. STD is the first storage tank dataset for over 92 typical city regions in China. The dataset can be accessed at 10.5281/zenodo.10514151 (Chen et al., 2024). It provides a detailed georeferenced inventory of 14 461 storage tanks wherein each storage tank is validated and assigned the construction year (2000–2021) by visual interpretation of the collected high-spatial-resolution images, historical high-spatial-resolution images of Google Earth, and field survey. The inventory comprises storage tanks with various distribution patterns in different city regions. Spatial consistency analysis with the CH 4 emission product shows good agreement with storage tank distributions. The intensive construction of storage tanks significantly induces CH 4 emissions from 2005 to 2020, underscoring the need for more robust measures to curb CH 4 release and aid in climate change mitigation efforts. Our proposed dataset, STD, will foster the accurate estimation of CH 4 released from storage tanks for CH 4 control and reduction and ensure more efficient treatment strategies are proposed to better understand the impact of storage tanks on the environment, ecology, and human settlements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The liquefied natural gas (LNG) fuel tank in a large container ship is loaded with liquid LNG at an ultra-low temperature (-163°C), there is a significant temperature difference in the cargo hold area where the entire fuel tank is located, which will have an important impact on the steel grade design and structural safety of the cargo tank in container ship. This paper develops two heat transfer models using Computational Fluid Dynamics method (CFD method) and an analytical method to analyze the temperature distribution in a large container ship equipped with Type-B LNG fuel tank. These models incorporate the arrangement and heat transfer characteristics of LNG fuel tanks. The temperature field analysis is conducted under typical the environmental conditions specified in the Code for the Construction and Equipment of Ships Transporting Liquefied Gas in Bulk (IGC Code) and the United States Coast Guard Code (USCG Code), based on the CFD method and the analytical method, and the results of temperature field distribution are compared. Additionally, a parametric analysis of the hull temperature field is further carried out, the results show that the thermal conductivity of the insulation layer in LNG storage tanks and the types of the loaded liquid cargo have a limited impact on the final temperature field distribution in hull structure. However, the selection of steel grade in the local structure of the cargo hold, especially in the inner hull part, may lead to significant changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A life cycle assessment (LCA) study was completed to understand the environmental impacts associated with the land application of wastes produced from rural food‐processing operations for final disposal. The system boundaries for the two comprised scenarios included the storage of the produced non‐agriculture source material (NASM), transportation to an applicable location, land application of the NASM, and the impacts of the final emissions to the soil and groundwater for a full year. The Tool for the Reduction and Assessment of Chemicals and Other Environmental Impacts (TRACI) v2.1 was selected as the impact assessment method. Furthermore, SimaPro 8.0.4.26 was the LCA model version that was used with all the databases included. Overall, the LCA study showed that the most significant environmental impacts associated with the disposal process resulted from carcinogenic and eutrophication emissions. The component that contributed the most to carcinogenic impacts was found to be from the material required to create the concrete storage tank. Additionally, eutrophication was identified to be a potential significant impact, if proper setback requirements are not followed for the NASM material. Results of the study look to inform stakeholders about the benefits and risks encountered from NASM disposal. Practitioner Points: Life cycle assessment was completed on a representative NASM disposal system using land application.Concrete tank used for storage of NASM had the most significant impact in carcinogenic emissions.Eutrophication impacts were the second most significant impact behind carcinogenic emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To improve the performance of the compressed air energy storage (CAES) system, flow and heat transfer in different air storage tank (AST) configurations are investigated using numerical simulations after the numerical model has been experimentally validated. System performance for different AST placement methods is analyzed through numerical simulations integrated with the thermodynamic model of advanced adiabatic compressed air energy storage (AA-CAES). An in-depth study examines the impact of key system parameters on system performance with different AST configurations. Based on these analyses, the AA-CAES system with a constant volume of AST is optimized. The results indicate that horizontal placement of the AST improves heat transfer capability within the same working pressure range but results in slightly lower energy storage efficiency, achieving 64.61% compared to 65.50% for vertical placement. However, horizontal placement offers higher energy storage density, achieving 3.54 kW h/m3 under specific conditions, compared to 3.14 kW h/m3 for vertical placement. As the energy storage flow rate increases, exceeding the critical flow rate significantly improves heat transfer in vertically placed ASTs, thus narrowing the energy storage density gap between configurations. Increased turbine efficiency, additional external heat sources, and further utilization of compression heat provide more significant performance improvements for the AA-CAES with the AST placed horizontally compared to vertically. Compared to the AA-CAES with vertically placed ASTs, the configuration of the ASTs is optimized to enhance the electrical output of the AA-CAES by 76.4 MW h and reduce the input by 78.9 MW h at a storage flow rate of 0.5 kg/s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to study the blast damage effects of aviation kerosene storage tanks, the out-field explosion experiments of 8 m3 fixed-roof tanks were carried out. The fragments, shock wave and fireball thermal radiation of the tank in the presence of bottom oil, half oil and full oil, as well as empty tank, were investigated under internal explosion by various TNT charge contents (1.8 kg, 3.5 kg and 6.2 kg). The results showed that the tank roof was the only fragment produced, and the damage forms could be divided into three types. The increase of TNT charge content and oil volume enlarged the deformation of the tank, while the hole ratio presented a trend of increase first and then decrease. The Hr, max and Vmax values positively increased as increasing the TNT charge content and oil volume (from empty to half oil), but decreased in full oil. The Pmax values had a progressive increase with the increment of TNT charge content, but not the case with the increase in oil volumes. The development of fireball was divided into three stages: tank roof 'towed' flame, jet flow flame tumbling and rising, and jet flow flame extinguishing. The Dmax and Hf, max values both increased as increasing TNT charge content and oil volumes. The oscillation phenomenon of fireball temperature was observed in the cooling process. The average temperature of fireball surface was positively correlated with TNT charge content, and negatively correlated with oil volumes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aiming at the problems of large energy consumption and serious pollution of winter heating existing in the rural buildings in Southern Xinjiang, a combined active-passive heating system was proposed, and the simulation software was used to optimize the parameters of the system, according to the parameters obtained from the optimization, a test platform was built and winter heating test was carried out. The simulation results showed that the thickness of the air layer of 75 mm, the total area of the vent holes of 0.24 m², and the thickness of the insulation layer of 120 mm were the optimal construction for the passive part; solar collector area of 28 m², hot water storage tank volume of 1.4 m³, mass flow rate of 800 kg/h on the collector side, mass flow rate of 400 kg/h on the heat exchanger side, and output power of auxiliary heat source of 5~9 kW were the optimal constructions for active heating system. Test results showed that during the heating period, the system could provide sufficient heat to the room under different heating modes, and the indoor temperature reached over 18°C, which met the heating demand. The economic and environmental benefits of the system were analyzed, and the economic benefits of the system were better than coal-fired heating, and the CO2 emissions were reduced by 3,292.25 kg compared with coal-fired heating. The results of the study showed that the combined active-passive heating system could effectively solve the heating problems existing in rural buildings in Southern Xinjiang, and it also laid the theoretical foundation for the popularization of the combined heating systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Municipal drinking water distribution systems (DWDSs) and associated premise plumbing (PP) systems are vulnerable to proliferation of opportunistic pathogens, even when chemical disinfection residuals are present, thus presenting a public health risk. Monitoring the structure of microbial communities of drinking water is challenging because of limited continuous access to faucets, pipes, and storage tanks. We propose a scalable household sampling method, which uses spent activated carbon and reverse osmosis (RO) membrane point-of-use (POU) filters to evaluate mid- to long-term occurrence of microorganisms in PP systems that are relevant to consumer exposure. As a proof of concept, POU filter microbiomes were collected from four different locations and analyzed with 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. The analyses revealed distinct microbial communities, with occasional detection of potential pathogens. The findings highlight the importance of local, and if possible, continuous monitoring within and across distribution systems. The continuous operation of POU filters offers an advantage in capturing species that may be missed by instantaneous sampling methods. We suggest that water utilities, public institutions, and regulatory agencies take advantage of end-of-life POU filters for microbial monitoring. This approach can be easily implemented to ensure drinking water safety, especially from microbes of emerging concerns; e.g., pathogenic Legionella and Mycobacterium species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]