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At present, there are as many as tens of millions of digital platform workers in China, and their number is growing rapidly. However, the protection of platform workers' rights still faces many challenges. In recent years, China's judicial and administrative authorities and trade unions have made many efforts to strengthen labour protection for platform workers. Many innovative measures have been introduced, which strive to find a balance between the development of the platform economy on the one hand and worker protection on the other. The introduction of a number of significant administrative and legislative measures in 2021 suggests that the protection of platform workers occupies a more important position than before. Courts and labour arbitration institutions have introduced new factors into consideration in the determination of employment relationship in some cases, although they in general still apply the traditional definition and methods of determination of the employment relationship. Administrative organs have put forward the new concept of the 'incomplete labour relationship' (Bu Wanquan Fuhe Queli Laodong Guanxi Qingxing , referring to the situation in which the parties do not completely meet the conditions for the formation of a labour relationship), as part of administrative guidance to platform companies in the form of 'guiding opinions'. The Trade Union Law has been amended in a timely way to clarify that platform workers can join and establish trade unions. In addition, pilot projects have been launched in some areas to provide occupational injury protection to platform workers. The main feature of the labour protection of platform workers in China is that the administrative organs have played a leading role. At present, the main challenge is to improve the imperfect legislation. The way forward is to formulate special laws to further clarify the basic rights of platform workers, including algorithm-related rights, and to improve the rules on the determining of employment status in platform work, so as to enhance legal certainty and ensure effective protection for platform workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the influence of the EU over UK labour law, before and after Brexit. It compares the influence of the EU within the internal market with that under the UK–EU Trade and Cooperation Agreement (TCA) agreed in December 2020. It focuses both on the different mechanisms through which labour law standards may be enforced before and after Brexit, and, in particular, on the extent to which the internal market case law of the Court of Justice (CJEU) may be utilised by labour lawyers seeking to apply the 'level playing field' provisions of the TCA. Given the structure of the EU Treaties and the TCA, arguments for high labour standards within the EU and in trade agreements signed by the EU, are more likely to be successful not where they are based on autonomous social arguments, but instead where labour and trade law arguments are combined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Women are overrepresented in informal employment in the Indian labour market. They also devote more time to unpaid care work than men do. The poor working conditions of women are attributable to this double burden of work. Due to the lack of regulatory measures to protect the interest of informal women workers along with rigid gender norms, women's participation in paid work is drastically reduced. As far as unpaid care work is concerned, feminist economists have been striving to make such work visible for a long time now. There have been some developments in labour statistics, with time use surveys quantifying women's paid and unpaid contributions to the economy. This article delves into the examination of unpaid care work in India with the help of the Indian government's recent Time Use Survey. It attempts to study the connection between paid work and unpaid care work and its implications for the working conditions of women in India. Finally, it evaluates the 'right to work' as a possible solution by using the example of employment guarantee schemes in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a 2012 article, Sabia, Burkhauser, and Hansen reported very large negative effects of the 2004 to 2006 increase in the New York State minimum wage on the employment of young, less-educated workers. Hoffman reexamines their estimates using data from the full Current Population Survey (CPS), rather than the smaller CPS-MORG files they used, and finds no evidence of a negative employment impact. The full CPS, which is the source of U.S. official labor market statistics, is certainly the more appropriate and reliable data source. Furthermore, when Hoffman repeats the analysis using three states and the District of Columbia, which also had a substantial increase in the state minimum wage in the same time period, he finds evidence of a small positive employment effect. Together, the two findings are consistent with other, more recent research that reports very weak or zero employment effects of the minimum wage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper studies peculiarities of formation and use of the Yamal--Nenets Autonomous Okrug labour potential. The purpose of the study is to identify the specifics of the situation in the regional labour market, its main determinants and development prospects, and to formulate proposals for employment policy corresponding to the peculiarities of the socio-demographic and economic situation. The paper is based on state labour statistics, municipal statistics, information of the Federal Register of Disabiled Persons, and the Rosstat population surveys data. To solve the research tasks the author uses methods of descriptive statistical analysis, as well as clustering methods in application to data characterizing tensions in the labour market of the municipalities of the region. The results of the analysis indicate the high role of migration in the formation of the labour potential of the region. Among the structural features of employment of the Yamal-- Nenets Autonomous Okrug are a significant share of shift labour and a high proportion of migrants in the labour force, significant disparities in the structure of employed by economic activity and occupational group, as well as a small proportion of self-employed and entrepreneurs. The author concludes that the problems of the labour market act as an obstacle to the sustainable development of the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The unemployment statistics of the 1930s' Great Depression have often been used as a way of estimating the endurance and severity of the economic crisis in different countries. The Swedish unemployment data have, among other things, been used in comparison with the American data to describe the different economic development that these two countries experienced during the twentieth century. Sweden's 'work approach' to unemployment during the Great Depression has also been highlighted in earlier research as an answer to the question of why Sweden managed the Great Depression quite well and was able to kick-start the development of the welfare state. Unfortunately, the official unemployment data mainly covered men; female unemployment has been neglected both in the official records and in earlier research, and the praised 'work approach' only targeted male unemployment. In this paper, a new and previously neglected source of unemployment data is brought into the light in the form of poor relief statistics. From this information, a new estimation of the female unemployment during the Great Depression is made, which questions the grand conclusions that have been reached regarding the connections of the crisis and the later welfare state construction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Millenials are the generation everyone is talking about and the generation who loves to talk about themselves. More than just a media buzzword, researchers, marketers, and retailers are interested in how the soon-to-be-largest segment of the population is making food purchasing decisions. This paper uses the difference-in-difference method to determine the causal "millennial effect" on the share of income spent on various food expenditure categories. Data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics' Consumer Expenditure Survey was used to identify how young people's food expenditures compare to older people's in 2015 and in 1980. Results indicate significant "millennial effects" that might have policy implications for future health care spending. Millennials have higher demand for cereal, beef, pork, poultry, eggs, and fresh fruit and lower demand for "other" food, and for food away from home relative to what would have been expected from the eating patterns of the young and old 35 years prior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries (CFOI) collects information on union status for workers fatally injured on the job. Understanding how unions and collective bargaining agreements may affect workplace safety is an important area of research for policymakers, public health officials, employers, workers, and unions. This article provides background on the CFOI program and describes how the program collected union information from 2011 to 2013. It further describes the methods used as part of a special effort in Massachusetts to determine what union information was available in administrative documents. In addition, the article describes methods that may enable other CFOI state agents to generate more robust data and presents Massachusetts data by union and nonunion status for 2011-13. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years the validity of Engel's Laws, with reference to consumption expenditures, has been open to question. The first law was stated in 1857 in Western Europe where economic conditions were much different from today. Do the laws still hold in a mature American economy? This article discusses results from a test using income elasticity as the method. Data were supplied by the 1960-61 study of the Bureau of Labor Statistics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information related to recently published papers and books related to industrial and labor relations. Some of the research papers listed here are "Collective Bargaining in a Private College," by Mary S. Schinagl published in the September, 1972 issue of the journal Personnel Administration and Public Personnel Review, "The School Finance Decisions: Collective Bargaining and Future Finance Systems," by Larry G. Simon, published in the Yale Law Journal, and "Bureau of Labor Statistics," published in the Wage Calendar 1972. Some of the papers focusing on labor economic include "Sectoral Elasticities of Substitution between Capital and Labor in a Developing Economy: Time Series Analysis in the Case of Post-war Chile," by Jare R. Behrman, "The Current Inflation: Proceedings of a Conference held at the London School of Economics on 22 February, 1971," edited by H. G. Johnson, and A, R. Nobay, "The Effect of Teachers' Organizations on Salaries and Class Size," by W. Clayton Hall and Norman E Carroll, published in the journal Industrial and Labor Relations Review.

The article examines statistics on strikes in New Zealand during the 1950s and 1960s, and the relevance of the statistics to labor law and legislation. The article describes the history of government policy on industrial relations and conflict management in New Zealand. Characteristics of labor conflicts between 1952 and 1970 are detailed. Working conditions and wages are named as issues that lead to labor conflicts and strikes. The authors address the ability of law and legislation to resolve labor conflicts and prevent strikes.

The general agreement on the desirability of "full employment" often obscures the very real disagreement over the meaning to be attached to that term. Critics of the Census measure of unemployment have long charged that this measure seriously understates the extent of unemployment, particularly during periods of recession and depression. The authors of this article propose a new measure of "labor slack," or the underutilization of the potential labor force, which they believe would effectively complement the present Census measure in providing policy makers with the information needed to implement the Full Employment Act. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers the information on the Current Population Survey (CPS) produces some of the nation's most closely watched labor market statistics including the national unemployment rate. The article mentions about the anecdotal evidence of a great increase in the number of independent contractors and freelancers, data from the Current Population Survey (CPS).