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Objective Animal Studied Methods Results Conclusion To describe a novel surgical approach to conjunctivorhinostomy for feline nasolacrimal duct obstruction.A client‐owned 4‐year‐old female spayed domestic shorthair cat presented with chronic unilateral nasolacrimal duct obstruction of the right eye.Following obstruction confirmation via complete ophthalmic examination and dacryocystorhinography, conjunctivorhinostomy was performed under general anesthesia, and an indwelling sub‐palpebral lavage (SPL) line was placed to facilitate the formation of a new pathway for tear drainage. Specifically, the SPL footplate was sutured to the ventral conjunctival fornix with 5‐0 nylon and 6‐0 vicryl while the tubing was passed through the new pathway and the distal end of the tubing trimmed and tucked into a perinasal subcutaneous pocket. Two skin sutures closed the perinasal pocket and were removed 2 weeks postoperatively.No immediate postoperative complications occurred. At 6 weeks and 6 months postoperatively, the distal SPL tubing was dislodged and visible out of the right nostril. This was uneventfully trimmed shorter, and no further complications occurred. The SPL component was easily removed 11 months postoperatively without complication. The patient's clinical signs dramatically improved; she was comfortable over 2 years after surgery.To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of using an SPL as an indwelling catheter for nasolacrimal duct surgery via conjunctivorhinostomy in a cat. This technique eliminated external stent sites for the patient, which was associated with a short use of an e‐collar, and utilized materials readily available in a specialty hospital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sphingosine 1‐phosphate (S1P) is a bioactive lipid of the sphingolipid family and plays a pivotal role in the mammalian nervous system. Indeed, S1P is a therapeutic target for treating demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis. Being part of an interconnected sphingolipid metabolic network, the amount of S1P available for signalling is equilibrated between its synthetic (sphingosine kinases 1 and 2) and degradative (sphingosine 1‐phosphate lyase) enzymes. Once produced, S1P exerts its biological roles via signalling to a family of five G protein‐coupled S1P receptors 1–5 (S1PR1–5). Despite significant progress, the precise roles that S1P metabolism and downstream signalling play in regulating myelin formation and repair remain largely opaque and somewhat controversial. Genetic or pharmacological studies adopting various model systems identify that stimulating S1P‐S1PR signalling protects myelin‐forming oligodendrocytes after central nervous system (CNS) injury and attenuates demyelination in vivo. However, evidence to support its role in remyelination of the mammalian CNS is limited, although blocking S1P synthesis sheds light on the role of endogenous S1P in promoting CNS remyelination. This review focuses on summarising the current understanding of S1P in CNS myelin formation and repair, discussing the complexity of S1P–S1PR interaction and the underlying mechanism by which S1P biosynthesis and signalling regulates oligodendrocyte myelination in the healthy and injured mammalian CNS, raising new questions for future investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The embryogenic transition of plant somatic cells to produce somatic embryos requires extensive reprogramming of the cell transcriptome. The prominent role of transcription factors (TFs) and miRNAs in controlling somatic embryogenesis (SE) induction in plants was documented. The profiling of MIRNA expression in the embryogenic culture of Arabidopsis implied the contribution of the miR156 and miR169 to the embryogenic induction. In the present study, the function of miR156 and miR169 and the candidate targets, SPL and NF-YA genes, were investigated in Arabidopsis SE. The results showed that misexpression of MIRNA156 and candidate SPL target genes (SPL2, 3, 4, 5, 9, 10, 11, 13, 15) negatively affected the embryogenic potential of transgenic explants, suggesting that specific fine-tuning of the miR156 and target genes expression levels seems essential for efficient SE induction. The results revealed that SPL11 under the control of miR156 might contribute to SE induction by regulating the master regulators of SE, the LEC (LEAFY COTYLEDON) genes (LEC1, LEC2, FUS3). Moreover, the role of miR169 and its candidate NF-YA targets in SE induction was demonstrated. The results showed that several miR169 targets, including NF-YA1, 3, 5, 8, and 10, positively regulated SE. We found, that miR169 via NF-YA5 seems to modulate the expression of a master SE regulator LEC1/NF-YA and other auxin-related genes: YUCCA (YUC4, 10) and PIN1 in SE induction. The study provided new insights into miR156-SPL and miR169-NF-YA functions in the auxin-related and LEC-controlled regulatory network of SE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Potentiodynamic and galvanostatic experiments have been used to investigate the electrodeposition of Zn and to develop a reliable recovery method from a purified spent pickling liquor (SPL) of hot dip galvanization. The main bjective was to find the suitable conditions to deposit high-grade Zn from the purified ZnCl2–HCl–NaCl solution in a conventional electrowinning cell holding the stationary electrolyte. The effects of pH (1.5–4.5) in and Zn concentration (30–150 g/dm3) in the stationary electrolytes were studied first by the potentiodynamic method to reveal the major characteristics of the cathodic process and to give reference for further practical examinations by the galvanostatic technique. The electrowinning experiments pointed out the effects of these major parameters, beside other practical factors, like apparent current density (c.d.) and additional NaCl concentration. The long-term galvanostatic experiments proved that the current efficiency (c.e.) increases significantly as the pH and the Zn concentration are increased. A c.e. of ~ 99% can be reached with an electrolyte of pH ~ 5, Zn concentration ~ 50 g/dm3 applying a c.d. in the 300–600 A/m2 range. Increasing the Zn concentration could considerably improve also the deposit morphology. The addition of NaCl can practically improve the c.e. if the Zn concentration is at least around 50 g/dm3. In contrast, this improvement is largely off-set by the negative effects of strong H2 evolution at low (e.g. < 10 g/dm3) Zn concentrations. Extremely high Cl− ion concentrations, however, inhibit the cathodic reaction by stronger chloro-complex formation. In this case the intensive H+ reduction causes hydroxide precipitation.Article Highlights: The evolution of hydrogen and the reduction of Zn2+ are reflected in polarization curves and the development of surface irregularities at the cathode. The current efficiencies and the surface morphologies were determined with different electrolyte compositions in a wide range of apparent current densities. A pH values in the range of 2–5 and apparent current densities of 600–1200 A/m2 were found suitable to avoid excessive hydrogen evolution and hydroxide precipitation. Sodium chloride addition enhances chloro-complexation of zinc, promotes hydroxide precipitation and hydrogen evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sugar beet is a significant sugar crop in China, primarily cultivated in arid regions of the north. However, drought often affects sugar beet cultivation, leading to reduced yield and quality. Therefore, understanding the impact of drought on sugar beets and studying their drought tolerance is crucial. Previous research has examined the role of SPL (SQUAMOSA promoter-binding protein-like) transcription factors in plant stress response; however, the precise contribution of SPLs to the drought stress response in sugar beets has yet to be elucidated. In this study, we identified and examined the BvSPL6, BvSPL7, and BvSPL9 genes in sugar beets, investigating their performance during the seedling stage under drought stress. We explored their drought resistance characteristics using bioinformatics, quantitative analysis, physiological experiments, and molecular biology experiments. Drought stress and rehydration treatments were applied to sugar beet seedlings, and the expression levels of BvSPL6, BvSPL7, and BvSPL9 genes in leaves were quantitatively analyzed at 11 different time points to evaluate sugar beets' response and tolerance to drought stress. Results indicated that the expression level of the BvSPL6/9 genes in leaves was upregulated during the mid-stage of drought stress and downregulated during the early and late stages. Additionally, the expression level of the BvSPL7 gene gradually increased with the duration of drought stress. Through analyzing changes in physiological indicators during different time periods of drought stress and rehydration treatment, we speculated that the regulation of BvSPL6/7/9 genes is associated with sugar beet drought resistance and their participation in drought stress response. Furthermore, we cloned the CDS sequences of BvSPL6, BvSPL7, and BvSPL9 genes from sugar beets and conducted sequence alignment with the database to validate the results. Subsequently, we constructed overexpression vectors, named 35S::BvSPL6, 35S::BvSPL7, and 35S::BvSPL9, and introduced them into sugar beets using Agrobacterium-mediated methods. Real-time fluorescence quantitative analysis revealed that the expression levels of BvSPL6/7/9 genes in transgenic sugar beets increased by 40% to 80%. The drought resistance of transgenic sugar beets was significantly enhanced compared with the control group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the ripening of litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) fruit, anthocyanin biosynthesis is crucial in providing vibrant coloring. Previous studies on anthocyanin-related transcription factors have made significant discoveries relating to plants. However, the role of the SQUAMOSA promoter-binding protein-like (SPL) transcription factors in anthocyanin biosynthesis has rarely been studied in litchi. SPL genes are widely involved in the developmental mechanisms of plants. In this study, a total of 17 SPL genes have been identified from the litchi genome. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that these genes were divided into eight groups (Group I-VIII). Analysis of gene structure conserved domains, conserved motifs, and miR156 target prediction showed that LcSPLs were highly conserved during evolution. RNA-seq analysis of litchi revealed that six LcSPL genes have a role in regulating anthocyanin biosynthesis. Further, weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA) revealed LcSPL7's role in anthocyanin synthesis and chlorophyll degradation in litchi fruit ripening. These findings collectively suggest that the LcSPL gene family plays an essential role in anthocyanin biosynthesis in litchi pericarp. In summary, comprehensive bioinformatics analysis of the SPL family expands our understanding of anthocyanin synthesis in litchi pericarp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sphingosine-1 phosphate (S1P) is a lipid metabolite regulating diverse biological processes, including proliferation, differentiation, migration, and apoptosis, highlighting its physiological and therapeutic significance. Current S1P-based therapeutic approaches primarily focus on modulating the downstream signalling via targeting S1P receptors, however, this is challenged by incomplete receptor internalisation. Sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase (SPL) is a highly conserved enzyme that “gatekeeps” the final step of S1P degradation. Cognisant of the complex ligand and receptor interaction and dynamic metabolic networks, the selective modulation of SPL activity presents a new opportunity to regulate S1P biosynthesis and reveal its role in various systems. Over the past decade, an evolving effort has been made to identify new molecules that could block SPL activity in vitro or in vivo. This review focuses on summarising the current understanding of the reported SPL inhibitors identified through various screening approaches, discussing their efficacy in diverse model systems and the possible mechanism of action. Whilst effective modulation of S1P levels via inhibiting SPL is feasible, the specificity of those inhibitors remains inconclusive, presenting a clear challenge for future implications. Yet, none of the currently available SPL inhibitors is proven effective in elevating S1P levels within the central nervous system. This review article embraces future research focusing on investigating selective SPL inhibitors with high potency and possibly blood-brain-barrier permeability, which would aid the development of new S1P-based therapeutics for neurological disorders.

Uptake of Shared Parental Leave (SPL) in the UK remains poor, with fewer than 2% of eligible fathers utilising the policy since its introduction in 2015. With limited extant research addressing the policy, reasons behind the low level of uptake remain unclear. Specifically, the role of work (family supportive organisation perceptions [FSOP]) and gender-related factors (perceived social identity threat and traditional gender role orientation) in men’s attitudes towards SPL have been largely overlooked. This study sought to identify the extent to which work and gender-related factors influenced employed men’s attitudes towards SPL, utilising social role theory to understand the mechanisms underpinning these relationships. A survey of 120 employed men captured attitudes towards SPL, traditional gender role orientation, perceived social identity threat, and FSOP. Results showed that perceived social identity threat was positively associated with traditional gender role orientation, which was, in turn, the mechanism through which FSOP and perceived social identity threat affected attitudes towards SPL. At low levels, FSOP moderated the relationship between perceived social identity threat and traditional gender role orientation, but did not moderate the indirect effect between perceived threat and attitudes towards SPL. Theoretical contributions and recommendations for organisations to improve workplace gender equality are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SPL (SQUAMOSA promoter binding protein-like), as one family of plant transcription factors, plays an important function in plant growth and development and in response to environmental stresses. Despite SPL gene families having been identified in various plant species, the understanding of this gene family in peanuts remains insufficient. In this study, thirty-eight genes (AhSPL1-AhSPL38) were identified and classified into seven groups based on a phylogenetic analysis. In addition, a thorough analysis indicated that the AhSPL genes experienced segmental duplications. The analysis of the gene structure and protein motif patterns revealed similarities in the structure of exons and introns, as well as the organization of the motifs within the same group, thereby providing additional support to the conclusions drawn from the phylogenetic analysis. The analysis of the regulatory elements and RNA-seq data suggested that the AhSPL genes might be widely involved in peanut growth and development, as well as in response to environmental stresses. Furthermore, the expression of some AhSPL genes, including AhSPL5, AhSPL16, AhSPL25, and AhSPL36, were induced by drought and salt stresses. Notably, the expression of the AhSPL genes might potentially be regulated by regulatory factors with distinct functionalities, such as transcription factors ERF, WRKY, MYB, and Dof, and microRNAs, like ahy-miR156. Notably, the overexpression of AhSPL5 can enhance salt tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis by enhancing its ROS-scavenging capability and positively regulating the expression of stress-responsive genes. These results provide insight into the evolutionary origin of plant SPL genes and how they enhance plant tolerance to salt stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Upwelling adalah proses naiknya massa air laut dari lapisan bawah ke permukaan akibat perbedaan tekanan permukaan. Terjadi proses upwelling akan meningkatkan kesuburan perairan karena massa air di lapisan dalam naik ke permukaan yang kaya nutrisi yang dibutuhkan fitoplankton untuk berkembang. Luas sebaran daerah upwelling (radius deformasi) akan menentukan dampak proses upwelling di perairan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis proses upwelling dan radius deformasi dari data satelit sensor termal. Data yang digunakan adalah data satelit termal harian dan rata-rata bulanan selama tahun 2014-2018. Data dari buoy Argo digunakan untuk memvalidasi data satelit dan menghitung radius deformasi upwelling. Analisis statistik seperti korelasi, Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), bias, dan standar deviasi digunakan untuk menguji keakuratan perkiraan data Suhu Permukaan Laut (SPL) dari satelit. Data perhitungan radius deformasi dari Argo menunjukkan bahwa pada musim timur terjadi upwelling, SPL berkisaran antara 24-26ºC, normalnya berkisaran antara 27-29ºC. Korelasi antara SPL dari data satelit dan data SPL dari Argo adalah 0,92, nilai RMSE 0,0236, bias 0,017, dan standar deviasi 0,287. Koefisien korelasi antara radius deformasi dari data in situ dan data satelit yang dihitung tinggi (r=0,9) menunjukkan bahwa citra satelit dapat digunakan untuk menentukan radius deformasi.

In the present study CFD simulation with delayed detached eddy simulation (DDES) are performed to investigate pressure fluctuation environment on an open cavity and weapon bay of UAV. The main purpose of this study is to explore the aerodynamic noise level of complex cavities with slant ceiling and irregular length–depth ratio. First, two cases on an open cavity at Ma 0.85 are analyzed to determine the slant ceiling influence, which shows that the sound pressure levels increase by 1 dB due to the transverse flow effect. Then, a typical weapon bay on unmanned aerial vehicle is simulated to investigate the aerodynamic noise environment. The overall sound pressure level in the weapon bay is up to 157 dB, and when the Mach number turns from 0.6 to 0.8, the amplitude of all modes increases about 16–23 dB. The main focuses of this investigation are to discuss the mechanism of noise generation in a slant ceiling cavity and determine the pressure fluctuation characteristic of a typical weapon bay on unmanned aerial vehicle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SPL transcription factors affect plant growth and development, including blooming and photoperiod control. The investigation began with transcriptome data screening of 28 JrSPL genes in walnut (Junglans regia L.) 'Wen185'. These genes were discovered on all chromosomes except 6 and 15. Phylogenetic study divides the 28 JrSPL genes into five groupings. The biggest cluster, cluster IV, has 12 JrSPL genes. The expression of JrSPL genes in different tissues was investigated by qRT-PCR. JrSPL02 gene expression was greater in walnut female and male flower tissues than other genes. Subcellular localization has shown the JrSPL02 gene resides in the nucleus. Jre-miR156 may target JrSPL02's 3′-UTR region, according to miRNA sequencing, RACE, and BiFC studies. Arabidopsis plants expressing the JrSPL02 gene flowered 3 days faster than the wild type, according to phenotypic observation. Transgenic lines had more stem branches and siliques than the control group but fewer rosette leaves. In summary, this study functionally analyses the metamorphosis of the miR156-SPL module during the blooming stage and the underlying mechanisms that govern early fruiting in early-fruiting walnuts in Xinjiang. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SPL(squamosa promoter-binding protein-like) gene encodes a transcription factor unique to green plants,which participates in plant morphogenesis and flower development, root development and other processes, regulates the transformation of plants at different developmental stages,maintains plant fertility,responds to external stresses of plants,and plays an important role in the whole process of plant growth and development. The research situation, structural characteristics, homologous gene cloning, expression regulation pattern and biological functions of SPL transcription factors were reviewed in this paper,in order to lay the foundation for further research on SPL transcription factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, environmental noise has arisen from various sources, such as those from exhaust mufflers of combustion engines found in cars, trucks, or power generators, which produce significant noise during their operation. Controlling the radiated noise from these mufflers is a major factor in improving acoustic comfort and minimizing the impact on the surrounding communities. Numerous research has been presented for this reason by modification of the internal structure of the exhaust muffler. The main objective of this work is to reduce the noise level emitted from exhaust mufflers. This can be achieved by adjusting structure parameters to attenuate the surrounding environment’s radiated noise. Analysis of pressure-wave propagation has been done by building 3D models using COMSOL Multiphysics software. Different entities were conducted to investigate the influence of muffler shells and plate thicknesses on acoustic performance through the frequency domain to obtain better attenuation. SPL over a frequency band is presented, describing how the sound intensity varies at different frequencies within a given bandwidth. The results showed that increasing the muffler shell thickness improved the TL; this particularly causes a double value at a range above 1.2 kHz, where there are two distinct peaks at 1.3 kHz and 2.8 kHz. Additionally, it was found that increasing the muffler plate thickness reduces the TL whole range and moves the curve peak to higher frequencies. This is because the pressure pulses that stimulate the shell plates would exert a more distinct influence on plates characterized by a reduced thickness, and the muffler structure thickness is correlated with its increased stiffness, resulting in an elevation of the frequency for this eigenmode [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Fruit ripening (FR) is attributed to the selective expression of several genes precisely governed by various specific transcription factors (TFs). The NAC (NAM, ATAF, and CUC) TF, MaNAC029, positively regulated banana ripening by directly inducing ethylene biosynthesis and transcription of fruit quality-related genes. However, its upstream regulatory mechanism still needs to be clarified. Herein, yeast one-hybrid screening revealed that a SQUAMOSA promoter binding protein-like (SPL) TF, MaSPL16, was a potentially upstream regulator of Musa acuminata N A C (NAM, ATAF, CUC) 0 2 9 (MaNAC029). Furthermore, gel mobility shift assay revealed that MaSPL16 can directly bound with the “GTAC” element of the MaNAC029 promoter. The gene expression and promoter activity assays demonstrated that Musa acuminata SPL (SQUAMOSA promoter binding protein-like) 16 (MaSPL16) expression was inducible by ethylene and ripening. MaSPL16 was localized to the nucleus, displayed a potenial capacity for transcriptional activation of MaNAC029. More critically, the transient expression of MaSPL16 in bananas accelerated FR via the upregulation of MaNAC029 and its downstream genes. Collectively, the mechanistic basis of a regulatory cascade involving MaSPL16-MaNAC029 that governed ethylene biosynthesis and fruit quality throughout the entire process of banana fruit ripening was unveiled. These outcomes increase the understanding of the gene-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms in FR. They are envisaged to help devise molecular techniques to regulate maturation and improve future fruit quality.

During the ripening of litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) fruit, anthocyanin biosynthesis is crucial in providing vibrant coloring. Previous studies on anthocyanin-related transcription factors have made significant discoveries relating to plants. However, the role of the SQUAMOSA promoter-binding protein-like (SPL) transcription factors in anthocyanin biosynthesis has rarely been studied in litchi. SPL genes are widely involved in the developmental mechanisms of plants. In this study, a total of 17 SPL genes have been identified from the litchi genome. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that these genes were divided into eight groups (Group I-VIII). Analysis of gene structure conserved domains, conserved motifs, and miR156 target prediction showed that LcSPLs were highly conserved during evolution. RNA-seq analysis of litchi revealed that six LcSPL genes have a role in regulating anthocyanin biosynthesis. Further, weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA) revealed LcSPL7’s role in anthocyanin synthesis and chlorophyll degradation in litchi fruit ripening. These findings collectively suggest that the LcSPL gene family plays an essential role in anthocyanin biosynthesis in litchi pericarp. In summary, comprehensive bioinformatics analysis of the SPL family expands our understanding of anthocyanin synthesis in litchi pericarp.

Abstract Phase transition and floral induction in citrus requires several years of juvenility after germination. Such a long period of juvenility has been a major hindrance to its genetic improvement program. Studies have shown that miR156 along with its downstream genes SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEINS (SBP) and SBP-LIKE (SPL) mediate the phase transition and floral induction process in plants. Our current study has systematically analyzed SPLs in 15 different citrus-related species, systematically annotated them based on their close homology to their respective Arabidopsis orthologs, and confirmed the functional attributes of the selected members in floral precocity. The majority of the species harbored 15 SPLs. Their cis-element assessment suggested the involvement of the SPLs in diverse developmental and physiological processes in response to different biotic and abiotic cues. Among all, SPL5, SPL9, and SPL11 stood out as consistently differentially expressed SPLs in the adult and young tissues of different citrus-related species. Independent overexpression of their F. hindsii orthologs (FhSPL5, FhSPL9, and FhSPL11) brought an enhanced expression of endogenous FLOWERING LOCUS T leading to the significantly precocious flowering in transgenic Arabidopsis lines. Future study of the genes in the citrus plant itself is expected to conclude the assessments made in the current study. Graphical Abstract

This paper illustrates the design of a piezoelectric acoustic sensor based on AlN to be used for aero-acoustic measurements. A significant prerequisite for such sensors is a large sound pressure level (SPL) and flat frequency response in the auditory band (20 Hz to 20 kHz). That is why this sensor has been designed to measure upto an SPL of 180 dB. The design of the device has been achieved through the MEMS-CAD tool Coventorware. The Si-diaphragm thickness has been optimized for the desired SPL range using Coventorware for three different sizes of the device, namely 1.5 mm × 1.5 mm, 1.75 mm × 1.75 mm and 2 mm × 2 mm. The cavity developed after the diaphragm formation is connected to the exterior environment through a microchannel. The microchannel was designed for low cut-off frequency. The complete frequency response of all the three sensor structures has been determined. Moreover, a comparison has been drawn among the three devices in terms of parameters such as low cut-off frequency, resonance frequency, and sensitivity to find the optimized device size. The low cut-off frequency, resonance frequency, and flat band sensitivity of the optimized device are 35 Hz, 83 kHz, and 170 µV/Pa, respectively. In addition to this, a proposed fabrication process flow of the device has been presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, it has become increasingly common to use Windows-based integrated printer drivers to access printers instead of downloading a separate manufacturer-provided printer installation drive. When installing the OS-based integrated printer driver, printing uses spool (SHD, SPL) files, but the spool files are created in XML format rather than Raw or EMF format. This can be used for digital forensic analysis related to personal information leakage or industrial security investigations by extracting image dumps from storage media with the OS installed and analyzing spool file information deleted after printing. In this paper, after obtaining an SSD image with XML format printing from the OS, we searched for deleted spool files in the unallocated area through regular expression search in the image dump file and performed signature-based carving using the characteristics of XML format spool files identified through analysis to recover deleted spool files after printing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the focal depth of earthquakes with magnitude 2.5 or above in Jiaokou reservoir area in 2019 was determined using the CAP method, the sPL depth phase method and the double difference positioning method. The inversion is carried out by CAP method to calculate the optimal focal mechanism solution and focal depth. The clear sPL seismic phase is identified at the near station about 50 km away from the epicenter, the theoretical waveform of various focal depths is drawn using the frequency wave velocity (F-K) method, and the focal depth is determined through fitting with the actual waveform. The seismic event pair is established, and its relative position and depth are determined using the residual between the observed value and the theoretical value of travel time difference. The results of various methods are basically the same. In contrast, the double difference positioning method is more suitable for focal depth determination of earthquakes in Jiaokou reservoir area.

SPL (SQUAMOSA promoter binding protein-like), as one family of plant transcription factors, plays an important function in plant growth and development and in response to environmental stresses. Despite SPL gene families having been identified in various plant species, the understanding of this gene family in peanuts remains insufficient. In this study, thirty-eight genes (AhSPL1-AhSPL38) were identified and classified into seven groups based on a phylogenetic analysis. In addition, a thorough analysis indicated that the AhSPL genes experienced segmental duplications. The analysis of the gene structure and protein motif patterns revealed similarities in the structure of exons and introns, as well as the organization of the motifs within the same group, thereby providing additional support to the conclusions drawn from the phylogenetic analysis. The analysis of the regulatory elements and RNA-seq data suggested that the AhSPL genes might be widely involved in peanut growth and development, as well as in response to environmental stresses. Furthermore, the expression of some AhSPL genes, including AhSPL5, AhSPL16, AhSPL25, and AhSPL36, were induced by drought and salt stresses. Notably, the expression of the AhSPL genes might potentially be regulated by regulatory factors with distinct functionalities, such as transcription factors ERF, WRKY, MYB, and Dof, and microRNAs, like ahy-miR156. Notably, the overexpression of AhSPL5 can enhance salt tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis by enhancing its ROS-scavenging capability and positively regulating the expression of stress-responsive genes. These results provide insight into the evolutionary origin of plant SPL genes and how they enhance plant tolerance to salt stress.

Phase transition and floral induction in citrus requires several years of juvenility after germination. Such a long period of juvenility has been a major hindrance to its genetic improvement program. Studies have shown that miR156 along with its downstream genes SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEINS (SBP) and SBP-LIKE (SPL) mediate the phase transition and floral induction process in plants. Our current study has systematically analyzed SPLs in 15 different citrus-related species, systematically annotated them based on their close homology to their respective Arabidopsis orthologs, and confirmed the functional attributes of the selected members in floral precocity. The majority of the species harbored 15 SPLs. Their cis-element assessment suggested the involvement of the SPLs in diverse developmental and physiological processes in response to different biotic and abiotic cues. Among all, SPL5, SPL9, and SPL11 stood out as consistently differentially expressed SPLs in the adult and young tissues of different citrus-related species. Independent overexpression of their F. hindsii orthologs (FhSPL5, FhSPL9, and FhSPL11) brought an enhanced expression of endogenous FLOWERING LOCUS T leading to the significantly precocious flowering in transgenic Arabidopsis lines. Future study of the genes in the citrus plant itself is expected to conclude the assessments made in the current study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Early anther morphogenesis is a crucial process for male fertility in plants, governed by the transcription factor SPL. While the involvement of AGAMOUS (AG) in SPL activation and microsporogenesis initiation is well established, our understanding of the mechanisms governing the spatial distribution and precise expression of SPL during anther cell fate determination remains limited. Here, we present novel findings on the abnormal phenotypes of two previously unreported SPL mutants, spl-4 and spl-5, during anther morphogenesis. Through comprehensive analysis, we identified ARF3 as a key upstream regulator of SPL. Our cytological experiments demonstrated that ARF3 plays a critical role in restricting SPL expression specifically in microsporocytes. Moreover, we revealed that ARF3 directly binds to two specific auxin response elements on the SPL promoter, effectively suppressing AG-mediated activation of SPL. Notably, the arf3 loss-of-function mutant exhibits phenotypic similarities to the SPL overexpression mutant (spl-5), characterized by defective adaxial anther lobes. Transcriptomic analysis revealed differential expression of the genes involved in the morphogenesis pathway in both arf3 and spl mutants, with ARF3 and SPL exhibited opposing regulatory effects on this pathway. Taken together, our study unveils the precise role of ARF3 in restricting the spatial expression and preventing aberrant SPL levels during early anther morphogenesis, thereby ensuring the fidelity of the critical developmental process in plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A long juvenile period limits the breeding process of many woody plants including tree peony. To investigate the physiological and transcriptomic differences between juvenile and adult plants of tree peony and to explore the key SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE (SPL) genes, which are vital in age-dependent pathways, 1-year-old and 3-year-old Paeonia delavayi plants were used to compare the relevant physiological parameters and transcriptomic profiles of the leaves in two phases of plants. The results of the physiological parameters showed that the starch content in the leaves of adult plants remained unchanged and that the soluble sugar content significantly increased compared with those in the juvenile plants. In terms of plant hormones, the contents of cytokinin-like hormone (N6-isopentenyladenine (iP)) and jasmonic acid (JA) significantly decreased, whereas the contents of auxin (indole-3-acetic acid, IAA), abscisic acid (ABA), cytokinin-like hormone (N6-isopentenyladenenosine (iPR)), and ethylene precursor (1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid, ACC) showed no statistic difference. Transcriptome sequencing results showed that there were 194 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between juvenile and adult plants, including 171 up-regulated DEGs and 23 down-regulated DEGs. Circadian rhythm, plant hormone signal transduction, and sugar metabolism were closely related to the juvenile-to-adult transition in P. delavayi, involving a total of 12 DEGs. In addition, a total of 13 SPL genes were identified in the transcriptome data, but only PdSPL10 (c71307.graph_c0) was differentially expressed. It was further validated via qRT-PCR analysis, indicating that PdSPL10 might be a key gene regulating the process of juvenile-to-adult in P. delavayi. Based on the above results, a hypothetical transcriptional network regulating juvenile-to-adult transition and flowering in P. delavayi was proposed. These findings provide a reference for understanding the mechanism of juvenile-to-adult transition in tree peony. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The active sound navigation and ranging (SONAR) transmission system emits acoustic pulses underwater using a wave generator, a SONAR power amplifier (SPA), and a projector. The acoustic pulse travel in the direction of the target and return as an echo to a hydrophone to learn the range or speed of the object. Often the same device is used as a hydrophone and a projector; in this context, it is known as a transducer. In order to obtain a maximum range of detection in the SONAR, it is desirable to generate the maximum amount of acoustic power until the point in which the echo can be detectable in an atmosphere with non-wished noise. Therefore, a high value of source level (SL) is required that depends largely on the value of electrical power applied to the transducer ( P e ). However, when trying to obtain the maximum range of detection in the SONAR system there are the following three peculiar limitations that affect performance: The cavitation, the reverberation, and the effect of interaction in the near field. In this paper, an experimental measurement methodology is presented to detect the cavitation effects in a tonpilz-type transducer for an active SONAR transmission system using a transducer as a projector and a calibrated hydrophone in a hydroacoustic tank by measuring the parameters of total harmonic distortion of the fundamental waveform (THD-F) of the generated acoustic pulse, transmitting voltage response (TVR) to characterize the system and sound pressure level (SPL) that indicates the intensity of sound at a given distance. Whereas the reverberation and the interaction effect in the near field are objects of other study cases. A 570.21 W and THD-F < 5 % switched-mode power amplifier (SMPA) prototype was developed to excite the electroacoustic transducer employing a full-bridge inverter (FBI) topology and a digital controller using a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) for unipolar sine pulse width modulation (SPWM) to generate a continuous wave (CW) acoustic pulse at a frequency 11.6 kHz. The results obtained show that from the level of P e = 196.05 W with the transducer at 1 m of depth, the value of THD-F increases significantly while the behavior of the TVR and SPL parameters is affected since it is not as expected and is attributed when cavitation occurs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nodulation in Leguminous spp. is induced by common environmental cues, such as low nitrogen availability conditions, in the presence of the specific Rhizobium spp. in the rhizosphere. Medicago sativa (alfalfa) is an important nitrogen-fixing forage crop that is widely cultivated around the world and relied upon as a staple source of forage in livestock feed. Although alfalfa's relationship with these bacteria is one of the most efficient between rhizobia and legume plants, breeding for nitrogen-related traits in this crop has received little attention. In this report, we investigate the role of Squamosa-Promoter Binding Protein-Like 9 (SPL9), a target of miR156, in nodulation in alfalfa. Transgenic alfalfa plants with SPL9-silenced (SPL9-RNAi) and overexpressed (35S::SPL9) were compared to wild-type (WT) alfalfa for phenotypic changes in nodulation in the presence and absence of nitrogen. Phenotypic analyses showed that silencing of MsSPL9 in alfalfa caused an increase in the number of nodules. Moreover, the characterization of phenotypic and molecular parameters revealed that MsSPL9 regulates nodulation under a high concentration of nitrate (10 mM KNO3) by regulating the transcription levels of the nitrate-responsive genes Nitrate Reductase1 (NR1), NR2, Nitrate transporter 2.5 (NRT2.5), and a shoot-controlled autoregulation of nodulation (AON) gene, Super numeric nodules (SUNN). While MsSPL9–overexpressing transgenic plants have dramatically increased transcript levels of SUNN, NR1, NR2, and NRT2.5, reducing MsSPL9 caused downregulation of these genes and displayed a nitrogen-starved phenotype, as downregulation of the MsSPL9 transcript levels caused a nitrate-tolerant nodulation phenotype. Taken together, our results suggest that MsSPL9 regulates nodulation in alfalfa in response to nitrate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Crop improvement for tolerance to various biotic and abiotic stress factors necessitates understanding the key gene regulatory mechanisms. One such mechanism of gene regulation involves changes in cytosine methylation at the gene body and flanking regulatory sequences. The present study was undertaken to identify genes which might be potential targets of drought-induced DNA methylation in chickpea. Methods and results: Two chickpea genotypes, which contrast for drought tolerance, were subjected to drought stress conditions and their differential response was studied by analysing different morpho-physiological traits. Utilizing the in-house, high throughput sequencing data, the SQUAMOSA promoter-binding (SBP) protein-like (SPL) transcription factor genes were identified to be differentially methylated and expressed amongst the two genotypes, in response to drought stress. The methylation status of one of these genes was examined and validated through bisulfite PCR (BS-PCR). The identified genes could be possible homologs to known epialleles and can therefore serve as potential epialleles which can be utilized for crop improvement in chickpea. Conclusion: The SPL TF genes are potential targets of epigenetic regulation in response to drought stress in chickpea. Since these are TFs, they might play important roles in controlling the expression of other genes, thus contributing to differential drought response of the two genotypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives/hypothesesCharismatic leaders use vocal behavior to persuade their audience, achieve goals, arouse emotional states, and convey personality traits and leadership status. This study investigates voice fundamental frequency (f0) and sound pressure level (SPL) in female and male French, Italian, Brazilian, and American politicians to determine which acoustic parameters are related to cross-gender and cross-cultural common vocal abilities, and which derive from culture-, gender-, and language-specific vocal strategies used to adapt vocal behavior to listeners' culture-related expectations.Study designSpeech corpora were collected for two formal communicative contexts (leaders address followers or other leaders) and one informal communicative context (dyadic interaction), based on the persuasive goals inherent in each context and on the relative status of the listeners and speakers. Leaders' acoustic voice profiles were created to show differences in f0 and SPL manipulation with respect to speakers' gender and language in each communicative context.ResultsCross-gender and cross-language similarities in manipulation of average f0 and in f0 and SPL ranges occurred in all communicative contexts. Patterns of f0 manipulation were shared across genders and cultures, suggesting this dimension might be biologically based and is exploited by leaders to convey dominance. Ranges for f0 and SPL seemed to be affected by the communicative context, being wider or narrower depending on the persuasive goal. Results also showed language- and speaker-specific differences in the acoustic manipulation of f0 and SPL over time.ConclusionsThese findings are consistent with the idea that specific charismatic leaders' vocal behaviors depend on a fine combination of vocal abilities that are shared across cultures and genders, combined with culturally- and linguistically-filtered vocal strategies.

Abstract Background SQUAMOSA promoter binding protein-like (SPL) is a unique family of transcription factors in plants, which is engaged in regulating plant growth and development, physiological and biochemical processes. Fraxinus mandshurica is an excellent timber species with a wide range of uses in northeastern China and enjoys a high reputation in the international market. SPL family analysis has been reported in some plants while SPL family analysis of Fraxinus mandshurica has not been reported. Results We used phylogeny, conserved motifs, gene structure, secondary structure prediction, miR156 binding sites, promoter cis elements and GO annotation to systematically analyze the FmSPLs family. This was followed by expression analysis by subcellular localization, expression patterns at various tissue sites, abiotic stress and hormone induction. Because FmSPL2 is highly expressed in flowers it was selected to describe the SPL gene family of Fraxinus mandshurica by ectopic expression. Among them, 10 FmSPL genes that were highly expressed at different loci were selected for expression analysis under abiotic stress (NaCl and Cold) and hormone induction (IAA and ABA). These 10 FmSPL genes showed corresponding trends in response to both abiotic stress and hormone induction. We showed that overexpression of FmSPL2 in transgenic Nicotiana tabacum L. resulted in taller plants, shorter root length, increased root number, rounded leaves, and earlier flowering time. Conclusions We identified 36 SPL genes, which were classified into seven subfamilies based on sequence analysis. FmSPL2 was selected for subsequent heterologous expression by analysis of expression patterns in various tissues and under abiotic stress and hormone induction, and significant phenotypic changes were observed in the transgenic Nicotiana tabacum L. These results provide insight into the evolutionary origin and biological significance of plant SPL. The aim of this study was to lay the foundation for the genetic improvement of Fraxinus mandshurica and the subsequent functional analysis of FmSPL2.

Mineral nutrition plays an important role in crop growth, yield and quality. MiR156 is a regulatory hub for growth and development. To date, the understanding of miR156-mediated mineral homeostasis is limited. In this study, we overexpressed Nta-miR156a in the tobacco cultivar TN90 and analyzed the effects of miR156 on mineral element homeostasis in tobacco by comparative transcriptome analysis. The results showed that the overexpression of miR156a caused significant morphological changes in transgenic tobacco. Chlorophyll and three anti-resistance markers, proline, total phenolics, and total flavonoids, were altered due to increased miR156 expression levels. Interestingly, the distribution of Cu, Mn, Zn, and Fe in different tissues of transgenic tobacco was disordered compared with that of the wild type. Comparative transcriptome analysis showed that the overexpression of miR156 resulted in 2656 significantly differentially expressed genes. The expression levels of several metal-transport-related genes, such as NtABC, NtZIP, NtHMA, and NtCAX, were significantly increased or decreased in transgenic tobacco. These results suggest that miR156 plays an essential role in regulating mineral homeostasis. Our study provides a new perspective for the further study of mineral nutrient homeostasis in plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In modern high-volume industries, the serial production line (SPL) is of growing importance due to the inexorable increase in the complexity of manufacturing systems and the associated production costs. Optimal decisions regarding buffer size and the selection of components when designing and implementing an SPL can be difficult, often requiring complex analytical models, which can be difficult to conceive and construct. Here, we propose a model to evaluate and optimize the design of an SPL, integrating numerical simulation with artificial intelligence (AI). Numerous studies relating to the design of SPL systems have been published, but few have considered the simultaneous consideration of a number of decision variables. Indeed, the authors have been unable to locate in the published literature even one work that integrated the selection of components with the optimization of buffer sizes into a single framework. In this research, a System of Integrated Agents Numerical Optimization (SIGN) is developed by which the SPL design can be optimized. A SIGN consists of a components selection system and a decision support system. A SIGN aids the selection of machine tools, buffer sizes, and robots via the integration of AI and simulations. Using a purpose-developed interface, a user inputs the appropriate SPL parameters and settings, selects the decision-making and optimization techniques to use, and then displays output results. It will be implemented in open-source software to broaden the impact of the SIGN and extend its influence in industry and academia. It is expected that the results of this research project will significantly influence open-source manufacturing system design and, consequently, industrial and economic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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SPL transcription factors affect plant growth and development, including blooming and photoperiod control. The investigation began with transcriptome data screening of 28 JrSPL genes in walnut (Junglans regia L.) ‘Wen185’. These genes were discovered on all chromosomes except 6 and 15. Phylogenetic study divides the 28 JrSPL genes into five groupings. The biggest cluster, cluster IV, has 12 JrSPL genes. The expression of JrSPL genes in different tissues was investigated by qRT-PCR. JrSPL02 gene expression was greater in walnut female and male flower tissues than other genes. Subcellular localization has shown the JrSPL02 gene resides in the nucleus. Jre-miR156 may target JrSPL02’s 3′-UTR region, according to miRNA sequencing, RACE, and BiFC studies. Arabidopsis plants expressing the JrSPL02 gene flowered 3 days faster than the wild type, according to phenotypic observation. Transgenic lines had more stem branches and siliques than the control group but fewer rosette leaves. In summary, this study functionally analyses the metamorphosis of the miR156-SPL module during the blooming stage and the underlying mechanisms that govern early fruiting in early-fruiting walnuts in Xinjiang.

Xiaorui Guo,1,2 Huiying Lu,3 Chunxiang Liu,3 Yi Zhang,3 Liangjia Bi1 1Department of Stomatology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, People’s Republic of China; 2State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China; 3National and Local Joint Stem Cell Research & Engineering Center for Aging Diseases, Tian Qing Stem Cell Co., Ltd, Harbin, 150028, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Liangjia Bi, Department of Stomatology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, People’s Republic of China, Tel/Fax +86 451 82576565, Email biliangjia1963@163.comPurpose: To evaluate the effect of super-activated platelet lysate (sPL) on wound healing of tooth extraction sockets in rats.Methods: Rat models of the tooth extraction socket were established. Thirty-six rats were divided into control and sPL groups and sacrificed on days 7, 14, and 28 after tooth extraction. Bone formation in tooth extraction sockets were observed by microscopic computed tomography (micro-CT) and hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining; osteoprotegerin (OPG), receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-&Bgr; ligand (RANKL), interleukin 6(IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) proteins were detected by immunohistochemistry; and chemokine and osteogenic gene expressions were detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR).Results: sPL accelerated soft tissue wound healing in the extraction socket of rats. Micro-CT showed that the amount of bone formation and bone volume fraction were higher in the sPL group than the control 14 days after extraction. HE staining showed promotion of the formation of bony trabeculae by sPL in the apical third of the extraction socket 7 days after extraction and more mature and organized bony trabeculae in the sPL group than the control 14 days after extraction; mature bony trabeculae filling most of the fossa with lesser bone porosity in the socket in the sPL group than the control 28 days after extraction. Immunohistochemistry showed that sPL induced OPG expressions 7 and 14 days after tooth extraction but did not affect the RANKL expression while transiently promoting the IL-6 expression 7 days after extraction. PCR showed that sPL promoted chemokine expressions 7 and 14 days after extraction. The expressions of osteogenesis-related factors were higher in the sPL group than the control 7 and 28 days after extraction, while the opposite trend was observed 14 days after extraction.Conclusion: sPL has a transient pro-inflammatory effect and promotes soft tissue healing and bone formation during early wound healing of extraction sockets in rats.Keywords: sPL, blood product, wound healing, bone formation, cytokines

BACKGROUND: Platelet lysate (PL) is considered as an alternative to fetal bovine serum (FBS) and facilitates the proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal cells. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to explore whether super activated platelet lysate (sPL), a novel autologous platelet lysate, has the ability to inhibit inflammation and promote cell proliferation, repair and osteogenesis as a culture medium. METHODS: Different concentrations of sPL on human fetal osteoblastic 1.19 cell line (hFOB1.19) proliferation and apoptotic repair were investigated; And detected proliferative capacity, inflammatory factor expressions and osteogenic differentiation of human dental pulp cells (hDPCs) stimulated by LPS under 10% FBS and 5% sPL mediums. RESULTS: sPL promoted hFOB1.19 proliferation and had repairing effects on apoptotic cells. No significant difference in proliferation and IL-1α, IL-6 and TNF-α expressions of hDPCs in FBS and sPL medium stimulated by LPS. hDPCs in sPL osteogenic medium had higher osteogenic-related factor expressions and ALP activity. LPS promoted osteogenic-related factor expressions and ALP activity of hDPCs in FBS osteogenic medium, but opposite effect showed in sPL medium. CONCLUSION: sPL promoted osteoblast proliferation and had restorative effects. Under LPS stimulation, sPL did not promote hDPCs proliferation or inhibit inflammation. sPL promotes osteogenic differentiation of hDPCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is aimed to investigate the role of the pomegranate（Punica granatum L.）SPL family gene PgSPL2 （XP_031375027.1）in pomegranate flower development and lay a foundation for further research on the mechanism of pomegranate flower development. Using‘ Tunisian’ soft-seeded pomegranate as experimental material, we used homologous cloning technique to clone the SPL family gene PgSPL2, analyze the physicochemical properties of the gene and the expression differences in different tissues of pomegranate. Then we applied RT-qPCR to analyze the spatio-temporal expression characteristics of the gene upon growth regulator treatment. Finally we transformed Arabidopsis and verified the role of the gene in flower development. The results showed that the gene contained a 591 bp open reading frame encoding 196 amino acids, and multiple sequence alignment revealed that the gene contained a conserved SBP structural domain and nuclear localization signal, belonged to the SBP transcription factor gene family. Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that PgSPL2 clustered with Arabidopsis AtSPL3, AtSPL4 and AtSPL5. The RT-qPCR results showed that the expression of PgSPL2 was relatively high in fruits and flower buds, and the expression of PgSPL2 in complete flowers was significantly down-regulated after spraying with growth regulator, while the ratio of complete flowers significantly increased simultaneously, and the first flowering and blooming periods delayed. Overexpression of PgSPL2 in Arabidopsis presented early flowering and significantly higher expression of inflorescence downstream regulatory genes. These results indicate that PgSPL2 plays a role in regulating flowering time in pomegranate flower development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Among the major transcription factors, SPL plays a crucial role in plant growth, development, and stress response. Foxtail millet (Setaria italica), as a C4 crop, is rich in nutrients and is beneficial to human health. However, research on the foxtail millet SPL (SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING-LIKE) gene family is limited. Results In this study, a total of 18 SPL genes were identified for the comprehensive analysis of the whole genome of foxtail millet. These SiSPL genes were divided into seven subfamilies (I, II, III, V, VI, VII, and VIII) according to the classification of the Arabidopsis thaliana SPL gene family. Structural analysis of the SiSPL genes showed that the number of introns in subfamilies I and II were much larger than others, and the promoter regions of SiSPL genes were rich in different cis-acting elements. Among the 18 SiSPL genes, nine genes had putative binding sites with foxtail millet miR156. No tandem duplication events were found between the SiSPL genes, but four pairs of segmental duplications were detected. The SiSPL genes expression were detected in different tissues, which was generally highly expressed in seeds development process, especially SiSPL6 and SiSPL16, which deserve further study. The results of the expression levels of SiSPL genes under eight types of abiotic stresses showed that many stress responsive genes, especially SiSPL9, SiSPL10, and SiSPL16, were highly expressed under multiple stresses, which deserves further attention. Conclusions In this research, 18 SPL genes were identified in foxtail millet, and their phylogenetic relationships, gene structural features, duplication events, gene expression and potential roles in foxtail millet development were studied. The findings provide a new perspective for the mining of the excellent SiSPL gene and the molecular breeding of foxtail millet.

SQUAMOSA promoter-binding protein-like (SPL) genes play a crucial role in regulating floral induction. Despite such importance, a comprehensive study of SPL s in Chinese cherry flower bud development has been absent. In this study, 32 CpSPL genes were identified. According to expression profiling, CpSPLs exhibited tissue-specific expression and distinct trends throughout flower bud differentiation. Specifically, CpSPL10 was greatly expressed at the beginning of the differentiation, and its role was further investigated. Its overexpression extended the vegetative growth of transgenic tobacco plants, delayed flowering by about 20 days. Moreover, the accumulation of NbELF4 (Early flowering 4) transcripts was enhanced due to the up-regulated levels of CpSPL10 in tobacco plants. ELF4 functions as a major element of the circadian clock; its high expression typically delays the transition from vegetative-to-reproductive growth. Further experiments revealed that CpSPL10 interacts with CpSPL9 or a transposase-derived transcription factor CpFRS5 (FAR1-RELATED SEQUENCE 5) and activates the expression of the downstream gene CpELF4. Notably, the GUS fusing reporter assay detected the activation of CpSPL10 and CpELF4 promoters in shoot apical meristems of transgenic Arabidopsis. These findings revealed the negative regulation of the CpSPL10-CpELF4 module in flower bud differentiation, providing references for supplementing the specific relationships among SPL , FRS , and ELF4. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is a highly sensitive, non-destructive technique that amplifies molecular scattering signals via engineered 'hot spots' at the micro/nanoscale. However, currently SERS substrates still face problems such as disposable use, poor consistency, strict environmental requirements, and complex processing processes. The development of new SERS substrates is crucial for advanced detection. In this study, a reusable and consistent Ag-based SERS substrate was developed with scanning probe lithography (SPL). Based on the designed machining with a diamond tip, the effects of parameters, including normal load, scanning feed/spacing, period and amplitude, on the formation of micro/nanostructures on Ag surface were investigated to meet the best candidate for SERS substrate. This method can be applied to soft metals like Au, Ag, and Cu, with Ag substrates demonstrating a higher Raman detection limit compared to Au or Cu. Finally, the reuse of Ag SERS substrate was achieved by surface cleaning and/or oxide layer removing. This study highlights a low-cost and feasible approach to high-performance SERS substrate preparation, with significant potential for practical applications and further research. [Display omitted] • The effect of structural weaving on Raman enhancement was investigated towards obtaining the best SERS substrate through tip machining. • The proposed method can be applied on soft metals such as Au, Ag, and Cu with no obvious tip wear, where Ag SERS substrate presents the best Raman enhancement effect under the same machining conditions. • The reusable SERS substrates was achieved through surface cleaning and/or oxide layer removing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sphingosine-1 phosphate (S1P) is a lipid metabolite regulating diverse biological processes, including proliferation, differentiation, migration, and apoptosis, highlighting its physiological and therapeutic significance. Current S1P-based therapeutic approaches primarily focus on modulating the downstream signalling via targeting S1P receptors, however, this is challenged by incomplete receptor internalisation. Sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase (SPL) is a highly conserved enzyme that "gatekeeps" the final step of S1P degradation. Cognisant of the complex ligand and receptor interaction and dynamic metabolic networks, the selective modulation of SPL activity presents a new opportunity to regulate S1P biosynthesis and reveal its role in various systems. Over the past decade, an evolving effort has been made to identify new molecules that could block SPL activity in vitro or in vivo. This review focuses on summarising the current understanding of the reported SPL inhibitors identified through various screening approaches, discussing their efficacy in diverse model systems and the possible mechanism of action. Whilst effective modulation of S1P levels via inhibiting SPL is feasible, the specificity of those inhibitors remains inconclusive, presenting a clear challenge for future implications. Yet, none of the currently available SPL inhibitors is proven effective in elevating S1P levels within the central nervous system. This review article embraces future research focusing on investigating selective SPL inhibitors with high potency and possibly blood-brain-barrier permeability, which would aid the development of new S1P-based therapeutics for neurological disorders. • Cognisant of the complex S1P and receptor interaction and dynamic metabolic networks, the modulation of SPL presents a new opportunity to regulate S1P biosynthesis. • Current SPL inhibitors can effectively modulate S1P levels with various potency, however, the specificity remains inconclusive • None of the currently available SPL inhibitors is proven effective in regulating S1P levels in the central nervous system • Developing future SPL inhibitors with high potency and blood-brain-barrier permeability could be a new S1P-based strategy for treating neurological disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: SQUAMOSA promoter binding protein-like (SPL) is a unique family of transcription factors in plants, which is engaged in regulating plant growth and development, physiological and biochemical processes. Fraxinus mandshurica is an excellent timber species with a wide range of uses in northeastern China and enjoys a high reputation in the international market. SPL family analysis has been reported in some plants while SPL family analysis of Fraxinus mandshurica has not been reported. Results: We used phylogeny, conserved motifs, gene structure, secondary structure prediction, miR156 binding sites, promoter cis elements and GO annotation to systematically analyze the FmSPLs family. This was followed by expression analysis by subcellular localization, expression patterns at various tissue sites, abiotic stress and hormone induction. Because FmSPL2 is highly expressed in flowers it was selected to describe the SPL gene family of Fraxinus mandshurica by ectopic expression. Among them, 10 FmSPL genes that were highly expressed at different loci were selected for expression analysis under abiotic stress (NaCl and Cold) and hormone induction (IAA and ABA). These 10 FmSPL genes showed corresponding trends in response to both abiotic stress and hormone induction. We showed that overexpression of FmSPL2 in transgenic Nicotiana tabacum L. resulted in taller plants, shorter root length, increased root number, rounded leaves, and earlier flowering time. Conclusions: We identified 36 SPL genes, which were classified into seven subfamilies based on sequence analysis. FmSPL2 was selected for subsequent heterologous expression by analysis of expression patterns in various tissues and under abiotic stress and hormone induction, and significant phenotypic changes were observed in the transgenic Nicotiana tabacum L. These results provide insight into the evolutionary origin and biological significance of plant SPL. The aim of this study was to lay the foundation for the genetic improvement of Fraxinus mandshurica and the subsequent functional analysis of FmSPL2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The early detection of the anatomical anomalies (e.g. micropenis) of the male external genital organs is crucial for both medical and psychological reasons. During routine pediatric visits, careful inspection using standards of penis size is beneficial for the diagnosis of micropenis and macropenis. Stretched penile length (SPL) has been shown to be more dependable than the flaccid penis length. Consequently, the SPL must be measured and compared to age-appropriate normal values., Objective: This cross-sectional study aimed to determine the normal range of stretched penile length in newborns and children aged 1 month to 5 years in Syria and explore the correlation between SPL, height, and weight., Study Design: Data was collected from 300 Syrian males aged 0-5 years. SPL measurements were taken using a standardized procedure. Participants were divided into eight age groups. Statistical analysis determined the mean SPL, standard deviation, range, and rate of increase in SPL for each group. The distribution of SPL data was assessed using the Shapiro-Wilk test. Pearson correlation analysis examined the relationship between SPL and height, weight, and BMI., Results: Mean SPL increased with age, ranging from 2.36 cm in newborns to 4.29 cm in children aged 48-60 months. The 48-60 months group exhibited the largest range of SPL. The rate of SPL increase was highest in children aged 1-2.9 months. SPL values followed a normal distribution. Significant positive correlations were found between SPL and weight in the 36-47.99 months group and between SPL and height in the 6-11.9 months and 36-47.99 months groups., Conclusion: This study establishes the normal reference range of SPL in Syrian newborns and children aged 1 month to 5 years. The findings indicate that SPL is influenced significantly by height and weight in certain age groups. These results contribute to understanding penile development and can assist in the diagnosis and treatment of conditions affecting penile size., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest None., (Copyright © 2024 Journal of Pediatric Urology Company. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)