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Background and purpose: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has significantly impacted people's lifestyles, changing sleep patterns. This study investigated changes in sleep patterns and disturbances in South Koreans over the past decade, including during the pandemic. Methods: We compared data from the Korean Sleep Headache Society Phase I survey (n = 2484; conducted in 2010) and the National Sleep Survey of South Korea 2022 (n = 3729; conducted in 2022), involving participants aged 20–69 years. Changes in sleep schedule, sleep duration, social jet lag, insomnia, and daytime sleepiness were explored. Results: Workday bedtimes were advanced and free-day bedtimes and workday and free-day waking times were delayed during the pandemic. Increased circadian preference for eveningness and social jet lag were noted. A significant decrease in sleep duration and sleep efficiency, along with an increased prevalence of insomnia and daytime sleepiness, was noted with age- and sex-specific variations. Conclusions: Over the past decade, including during the COVID-19 pandemic, sleep habits have changed significantly and sleep problems worsened. This study emphasize the need for more comprehensive public health strategies and research to facilitate sleep recovery in the post-pandemic period within a society known for its high prevalence of sleep deprivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Methods Results Conclusions Research on sleep duration and obesity is extensive in children and young individuals but limited and inconsistent for older adults. Our study aims to clarify the current status of this association in the elderly population.We searched six English and four Chinese databases up to January 25, 2024, for observational studies on sleep duration and obesity in older adults. Two researchers independently conducted the literature search and data extraction. Study quality was assessed using the Newcastle‐Ottawa Scale for cohort studies and the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality for cross‐sectional studies. Meta‐analyses were performed using Stata 15.0 software, using both random‐effects and fixed‐effects models to calculate pooled odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals (CIs).The meta‐analysis of 15 studies found a correlation between short sleep duration and obesity in older individuals (pooled odds ratio, 1.40 [95% CI: 1.12–1.73]; P = 0.003). However, no significant correlation was found between long sleep duration and obesity among the elderly (pooled odds ratio, 1.04 [95% CI, 0.95–1.13]; P = 0.426).Short sleep duration in the elderly was associated with obesity. More prospective studies need to be included in the future to improve the reliability of the conclusions. Geriatr Gerontol Int ••; ••: ••–•• Geriatr Gerontol Int 2024; ••: ••–••. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the growing body of longitudinal research linking sleep problems and externalizing symptoms, regarding the direction of the effects of both variables, the results have been inconsistent. Given the mixed findings and inconsistent results in the literature, we propose that emotion dysregulation may link sleep problems and externalizing symptoms. The participants (N = 1281, 49.65 % female; M = 12.73 years at time 1, SD = 0.68) were middle school students who completed assessments for sleep problems, externalizing symptoms, and emotion dysregulation. The interval between each wave was six months, for two consecutive years. Autoregressive mediation models using longitudinal data and cross-sectional mediation models using baseline data were evaluated and compared through structural equation modeling. The results revealed that severe sleep problems (at T1, T2, or T3) were associated with higher levels of externalizing symptoms later in adolescence (at T2, T3, or T4), but not vice versa. In addition, analyses of indirect effects indicated that emotion dysregulation mediated this link, such that greater sleep problems led to more emotion dysregulation, which, in turn, led to more externalizing symptoms. The findings highlight the critical role that emotional regulation plays in the link between sleep problems and externalizing symptoms and emphasize the need for students as well as middle school administration to pay close attention to both the sleep and externalizing symptoms of early adolescents. • Cross-lagged panel model (CLPM) and longitudinal mediation were used. • Potential the direction of the effects between sleep problems and externalizing symptoms were tested. • Emotional dysregulation plays a role in the link between sleep problems and externalizing symptoms [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Natural short sleepers (NSS)—individuals who report minimal sleepiness or daytime dysfunction despite habitually sleeping less than the recommended amount (i.e., <7 h)—are a focus of growing interest in sleep research. Yet, the predominance of research on NSS has relied on subjective reports of functionality. The present study examined subjective and objective sleepiness among actigraphy‐verified NSS in comparison with recommended (7–9 h/day) length sleepers (RLS) who reported similarly minimal daytime dysfunction. The study tested the hypothesis that under conditions of low environmental stimulation, NSS have increased risk of drowsiness and sleep onset, regardless of perceived alertness. The NSS and RLS groups were identified via screening and verified with a 14 day assessment with actigraphy, sleep diaries, and morning ratings of sleep restoration. In‐laboratory resting electroencephalography (EEG) data were analysed using a computerised EEG‐based algorithm (Vigilance Algorithm Leipzig; VIGALL) to classify second‐by‐second changes in objective sleepiness ranging from cognitively active alertness to sleep onset. Results demonstrated that NSS exhibited significantly higher drowsiness and sleep onset ('microsleeps') across 15 min of resting EEG despite perceptions of lower subjective sleepiness compared to RLS. Findings suggest that irrespective of perceived sleep restoration and alertness, NSS appear to be at high risk of objective sleepiness that is rapidly unmasked under conditions of low environmental stimulation. Such apparent discrepancy between subjective and objective sleepiness has potentially important public health implications. Future research directions, including tests of mechanisms and tailored sleep extension intervention, are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article "Probing the embodiment of sleep functions: Insights from cardiac responses to word-induced relaxation during sleep" published in the Journal of Sleep Research explores the relationship between bodily functions, particularly cardiac activity, and cognitive functions during sleep. The study suggests that the presentation of relaxing words during non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep can lead to an increase in slow-wave sleep duration and subjective sleep quality. The research findings indicate that cardiac activity slows down in response to word-induced relaxation during NREM sleep, highlighting the importance of considering bodily signals in understanding sleep functions. The study aims to promote the investigation of cardiac responses in sleep research to provide a more comprehensive understanding of sleep functions and their modulation by sensory stimulation. [Extracted from the article]

Summary: Sleep improves the consolidation and long‐term stability of newly formed memories and associations. Most research on human declarative memory and its consolidation during sleep uses word‐pair associations requiring exhaustive learning. In the present study, we present the visual paired association learning (vPAL) paradigm, in which participants learn new associations between images of celebrities and animals. The vPAL is based on a one‐shot exposure that resembles learning in natural conditions. We tested if vPAL can reveal a role for sleep in memory consolidation by assessing the specificity of memory recognition, and the cued recall performance, before and after sleep. We found that a daytime nap improved the stability of recognition memory and discrimination abilities compared to identical intervals of wakefulness. By contrast, cued recall of associations did not exhibit significant sleep‐dependent effects. High‐density electroencephalography during naps further revealed an association between sleep spindle density and stability of recognition memory. Thus, the vPAL paradigm opens new avenues for future research on sleep and memory consolidation across ages and heterogeneous populations in health and disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic insufficient and poor-quality sleep are linked to hypertension, diabetes, depression, heart attack, and stroke. While studies on substance use and sleep typically focus on people in or entering treatment, there is a lack of research on sleep health among community-recruited people who inject drugs (PWID). To address this literature gap, we examined factors associated with insufficient and poor-quality sleep among community-recruited PWID. We recruited and interviewed 472 active opioid-using PWID (injected within the last 30 days) in Los Angeles, CA and Denver, CO between 2021 and 2022. Participants completed computer-assisted interviews covering demographics, subsistence measures, drug use patterns, injection-related behaviors, health risks, and sleep duration and quality in the last 3 months. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze all variables for subjects with complete responses to sleep items (n = 464). Bivariate analyses determined factors associated with sleep measures using chi-square and t-tests. Collinear variables were removed, and binomial linear multivariable regression calculated risk ratios (RR) for insufficient and poor-quality sleep in the last 3 months. Participants exhibited low sleep duration (mean = 4.99, standard deviation (SD) = 2.70), with 76% reporting insufficient sleep and 62% poor-quality sleep. Bivariate analyses associated both sleep measures with drug use, high subsistence scores, violent victimization, and poor health outcomes. Multivariable analyses showed a high subsistence score predicting insufficient (RR = 1.31) and poor-quality sleep (RR = 1.69) compared to low subsistence. Poor sleep health is common among structurally vulnerable community-recruited PWID, as measured by subsistence index associated with adverse sleep outcomes. Further research on structural interventions to address sleep and subsequent health outcomes among PWID is imperative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electroencephalogram (EEG) and electromyogram (EMG) are fundamental tools in sleep research. However, investigations into the statistical properties of rodent EEG/EMG signals in the sleep–wake cycle have been limited. The lack of standard criteria in defining sleep stages forces researchers to rely on human expertise to inspect EEG/EMG. The recent increasing demand for analysing large‐scale and long‐term data has been overwhelming the capabilities of human experts. In this study, we explored the statistical features of EEG signals in the sleep–wake cycle. We found that the normalized EEG power density profile changes its lower and higher frequency powers to a comparable degree in the opposite direction, pivoting around 20–30 Hz between the NREM sleep and the active brain state. We also found that REM sleep has a normalized EEG power density profile that overlaps with wakefulness and a characteristic reduction in the EMG signal. Based on these observations, we proposed three simple statistical features that could span a 3D space. Each sleep–wake stage formed a separate cluster close to a normal distribution in the 3D space. Notably, the suggested features are a natural extension of the conventional definition, making it useful for experts to intuitively interpret the EEG/EMG signal alterations caused by genetic mutations or experimental treatments. In addition, we developed an unsupervised automatic staging algorithm based on these features. The developed algorithm is a valuable tool for expediting the quantitative evaluation of EEG/EMG signals so that researchers can utilize the recent high‐throughput genetic or pharmacological methods for sleep research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Methods Results Conclusions A systematic review/meta‐analysis was conducted to investigate the effect of cannabinoid type‐1 receptor (CB1R) regulation on the sleep‐wake cycle of rats and to provide new ideas and evidence‐based basis for clinical research on the treatment of sleep disorders.We searched Cochrane Library, PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Chinese Biomedicine Literature Database (CBM), China National Knowledge Infrastructure, WanFang, and VIP databases for relevant papers, about the effects of CB1R agonists/antagonists on sleep‐wake cycle in rats, from inception to November 2023. Two reviewers performed study screening, data extraction, and risk of bias assessment using the SYRCLE's risk of bias tool. Meta‐analysis was performed using RevMan 5.3 software. Heterogeneity test was performed on the included studies (Test standard α = 0.1). I2 value was used to evaluate the heterogeneity. Forest plot was drawn, and p ≤ 0.05 indicates statistically significant difference.A total of 16 trials involving 484 experimental rats were included. The methodological quality evaluation results showed that the overall quality of the included studies was low. The results of the meta‐analysis showed that single administration of CB1R agonists could shorten the wakefulness (W) time in the first 6 h (h) (standardized mean difference (SMD) = –2.52, 95% confidence interval (CI) (–3.83, –1.22), p = 0.0002) and 24 h (SMD = –0.84, 95% CI (–1.31, –0.36), p = 0.0005) after administration, prolong nonrapid eye movement sleep (NREM) time (SMD = 1.75, 95% CI (0.54, 2.95), p = 0.005) and rapid eye movement sleep (REM) time (SMD = 1.76, 95% CI (0.26, 3.26), p = 0.02), and increase REM frequency after administration (SMD = 1.67, 95% CI (0.98, 2.35), p < 0.00001), these results were all statistically different. There were no significant differences in sleep latency and average duration of REM. Single administration of CB1R antagonists prolonged the first 6 h W time after administration (SMD = 1.36, 95%CI (0.29, 2.43), p = 0.01), shortened the first 6 h NREM time (SMD = –1.73, 95% CI (–2.88, –0.57), p = 0.003) and REM time (SMD = –2.07, 95% CI (–3.17, –0.96), p = 0.0003) after administration, and increased the frequency of W after administration (SMD = 3.57, 95% CI (1.42, 5.72), p = 0.001). There was no statistical difference in the average duration of W. REM time and REM frequency increased after continuous CB1R agonist withdrawal.According to the existing evidence, CB1R played a pivotal role in regulating the sleep‐wake cycle in rats. CB1R agonists tended to reduce W time, increase NREM and REM sleep times, boost REM frequency, and promote sleep. Conversely, CB1R antagonists could increase the duration and frequency of W, shorten NREM and REM sleep times, and promote W. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many aspects of sleep and circadian physiology are sensitive to participantlevel characteristics. While recent research robustly highlights the importance of considering participant-level demographic information, the extent to which this information is consistently collected, and reported in the literature, remains unclear. This article investigates study sample characteristics within the published sleep and chronobiology research over the past 40 years. 6,777 articles were identified and a random sample of 20% was included. The reporting of sample size, age, sex, gender, ethnicity, level of education, socio-economic status, and profession of the study population was scored, and any reported aggregate summary statistics for these variables were recorded. We observed a significant upward trend in the reporting and analysis of demographic variables in sleep and chronobiology research. However, we found that while > 90% of studies reported age or sex, all other variables were reported in < 25% of cases. Reporting quality was highly variable, indicating an opportunity to standardize reporting guidelines for participant-level characteristics to facilitate Meta analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recurrent hormonal fluctuations within reproductive cycles impact sleepwake behavior in women and in rats and mice used in preclinical models of sleep research. Strides have been made in sleep-related clinical trials to include equal numbers of women; however, the inclusion of female rodents in neuroscience and sleep research is lacking. Female animals are commonly omitted from studies over concerns of the effect of estrus cycle hormones on measured outcomes. This review highlights the estrous cycle's broad effects on sleep-wake behavior: from changes in sleep macroarchitecture to regionally specific alterations in neural oscillations. These changes are largely driven by cycle-dependent ovarian hormonal fluctuations occurring during proestrus and estrus that modulate neural circuits regulating sleep-wake behavior. Removal of estrous cycle influence by ovariectomy ablates characteristic sleep changes. Further, sex differences in sleep are present between gonadally intact females and males. Removal of reproductive hormones via gonadectomy in both sexes mitigates some, but not all sex differences. We examine the extent to which reproductive hormones and sex chromosomes contribute to sex differences in sleep-wake behavior. Finally, this review addresses the limitations in our understanding of the estrous cycle's impact on sleep-wake behavior, gaps in female sleep research that are well studied in males, and the implications that ignoring the estrous cycle has on studies of sleep-related processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article emphasizes the importance of using subjective measures, such as sleep diaries, to assess insomnia. It argues that objective measures like polysomnography (PSG) are not suitable for diagnosing or treating insomnia, as they are only effective for sleep disorders with underlying pathologies. Sleep diaries are considered more accurate because they capture an individual's perception of sleep continuity over multiple nights. The article also discusses the limitations of objective measures, such as EEG-based devices and wearables, in accurately assessing sleep continuity in individuals with insomnia. It concludes that until a pathophysiological measure is discovered for insomnia, sleep diaries remain the optimal method for assessing sleep continuity disturbance. The Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) is often recommended as the best measure for assessing insomnia, but it has its own limitations. Insomnia is a psychophysiological condition that can be evaluated using a combination of subjective and objective measures, and it is important to understand the strengths and limitations of each method and explore discrepancies between them. The document also provides a list of references covering various aspects of insomnia, including its impact on neuropsychological performance, cognitive impairment, pharmacotherapy for older adults, perception of sleep, use of placebos in treatment, actigraphy as a measurement tool, and assessment and management of insomnia. These references offer a comprehensive overview of current research and understanding of insomnia. [Extracted from the article]

Despite research demonstrating sleep disturbance in children with Tourette syndrome (TS), few studies have examined bedtime regularity and sleep sufficiency, two important sleep health dimensions. Therefore, this study examined bedtime regularity and sleep sufficiency in children with TS relative to matched healthy control subjects, and its associated demographic, clinical, and behavioral factors. Participants were 384 parents or caregivers of children aged three to 17 years, including 192 with current TS and 192 matched healthy control subjects drawn from the 2020-2021 cycle of the National Survey of Children's Health. Parents completed questions assessing demographic (i.e., age, race, sex), clinical (i.e., attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder [ADHD], autism spectrum disorder, anxiety, depression, tic severity, behavioral or conduct problems, ADHD medication, health condition-related impairment), and behavioral (i.e., screen time) characteristics. Mann-Whitney U test and chi-square test of independence were performed to compare groups on bedtime regularity and sleep sufficiency, respectively. Ordinal regression and binary logistic regression without and with backward elimination were performed to evaluate indicators of bedtime regularity and sleep sufficiency, respectively, in children with TS. Children with current TS had significantly poorer bedtime regularity, but not sleep sufficiency, relative to matched healthy control subjects. In children with TS, anxiety and two or more hours of daily screen time were associated with higher likelihood of poor bedtime regularity. Autism was associated with lower likelihood of insufficient sleep, and depression was associated with increased likelihood of insufficient sleep. Findings put forth screen time, anxiety, and depression as intervention targets to optimize sleep health in children with TS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermal environment may affect sleep quality and sleeping thermal comfort at the same time. Up to now, there is no direct evidence or physiological theory can prove the idea that thermal comfort equal to good sleep quality, but how to balance the relationship between them is often ignored when designing thermal environment. This review took body temperature distribution as a bridge for the connection of sleep quality and sleeping thermal comfort. At first, we reviewed the quantitative relationships among thermal environment, body temperature, sleep quality and sleeping thermal comfort, and then based on the idea of reverse derivation, a recommended design process for bedroom thermal environment was proposed. Each step of the process corresponded to the impact mechanism described above. The review results showed that, body temperature distribution was closely related to both sleep quality and thermal comfort, and thus it was suitable to be used as a bridge between them; body temperatures fluctuated dynamically during sleep, and thus heat transfer and thermal regulation models should be used to describe them; most current sleep researches regarded skin temperature as the representative value of body temperature distribution, yet core body temperature needs to be paid more attention on in the future because it was more closely related to sleep rhythm; furthermore, in addition to young people, subjects of more age groups should be tested to enrich China's sleep research database. In general, it's theoretically possible to guarantee both sleep quality and sleeping thermal comfort, and this review can be used as a reliable reference for bedroom thermal environment design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At present, there are few researches on the causes of servant leadership, and it is considered that servant leadership is a static characteristic of managers. At the same time, research on the effects of sleep has generally focused on our own psychology and behavior. This study explores the effect of manager sleep on servant leadership, using emotional exhaustion as the mediating variable and extending the effect to employee work engagement. Based on the self-regulation theory and the combination of neuroscience, a research hypothesis was proposed, 385 units of daily samples were collected through experience sampling, and multilevel path analysis and Monte Carlo simulation test were carried out on the data. The conclusion was drawn: Manager sleep quality was positively correlated with manager servant leadership, and emotional exhaustion played an intermediary role; Manager servant leadership is positively related to employee work engagement. Manager sleep quality affects employee work engagement through manager emotional exhaustion and manager servant leadership. Finally, we discuss theoretical contribution, practical implication and the future prospect of this research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While standard polysomnography has revealed the importance of the sleeping brain in health and disease, more specific insight into the relevant brain circuits requires high-density electroencephalography (EEG). However, identifying and handling sleep EEG artifacts becomes increasingly challenging with higher channel counts and/or volume of recordings. Whereas manual cleaning is timeconsuming, subjective, and often yields data loss (e.g., complete removal of channels or epochs), automated approaches suitable and practical for overnight sleep EEG remain limited, especially when control over detection and repair behavior is desired. Here, we introduce a flexible approach for automated cleaning of multichannel sleep recordings, as part of the free Matlab-based toolbox SleepTrip. Key functionality includes 1) channel-wise detection of various artifact types encountered in sleep EEG, 2) channel- and time-resolved marking of data segments for repair through interpolation, and 3) visualization options to review and monitor performance. Functionality for Independent Component Analysis is also included. Extensive customization options allow tailoring cleaning behavior to data properties and analysis goals. By enabling computationally efficient and flexible automated data cleaning, this tool helps to facilitate fundamental and clinical sleep EEG research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To explore the impact of COVID-19 on the sleep of healthcare workers from Fujian Province supporting Hubei Province and its related risk factors. Methods: A cross-sectional, anonymous, self-reported online questionnaire survey was conducted among all participants. The questionnaire consisted of five parts: sociodemographic characteristics and COVID-19 epidemic-related factors, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire-5 (MEQ-5), and 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12). Results: Among 552 participants, 203 (36.8%) had a PSQI score > 7, indicating the presence of sleep disorders. Logistic regression analysis revealed that sleep disorders were independently associated with a history of previously diagnosed sleep disorders (OR 6.074, 95% CI 2.626-14.049, P < 0.001), rotating night shifts > 3 times per week (OR 3.089, 95% CI 1.650-5.781, P < 0.001), using electronic devices before sleep >1 h (OR 1.685, 95% CI 1.131-2.511, P = 0.010), concern about contracting COVID-19 (OR 1.116, 95% CI 1.034-1.204, P = 0.005), perception of societal support for supporting healthcare workers in Hubei (OR 0.861,95% CI 0.744-0.998, P = 0.047) (OR 0.861, 95% CI 0.744-0.998, P = 0.047), non-medical staff (OR 0.257, 95% CI 0.067-0.987, P = 0.048), ESS score (OR 1.068, 95% CI 1.018-1.121, P = 0.007), and GHQ-12 score (OR 1.511, 95% CI 1.281-1.782, P < 0.001). Conclusion: Sleep disorders were highly prevalent among healthcare workers from Fujian Province supporting Hubei Province during the COVID-19 pandemic. Risk factors for sleep disorders included a history of previously diagnosed sleep disorders, rotating night shifts > 3 times per week, using electronic devices before sleep >1 h, excessive concern about contracting COVID-19, and poorer psychological health. Higher perceived societal support and understanding of support for healthcare workers supporting Hubei were associated with a reduced risk of sleep disorders, as was being non-medical staff. Providing more sleep hygiene education and psychological health services for frontline healthcare workers is necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past few years, sleep research has shown impressive performance of deep neural networks in the area of automatic sleep-staging. Recent studies have demonstrated the necessity of combining multiple data sets to obtain sufficiently generalizing results. However, working with large amounts of sleep data can be challenging, both from a hardware perspective and because of the different preprocessing steps necessary for distinct data sources. Here we review the possible obstacles and present an open-source pipeline for automatic data loading. Our solution includes both a standardized data store as well as a 'data serving' portion which can be used to train neural networks on the standardized data, allowing for different configuration options for different studies and machine learning designs. The pipeline, including implementation, is made public to ensure better and more reproducible sleep research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Researchers at the intersection of sleep and suicide research have advocated for investigation of sleep disturbances as a therapeutic target for the purposes of treating and preventing suicide. This study aims to provide the first systematic review and meta‐analysis on the efficacy of sleep interventions to treat suicidal ideation. This systematic review and meta‐analysis, registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews, was conducted in PsycINFO, through Ovid. A sample of eight articles were deemed eligible and a total of 21 effect sizes were included. Egger's test suggested that no publication bias was present (b = 0.3695; p = 0.0852). The pooled effect size for sleep treatments on suicidal ideation was small (g = −0.0931, p = 0.3047). Significant heterogeneity was present (I2 = 44.13%), indicating the need for moderator analyses. Treatment type (medication versus psychotherapy; g = −0.2487, p = 0.3368), sex (g = −0.0007; p = 0.9263), and race (g = −0.0081; p = 0.1624) were all considered as moderators and were all found to be insignificant. This meta‐analysis revealed that initial studies exploring the efficacy of sleep interventions on suicidal ideation demonstrate small effect sizes. Despite this, the handful of studies included in this review nonetheless highlight this as an important area for continued exploration. The use of larger and more diverse samples, as well as intentionally designing sleep‐related interventions to improve ideation and behaviour, have the potential to enhance the efficacy of sleep interventions for this novel purpose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Surgery and general anaesthesia have deleterious effects on sleep and disrupted perioperative sleep health is a risk factor for poor surgical outcomes. The objective of this systematic review was to summarise preoperative interventions that report sleep outcomes. Studies that delivered an intervention initiated >24 h prior to surgery among an adult sample without a diagnosed sleep disorder were included. Studies were excluded if they were preclinical or were not published in English. MEDLINE, MEDLINE ePubs Ahead of Print and In‐process Citations, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, APA PsycINFO, CINAHL, and the Web of Science were searched on February 2, 2023. This review was reported in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses and was registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (identifier: CRD42021260578). Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Risk‐of Bias 2 tool for randomised trials and the Risk Of Bias In Non‐randomised Studies ‐ of Interventions for non‐randomised trials. Certainty of findings were assessed using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation framework. The searching yielded 10,938 total citations, and after screening resulted in 28 randomised and 19 non‐randomised trials (47 total) with 4937 participants. Sleep was a primary outcome in 16 trials; a sleep outcome was significantly improved relative to comparator in 23 trials. This review demonstrates that preoperative sleep is modifiable via a variety of interventions, including pharmacological, non‐pharmacological, and nursing interventions delivered preoperatively or perioperatively. Our results should be considered with caution due to an overall intermediate to high risk of bias in the included trials, and low to very low certainty of evidence. This review supports the modifiability of sleep health among surgical patients and provides the groundwork for preoperative sleep optimisation research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Sleep quality is essential to biopsychosocial functioning, yet there remains limited longitudinal research on sleep and mental or social well‐being within low‐ or middle‐income countries. This study utilised longitudinal cohort data from a community‐based empowerment programme in Meru County, Kenya to assess cross‐lagged correlations between sleep disturbance, social support, symptoms of depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress. Participants (n = 373; 92% women; age range 18–86 years) who reported more sleep disturbance at T1 reported significantly more symptoms of depression, anxiety, and PTSD, and significantly less social support at T2 (average 11 weeks later), controlling for all within‐time correlations across measures, within‐measure correlations across time, and sociodemographic background characteristics. The findings are consistent with research across high‐income countries, underscoring the need for more contextualised research into sleep behaviours across low‐ and middle‐income countries. The findings may inform interventions to increase mental and social well‐being within Kenya. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From jellyfish to parrot fish and roundworms to homeotherms, all animals are thought to sleep. Despite its presumed universality, sleep is a poorly understood behavior, varying significantly in its expression across, and even within, animal lineages. There is still no consensus about the origin, architecture, ecology of sleep, or even its defining characters. The field of behavioral ecology has the potential to extend our knowledge of sleep behavior to nontraditional models and in ecologically relevant settings. Here, we highlight current efforts in diversifying the field to generate stronger synergies between historically human‐focused sleep research and behavioral ecology. Our primary aim is for behavioral ecology to enhance sleep research by contributing crucial observations as well as by creating novel comparative and evolutionary frameworks. At the same time, sleep research can enhance behavioral ecology by exposing the relevance of sleep to wakeful behaviors. Nikolaas Tinbergen's four levels of analysis have served as a foundation for comprehensively addressing questions in behavior, and we introduce some Tinbergian approaches to examine the interplay between sleep and wake under ecologically meaningful conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multiple subfields of neuroscience research are beginning to incorporate astrocytes into current frameworks of understanding overall brain physiology, neuronal circuitry, and disease etiology that underlie sleep and sleep-related disorders. Astrocytes have emerged as a dynamic regulator of neuronal activity through control of extracellular space (ECS) volume and composition, both of which can vary dramatically during different levels of sleep and arousal. Astrocytes are also an attractive target of sleep research due to their prominent role in the glymphatic system, a method by which toxic metabolites generated during wakefulness are cleared away. In this review we assess the literature surrounding glial influences on fluctuations in ECS volume and composition across the sleep-wake cycle. We also examine mechanisms of astrocyte volume regulation in glymphatic solute clearance and their role in sleep and wake states. Overall, findings highlight the importance of astrocytes in sleep and sleep research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sleep disorders are widespread. Inhaled aromatherapy has shown advantages over medication in treating insomnia. Daylily (Hemerocallis fulva) has been found to positively affect sleep either by ingestion or inhalation, but there is a lack of research on the sleep aid effect of its inhalation route. At present, the floral scent characteristics of daylily are not obvious, and the extraction rate of essential oil is low. Based on the above problems, this study developed daylily essence which replicates the natural aroma of plants and investigated the effect of inhaling daylily essence aroma on sleep activity by using Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and electroencephalogram (EEG). According to PSQI results, inhaling the aroma of daylily essence improved participants' subjective sleep quality. The difference between men and women was statistically significant (p <.05). The slow‐wave sleep activity of EEG in the experimental group was significantly stronger than that in the control group (p <.01). In addition, the frontal and central regions were more responsive to aroma stimuli (p <.05). The results of this study show that the aroma of daylily can promote the subjective and objective sleep quality of healthy college students, and the use of fragrance intervention is a potential scheme to improve sleep quality and insomnia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research on sleep disturbances emerged during the COVID-19 pandemic. Our study investigated the association between self-reported sleep disturbances among teleworkers and the preventive measures employers took to improve their working environment. Answers obtained via a web survey gathered from 1086 teleworkers (517 in the spring of 2021 and 569 in the spring of 2022) were analysed. The odds of self-reported sleep disturbances were significantly higher for all preventive measures in the group of respondents reporting a lack of a particular measure. The highest odds ratios were observed for the statement "My employer identified conditions where I am teleworking" (adjusted OR = 2.98, 95% CI 2.10–4.23) and "Online team-building events were organised" (adjusted OR = 2.85, 95% CI 1.88–4.35). The results of our study have revealed that workplace interventions that serve as a mediator for sleep disorders, even if they are not directly targeted at managing sleep disturbances or stress, can reduce the number of teleworkers reporting sleep disturbances. According to our knowledge, this is the first study reporting the effectiveness of employer interventions that help teleworkers manage their sleep disturbances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous research on sleep and aging largely has failed to illustrate the optimal dose–response curve of this relationship. We aimed to analyze the associations between sleep duration and measures of predicted age. In total, 241,713 participants from the UK Biobank were included. Habitual sleep duration was collected from the baseline questionnaire. Four indicators, homeostatic dysregulation (HD), phenoAge (PA), Klemera–Doubal method (KDM), and allostatic load (AL), were chosen to assess predicted age. Multivariate linear regression models were utilized. The association of sleep duration and predicted age followed a U‐shape (All p for nonlinear <0.05). Compared with individuals who sleep for 7 h/day, the multivariable‐adjusted beta of ≤5 and ≥9 h/day were 0.05 (95% CI 0.03, 0.07) and 0.03 (95% CI 0.02, 0.05) for HD, 0.08 (95% CI 0.01, 0.14) and 0.36 (95% CI 0.31, 0.41) for PA, and 0.21 (95% CI 0.12, 0.30) and 0.30 (95% CI 0.23, 0.37) for KDM. Significant independent and joint effects of sleep and cystatin C (CysC) and gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT) on predicted age metrics were future found. Similar results were observed when conducting stratification analyses. Short and long sleep duration were associated with accelerated predicted age metrics mediated by CysC and GGT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and the containment measures for COVID-19 have affected sleep quality in the population. This study explored sleep-related research from a bibliometric perspective to provide an overview of the research outputs in this field. Original and review articles were retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection (WOSCC) database from December 2019 to 7 Aug 2023. R package "bibliometrix" was used to summarize the number of articles of authors, institutions, and countries; count the citations of the articles, and generate a Three-Fields Plot. VOSviewer software was applied to visualize the collaboration network among authors and institutions, and to conduct a co-occurrence analysis of keywords. A total of 4,499 articles on COVID-19 and sleep, and 25,883 articles on non-COVID-19 and sleep were included. Sleep related articles were mainly published by authors from China, the USA, and Italy. For COVID-19 and sleep research, Huazhong University of Science was the most productive institution. The Psychiatry Research was the most influential journal across the different subject categories of this field. "Mental health", "anxiety", and "depression" were the most common keywords, while "sleep quality" and "quality of life" were the likely topic areas in terms of future research directions. Our findings provide a comprehensive perspective for researchers to understand the wider landscape of both COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 sleep-related research area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim was to investigate brain responses to non-painful tactile stimuli applied to the non-dominant hand during sleep. 21 healthy subjects participated in the study (11 female, mean age ± SD: 20.67 ± 1.91 years). A 40-channel polysomnography system and a pneumatic tactile stimulator unit were used. Stimuli were applied to the participants' non-dominant hand. Evoked potential components of the CZ electrode were examined in four sleep stages (N1, N2, N3, and REM). Repeated measures ANOVA was used in statistical analyses. Brain responses, categorized as early (P50, N100, and P200), mid-early (N300, P450, and N550), and late (P900 and Nlate), were detected all sleep stages. No notable variances were found in the amplitude and latency of early brain responses when analyzed across different sleep stages. Differences in both amplitude and latency were observed across different sleep stages for the N300, P450, P900, and Nlate response components. This study presents a pioneering exploration into the responses of the non-dominant hand throughout all sleep stages, encompassing eight distinct response components. This novel investigation contributes to the existing literature by shedding light on previously unexplored aspects. The observed early responses are identified as sensory, while middle to late responses align with cognitive processes within the realm of sleep research. Notably, N300, P450, P900, and Nlate components display variations across diverse sleep stages, marked by alterations in both amplitude and latency. These findings offer valuable insights into the dynamic nature of hand responses throughout the sleep continuum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary Since one of its first descriptions 70 years ago, rapid eye movement sleep has continually inspired and excited new generations of sleep researchers. Despite significant advancements in understanding its neurocircuitry, underlying mechanisms and microstates, many questions regarding its function, especially beyond the early neurodevelopment, remain unanswered. This opinion review delves into some of the unresolved issues in rapid eye movement sleep research, highlighting the ongoing need for comprehensive exploration in this fascinating field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Memory reactivation during sleep is thought to facilitate memory consolidation. Most sleep reactivation research has examined how reactivation of specific facts, objects, and associations benefits their overall retention. However, our memories are not unitary, and not all features of a memory persist in tandem over time. Instead, our memories are transformed, with some features strengthened and others weakened. Does sleep reactivation drive memory transformation? We leveraged the Targeted Memory Reactivation technique in an object category learning paradigm to examine this question. Participants (20 female, 14 male) learned three categories of novel objects, where each object had unique, distinguishing features as well as features shared with other members of its category. We used a real-time EEG protocol to cue the reactivation of these objects during sleep at moments optimized to generate reactivation events. We found that reactivation improved memory for distinguishing features while worsening memory for shared features, suggesting a differentiation process. The results indicate that sleep reactivation does not act holistically on object memories, instead supporting a transformation where some features are enhanced over others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The behaviors that characterize sleep have been observed across a broad range of different species. While much attention has been placed on vertebrates (mostly mammals and birds), the grand diversity of invertebrates has gone largely unexplored. Here, we introduce the intrigue and special value in the study of sleeping platyhelminth flatworms. Flatworms are closely related to annelids and mollusks, and yet are comparatively simple. They lack a circulatory system, respiratory system, endocrine glands, a coelom, and an anus. They retain a central and peripheral nervous system, various sensory systems, and an ability to learn. Flatworms sleep, like other animals, a state which is regulated by prior sleep/wake history and by the neurotransmitter GABA. Furthermore, they possess a remarkable ability to regenerate from a mere fragment of the original animal. The regenerative capabilities of flatworms make them a unique bilaterally symmetric animal to study a link between sleep and neurodevelopment. Lastly, the recent applications of tools for probing the flatworm genome, metabolism, and brain activity make their entrance into the field of sleep research all the more timely. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We performed a matched-pair analysis of the content of GDF11 and GDF15 proteins in the plasma of patients (56 middle-aged men) with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) and healthy volunteers (27 men with no complaints of sleep disorders). The groups were comparable in terms of age and presence of chronic diseases. No statistically significant differences in GDF11 content in the studied groups were revealed, while the content of GDF15 in the OSAS group was 1.3 times higher. These results require further research from the viewpoint of geriatric somnology and molecular biology [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives This study examined how mental health symptoms (i.e. depression, anxiety, stress) and baseline sleep characteristics (i.e. sleep quality and levels of daytime sleepiness) predicted adherence to and initial success of a brief sleep extension research protocol in emerging adults. Methods 184 emerging adults (ages 18–25; M  = 20.96, SD  = 2.04) were asked to extend their nightly sleep opportunity to 8 hr for 1 week and to anchor bedtime and waketime. Sleep outcomes (adherence and initial protocol success) were tracked using actigraphy. Baseline sleep quality, daytime sleepiness, depression, anxiety, and stress were assessed using self-report questionnaires. Results Poorer baseline sleep quality predicted better adherence to the protocol (p = .002). Other baseline sleep characteristics and mental health were not predictive of adherence (p s>.50). Lower levels of baseline daytime sleepiness approached significance in predicting greater initial protocol success following the protocol (p   =  .05). Baseline sleep quality and mental health did not predict initial protocol success (p s > 0.34). Conclusions Mental health symptoms did not significantly predict adherence to or the success of a sleep extension protocol. Surprisingly, individuals with poor baseline sleep quality were more likely to adhere to the extension protocol, perhaps suggesting heightened motivation for change or increased risk for sleep problems. This research provides valuable insight into factors that predict adherence to sleep extension protocols in emerging adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article published in the Journal of Sleep Research explores the impact of light flickering at 40 Hz on sleep by illuminating the adenosine pathway. The study reveals how light stimulation influences sleep through changes in adenosine levels in the brain, providing insights into the neurochemical effects of light therapy. By combining basic research with clinical applications, the study demonstrates the potential of 40 Hz light flickering to improve sleep parameters and offers new directions for exploring light therapy in neuropsychiatric diseases. [Extracted from the article]

The article "Eosinophil-Derived Neurotoxin Determinants and Reference Values in a Swedish Middle-Aged General Population" explores the role of serum EDN as a marker for eosinophilic inflammation in asthma. The study conducted on middle-aged adults in Sweden identified new determinants associated with elevated EDN levels, including cardiovascular comorbidity and kidney function impairment. Reference values for serum EDN were established for healthy individuals, with differences noted between men and women. The findings aim to enhance the understanding of serum EDN as a potential clinical marker for asthma diagnosis and monitoring. [Extracted from the article]

The article discusses the use of melatonin as a potential treatment for nocturia, a condition characterized by frequent urination at night. The authors acknowledge that while some studies suggest a benefit of melatonin for both nocturia and sleep quality, the current evidence is limited and derived from small and heterogeneous study samples. They argue that larger placebo-controlled trials are needed to provide more conclusive recommendations. The article also highlights the bidirectional relationship between nocturia and sleep, and the potential for melatonin to improve sleep quality. However, the authors caution that the efficacy of melatonin may vary depending on the study population and individual patient characteristics. They emphasize the need for further research to better understand the pharmacologic effects and mechanisms of action of melatonin for nocturia. The article also mentions the importance of using high-quality melatonin supplements, as there have been reports of inconsistent adherence to label claims and contamination with other substances. Overall, the article provides a foundation for future research on melatonin for nocturia. [Extracted from the article]

Abstract Background Alterations in sleep have been described in multiple health conditions and as a function of several medication effects. However, evidence generally stems from small univariate studies. Here, we apply a large-sample, data-driven approach to investigate patterns between in sleep macrostructure, quantitative sleep EEG, and health. Methods We use data from the MrOS Sleep Study, containing polysomnography and health data from a large sample (N = 3086) of elderly American men to establish associations between sleep macrostructure, the spectral composition of the electroencephalogram, 38 medical disorders, 2 health behaviors, and the use of 48 medications. Results Of sleep macrostructure variables, increased REM latency and reduced REM duration were the most common findings across health indicators, along with increased sleep latency and reduced sleep efficiency. We found that the majority of health indicators were not associated with objective EEG power spectral density (PSD) alterations. Associations with the rest were highly stereotypical, with two principal components accounting for 85–95% of the PSD-health association. PC1 consists of a decrease of slow and an increase of fast PSD components, mainly in NREM. This pattern was most strongly associated with depression/SSRI medication use and age-related disorders. PC2 consists of changes in mid-frequency activity. Increased mid-frequency activity was associated with benzodiazepine use, while decreases were associated with cardiovascular problems and associated medications, in line with a recently proposed hypothesis of immune-mediated circadian demodulation in these disorders. Specific increases in sleep spindle frequency activity were associated with taking benzodiazepines and zolpidem. Sensitivity analyses supported the presence of both disorder and medication effects. Conclusions Sleep alterations are present in various health conditions.

Introduction: Polysomnographic recordings are essential for diagnosing many sleep disorders, yet their detailed analysis presents considerable challenges. With the rise of machine learning methodologies, researchers have created various algorithms to automatically score and extract clinically relevant features from polysomnography, but less research has been devoted to how exactly the algorithms should be incorporated into the workflow of sleep technologists. This paper presents a sophisticated data collection platform developed under the Sleep Revolution project, to harness polysomnographic data from multiple European centers. Methods: A tripartite platform is presented: a user-friendly web platform for uploading three-night polysomnographic recordings, a dedicated splitter that segments these into individual one-night recordings, and an advanced processor that enhances the one-night polysomnography with contemporary automatic scoring algorithms. The platform is evaluated using real-life data and human scorers, whereby scoring time, accuracy, and trust are quantified. Additionally, the scorers were interviewed about their trust in the platform, along with the impact of its integration into their workflow. Results: We found that incorporating AI into the workflow of sleep technologists both decreased the time to score by up to 65 min and increased the agreement between technologists by as much as 0.17 κ. Discussion: We conclude that while the inclusion of AI into the workflow of sleep technologists can have a positive impact in terms of speed and agreement, there is a need for trust in the algorithms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the use of the NHANES database for sleep and health-related research. The database contains information on sleep variables that can be used to explore the association between sleep and various health outcomes. However, researchers face challenges in identifying relevant variables and understanding their distribution across different survey years. The article also highlights the use of subjective and objective sleep testing methods to gather data on sleep patterns. NHANES provides valuable information on mental health and allows researchers to study sleep patterns in specific demographic groups. However, further longitudinal studies are needed to determine the causal relationship between sleep patterns and health outcomes over time. Overall, NHANES is a valuable resource for investigating the relationship between sleep patterns and overall health. [Extracted from the article]