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Fish oil is commonly replaced by vegetable oils in sea bream diets, but little is known about their effects on intestinal health regarding oxidative stress biomarkers. The negative effects of lipid peroxidation on digestive mucosa could have consequences in animal nutrition and welfare. In this study, five isonitrogenous (46%) and isolipidic (22%) diets with 75% of vegetable oils inclusion were evaluated: soybean oil (S) alone or different mixtures containing soybean oil with linseed (SL), linseed and rapeseed (SLR), linseed and palm (SLP), and linseed, rapeseed, and palm (SLRP). Gilthead sea bream juveniles were fed twice a day for 18 weeks. Pyloric caeca and proximal intestine samples were collected 24 h post feeding for lipid peroxidation (LPO), antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, CAT, GPx, GST, and GR) and gene expression analyses. Pyloric caeca presented larger unhealthy changes in oxidative status than proximal intestine. Although SL-fed fish showed the highest antioxidant activities, they were unable to cope with LPO that in pyloric caeca was 31.4 times higher than in the other groups. Instead, SLP fish presented the best oxidative status, with low LPO levels, antioxidant enzyme activities, and gene expression. In summary, between the vegetable oils dietary mixtures tested, SPL would maintain better intestinal health.

The flower and pod abscission is one of the characteristics of soybean that severely limits yield, especially when intercropped with maize. Therefore, suitable soybean cultivars for intercropping are urgently needed to improve farmland productivity. We conducted a two-year field experiment to evaluate the flower and pod abscission, dry matter production, and yield advantages of 15 soybean cultivars. The results of the principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA) showed that 15 soybean cultivars were classified into three groups, i.e., high-yielding group (HYG), mid-yielding cultivars (MYG), and low-yielding cultivars (LYG). In the HYG group, ND12 and GX3 had characteristics of more flowers and pods and less abscission of flowers and pods. Moreover, the net assimilation rate (NAR) and relative growth rate (RGR) of HYG were significantly higher than the other. The HYG obtained a considerably higher partition ratio of 53% from biomass to seed than the other. Therefore, selecting and breeding cultivars with the characteristics of more flowers and pods and less abscission of flowers and pods can help to increase soybean yield in intercropping. This research was funded by the Program on Industrial Technology System of National Soybean (CARS-04-PS18), and the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2021YFF1000500). Qing Du was a recipient of a joint PhD scholarship supported by the China Scholarship Council (CSC) (No. 202106910037).

[CA] En aquest projecte es prototipa mitjançant la tècnica del Design Thinking una mousse de soia que inclou entre els seus ingredients suc d’àloe vera i pasta d’una flor, la violeta. Aquest producte ha estat dissenyat pensant en totes aquelles persones que pretenen tindre cura de la seua salut sense renunciar al plaer de les postres i els seus components són d’especial interès per a les dones que es troben en l’etapa de la menopausa. A més a més s’avaluen distintes propietats físic-químiques així com organolèptiques i es presenta el model de negoci d’una Start Up que es dedica a la producció i promoció d’aquesta mousse. Es tracta d’un producte presentat als concursos d’aliments innovadors Ecotrophelia 2017 i ACTA/CL 2017 on va obtenir el 4t i 1r lloc, respectivament., [EN] In this project is prototyped through the use of Design Thinking technique a soya mousse that includes among its ingredients aloe vera juice and violet. This product has been designed for people that want to take care of their health without giving up the desserts pleasure and its components are especially interesting for menopausal women. Moreover, physical-chemical and organoleptic proprieties are evaluated and is presented a business model of a Start Up that produces and promotes the mousse. This product was presented at the food innovations contests Ecotrophelia Spain 2017 and ACTA/CL 2007 and it was 4th and 1st, respectively.

Treballs Finals de Grau d'Enginyeria Química, Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona, Curs: 2016-2017, Tutors: Esther Chamarro Aguilera, Manel Vicente Buil, The use of renewable resources as replacement for petroleum-derived chemicals is gaining importance. This is mainly due to the serious pollution problems with increasing fuel prices increase and the scarcity of fossil resources. In Spain, the “Plan de energías renovables 2011 – 2020” has been carried out to improve the difficult situation that the biodiesel industry is experiencing in our country, due to according to the European directive, from 2020, 20% of the energy consumed should be renewable. One of the most widely used type of biofuels is biodiesel and it can be obtained from vegetable oils. One of the most common is soybean oil. The production process is split in three different stages: degumming, transesterification and purification. Usually, plant for large productions operate continuously. Nevertheless, if the production is not very high, the possibility of working in discontinuous (per batches) the transesterification stage can be considered. Hence, the final project’s goal is to consider the viability of working in discontinuous the transesterification stage, for a production plant of refined biodiesel (without impurities) of 30,000 tonnes per year. In transesterification stage, the soybean oil is converted to biodiesel, using methanol excess as a reactant and sodium methoxide as catalyst. Biodiesel and glycerin, are the products of the reaction, which are separated by gravity. Due to the reaction is an equilibrium reaction, the glycerine must be removed in order to force the reaction to the right to obtain more product. Therefore, the transesterification step will consist of two vessels and two settlers. A batch size of 20,500 kg of refined biodiesel (RB) has been chosen, corresponding to 21,000 kg of non-refined biodiesel (NRB). From this value and the physical-chemical product properties have been dimensioned the main equipment. Also, the block and process diagrams have been made with their corresponding mass balance. The necessary pumps, valves and pipes have been chosen, as well as the automation and control system that is presented in the corresponding in the P&ID. Block and process diagram and P&ID have been drawn with AutoCad. Moreover, it has been estimated the times of each equipment that it should be carried out, as well as, the period of occupation of the equipment. Working in two campaigns with overlapping, batch time and cycle time have been determined. In this case, the batch time is 7.5 (BT = 7.5 h) and the cycle time is 3 hours (CT = 3h). Different scheduling strategies of the transesterification batch production have been proposed. The most convenient has been the weekly production of 31 or 32 batches, in two campaigns of 15 and 16 batches, the first one, and 15 and 17 batches, the second one. In addition, even if the purification stage and the recovery methanol excess operates continuously without disruption, the transesterification stage will work only 5 days per week, with 3 shifts per day, without working the weekends. Working with two campaigns per week, necessarily involves an intermediate shutdown, which it will be used for cleaning work and maintenance. Moreover, this shutdown has been programmed in such a way that it takes place coinciding with the central shift of the plant.

La resistenza delle proteine allergeniche della soia in seguito a digestione gastro-duodenale simulata sarà discussa nella presente comunicazione unitamente all'uso di software di bioinformatica per valutare l'allergenicità residua.

Pornind de la consecințele unui proces istoric de durată, regiunea românească, numită Basarabia, a fost desprinsă de principatul Moldovei și anexată de Rusia, formând ulterior fosta RSS Moldovenească. Această analiză ține de legislație, instituții și politici cu privire la noile pachete tehnologice referitor la agricultura și autonomia alimentară – un domeniu de interes fundamental pentru o performanță efi cientă a economiei și structurilor sociale din ambele părți politice ale Moldovei. O serie de zone de reglementare agroalimentară va fi analizată, luându-se în calcul protecția consumatorilor moldoveni, precum și dezvoltarea comerțului agroalimentar în țările terțe. În urma unei prezentări (care a examinat contextul regional și politic), această evaluare se va baza pe o abordare agroecologică etică și politică, fi ind divizată în trei părți interdependente: (i) analiza situației curente din agricultura Republicii Moldova și cea a României; (ii) provocările UE și ale Moldovei în legătură cu noua lege a Uniunii Europene cu privire la organismele noi modifi cate genetic (GMO) și (iii) o evaluare generală îmbogățită de opiniile numeroșilor experți și de cele derivate din surse adiționale. În fi nal, se va oferi o serie de recomandări pentru cercetări ulterioare, destinate fermierilor locali și factorilor de decizie privind dezvoltarea ulterioară a acestei chestiuni în ambele țări.

[spa] El consumo de las bebidas de soja y de almendra está aumentando en Europa porque son útiles como alternativa a la leche de vaca para los individuos intolerantes a la lactosa, con alergia a las proteínas de la leche, o para aquellos que evitan la leche por otras razones. También su popularidad aumenta por los efectos beneficiosos para la salud que se le atribuyen. Las bebidas de soja y de almendra comerciales están normalmente procesadas por tratamientos térmicos, especialmente UHT, no sólo para estabilizarlas sino también para mejorar su palatabilidad y digestibilidad ya que, entre otros efectos, destruyen componentes indeseables, tales como los inhibidores de tripsina. No obstante, los tratamientos térmicos pueden afectar a sus componentes nutritivos y compuestos bioactivos. La ultra alta presión de homogeneización (UHPH) es una tecnología no térmica emergente que consiste en la aplicación de presiones de hasta 400 MPa utilizando un sistema de homogeneización, especialmente diseñado para producir un efecto conservador, al mismo tiempo que mejora la estabilidad coloidal. En el marco de un proyecto del Plan Nacional (AGL 2008-05430-C02-02) realizado en coordinación con el grupo del Centre Especial Planta de Tecnologia dels Aliments (CERPTA) de la Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, se pretende aplicar la UHPH para la obtención de bebidas de soja y almendra y comparar los efectos de esta tecnología con los de los convencionalmente aplicados a este tipo de productos (pasteurización y UHT). En el primer apartado de esta memoria se valora el efecto que esta tecnología provoca sobre una serie de parámetros nutritivos y biofuncionales (perfil de aminoácidos, perfil de ácidos grasos, digestibilidad de las proteínas, disponibidad de la lisina, tocoferoles, fitoesteroles, aminas biógenas, poliaminas e isoflavonas), extendiendo el estudio a no solo al efecto inmediato del tratamiento si no también durante la vida útil de los productos. En términos generales, se concluye que los tratamientos por UHPH mantienen o mejoran, en comparación con los térmicos, el valor nutritivo y biofuncional de las bebidas de soja y de almendra. La soja aporta compuestos bioactivos, como las isoflavonas, cuyo consumo puede presentar efectos beneficiosos para la salud pero hay controversia sobre la seguridad de su consumo por parte de lactantes, ya que se he señalado que pueden ejercer tiene efectos endocrinos indeseables sobre el desarrollo y el sistema reproductor. En la segunda parte de esta tesis, se realiza una aproximación a una estimación de la exposición y del riesgo de estos compuestos bioactivos en productos derivados de la soja de mayor consumo. Aún no existen datos de consumo de productos derivados de soja en Europa, pero la estimación muestra que una dieta que incluya habitualmente productos derivados de la soja aporta contenidos de isoflavonas suficientes para lograr sus potenciales efectos beneficiosos. Por otro lado, el consumo de fórmulas infantiles a base de soja por lactantes supone un cierto riesgo de sufrir los efectos adversos de las isoflavonas, ya que su consumo sobrepasa los niveles de seguridad establecidos por el Panel de Expertos (NTP-CERHR). Además, los productos derivados de la soja, especialmente los fermentados, contienen niveles elevados de algunas aminas biógenas. La ingesta de algunos de estos productos de soja puede suponer un riesgo de aparición de los efectos adversos de estas aminas, especialmente cuando hay un tratamiento con fármacos específicos. En la tercera parte, se estudia algunos efectos biológicos de las poliaminas e isoflavonas. Las poliaminas son compuestos naturales con un papel reconocido como antioxidante endógeno en frente al estrés oxidativo celular. Se estudia su capacidad antioxidante in vitro y el mecanismo de acción y se concluye que su capacidad antioxidante es superior al de otros antioxidantes reconocidos (galato de octilo, palmitato de ascorbilo y α-tocoferol) y que su potencia antioxidante se debe a su capacidad para secuestrar metales y radicales libres. Por otro último, se estudia el metabolismo intracelular de las isoflavonas en células endoteliales por su importancia potencial en los mecanismos de acción cardioprotectores del sistema vascular. Se concluye que las isoflavonas entran en las células endoteliales y son metabolizadas mediante glucuronidación, sulfatación y metilación, [eng] Soymilk and almond milk are particularly useful as an alternative of cow’s milk for people who are lactose-intolerant, allergic to milk proteins, or for those who avoid milk for other reasons, and their consumption also has potential health benefits. Ultra high pressure homogenization (UHPH) is a useful non-thermal technology to obtain safe and high-quality liquid foods. UHPH is based on the same principle as conventional homogenization, but it works at significantly higher pressures (up to 400 MPa). In the first part of this thesis, in the frame of the project “The application of Ultra high pressure homogenization (UHPH) to produce high quality vegetable milks (soy and almond)” (AGL 2008- 05430- C02-02), the aim was to study the effects of the UHPH treatment on the nutritional and biofunctional compounds of soymilk and almond milk compared to conventional thermal pasteurization and UHT treatments. As a result, it was concluded that UHPH treatments maintained or improved the nutritional and biofunctional value of soymilk and almond milk, compared to conventional thermal pasteurization and UHT treatments. Soybean provides bioactive compounds, such as isoflavones, whose consumption has potential beneficial health effects for adults and also could have significant effects on the endocrine and reproductive system development in infants. In the second part of this thesis, an estimation of exposure and risk of these bioactive compounds in soybean products was performed. In general, the consumption of these products provides similar or higher isoflavone contents to achieve the beneficial effects. On the other hand, the consumption of soybean based infant formulas could involve a potential risk to infants. Additionally, the fermented soybean products contain high levels of certain biogenic amines. Adverse effects of some biogenic amines as a result of the consumption of the soybean products in general would be unlikely, except for individuals under specific drug therapies. In the third part, some biological effects of polyamines and isoflavones were studied. The mechanism by which polyamines act as antioxidants was evaluated by in vitro methods, concluding that it seems to be related to its ability to chelate metals. Furthermore, the intracellular metabolism of isoflavones in endothelial cells was studied because it can be important in the elucidation of the mechanism of action of isoflavones in the cardiovascular system.

Glycine max is one of the major sources of phytochemicals, in particular of isoflavones, a class of phytoestrogens with ascertained beneficial effects on human health. In the present study, in vitro callus production from soybean hypocotyl seedling explants and cell suspensions were optimized. Time-courses having 20, 40 and 60 g/L of initial cell inoculum were performed to determine the concentration most suitable for isoflavone production. The amount of total polyphenols and total flavonoids as well as the antioxidant capacity of both cell and culture media fractions were measured by means of spectrophotometric methods. The levels of aglycone and glycosylated isoflavones (didzein, genistein, glycitein, didzin, genistin, glycitin), as well as of ferulic acid, vanillic acid and vanillin, were determined by HPLC–DAD. On average, 93.5 % of the total (cells plus media) isoflavones in soybean cell suspensions were detected as aglycones. Concentrated cell cultures as well as industrial soybean seed extracts were enzymatically hydrolyzed to release the aglycones and their metabolic profiles were analysed by HPLC–DAD. In contrast to cell suspensions, in undigested seed extract the aglycon form represented only 16.8 % of the total isoflavones amount. After enzymatic treatment, the antioxidant capacity increased by 30 and 33 %, respectively, in concentrated cell and seed extracts, demonstrating the presence of a larger amount of bioactive metabolites after digestion. At the present extraction conditions, soybean concentrated cell suspensions yielded 5.8- fold more total isoflavones (mostly in the free form) than seed extracts, leading to hypothesise their possible use as ingredients for cosmetic and nutraceutical applications.

Vengono sviluppati alcuni metodi HPLC e CE per l'analisi dei principali isoflavoni della soia, metodi analitici che consentono la loro identificazione e il loro dosaggio con risultati accurati e precisi.

Background: Patients affected during the asthma outbreaks caused by soybean dust inhalation in Barcelona presented with sudden onset of severe asthma followed by the rapid relief of symptoms after treatment. Two years after the epidemics ended, a case-control study was conducted in which the clinical, functional, and immunological characteristics of these asthma patients (a randomised sample of asthmatic patients admitted as emergency cases on epidemic days, n = 213) were compared with those of a control group (a random sample of asthmatic patients admitted as emergency cases for attacks of asthma on non-epidemic days, n = 170). METHODS--The study included the administration of the ATS-DLD78 standardised respiratory questionnaire, the measurement of atopy, and performance of spirometric tests and a methacholine inhalation test. Results: Patients with epidemic asthma reported fewer symptoms of asthma, had attended emergency departments less frequently during the previous year for acute attacks of asthma, were taking fewer inhaled corticosteroids at the time of the study, and attended medical follow up less frequently than did the patients with non-epidemic asthma. However, the cases and controls showed no differences in ventilatory capacity or reactivity to the methacholine bronchoprovocation test. Conclusions: Two years after the end of the soybean epidemics, people affected by epidemic asthma had a favourable prognosis. This finding contrasts with a higher risk of life threatening asthma and death during the epidemics. This paradox could be the result of a complex interaction between host and conditions of exposure.

Molti studi preclinici ed epidemiologici hanno evidenziato che i fitoestrogeni, sostanze naturali non steroidee contenute nelle piante, potrebbero svolgere un ruolo importante nella prevenzione di diverse malattie ormone-dipendenti come il cancro al seno, i disturbi della menopausa e l'osteoporosi. Negli ultimi anni, sono stati introdotti sul mercato integratori alimentari o formulazioni a base di estratti di soia, per il trattamento dei sintomi della menopausa , in quanto osservazioni epidemiologiche hanno evidenziato una minore incidenza dei disturbi climaterici, dei tumori mammari, uterini e intestinali nelle donne asiatiche, la cui dieta giornaliera è molto ricca in estratti della soia. Questa contiene fitoestrogeni, in particolare gli isoflavoni genisteina e daidzeina, che hanno una conformazione chimica simile a quella dell'estradiolo, il principale ormone sessuale femminile. Si ritiene che gli isoflavoni della soia agiscano attraverso un effetto di modulazione selettiva sui recettori estrogenici (azione ormone-simile), che riducano la produzione di radicali liberi (“radical scavenger”) e che inibiscano la proliferazione di cellule tumorali (azione non ormonale). L’abbondanza di prodotti commerciali a base di derivati della soia determina la necessità di procedere ad un loro accurato controllo di qualità al fine di evidenziare possibili adulterazioni o escludere la possibilità di sovradosaggi. Nel Laboratorio di Analisi Farmaco-Tossicologica sono stati sviluppati alcuni metodi analitici basati sia sulla cromatografia elettrocinetica micellare (MEKC) che sulla cromatografia liquida ad alta prestazione (HPLC) per il controllo di qualità di integratori commerciali contenenti estratti di soia. In particolare, l’analisi elettroforetica di genisteina, daidziena, gliciteina (e loro glicosidi) è stata effettuata, utilizzando un elettrolita supporto (BGE) a pH basico contenente sodio dodecil solfato . Si sta ora mettendo a punto un metodo più sensibile e selettivo basato sull’uso di un HPLC con detector coulombometrico. Inoltre, è in fase di sviluppo anche un metodo semplice e veloce che utilizza un HPLC con detector Diode Array che permette oltre alla quantificazione anche l’identificazione degli analiti attraverso gli spettri di assorbimento UV. I risultati preliminari sembrano essere soddisfacenti; si sta proseguendo con i test per la convalida dei metodi.

Le proteine della soia: possibili indicazioni cliniche e nutrizionali. Documento elaborato da un panel di esperti.

A tendência do consumidor atual é utilizar alimentos de fácil preparo que, adicionalmente à qualidade nutritiva, tragam benefícios à saúde. Neste trabalho, uma massa alimentícia fresca funcional foi desenvolvida pela incorporação de Isolado Protéico de Soja (IPS) e polidextrose, utilizando páprica como corante. O consumo de IPS pode contribuir para a diminuição dos níveis de colesterol, enquanto a polidextrose, funcionando como fibra, pode promover a redução de risco de câncer de cólon. A otimização da formulação foi realizada utilizando-se um delineamento fatorial completo 23, considerando como variáveis independentes os teores de: i) IPS; ii) polidextrose; e iii) páprica. Os efeitos destas variáveis na qualidade da massa alimentícia foram avaliados em função das características físico-químicas (cor e teste de cozimento), textura instrumental e propriedades sensoriais. Na avaliação dos parâmetros físicos, observou-se que a cor instrumental da massa crua foi influenciada apenas pelo teor de páprica; já o tempo de cozimento (2,5 minutos), o aumento de massa (1,40 a 1,64%) e a perda de sólidos (3,80 a 5,56%) não foram influenciados pelos ingredientes utilizados; e a elasticidade (parâmetro da textura instrumental) foi reduzida com o aumento do teor de polidextrose. Na avaliação sensorial da massa crua, o aumento na porcentagem de IPS e a redução na porcentagem de polidextrose afetaram positivamente a aceitação global e a intenção de compra; e os aumentos nas porcentagens de IPS e de páprica aumentaram a aceitação da cor. Na avaliação sensorial da massa cozida, observou-se que o IPS teve influência positiva sobre a textura, enquanto que a polidextrose e a páprica afetaram negativamente este parâmetro. Entretanto, na avaliação da intenção de compra da massa cozida, não houve influência dos ingredientes adicionados. Os percentuais ideais de adição de polidextrose, isolado protéico de soja e páprica foram de 3,5, 8,0 e 1,5%, respectivamente. The trend of the current consumer is to use foods that are easy to prepare and that besides having nutritional quality provide health benefits. In this work, fresh food with functional characteristics was developed incorporating Soy Protein Isolate (SPI) and polidextrose using paprika as the coloring agent. The consumption of IPS could contribute to decrease cholesterol levels while polidextrose, acting as a fiber, could promote the reduction of risk of colon cancer. The optimization of the formulation was carried out using a 23 complete factorial design considering independent variables the following contents: i) SPI; ii) polidextrose; and iii) paprika. The effects of these variables on the quality of the food were evaluated through physical-chemical characteristics (color and cooking test), instrumental texture, and sensory analysis. Regarding the physical parameters, instrumental color of the raw pasta was affected only by the addition of paprika. The parameters cooking time (2.5 minutes), increase in mass (1.40 to 1.64%), and loss of solids (3.80 to 5.56%) were not influenced by the ingredients used. Elasticity (instrumental texture parameter) was reduced with the increase of polidextrose. Regarding sensory analysis of the raw food, an increase in the addition of SPI and a reduction in the addition of polidextrose positively affected global acceptance and purchase intention. An increases in SPI and paprika increased color acceptance. Regarding sensory analysis of the cooked food, SPI had a positive effect on texture while polidextrose and paprika negatively affected this parameter. Nevertheless, the ingredients used did not influence purchase intention of the cooked food. The ideal percentages of polidextrose, soy protein isolate, and paprika were 3.5, 8.0, and 1.5%, respectively.

Gli Autori concludono che l'utilizzazione di diete GMO free per le produzioni tipiche può essere realizzata nel caso dei cereali ma offre difficoltà difficilmente sormontabili per i mangimi proteici vegetali, soia in primis.

Viene condotta un'indagine analitica su campioni di biscotti alla soia del commercio volta ad accertarne la qualità merceologica, con particolare riferimento allo stato di conservazione.