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Social workers and community organizers were amongst the first to respond to Black and Brown communities during the emergence COVID-19. The quick and strategic actions taken by Social workers and community organizers have helped to close the gap for marginalized Black and Brown communities during the COVID-19 pandemic. Grassroots online fundraising, referrals to legal services specializing in tenant's rights, information on nearby food banks, jail support, mutual aid during social demonstrations, and invitations to social demonstrations targeted at dismantling systems of racism allowed for communities to survive. These quick and strategic actions present at least three implications for enhancing social work education. This article uses what the author has observed and experienced to summarize how social workers and community organizers were among the first to outreach to Black and Brown communities, and how they strategized and acted in ways to keep Black and Brown communities safe and economically stable while utilizing and creating new pathways to engage communities in the movement for social justice. This article concludes with a call to action in interrupting systems of racism by using skills and tools the author has utilized in organizing to enhance social work education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the course of the twentieth century, planners have transformed cities by creating an "automobile urban fabric" and increasingly produced urban streets as spaces of "automobile inclusion", ordered by a seemingly rational "traffic logic". Streets have been primarily coded as a space for cars while excluding other traffic modes such as cyclists or pedestrians as well as uses that are not connected to movement. It is this logic and street code that the contemporary ideal of sustainable urban mobility aims to transform: streets should be made for people and accommodate different modes of mobility to overcome cars' supremacy. This paper takes current planning processes and developments in Berlin and New York as a starting point to explore cyclists' interest in street space and how it has historically developed since the mid-nineteenth century. Thereby, it will show that the history of urban automobility and urban cycling are deeply intertwined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Collective-action problems affect the structure of stakeholder networks differently in policy settings (Berardo and Scholz 2010). However, interactions in policy settings do not usually occur in an institutional vacuum; instead, they are guided and constrained by agreed-on rules. Therefore, to better understand behavior in these settings, it is important to understand the parameters that guide and constrain it. Combining arguments from game theory and social network analysis, this paper focuses on how the nature of collective-action problems affect the design of formal institutional arrangements. The cases are two institutional arrangements for the provision of high-quality drinking water, in New York City and in Boston. The design of these arrangements is measured through Networks of Prescribed Interactions (NPIs), capturing patterns of interactions mandated by formal rules. NPI structures in each case are then compared analyzing their structural measures and applying exponential random graph models (ERGMs). By comparing these NPIs, the paper assesses the effects of collective-action problems on the design of formal institutional arrangements. Results show that cooperation problems are associated with designs prescribing redundant interactions that create a balanced distribution of responsibilities among the key actors to the agreement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Racial discrimination persists despite established antidiscrimination laws. A common government strategy to deter discrimination is to publicize the law and communicate potential penalties for violations. We study this strategy by coupling an audit experiment with a randomized intervention involving nearly 700 landlords in New York City and report the first causal estimates of the effect on rental discrimination against blacks and Hispanics of a targeted government messaging campaign. We uncover discrimination levels higher than prior estimates indicate, especially against Hispanics, who are approximately 6 percentage points less likely to receive callbacks and offers than whites. We find suggestive evidence that government messaging can reduce discrimination against Hispanics but not against blacks. The findings confirm discrimination's persistence and suggest that government messaging can address it in some settings, but more work is needed to understand the conditions under which such appeals are most effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How to draw neighborhood boundaries, or spatial regions in general, has been a long‐standing focus in Geography. This article examines this question from a methodological perspective, often referred to as regionalization, with an empirical study of neighborhoods in New York City. I argue that methodological advances, combined with the affordances of big data, enable a different, more nuanced approach to regionalization than has been possible in the past. Conventional data sets often dictate constraints in terms of data availability and spatio‐temporal granularity. However, big data is now available at much finer spatio‐temporal scales and covers a wider array of aspects of social life. The emergence of these data sets supports the notion that neighborhoods can be fuzzy and highly dependent on spatio‐temporal scales and socio‐economic variables. As such, these new data sets can help to bring quantitative analysis in line with social theory that has long emphasized the heterogeneous nature of neighborhoods. This article uses a data set of geotagged tweets to demonstrate how different “sets” of neighborhoods may exist at different spatio‐temporal scales and for different algorithms. Such varying neighborhood boundaries are not a technical problem in need of a solution but rather a reflection of the complexity of the underlying urban fabric. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research examines the impact of neighborhood ethnoracial composition on the likelihood that neighborhoods that could gentrify do gentrify over time. Drawing on findings from the gentrification and residential preference literatures, we hypothesize that the percentage of Black and Latino residents in neighborhoods in 1980 is associated with the probability of gentrification, conditional on the racial composition of neighborhoods in 2010. We test these hypotheses with analyses of census data for tracts in the central cities of Chicago and New York in 1980 to 2010. We find that the percentage of Black residents in 1980 was negatively associated with gentrified White and positively associated with gentrified Black neighborhoods, and that percent Latino in 1980 was positively associated with gentrified Latino neighborhoods. Finally, we found strong evidence that gentrification in these cities was much more likely to occur in neighborhoods close to the central business district. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay is not about the exotic Marquesas, erotic Tahiti, nor the verdant Sandwich Islands but everyday nineteenth-century living spaces in the states of New York and Massachusetts, where families of Melvilles matured and where some of the most important literature the world has ever known was written. Here then is the financial and legal backgrounds of four Melville homes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives. To compare methods for estimating low HIV incidence among persons who inject drugs. Methods. We examined 4 methods in New York City, 2005 to 2014: (1) HIV sero-conversions among repeat participants, (2) increase of HIV prevalence by additional years of injection among new injectors, (3) the New York State and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention stratified extrapolation algorithm, and (4) newly diagnosed HIV cases reported to the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene. Results. The 4 estimates were consistent: (1) repeat participants: 0.37 per 100 person-years (PY; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.05/100 PY, 1.33/100 PY); (2) regression of prevalence by years injecting: 0.61 per 100 PY (95% CI = 0.36/100 PY, 0.87/100 PY); (3) stratified extrapolation algorithm: 0.32 per 100 PY (95% CI = 0.18/100 PY, 0.46/100 PY); and (4) newly diagnosed cases of HIV: 0.14 per 100 PY (95% CI = 0.11/100 PY, 0.16/100 PY). Conclusions. All methods appear to capture the same phenomenon of very low and decreasing HIV transmission among persons who inject drugs. Public Health Implications. If resources are available, the use of multiple methods would provide better information for public health purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This study provides a deeper understanding of the interracial connections not just between non-whites and whites, but among non-whites. Filipino American youth attending high school in New York City contended with a dominant bipolar racial discourse that marginalizes the racialized experiences of Asians and Pacific Islanders. However, instead of feeling invisible or marginalized, data point to how they negotiated a black–white racial discourse to decide when and how they enter dialogues about race. Filipino youth reconceptualized this racial binary to position themselves on a continuum to form the racial ‘middle ground’ between blacks and whites. Importantly, rather than a racial hierarchy that places whites at the top, youth used discursive strategies to place themselves on aracial continuumthat emphasizes the interconnectedness among racial minorities. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Neighborhood physical disorder, or the deterioration of urban environments, is associated with negative mental and physical health outcomes. Eleven trained raters used CANVAS, a web-based system for conducting reliable virtual street audits, to collect data on nine indicators of physical disorder using Google Street View imagery of 532 block faces in New York City, New York, USA. We combined the block face indicator data into a disorder scale using item response theory; indicators ranged in severity from presence of litter, a weak indicator of disorder, to abandoned cars, a strong indicator. Using this scale, we estimated disorder at the center point of each sampled block. We then used ordinary kriging to interpolate estimates of disorder levels throughout the city. The resulting map condenses a complex estimation process into an interpretable visualization of the spatial distribution of physical disorder in New York City. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the career of an applied sociologist over a 37 year time period. The author focuses on how he utilized his sociological skills throughout his career. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the United States, concerns about adolescent pregnancy and its purported consequences-negative health effects for mother and child, the disintegration of the nuclear family, and overdependence on public resources-began to widely circulate in policy spheres and the news media in the 1970s, resulting in a proliferation of policies, programs, and services designed to address its prevention. Though national adolescent birth rates are currently at their lowest since reaching a peak in the early 1990s, this decline masks persistent and significant disparities between groups of young people by race, ethnicity, geography, and poverty level, reflecting a complex intersection of social and economic inequities and diverse sociocultural meanings attached to adolescent childbearing. Using ethnographic methods, the research described in this article examines the values and priorities undergirding the promotion of hormonal and long-acting reversible contraception for sexually active youth in New York City, an urban center of vast extremes in health, wealth, and opportunity, but which boasts extensive reproductive health services for young people, including confidential care and availability of free or low-cost contraception. It examines the interpretation of this strategy from the perspectives of reproductive health leaders and health care workers, highlighting the ways in which adolescence, sexual risk, and youth relationships are characterized. It also describes the needs and priorities identified by these participants with regard to contraceptive counseling and reproductive decision making, contextualized by the experiences of youth participants for whom this strategy is intended, elucidating the broader sociocultural contexts in which young women negotiate intimate relationships and contraceptive use. The utility of multilevel and holistic approaches to the study of reproductive health services for youth is discussed, along with implications for clinical practice and policy development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A neighborhood’s bars can help tell the complex story of gentrification, symbolic ownership, and public space in today’s New York City. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers the author's insights on the need for cities to be localized to achieve its greatness, boundaries and urbanization. Topics mentioned include the struggle to preserve locality and deepen the innovation and cooperation strategies, the consider to managed and planned cities as part of the solution to environmental crisis, and the focus of the study at Terreform urban research center on city limits of New York.

This essay is an exploration of queer (im)possibilities and of the 'worlding' of urban spaces by focusing on voices from below. Using ethnographic fieldwork and queer theory to bear upon a conceptualization of 'queer 'and urban world-making in terms of mess, this essay focuses on the lives of two Filipino working class queers living in Manila and New York. Located at the fringes of gay global modernity, these subjects inhabit recalcitrant and chaotic spaces and quotidian practices that re-narrate and resist the idealized integrative spatial order of global queer cities. This essay contributes to a critical theorization of queerness and urban spatial politics within a transnational framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the early 1970s, as New York City was in an economic and social downfall, a vibrant downtown arts scene emerged in downtown Manhattan south of 14th Street. The scene's development is often attributed to the neighbourhood's at-the-time inexpensive rent, which permitted artists to live, work, and exhibit with low overhead. This article maintains that the scene's development was also contingent on the growing availability of a new medium: the copy machine. While xerographic copiers had been staples in office culture for 15 years, they were newly available to the general public in the early 1970s. This article examines how copy machines were used by artists and writers to produce and distribute works, to promote upcoming gigs of all kinds from drag shows to punk shows, and, eventually, to facilitate the downtown scene's migration into the suburbs and beyond through the production of mobile texts, including zines and mail art. Finally, this article asserts that as a media technology that is at once capable of intensifying the local and developing and sustaining non-local networks, copy machines were and remain uniquely situated to accommodate the inherent tensions and contradictions that define scenes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper considers how shifting laundry practices and technologies associated with dirty washing have over time summoned different spaces, socialities and socio-spatial assemblages in the city, enrolling different actors and multiple publics and constituting different associations, networks and relations in its wake as it travels from the home and back again. It argues that rather than being an inert object of unpleasant matter, whose encounter with humans has been largely restricted to certain categories of person for its transformation to re-use, and thus passed unnoticed, the paper explores how laundry practices have figured in producing and reproducing gendered (and classed) relations of labour, and enacting multiple socio-spatial, and gendered, relations and assemblages in the city, which have largely gone unnoticed in accounts of everyday urban life. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article discusses social aspects of Jewish personal name changing in New York City, New York from 1917 through 1942, including upward social mobility for Jewish families, Jewish employment and Jewish identity. The article heavily references Jewish name change petitions to New York City. An overview of immigrants to New York City's names changes, including Chinese personal name changes, is provided.

This paper considers the uneven though mutually reinforcing relationship between arts, redevelopment and global capital that has transformed New York over the past 40 years. The 5 Pointz Aerosol Arts Center in Long Island City, Queens, provides the basis for the study. Renowned as the legendary ‘graffiti building', 5 Pointz was recently demolished to make way for twin luxury towers. The paper places the history of 5 Pointz in the broader context of the deindustrialization of New York and the appropriation of former manufacturing districts by artists, cultural institutions and creative networks. It then follows the impact of boom and bust cycles, shifting industrial policies, property speculation and gentrification in Long Island City. Of particular interest is the emergence of a ‘redevelopment script'—a transnational suite of homogenizing planning and design practices backed by global finance. The fragmentary nature of creative communities left them open to appropriation into the redevelopment script as a form of cultural capital. The author argues that there are alternatives, and that the degree to which artists, designers and their neighbors face dislocation depends on the political will of a range of public and private actors. At stake are competing claims among artists, developers and citizens to the city's vaunted heritage of creative culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many studies have documented the benefits of urban agriculture, including increased food access, job creation, educational opportunities, and green space. A focus on its social benefits has fed an association of urban agriculture with social justice, yet there is a distinction between alleviating symptoms of injustice (such as disparate access to food or environmental amenities) and disrupting structures that underlie them. Despite its positive impacts, urban agriculture systems may reinforce inequities that practitioners and supporters aim to address. This paper reports findings from a 2-year study of urban agriculture in New York City, which found race- and class-based disparities among practitioners citywide. Using the lens of critical race theory, it argues that a failure to examine urban agriculture's role in either supporting or dismantling unjust structures may perpetuate an inequitable system. The paper concludes with recommendations for urban agriculture supporters and scholars to help advance social justice at structural levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]