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Introduction: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) spread mainly through respiratory droplets and contact routes. Long-term use of spectacles may prevent repeated touching and rubbing of the eyes. Aim: To know the association between infection with SARSCoV-2 and wearing of spectacles. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in which 304 patients of Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) were selected. Their spectacles wearing behaviour were assessed through a questionnaire. Spectacles wearing behaviour of general population were obtained from older studies (for comparison). Risk of COVID-19 was calculated in long-term spectacles wearers as well as in persons not using spectacles. Chi-Square test was used for statistical analysis. Results: In this study, total 58 patients showed the behaviour of using spectacles continuously during day time and always on outdoor activities. The risk of COVID-19 was found 0.48 in spectacles wearing population as compared to 1.35 in population not using spectacles. The calculated Risk Ratio (RR) was 0.36. It indicates that the risk of COVID-19 was 2-3 times less in spectacles wearing population than the population not using spectacles. The protective effectiveness of the spectacles was found statistically significant (p-value=0.00113). Conclusion: The present study showed that the risk of COVID-19 was about 2-3 times less in spectacles wearing population than the population not wearing those. The nasolacrimal duct may be a route of virus transmission from conjunctival sac to the nasopharynx. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Breast is an appendage of skin, breast lumps are very common complaint for women of all ages, but are particularly common during the reproductive years. Breast lumps may occur spontaneously or gradually, evaluating a breast mass can be a difficult task. Aim and Objective: To assess the distribution of various cytomorphological patters of clinically palpable breast lumps by Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology technique. Materials and Method: A retrospective study over a period of 1 year 135 breast aspirates who attended the surgery outpatient department in Saraswathi institute of medical sciences and hospital from July 2015 to June 2016 was studied with clinical correlation and cytological analysis with FNAC. Smears were stained with H &E stain, and correlation with imaging studies, including mammography was done. Results: Total of 135 cases were studied, out of these 96 (71.11%) were found benign and 25 (18.52%) were malignant. 10 (7.41%) cases given unsatisfactory results. Out of 135 cases of analysis, Fibroadenoma was the most common benign lesion found in 66 (48.89%) patients, followed by fibrocystic disease 14(10.37%) and mastitis/Breast abscess 4(2.96%) were common breast lesions on cytology. Malignant breast lesions constitute 25(18.51%) cases, among which Duct cell carcinoma 21(15.55%) cases were commonest type. Conclusion: Benign breast lesions are common than malignant lesions, fibroadenoma and fibrocystic disease are more common in benign disease. Fine-needle aspiration cytology is a rapid and effective method for the primary categorization of palpable breast lumps into benign, malignant, atypical, suspicious, and unsatisfactory categories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The high frequency of iron deficiency anaemia in the developing world has substantial health and economic costs. Women in developing countries are always in a state of precarious iron balance during their reproductive years. Their iron stores are not well developed because of poor nutritional intake, recurrent infections, menstrual blood loss, and repeated pregnancies. Gender discrimination in a country like India resulting in girls lacking access to a balanced diet, adequate health care and proper education. Aim: 1) To study the coagulation profile in iron deficiency anemia in ante-natal patients. 2) To compare changes in coagulation profile of control without iron deficiency anemia with iron deficiency anemia patients. Material & Method: From February 2015 to July 2016 was carried out in the Department of Pathology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Saraswathi Institute of Medical Sciences and associated Hospital, Hapur, Uttar Pradesh, India, Which included 200 patients of anemia presenting in obs and gyne department. Results: Out of two hundred pregnant females mean age was 29.84+-7.87with reference range between 19-45. Fifty % of total cases had normal Hb 23.5% had mild anemia where as 11.5% had severe anemia. Mean PT was 11.80+-2.99 with a reference range of 3-21. Mean APTT was 30.35 +-5.08 with reference range of 2.9-40. Mean ferritin was 52.86 +/- 59.28 with reference range of 1-174. Conclusion: Iron plays a role in alteration of coagulation profile in iron deficiency anemic pregnancies. Changes in RBC indices are more pronounced in iron deficiency anemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]