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Hydrocarbon production may cause subsidence as a result of the pressure reduction in the gas-producing layer and reservoir compaction. To analyze the process of subsidence and estimate reservoir parameters, we use a particle method to assimilate Interferometric synthetic-aperture radar (InSAR) observations of surface deformation with a conceptual model of reservoir. As example, we use an analytical model of the Groningen gas reservoir based on a geometry representing the compartmentalized structure of the subsurface at the reservoir depth.The efficacy of the particle method becomes less when the degree of freedom is large compared to the ensemble size. This degree of freedom, in turn, varies because of spatial correlation in the observed field. The resolution of the InSAR data and the number of observations affect the performance of the particle method.In this study, we quantify the information in a Sentinel-1 SAR dataset using the concept of Shannon entropy from information theory. We investigate how to best capture the level of detail in model resolved by the InSAR data while maximizing their information content for a data assimilation use. We show that incorrect representation of the existing correlations leads to weight collapse when the number of observation increases, unless the ensemble size growths. However, simulations of mutual information show that we could optimize data reduction by choosing an adequate mesh given the spatial correlation in the observed subsidence. Our approach provides a means to achieve a better information use from available InSAR data reducing weight collapse without additional computational cost.

The AMoRE collaboration is preparing for the second phase of the experiment, AMoRE-II, which will exploit a 100 kg of 100Mo isotopes to search for neutrinoless double beta decay from the isotope. Most of the 100Mo isotopes will be contained in the lithium molybdate (Li2MoO4) crystals, which will act as absorbers of cryogenic calorimeters coupled to MMC (metallic magnetic calorimeter) sensors. The detector array will have a total mass of approximately 200 kg with hundreds of detector modules. Hence, considerable effort has been taken to optimize the lithium molybdate crystal detector in terms of the detector performance and preparation procedure to build many detector modules in a reasonable schedule without compromising the detector performance. We found some critical experimental conditions to improve the energy resolution in a series of test experiments. In this paper, we discuss the effect of surface treatment and thermal link connection in improving the energy resolution from 14–15 keV to below 7 keV at 2.615 MeV, 208Tl gamma line, which is near the Q-value of the decay of 100Mo, 3.034MeV. We also report the high discrimination power for the separation of alpha particles using the simultaneous scintillation light detection with a test performed in the cryogen-free dilution refrigerator.

Sodium molybdate crystals are excellent scintillating target material that can be used to investigate the neutrinoless double beta decay of 100Mo. Because this material contains Na nuclei, it could also be used to clarify the contribution of Na in the controversial claim of dark matter observation by the DAMA/LIBRA experiment. Recent developments have allowed the growth of sodium molybdate crystals of several hundred grams, which makes it possible to build large scale experiments. Therefore, a cryogenic calorimeter with a crystal of significant mass, which can exploit the excellent energy resolution from thermal signals and particle identification using the scintillation signals, is highly desired. We have developed a cryogenic calorimeter with a cylindrical sodium molybdate crystal of 178 g with dimensions of 4 cm (height) × 4 cm (diameter) coupled to a metallic magnetic calorimeter (MMC). The detector was also equipped with a light detector with a thin Ge absorber to detect scintillation signals. The detector test measurements showed excellent energy resolution and particle discrimination using dual detection of heat and light signals, and thus demonstrate that the crystal is a promising tool for searching for rare phenomena events. Details of the detector development with the massive sodium molybdate crystal are discussed in this paper along with the performance results from test measurements.

Device-associated infection (DAI) is an important issue related to patient safety. It is important to reduce unnecessary device utilization in order to decrease DAI rates.To investigate the time trend of device utilization ratios (DURs) of voluntarily participating hospitals, collected over a 10-year period through the Korean National Healthcare-associated Infections Surveillance System (KONIS).DURs from 2006 to 2015 in 190 intensive care units (ICUs) participating in KONIS were included in this study. DURs were calculated as the ratio of device-days to patient-days. The pooled incidences of DAIs and DURs were calculated for each year of participation, and the year-wise trends were analysed.Year-wise ventilator utilization ratio (V-DUR) increased significantly from 0.40 to 0.41 (F = 6.27, P 0.01), urinary catheter utilization ratio (U-DUR) increased non-significantly from 0.83 to 0.84 (F = 1.66, P = 0.10), and C-line utilization ratio (CL-DUR) decreased non-significantly from 0.55 to 0.51 (F = 1.62, P = 0.11). In the subgroup analysis, 'medical ICU' (F = 2.79, P 0.01) and 'hospital with900 beds' (F = 3.07, P 0.01) were associated with the significant increase in V-DUR.In Korea, V-DUR showed a significant, year-wise increasing trend. The trends for U-DUR and CL-DUR showed no significant decrease. Efforts are required to ensure the reduction of DURs.

Differing from the fixed-type, the dynamic motion of floating-type offshore wind turbines is very sensitive to wind and wave excitations. Thus, the sensing and monitoring of its motion is important to evaluate the dynamic responses to the external excitation. In this context, a monitoring system for sensing and processing the wind-induced dynamic motion of spar-type floating offshore wind turbine is developed in this study. It is developed by integrating a 1/00 scale model of 2.5MW spar-type floating offshore wind turbine, water basin equipped with the wind generator, sensing and data acquisition systems, real-time CompactRIO controller and monitoring program. The scale model with the upper rotatable blades is installed within the basin by means of three mooring lines, and its translational and rotational motions are detected by 3-axis inclinometer and accelerometers and gyroscope. The detected motion signals are processed using a real-time controller CompactRIO to calculate the acceleration and tilting angle of nacelle and the attitude of floating platform. The developed monitoring system is demonstrated and validated by measuring and evaluating the time histories and trajectories of nacelle and platform motions for three different wind velocities and for eight different fairlead positions.

We have developed a compact cryogenic measurement system to investigate the phonon and scintillation properties of various scintillating crystals. This system employs a 1 × 1 × 1 cm 3 crystal for the simultaneous detection of heat (phonon) and light (scintillation) signals based on metallic magnetic calorimeter (MMC) readouts at milliKelvin temperatures. Three molybdate crystals of CaMoO 4 , Na 2 Mo 2 O 7 , and Li 2 MoO 4 were tested in the detector system. This work surveys scintillating crystals as target materials for neutrinoless double beta ( 0 ν β β ) decay of 100 Mo. All the measurements are successful in simultaneously detecting heat and light signals from the crystals. The measurements also results in clear particle identification using the pulse shapes and the relative amplitude ratios of the heat and light signals. We report the performance of the detector system through the amplitudes and time constants of the signals and the particle identification discrimination powers with discussion on 0 ν β β applications.

We have developed a high resolution alpha spectrometer with a magnetic calorimeter . The operating principle of the detector is the calorimetric measurement of the temperature increase from particle absorption in a gold foil absorber at milli-Kelvin temperatures. A magnetic calorimeter made of gold doped with erbium on a superconducting meander pickup coil was used to accurately measure the temperature change, thereby acting as an ultra-sensitive thermometer . The detector demonstrated 1.2 keV FWHM equivalent resolution in alpha particle detection with an 241 Am source. Many peaks were observed in the low-energy region from the absorption of low-energy X-rays, gamma rays , and conversion electrons. An energy resolution of 400 eV FWHM was achieved for 60 keV gamma rays that were measured with the alpha particles. Possible applications of such high resolution detectors are discussed.

We developed a cryogenic phonon-scintillation detector to search for 0 νββ decay of 100 Mo. The detector module, a proto-type setup of the AMoRE experiment, has a scintillating 40 Ca 100 MoO 4 absorber composed of 100 Mo-enriched and 48 Ca-depleted elements. This new detection method employs metallic magnetic calorimeters (MMCs) as the sensor technology for simultaneous detection of heat and light signals. It is designed to have high energy and timing resolutions to increase sensitivity to probe the rare event. The detector, which is composed of a 200 g 40 Ca 100 MoO 4 crystal and phonon/photon sensors, showed an energy resolution of 8.7 keV FWHM at 2.6 MeV, with a weak temperature dependence in the range of 10-40 mK. Using rise-time and mean-time parameters and light/heat ratios, the proposed method showed a strong capability of rejecting alpha-induced events from electron events with as good as 20 σ separation. Moreover, we discussed how the signal rise-time improves the rejection efficiency for random coincidence signals.

We report the recent progress on critical temperature switch development for metallic magnetic calorimeters (MMCs). The superconducting planar coil of a micro-fabricated MMC is charged with a persistent current, which serves as the stable field current to magnetize the sensor material. Part of the Nb superconducting circuit is fabricated with an alloy of Nb and Ta (NbTa), another superconducting material with a transition temperature (T C ) that is lower than that of Nb. A persistent current can be injected into the loop while lowering the temperature from above to below the T C of the NbTa switch. Resistance measurements of a sputtered film of a NbTa alloy with a Ta concentration of 62% showed a clear superconducting transition at 5.29 K. Using one of the completed MMC devices, the ability to use the T C switch for charging with a persistent current up to 120 mA was tested by means of magnetization measurements. The magnetization measurements recorded with a DC-SQUID were in good agreement with the calculated values in all tested cases with four different currents. These results indicate that an MMC can be charged with a persistent current as expected using the T C switch. This work is the first demonstration of the proposed T C switch in a complete MMC setup. Based on the present progress, future studies will investigate multi-channel operation and the development of a hybrid setup with an on-chip heater.

The Pre-processor program for CFD is being developed using wxWidgets and OpenGL libraries. This program can be run on both Windows and Linux operating systems. Undergraduate students and beginners can learn and use this very easily by menu and templates. Until now, structured mesh can be created in Cartesian or Cylindrical coordinates. This program will be used easily to make various type of meshes using templates.

The front end bending(FEB) behavior of material that usually occurs in plate rolling is investigated. In this paper, a rollbite profile map approach that systematically predicts the FEB slope is presented. It is based on the concurrent use of shape factors and reduction ratios to ensure an accurate value of the FEB and its slope. In order to obtain the unit roll-bite profile map, the FEB slope model was decomposed into a temperature deviation component and a roll-velocity deviation component. By mapping the results of a series of finite element analyses to the unit functions of the roll-bite profile map, it was possible to obtain a realistic prediction of the FEB slope applicable to an actual plate rolling process. Thereby, the usefulness of the present approach is clearly demonstrated.

Summary Background l-Ascorbic acid 2-phosphate (Asc 2-P), a derivative of l-ascorbic acid, promotes elongation of hair shafts in cultured human hair follicles and induces hair growth in mice. Objectives To investigate whether the promotion of hair growth by Asc 2-P is mediated by insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and, if so, to investigate the mechanism of the Asc 2-P-induced IGF-1 expression. Methods Dermal papilla (DP) cells were cultured and IGF-1 level was measured by reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay after Asc 2-P treatment in the absence or presence of LY294002, a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor. Also, hair shaft elongation in cultured human scalp hair follicles and proliferation of cocultured keratinocytes were examined after Asc 2-P treatment in the absence or presence of neutralizing antibody against IGF-1. In addition, keratinocyte proliferation in cultured hair follicles after Asc 2-P treatment in the absence or presence of LY294002 was examined by Ki-67 immunostaining. Results IGF-1 mRNA in DP cells was upregulated and IGF-1 protein in the conditioned medium of DP cells was significantly increased after treatment with Asc 2-P. Immunohistochemical staining showed that IGF-1 staining is increased in the DP of cultured human hair follicles by Asc 2-P. The neutralizing antibody against IGF-1 significantly suppressed the Asc 2-P-mediated elongation of hair shafts in hair follicle organ culture and significantly attenuated Asc 2-P-induced growth of cocultured keratinocytes. LY294002 significantly attenuated Asc 2-P-inducible IGF-1 expression and proliferation of follicular keratinocytes in cultured hair follicles. Conclusions These data show that Asc 2-P-inducible IGF-1 from DP cells promotes proliferation of follicular keratinocytes and stimulates hair follicle growth in vitro via PI3K.

The interfacial effect on thermal conductivity is studied with Y 2 O 3 thin films deposited on an Al 2 O 3 substrate. Y 2 O 3 thin films with the thickness between 100 and 500 nm are prepared using rf magnetron sputtering and thermal conductivity of the films is measured using the 3 ω method. The strong film thickness-dependent thermal conductivity due to the interfacial thermal resistance is observed. The film thickness-dependent thermal conductivity is explained by an interface thermal resistance between the film and substrate.

In this study, we tried to find rules between mRNA sequences of Homo sapiens histamine receptors H1, H2, H3 and H4 with data mining algorithms, namely Apriori and Decision tree. In the Apriori algorithm, we split sequences into 5, 7 and 9 windows. The results showed a strong relationship between the H1 and H4 receptors, and also between the H2 and H3 receptors. The receptors were divided into two groups according to their components. Additionally, we would leave relevancy between the H2 and H3 receptors for another study with a different data mining algorithm. In the case of the H1 and H4 receptors, we found that amino acid “F(phenylalanine)” would be a standard to classify the H1 and H4 receptors. We suggest that H4 could be a mutated form of H1. To support our hypothesis, we conducted an additional experiment with the Decision Tree algorithm, focusing on the existence of amino acid “F”. The data showed the difference between the H1 and H4 receptors. In conclusion, the H4 and H1 receptors are related to each other by mutation.

Si, Mg-substituted hydroxyapatites, alone and co-substituted, have been prepared to obtain biomaterials having an improved biocompatibility. From FT-IR, XRD and ICP analyses, it was confirmed that single phases of hydroxyapatite substituted by Si alone or co-substituted by Si, Mg. The XRD data indicated the absence of extra phases related to silicon and magnesium oxide or other calcium phosphate species. Si-substituted hydroxyapatite of up to 2 wt% for Si and Si, Mg co-substituted hydroxyapatite of 1 wt% for the each ion keep their original structures intact for the sintering temperatures of up to 1200 degrees C. However, it is observed that ion substitutions by an amount higher than the above ratios for each hydroxyapatite lead to destabilization of original structures of the hydroxyapatite and to the production of tricalcium phosphate and calcium phosphate silicate phases when the samples were sintered at 1100 degrees C or higher.

Forage breeding laboratory of National Livestock Research Institute, R.D.A. has made interspecific hybrids of Lolium multiflorum L. pratensis and intergeneric hybrids of Lolium Festuca since 1984, and has collected ecotypes of Italian ryegrass since 1991. Growth characteristics of these hybrids and ecotypes were researched, and then these clone lines were named. Among these clone lines, the several clones that have polen fertility, high cold-tolerance, and similar heading time were used for making synthetics, Naehan 6, 7, 8, 9, with polycrossing method in 1997. Field experiments were carried out to compare the mophological and agronomical characteristics and forage productivity and quality of the synthetics with those of Italian ryegrass varieties, Barmultra and Hwasan 101. in Suwon and Yonchun from 1999 to 2000. Heading time of the synthetics were 22th to 24th May that belong to late-mature types to be similar to that of Barmultra and Hwasan 101 in Suwon. The synthetics were 101 to 106 c3n in plant length, medium or thick in thickness of stem, dark peen in leaf color, broad and long in flag leaf, strong in lodging resistance, and excellent in regrowth. Winter survivals of the synthetics were no different from that of Barmultra or Hwasan 101 in Suwon, but better than that of Barmultra or Hwasan 101 in Yonchun where was -10 to -12 of minimum average air temperature in January or February. Dry matter(DM) yields of the synthetics were similar to DM 8,238kg per ha of Barmultra in Suwon, but in Yonchun, were more 7 to 13% than DM 7,291kg per ha of Barmultra. Forage qualities, IVDMD, ADF, NDF and TDN of the synthetics were lower than those of Hwasan 101, but higher than those of Barmultra.

While the role of abnormal insulin homeostasis in the pathogenesis of Type-2 diabetes mellitus is well established, the importance of the canonical role of T(3) on Type-2 diabetes or the homeostasis of glucose, lipid, and energy balance has not been addressed. Based on the available evidence from molecular biology, the pivotal regulatory role of T(3) in major metabolic pathways and glycemic control can be delineated by mapping the specific action sites of T(3) and insulin on the metabolic pathways of the glucose-lipid cycle. The current paper presents an integrative hypothesis of the synergistic relationship of T(3) and insulin in metabolic homeostasis and abnormalities.

Metallic magnetic calorimeters (MMCs) are highly sensitive temperature sensors that use the paramagnetic nature of erbium in a metallic host and superconducting electronics usually composed of a superconducting niobium coil and a current sensing superconducting quantum interference device. This article discusses the applicability of MMCs in experimental searches for rare events in particle physics. A detector module using two MMCs was built to perform low-temperature measurements of heat and scintillation light generated by particle interaction in a 340 g 40Ca100MoO4 crystal. The energy transfer mechanism, from incident particles to the components of the heat and light sensors, is described through a thermal model. MMCs, with gold films collecting athermal phonons, can be used over wide ranges of operating temperature and crystal volume without a significant change in detector performances. Rare event searches could thus benefit from MMC-based detectors presenting such flexibility as well as excellent energy resolution and particle discrimination power.

Metallic magnetic calorimeters (MMCs) are highly sensitive temperature sensors that operate at millikelvin temperatures. An energy deposit in a detector can be measured using an MMC through the induced temperature increase. The MMC signal, i.e., a variation in magnetization can then be measured using a superconducting quantum interference device. MMCs are used in particle physics experiments searching for rare processes as their high sensitivity and fast response provide high energy and timing resolutions and good particle discrimination. Low-temperature detectors consisting of molybdenum-based scintillating crystals read out via MMCs were designed and built to perform simultaneous measurements of heat and light signals at millikelvin temperatures. These detectors have been used in the advanced Mo-based rare process experiment (AMoRE) that searches for the neutrinoless double beta decay of 100Mo. This article provides a detailed description of the MMC-based low-temperature detector system of the AMoRE-Pilot experiment which currently uses five crystals.

We report on a systematic study for maximising the signal size of metallic magnetic calorimeters (MMCs) used for large-area light detectors operating at milli-Kelvin temperatures. These light detectors are to be used for phonon-scintillation detection using a scintillating crystal for rare event search experiments. The light detector is composed of a 2 inch wafer as an absorber for scintillation light from a crystal, and an MMC as its sensor. A systematic calculation for the expected signal size is made with different SQUID selections, Er concentrations of an MMC sensor, dimensions of the meander-shaped pick-up coil, field currents and operating temperatures. The optimisation study finds that more than five times larger signals can be achieved compared with that of a reference condition in which 90 eV root-mean-squared threshold is obtained. We also describe the inductance measurement for several MMC devices with different size of the pick-up coil to be applied for an optimal condition. This optimisation protocol is also valid for MMC applications of x-ray, alpha and beta spectroscopies.

Cryogen-free dilution refrigerators are getting popular for rare event searches underground due to their advantages. However, the application of a pulse tube refrigerator introduces mechanical vibration that can translate into temperature fluctuation for calorimeters. The effect is significant in particular when the sensor is attached to a large absorber. A mechanical filter is installed to isolate the calorimeters from the vibration inside a cryogen-free dilution refrigerator while meeting thermal requirements.

For investigating the effect of radionuclide deposition time on root uptake of 54 Mn, 60 Co, 85 Sr and 137 Cs by Chinese cabbage and radish, a mixed solution of the radionuclides was applied to the soil surfaces in culture boxes placed in a greenhouse at 4 different times during plant growth. Soil-to-plant transfer factor (TF) was determined on the basis of radioactivity in unit area of soil. In Chinese cabbage and, roughly speaking, in radish, TF of 85 Sr decreased with increasing time between sowing and the radioactivity application. TFs of the other radionuclides were the highest at the third or last application. Concentrations of the radionuclides in soil were examined after harvests. They decreased exponentially with increasing soil depth and most radioactivity remained near the surface. TFs of the radionuclides applied 2 d before sowing were higher than those aged for 1 year by factors of 3–10 depending on radionuclide and plant species.

A surgical sponge left in the abdominal cavity may remain asymptomatic for a long period. When a foreign granuloma reaction is reactivated, it can cause the clinical symptoms and signs of a rapidly growing pelvic tumor. A 63-year-old diabetic woman was referred from a private clinic because of a rapidly growing pelvic mass and intermittent abdominal pain for several months. She had a history of right salpingectomy for tubal pregnancy 25 years before. Sonography showed an echogenic solid pelvic tumor with no cystic component. Pelvic CT revealed a welldemarcated mass with homogenous internal echo. Within the mass, a focally enhanced small area was noted (Fig. 1). At operation, the tumor was removed with segmental resection of the ileum due to severe bowel adhesions. On gross examination, the tumor had a well-developed glistening capsule and most of the internal content was filled with amorphous necrotic materials and cotton fibers of gauze were noted in the central area (Fig. 2). Microscopically, eosinophilic amorphous necrotic material with an area of foreign body

Ulleung Basin, a deep back-arc basin in the Sea of Japan, is tectonically active in relation to the subduction zone fronting the Japanese islands. Cores and high-resolution (3.5 kHz) seismic profiles were obtained from the southern margin of the basin. Based on the results of geotechnical tests, pseudo-static, infinite slope stability analyses were carried out for the surficial slope sediments. The shelf sediments are mostly massive, medium to fine sand, whereas the slope sediments are strongly bioturbated, waterrich (170–200% water content), and highly plastic (125–135% liquid limit; 70–80% plasticity index) silty clays. These hemipelagic muds are slightly overconsolidated and highly compressible. Most geotechnical properties show distinctive downslope variations. The amount of clay fraction, water content, and Atterberg limits gradually increase downslope, whereas calcium carbonate content decreases from 5% on the upper slope to nearly nil on the lower slope (> 1500 m). Total organic matter is somewhat consistent (8–14%) throughout the slope. Shear strength displays no systematic variations downslope but gradually increases downcore in most places. Seismic data indicate that the slope surface is heavily moulded by mass movements. A complex system of gullies and slump scars begins at the upper slope, extending to the lower slope as slide/slump and debris-flow deposits. The surficial sediments on the entire slope are quite stable statically under both undrained and drained conditions. At present, they appear to be least susceptible to slope failure by any probable earthquake loading, associated with the regionally active tectonic regime.