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Summary The human temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is involved in vital functions such as feeding and talking, while its disorder prevalence is reported to be between 5% and 12%. Functional evaluation using quantitative motion analysis tools is interesting in order to better understand normal and abnormal TMJ behavior. But, for the same mandibular displacement, left and right condyles will most certainly give different motion representation: both condyles showing a different shape and volume, being most of the time asymmetric and highly individual. This study performs quantification on relative left and right condyle orientation and position using the spatial location of palpated anatomical landmarks (ALs) and anatomical frames (AFs), on three-dimensional (3D) models created from computerized tomography (CT) performed on 94 mandibles from Universite Libre de Bruxelles bone repository, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) performed on 11 living subjects. Our aim was to gather as much data as possible on the morphological aspect of the condyle's orientation asymmetry within the same mandible, in order to better address the difference of motion representation that will be observed for the right and left condyles in further kinematic studies.

The aim of this study was to determine if the results of activities performed using specially developed serious games for physical rehabilitation could be used as an indicator of the natural maturation and decline of motor control in healthy participants. Eighty-one participants (19 children (5–15 years old), 40 adults (18–65 years old) and 22 aged subjects (60–88 years old) participated in this study. Motions performed were recorded using the Kinect sensor. Three different exercises embedded in the games were used to assess upper limb, trunk and lower limb control. The trial duration and accuracy, measures of gross motor function and fine motor control, respectively, were computed for each participant. ANOVA tests shows statistically significant differences between the three groups for duration (53 ± 15, 27 ± 10 and 119 ± 30 s for children, adults and elderly subjects respectively) and accuracy (87 ± 5, 89 ± 10 and 70 ± 8% for children, adults and elderly subjects respectively). The slopes of the curves that approximated the evolution of the performance over various ages are coherent with previous studies about motor control development and physiological decline. The proposed solution, i.e. serious games rehabilitation exercises coupled to motion analysis, seems to be an interesting tool to assess global motor function. Further studies are needed to study the influence of pathologies on the studied parameters.

Several clinical applications rely on accurate guiding information when drilling along the femoral neck (e.g., pin insertion in case of neck fracture). Currently, applications rely on real-time X-ray imaging, which results in irradiation issues for the surgeon conducting the operation. The goal of this paper was to develop an X-ray-free method that would allow for a pathway to be drilled between the lateral aspect of the femoral diaphysis (the so-called piercing point), the femoral neck and the head centres. The method is based on on-the-fly computational predictions relying on a biomechanical database that includes morphological data related to the femoral neck and head and various palpable anatomical landmarks located on the pelvis and the femoral bone. From the spatial location of the anatomical landmarks, scalable multiple regressions allow for the prediction of the most optimal drilling pathway. The method has been entirely validated using in vitro experiments that reproduce surgical conditions. Further, a surgical ancillary prototype that integrates the method of guiding the pin drilling has been developed and used during in vitro and in situ validation using nine hip joints. Pin insertion was controlled after drilling using medical imaging and show successful result for each of the nine trials. The mean accuracy of the estimated hip joint centre and neck orientation was 6.0 ± 2.8mm and 7.1 ± 3.8°, respectively.

Summary The Virtual Physiological Human (VPH) is a European initiative, rooted in the international Physiome initiative, focusing on establishing a methodological and technological framework, enabling the collaborative investigation of the human body as a single complex system. This collective framework will facilitate the sharing of resources and observations formed by different institutions and organizations, and the creation of disparate but integrated computer models of the mechanical, physical and biochemical functions of a living human body. The VPH initiative has laid the foundation for integrating heterogeneous data sources into mechanistic computer models of most anatomical systems.

Objective Although dual-task paradigm is commonly used in rehabilitation there is, currently, a lack of information about quantitative balance assessment performed in dual-task conditions. The aim of this study is to validate the use of the Nintendo Wii Balance Board (WBB) to assess balance modifications induced by dual-task activity in healthy subjects. Material and Methods Seventy-five healthy participants (37 ± 14 years old, 173± 8 cm, 73± 16 kg, 35 women) participated in this study. Balance was recorded in control situation (baseline) and under two different cognitive tasks (verbal fluency and calculation). Each trial lasted for 60 seconds and were performed with eyes open and closed. Nine parameters were extracted based on center of pressure displacement based on a previously-validated method. ANOVA tests were used to compare the different conditions followed by Bonferroni’s corrections. Protocol was repeated one week after to assess the reproducibility. Results Statistically significant differences were found comparing eyes open and closed situation. Concerning the influence of dual-tasks statistically significant decrease of the balance was observed for both eyes open and closed conditions (increase of the total sway and the speed of displacement). Concerning the reproducibility all parameters shows good to excellent ICC values for the different conditions. Conclusion In this study, we demonstrated the validity of the WBB to detect the effect of the dual-task on balance in healthy subjects. Further studies are needed to determine if such a kind of evaluation can be used in clinics with subjects at risk of falling.

Objective The aim of this work was to determine if scoring mechanisms embedded in cognitive mobile games (CMG) designed for cognitive training are sensitive enough to detect changes in cognitive function induced by various acute respiratory loads in healthy subjects. Material and methods Thirty healthy subjects participated in this study (25 ± 4 years old, 13 women). A set of three brief CMG was used to assess cognitive function (Rush Back, Must Sort, True Color) in control situation and at four different inspiratory loads (through a mouthpiece without resistance and with 10, 50 and 70% of the maximal inspiratory pressure). Results Statistically significant decreases in CMG scores were observed in Rush Back (p = 0.032) and True Color (p = 0.002) when the subjects breathed through the mouthpiece without resistance compared to the control condition. A statistical difference was observed for Must Sort (p = 0.003) between baseline and 10% of Inspiratory Threshold Load (ITL). Significant differences for the three games were observed between the baseline and 50% of ITL and between baseline and 70% of ITL. Conclusion CMG designed for cognitive training are sensitive in detecting transitional changes in cognitive function induced by low, medium and high acute respiratory loads in healthy subjects. This offers interesting new possibilities for the assessment and long-term follow-up of patients suffering from chronic respiratory disease, since this type of assessment could easily be completed independently by patients in their own homes, and could be combined with rehabilitation exercises as an evaluative measure.

There is a link between breathing and balance and posture. When the inspiratory loads are increased by pathologies, there is a decrease of postural control. The increase of the inspiratory load on respiratory muscles is a common feature in various chronic pulmonary pathologies. Consequently, the balance of those patients is likely affected., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Background Semitendinosus and gracilis muscles whose tendons are used in surgical reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament maintain their contractile ability, and a limited decrease of hamstring muscles force is observed postoperatively despite important changes. The goal was to quantify the influence of the myofascial structures on excursions and moment arms of knee muscles to attempt explaining the above-mentioned post-surgical observations. Methods Hamstring harvesting procedures were performed by a senior orthopaedic surgeon on seven lower limbs from fresh-frozen specimens. Femoro-tibial kinematics and tendons excursion were simultaneously recorded at each steps of the surgery. Findings No significant difference was demonstrated for excursions and moment arms after tenotomies and gracilis tendon harvesting ( P ≥ 0.05). The first significant semitendinosus excursion ( P − 4 ) and moment arm ( P − 5 ) decrease was observed after semitendinosus tendon harvesting (46% of the initial excursion). Interpretation Gracilis and semitendinosus myofascial pathway is crucial for force transmission towards the knee joint.

Background Lower limb torsion disorders have been considered as a factor inducing gonarthrosis and the three-dimensional effect of the surgical correction is not well reported yet. This paper reports an in vitro study aiming at quantifying the relationships between experimental femoral torsion disorders and moment arms of thigh muscles. Methods Five unembalmed lower limbs were used and fixed on an experimental jig. Muscles were loaded and 6 Linear Variable Differential Transformers were used to measure tendon excursions. Experimental osteotomies were performed to simulate torsions by steps of 6° up to 18°. Moment arms of the main thigh muscles were estimated by the tendon excursion method during knee flexion. Findings Moment arms of the tensor of fascia latae, the gracilis and the semitendinosus were significantly influenced by experimental conditions while the rectus femoris, the biceps femoris and the semimembranosus did not show modifications. Medial femoral torsion decreased the moment arm of both the gracilis and the semimembranosus. Opposite changes were observed during lateral femoral torsion. The moment arm of the tensor of fascia latae decreased significantly after 30° of knee flexion for 18° of medial femoral torsion. Interpretation Our results showed that medial and lateral femoral torsion disorders induced alterations of the moment arms of the muscles located medially to the knee joint when applied in aligned lower limbs. These results highlight a potential clinical relevance of the effect of femoral torsion alterations on moment arms of muscles of the thigh which may be related, with knee kinematics modifications, to the development of long-term knee disease.

Aging is associated with an increased risk of falling. This lead to a decrease of autonomy and deleterious consequences in case of fall. Rehabilitation exercises must be performed in order to maintain optimal balance. Since a few year video games are used into conventional rehabilitation to motivate patients to regularly do those exercises. Since the motion performed by the patients can be recorded during the games it offers new possibilities to perform evaluation and follow-up of the patients. The aim of this study was to determine if the data collected during specially developed balance rehabilitation exercises using the Microsoft Kinect™ sensor and the Wii Balance Board™ are correlated with the functional and clinical status of elderly patients.

The shoulder complex is one of the most movable joints of the body. Clinicians do not have tools to assess three-dimensional (3D) shoulder range of motion (RoM) during complex motions. The Kinect™ sensor, a cost-effective markerless motion capture system (MLS), offers interesting possibilities in clinical functional analysis and rehabilitation. However, to our best knowledge, no study has investigated the use of a Kinect™ sensor to analytically evaluate 3D motion of the shoulder complex during functional tasks. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the capacities of this device and to determine its limitations in order to understand whether or not it can be used in daily clinics to assess functional shoulder motions. Twenty subjects participated in this study; three functional motions were simultaneously recorded with a Marker Based System (MBS) and MLS. 3D motion analysis of the upper limb using MLS coupled to a post-processing optimization procedure can thus be achieved with the Kinect™ sensor.

In the last decade, technological advances in the gaming industry have allowed the marketing of hardware for motion and balance control that is based on technological concepts similar to scientific and clinical equipment. Such hardware is attractive to researchers and clinicians for specific applications. However, some questions concerning their scientific value and the range of future potential applications have yet to be answered. This article attempts to present an objective analysis about the pros and cons of using such hardware for scientific and clinical purposes and calls for a constructive discussion based on scientific facts and practical clinical requests that are emerging from application fields.

SummaryIntroduction: This article is part of the Focus Theme of Methods of Information in Medicine on “Methodologies, Models and Algorithms for Patients Rehabilitation”. Objectives: This paper presents a camera based method for identifying the patient and detecting interactions between the patient and the therapist during therapy. Detecting interactions helps to discriminate between active and passive motion of the patient as well as to estimate the accuracy of the skeletal data. Methods: Continuous face recognition is used to detect, recognize and track the patient with other people in the scene (e.g. the therapist, or a clinician). We use a method based on local binary patterns (LBP). After identifying users in the scene we identify interactions between the patient and other people. We use a depth map/point cloud for estimating the distance between two people. Our method uses the association of depth regions to user identities and computes the minimal distance between the regions. Results: Our results show state-of-the-art performance of real-time face recognition using low-resolution images that is sufficient to use in adaptive systems. Our proposed approach for detecting interactions shows 91.9% overall recognition accuracy what is sufficient for applications in the context of serious games. We also discuss limitations of the proposed method as well as general limitations of using depth cameras for serious games. Conclusions: We introduced a new method for frame-by-frame automated identification of the patient and labeling reliable sequences of the patient’s data recorded during rehabilitation (games). Our method improves automated rehabilitation systems by detecting the identity of the patient as well as of the therapist and by detecting the distance between both over time.

Due to the increase of life expectancy age-related cognitive decline and dementia are a major health issue. Regular evaluation and follow-up must be performed to assess cognitive functions. Regular training (lectures, memory exercises, calculation...) is the best way to preserve cognitive function. Since a few years plenty of video games have been developed to train the brain. Evidence started to emerge about the efficacy of such kind of intervention. However there is a lack of information about the relation between the scores obtained in the games and the cognitive function of the patients. Therefore the aim of this study was to determine if there are correlations between scores obtained from the games and cognitive function. Twenty 18-aged controls and 16 patients with cognitive impairments (MMSE >20) participated in this study. Scores obtained in 8 mini-games were correlated with MMSE and the revised version of the Addenbrooke's Cognitive Evaluation (ACER). Mean correlation between the 8 games and the MMSE is 0.62 and 0.65 for the ACE-R. Those results seems to indicate that cognitive video games could be used to follow evolution of cognitive function of aged people with and without cognitive impairment at least when MMSE is > 20/30.

Quadric surface fitting of joint surface areas is often performed to allow further processing of joint component size, location and orientation (pose), or even to determine soft tissue wrapping by collision detection and muscle moment arm evaluation. This study aimed to determine, for the femoral bone, if the position of its morphological joint centers and the shape morphology could be approximated using regression methods with satisfactory accuracy from a limited amount of palpable anatomical landmarks found on the femoral bone surface. The main aim of this paper is the description of the pipeline allowing on one hand the data collection and database storage of femoral bone characteristics, and on the other hand the determination of regression relationships from the available database. The femoral bone components analyzed in this study included the diaphysis, all joint surfaces (shape, location and orientation of the head, condyles and femoro-patellar surface) and their respective spatial relationships (e.g., cervico-diaphyseal angle, cervico-bicondylar angle, intercondylar angle, etc.). A total of 36 morphological characteristics are presented and can be estimated by regression method in in-vivo applications from the spatial location of 3 anatomical landmarks (lateral epicondyle, medial epicondyle and greater trochanter) located on the individual under investigation. The method does not require any a-priori knowledge on the functional aspect of the joint. In-vivo and in-vitro validations have been performed using data collected from medical imaging by virtual palpation and data collected directly on a volunteer using manual palpation through soft tissue. The prediction accuracy for most of the 36 femoral characteristics determined from virtual palpation was satisfactory, mean (SD) distance and orientation errors were 2.7(2.5) mm and 6.8(2.7)°, respectively. Manual palpation data allowed good accuracy for most femoral features, mean (SD) distance and orientation errors were 4.5(5.2) mm and 7.5(5.3)°, respectively. Only the in-vivo location estimation of the femoral head was worse (position error=23.2 mm). In conclusion, results seem to show that the method allows in-vivo femoral joint shape prediction and could be used for further development (e.g., surface collision, muscle wrapping, muscle moment arm estimation, joint surface dimensions, etc.) in gait analysis-related applications.

0, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Accurate spatial location of joint center (JC) is a key issue in motion analysis since JC locations are used to define standardized anatomical frames, in which results are represented. Accurate and reproducible JC location is important for data comparison and data exchange. This paper presents a method for JC locations based on the multiple regression algorithms without preliminary assumption on the behavior of the joint-of-interest. Regression equations were obtained from manually palpable ALs on each bone-of-interest. Results are presented for all joint surfaces found on the clavicle, scapula and humeral bone. Mean accuracy errors on the JC locations obtained on dry bones were 5.2+/-2.5 mm for the humeral head, 2.5+/-1.1 mm for the humeral trochlea, 2.3+/-0.9 mm for the humeral capitulum, 8.2+/-3.9 mm for the scapula glenoid cavity, 7.2+/-3.2 mm for the scapular aspect of the acromio-clavicular joint, 3.5+/-1.8mm for the clavicular aspect of the sternoclavicular joint and 3.2+/-1.4 mm for the clavicular aspect of the acromio-clavicular joint. In-vitro and in-vivo validation accuracy was 5.3 and 8.5mm, respectively, for the humeral head center location. Regression coefficients for joint radius dimension and joint surface orientation were also processed and reported in this paper.

Many studies related to three-dimensional facial reconstruction have been previously reported. On the other hand, no extensive work has been found in the literature about hand reconstruction as an identification method. In this paper, the feasibility of virtual reconstruction of hand skin based on (1) its skeleton and (2) another hand skin and skeleton used as template was assessed. One cadaver hand and one volunteer's hand have been used. For the two hands, computer models of the bones and skin were obtained from computerized tomography. A customized software allowed locating spatial coordinates of bony anatomical landmarks on the models. From these landmarks, the spatial relationships between the models were determined and used to interpolate the missing hand skin. The volume of the interpolated skin was compared to the real skin obtained from medical imaging for validation. Results seem to indicate that such a method is of interest to give forensic investigators morphological clues related to an individual hand skin based on its skeleton. Further work is in progress to finalize the method.

Contact sports and sports with high risk of head traumatism are increasingly becoming more popular. This trend leads to a 60% increase of sport-related concussions in the decade. It is therefore important to summarize the current knowledge in this field (diagnosis, risk factors...) in order to help clinicians to improve this pathology management. Short and long term consequences are too often minimized by clinicians, while related clinical disorders should not be neglected (e.g. headaches, cognitive troubles, vestibular troubles, depression...). Complications risks are directly linked to the number of concussions or if patients return to play before complete recovery. Correct knowledge of symptoms and of the various assessment tests are consequently therefore important to know in order identity and tackle long term complications of sport-related concussions.

La modelisation est un procede largement utilise en biomecanique, permettant une meilleure comprehension des structures et des mecanismes du vivant. Il n’existe, a notre connaissance, aucun modele anatomique et biomecanique satisfaisant comprenant l’ensemble des doigts longs. Un modele musculo-squelettique anatomiquement valide a ete developpe au laboratoire d’anatomie, de biomecanique et d’organogenese. L’emploi d’un tel modele possede une portee pedagogique mais egalement clinique. Base sur des images tomodensitometriques obtenues grâce a des pieces anatomiques, le modele comprend actuellement l’ensemble des os de la main ainsi que les tendons des muscles extrinseques. Il renseigne egalement sur la biomecanique des doigts par differentes approches.

A method for joint kinematics simulation is described. Kinematics parameters are determined from the relative displacement of marker sets placed on anatomical landmarks of surface models generated from medical imaging contour data. The landmarks are identified manually on fingers in multiple positions. A mathematical algorithm was then used to ascertain the kinematics axes of motion of the fingers. Once these axes are located, they are used as the base of a real time interactive simulation of the finger. The entire simulation was accomplished in a high-resolution graphics environment. A full complement of interactive tools (virtual dials and buttons controlled via mouse) was used to enhance the user interface. The development of the system, the model and the advantages and disadvantages of the method are discussed.

The VAKHUM project has developed an interactive database of human kinematics for industrial, educational and research purposes. Users can access the database through a virtual interface and download high-quality data for their own applications, or take an online class on functional anatomy. The data analysis procedures used also provided important advances in solving theoretical problems.

38ième congrès de la Société de Biomécanique francophone, MARSEILLE, FRANCE, 06-/09/2013 - 09/09/2013; Measuring hip joint centre (HJC) for seated posture in an automotive environment is a difficult task, because only a very limited number of anatomical landmarks (ALs) can be measured. There exist two classes of methods for estimating HJC location (see Bull et al. 2012 for a short review): regression method and functional method. However, they are not well suited to be directly applied to automotive seated posture. Recently, Bull et al. (2012) showed that the uncertainty in HJC by these two methods applied to automotive seated posture could be up to 4 cm due to errors in AL manual palpation and soft tissue artefacts. Interestingly, Bush and Gutowski (2003) proposed a method of locating HJCs for seated postures only using the right and left anterior superior iliac spines ([R/L]IAS) and the right or left femoral lateral epicondyles of the knee by assuming that the distances between HJC and these three ALs remained constant when changing posture. These distances needed to be firstly determined in an initial reference posture by Seidel's method. However, one strong limitation of Seidel's method is that the palpation of the pubic joint landmark (IPJ) is required, which usually causes volunteers to feel uncomfortable. Similar to the method by Bush and Gutowski, the aim of this study was to explore other ALs than IPJ for determining HJC. More specifically, the ilium ischial tuberosity (IIT) could be an alternative candidate as it can be indirectly estimated with the help of a pressure map by assuming that the highest pressure point corresponds to IIT when seated on a flat hard surface. In this study, data collected by Universite ?Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) from 48 adult cadaveric specimens were used for establishing regression equations. The proposed equations were compared with other existing bony landmark-based methods

Diagnosis and most of all classification of children with cerebral palsy (CP) remain a challenge for clinicians. To help them in this process, clinicians can rely on several clinical testing procedures as well as complementary investigations. The goal of this study was to determine which clinical tests found in the literature are the most frequently used in common practice in Belgium. Forty tests have been found in the literature. They have been sorted into five different categories: quantitative evaluation of motor function, spasticity evaluation, orthopaedic testing, upper limb evaluation and complementary investigations. Seven clinicians (five medical doctors and two physiotherapists) with a mean experience of sixteen years with CP children answered the questionnaire. Concerning the quantitative evaluation of motor function the most used tests are: Gross Motor Function Classification System, Manual Ability Classification System and the Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory (PEDI). As regards spasticity, Ashworth scale is more frequently used than Tardieu test. No trend currently exist for the upper limb evaluation, but it was noted that these tests are rarely used in clinical practice. We observed a significant use of gait analysis at diagnosis and follow-up of CP children. We conclude that there are large differences between clinicians for clinical examination of CP children. This lack of consensus makes patient data comparison difficult between clinical centers. This seems to indicate that a homogenization effort should be organized if one wishes to better stimulate collaborations between centers.

The recent availability of the Kinect™ sensor, a cost-effective markerless motion capture system (MLS), offers interesting possibilities in clinical functional analysis and rehabilitation. However, neither validity nor reproducibility of this device is known yet. These two parameters were evaluated in this study. Forty-eight volunteers performed shoulder abduction, elbow flexion, hip abduction and knee flexion motions; the same protocol was repeated one week later to evaluate reproducibility. Movements were simultaneously recorded by the Kinect (with Microsoft Kinect SDK v.1.5) MLS and a traditional marker-based stereophotogrammetry system (MBS). Considering the MBS as reference, discrepancies between MLS and MBS were evaluated by comparing the range of motion (ROM) between both systems. MLS reproducibility was found to be statistically similar to MBS results for the four exercises. Measured ROMs however were found different between the systems.

Dynamic pedobarograph measurement is commonly used to evaluate the roll-over process of the foot. Plantar pressure plates, insole sensors or single transducer systems are the most popular devices to analyze dynamic footprint [1]. Notably with the last works of Pataky [2-4], plantar pressure analyses were improved. Nevertheless, the systems available to analyze dynamic footprint are limited to these ‘pressure’ measurement systems with resolution limited to 1 to 4 sensors/cm2, to the authors’ knowledge. The goal of the current study is to propose a new approach, i.e. foot squashing, using a system (dynamic footprint system) with a high resolution.

Many studies show good clinical results after proximal row carpectomy. Some biomechanical consequences are documented, but to our knowledge muscle moment arm variations have not previously been quantified.In five fresh-frozen wrist, kinematics and tendon excursions were measured using a 3D electrogoniometer and Linear Variable Differential Transformers (SOLARTRON Inc., AMETEK Advanced Measurement Technology, Inc, 801 South Illinois Avenue, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-2011, USA), respectively, in three conditions: intact wrist, after posterior capsulotomy and after proximal row carpectomy. Mean pivot point, defined as the point whose sum of the squared distances to the helical axes is minimum, wrist range of motion and mean moment arms were measured during dorso-palmar flexion, radioulnar deviation and circumduction movements.No alteration of the range of motion was observed. On the other hand, the mean pivot point shifted proximally (6.8-9.1mm) after proximal row carpectomy (p0.05) for all motions tested and most muscle moment arms decreased significantly after proximal row carpectomy.The results of this study allow a better understanding of the biomechanical effects of this procedure. The important moment arm reduction and pivot point displacement suggest modifications of joint biomechanical parameters which could influence the functional outcome of PRC.

IF: 0.355, IFmax: 1.404 (Anatomical Record), info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Biomedical science and its allied disciplines are entering a new era in which computational methods and technologies are poised to play a prevalent role in supporting collaborative investigation of the human body. Within Europe, this has its focus in the virtual physiological human (VPH), which is an evolving entity that has emerged from the EuroPhysiome initiative and the strategy for the EuroPhysiome (STEP) consortium. The VPH is intended to be a solution to common infrastructure needs for physiome projects across the globe, providing a unifying architecture that facilitates integration and prediction, ultimately creating a framework capable of describing Homo sapiens in silico. The routine reliance of the biomedical industry, biomedical research and clinical practice on information technology (IT) highlights the importance of a tailor-made and robust IT infrastructure, but numerous challenges need to be addressed if the VPH is to become a mature technological reality. Appropriate investment will reap considerable rewards, since it is anticipated that the VPH will influence all sectors of society, with implications predominantly for improved healthcare, improved competitiveness in industry and greater understanding of (patho)physiological processes. This paper considers issues pertinent to the development of the VPH, highlighted by the work of the STEP consortium., Journal Article, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Anatomical relationships between the radial nerve, the deltoid muscle insertions and several bony landmarks have been investigated to assess the feasibility of surgical transfer of the deltoid transfer during humeral osteotomy. Eleven embalmed human specimens were dissected. Each specimen included the whole thorax, both shoulders and upper limbs. Spatial position of the radial nerve along the radial groove, the deltoid muscle, and several anatomical landmarks was digitised using a three-dimensional (3D) digitiser. Sixteen distances and one angle characterizing the relationships between the path of the radial nerve and the landmarks were processed. Results showed that the average distance between the emergence of the radial nerve from the lateral intermuscular septum and the most distal insertion point of the deltoid muscle on the humeral bone shaft was 47.6 +/- 18.5 mm. The angle between a line extending from the entry of the radial nerve into the radial sulcus and its point of emergence (REN-REM line), and on the other hand a line running from the radial emergence and the deltoid muscle tip (REM-DELTIP line) was in average 23.5 +/- 6.7 degrees .The length of four lines running perpendicular to REM-DELTIP and crossing each quarter of the REN-REM line were interpolated. The length of these four lines was, from proximal to distal, 31.3 +/- 11.5 mm; 23.0 +/- 7.8 mm; 16.5 +/- 6.2 mm; and 7.6 +/- 2.6 mm, respectively. These results described in a quantitative way the path of the radial nerve in respect to the humeral bone and the deltoid muscle. These data will be used for further development of a humeral osteotomy protocol taking into account the spatial position of the radial nerve to orientate safely the surgical tools used to cut the humeral shaft., info:eu-repo/semantics/published

En 1886, la mise au jour de deux squelettes neandertaliens dans les sediments de la terrasse de la grotte de Spy, en Belgique, fut une decouverte majeure. Une etude pluridisciplinaire des fossiles a permis la decouverte de nouveaux ossements neandertaliens qui appartiennent au squelette nomme « Spy II ». Bien que partiel, le squelette de Spy II est un de plus complets trouves a ce jour ; il a donc servi dans cette etude comme de base a la reconstitution d’un squelette neandertalien virtuel. Les elements osseux provenaient des fossiles Kebara 2 pour le bassin (en provenance d’Israel) et Neandertal 1 pour le femur (Allemagne). Ces fossiles complementaires presentaient des dimensions differentes de celles de Spy II. Afin de mettre ces ossements a l’echelle de Spy II, le logiciel lhpFusionBox, developpe au LABO, a ete ameliore afin de permettre des remises a l’echelle par utilisation d’os differents (en general, une telle remise a l’echelle se fait en utilisant des os homologues). L’utilisation de ces outils a permis l’obtention d’un modele de membres inferieurs aussi proche que possible des dimensions et proportions du specimen Spy II. Le modele de membres inferieurs ainsi acquis a ensuite ete augmente d’une estimation des lignes d’actions de muscles ischio-jambiers. Enfin, ce dernier modele a ete fusionne avec un jeu de donnees cinematiques collectees sur un volontaire. Ceci a permis d’estimer le bras de levier des muscles reconstitues et de determiner si les surfaces articulaires du modele de Neandertalien est compatible avec la cinematique moderne. Les resultats semblent demontrer que les articulations des membres inferieurs des Neandertaliens etait conciliable avec les mouvements de l’Homo Sapiens. Par contre, les estimations quantifiees des bras de levier musculaires du Neandertalien etaient plus eleves que ceux l’homme moderne. Ceci presente evidement un avantage mecanique conferant un plus grand moment musculaire. Plus recemment, le squelette a ete entierement reconstitue. Les modeles 3D virtuels des os ont ensuite ete imprimes en 3D en taille reelle. Ces os ont servis de base a une reconstitution artistique hyperrealiste de l’Homme de Spy, visible a l’Espace de l’ Homme de Spy a Onoz (province de Namur, Belgique).

Depuis le developpement de l’anatomie humaine moderne il y a 5 siecles, art et anatomie ont toujours ete lies. Les premiers anatomistes, Vesale – De Vinci, etaient des artistes reconnus. Cependant, de nos jours, les representations anatomiques ont pris une autre direction grâce aux representations tridimensionnelles et a la modelisation. Bien que ces representation, artistique ou 3D, soient magnifiques les relations entre les differents systemes (ex. neurologique, vasculaire, musculaire…) ne sont pas toujours claires et ne permettent pas aux etudiants de comprendre les relations fonctionnelles entre ceux-ci. D’un point de vue fonctionnel il est difficile de visualiser les liens entre les systemes et donc les repercussions possibles d’un systeme sur un autre systeme. Afin de resoudre ce probleme toutes les connections entre les differents composants du systeme neuromusculaire doivent etre decrites, ces differents elements et connections sont visibles grâce a un outil de visualisation specialement developpe a ces fins qui sera demontree pendant la presentation.

En analyse quantifiee de la marche, de nombreux modeles de segmentation du pied ont ete proposes, allant du plus simple (1 segment) au plus complexe (9 segments). Mais d’un point de vue anatomique, ces differents modeles nous laissent perplexe. Nous avons developpe et valide un nouveau modele de segmentation du pied plus anatomique et que nous esperons plus fonctionnel. Ce modele nous permet d’approfondir nos connaissances biomecaniques du pied et de la cheville lors de la marche ainsi que d’ameliorer nos evaluations cliniques.

Objet Les reins sont des organes retro-peritoneaux mobiles, lies au diaphragme par les differentes portions de la capsule renale anciennement decrites par Gerota et Zuckerkandl [1] . L’etude presentee ici tente de quantifier le deplacement et la topographie renale a differents niveaux de volumes pulmonaires. Materiel et methode Des donnees tomodensitometriques obtenues a trois volumes pulmonaires [2] (capacite pulmonaire totale, moitie de capacite inspiratoire et capacite residuelle fonctionnelle prealablement mesurees via plethysmographie et spirometrie) ont ete analysees sur un echantillon de 15 sujets adultes sains. Une reconstruction des structures costales inferieures et du pole superieur des reins a ete obtenu par segmentation. A l’aide d’un logiciel developpe au laboratoire (LhpFusionBox) [3] des marqueurs anatomiques ont ete places sur chaque structure d’interet par palpation virtuelle [4] . Le deplacement de l’extremite superieure du pole renal a ete quantifie dans un referentiel anatomique local place au niveau de Th12. Le niveau de la projection posterieure des poles renaux par rapport aux cotes (10e, 11e et 12e) a ete releve. Resultats Le deplacement maximal du pole renal superieur pour respectivement les cotes gauche et droit, est de 35,6 mm et 30,3 mm en direction cephalo-caudale, 8,6 mm et 4,6 mm sur l’axe medio-lateral et 5,5 mm et 6,8 mm sur l’axe dorso-ventrale du cote gauche. A la capacite pulmonaire totale, le pole superieur du rein gauche se situe au niveau de la 12e cote dans 54 % des cas, et en dessous de la 12e cote pour le cote droit dans 83 % des cas. Conclusion Cette etude presente une analyse quantifiee des variations topographiques tridimensionnelles des poles superieurs renaux lors du mouvement respiratoire. La visualisation des resultats par modelisation 3D constitue un aspect pedagogique majeur permettant d’entrevoir la comprehension du rapport entre le deplacement renal et la mecanique respiratoire.

Le thorax est un complexe osseux implique dans la fonction respiratoire ainsi que dans la stabilite du rachis. Si beaucoup d’etudes se sont penchees sur l’etude des deplacements volumiques, peu d’importance a ete accordee a l’etude des mecanismes osteoarticulaires impliques dans la fonction respiratoire. Le but du travail entrepris etait donc de creer un modele tridimensionnel du thorax humain lors du mouvement respiratoire a partir de donnees tomodensitometriques obtenues in vivo a trois volumes pulmonaires chez des sujets sains et des patients atteints de mucoviscidose. Les objectifs etant de permettre la visualisation, la qualification ainsi que la quantification de parametres geometriques et cinematiques du thorax global, mais aussi au niveau costovertebral segmentaire. Le modele developpe permet de comprendre les mecanismes osteoarticulaires impliques dans la fonction respiratoire et de mesurer l’impact d’une situation pathologique sur les differents parametres etudies. L’interet complementaire de la modelisation 3D est de proposer des simulations valides ainsi qu’un outil pedagogique et didactique de haute qualite.

La reconstruction du ligament croise anterieur est frequemment realisee par la plastie aux tendons des muscles droit interne (DI) et demi-tendineux (DT). Malgre l’ablation de ces deux tendons les consequences sur la force sont limitees. La jonction myo-tendineuse est generalement consideree comme le site unique de la transmission de force. Neanmoins, une transmission parallele par la voie faciale epimusculaire a deja ete observee precedemment. L’objectif de cette etude in vitro etait de quantifier l’influence des sections des tendons et des structures faciales pour tenter d’expliquer les observations postoperatoires observees. Neuf specimens frais ont ete utilises. Analyse des excursions et des bras de leviers des muscles flechisseurs du genou lors des differentes etapes du DI-DT. Aucune difference significative n’a ete demontree apres la tenotomie et le prelevement du DI (p ≥ 0,05). Les premieres diminutions significatives (p En conclusion, les structures faciales du DI et du DT sont essentielles a la transmission de force vers l’articulation du genou.

Introduction Les cotes sont des os plats dotes d’une corticale fine rendant ces structures fragiles. En archeologie, les vestiges costaux retrouves sont ainsi souvent des fragments plutot que des cotes completes. Quelques rares echantillons de Neandertaliens sont disponibles, cependant une exception existe, le squelette de Kebara 2 [1] comportant l’ensemble des cotes ainsi que la majorite des elements vertebraux. Cette etude apporte un complement a l’analyse des parametres geometriques et morphometriques des cotes de l’humain moderne et de Kebara 2. Methode Une procedure de calcul automatisee a ete developpee afin de pouvoir extraire les caracteristiques geometriques et morphometriques tridimensionnelles des cotes a partir d’acquisitions tomodensitometriques et de reconstructions obtenues apres segmentation. Divers parametres tels, la longueur de l’arc costal, longueur de la corde, la plus grande largeur, la surface de section le long du corps, la circonference, les courbures de torsion, d’enroulement et selon les bords ont ete mesures sur les reconstructions 3D de Kebara 2 [2] ainsi que sur un echantillon de 14 sujets humains modernes (adultes sains, 7 hommes/7 femmes) pour les etages costaux 1 a 9. Resultats L’ensemble des parametres mesures et notamment l’angle de torsion ou la courbure selon les bords sont sujets a une variabilite importante chez l’humain moderne. Les resultats obtenus a partir des reconstructions des cotes de Kebara 2 sont similaires a ceux mesures chez les humains modernes pour la majorite des parametres. Conclusion Cette etude contribue au debat concernant les dimensions thoraciques des Neandertaliens et leurs plausibles implications physiologiques [3] . Plusieurs travaux ont statue en faveur d’une difference majeure entre le thorax de Neandertalien et l’humain moderne. Malgre quelques variations aux etages inferieurs, les resultats de cette etude semblent demontrer que la geometrie et morphometrie des cotes reconstruites de Kebara 2 se situe dans les limites de l’humain moderne.

A multimodal visualization software, called the Data Manager (DM), has been developed to increase interdisciplinary communication around the topic of visualization and modeling of various aspects of the human anatomy. Numerous tools used in Radiology are integrated in the interface that runs on standard personal computers. The available tools, combined to hierarchical data management and custom layouts, allow analyzing of medical imaging data using advanced features outside radiological premises (for example, for patient review, conference presentation or tutorial preparation). The system is free, and based on an open-source software development architecture, and therefore updates of the system for custom applications are possible.

The paper describes a method in which two data-collecting systems, medical imaging and electrogoniometry, are combined to allow the accurate and simultaneous modeling of both the spatial kinematics and the morphological surface of a particular joint. The joint of interest (JOI) is attached to a Plexiglas jig that includes four metallic markers defining a local reference system (R(GONIO)) for the kinematics data. Volumetric data of the JOI and the R(GONIO) markers are collected from medical imaging. The spatial location and orientation of the markers in the global reference system (R(CT)) of the medical-imaging environment are obtained by applying object-recognition and classification methods on the image dataset. Segmentation and 3D isosurfacing of the JOI are performed to produce a 3D model including two anatomical objects-the proximal and distal JOI segments. After imaging, one end of a custom-made 3D electrogoniometer is attached to the distal segment of the JOI, and the other end is placed at the R(GONIO) origin; the JOI is displaced and the spatial kinematics data is recorded by the goniometer. After recording, data registration from R(GONIO) to R(CT) occurred prior to simulation. Data analysis was performed using both joint coordinate system (JCS) and instantaneous helical axis (IHA).Finally, the 3D joint model is simulated in real time using the experimental kinematics data. The system is integrated into a computer graphics interface, allowing free manipulation of the 3D scene. The overall accuracy of the method has been validated with two other kinematics data collection methods including a 3D digitizer and interpolation of the kinematics data from discrete positions obtained from medical imaging. Validation has been performed on both superior and inferior radio-ulna joints (i.e. prono-supination motion). Maximal RMS error was 1 degrees and 1.2mm on the helical axis rotation and translation, respectively. Prono-supination of the forearm showed a total rotation of 132 degrees for 0.8mm of translation. The method reproducibility using JCS parameters was in average 1 degrees (maximal deviation=2 degrees ) for rotation, and 1mm (maximal deviation=2mm) for translation. In vitro experiments have been performed on both knee joint and ankle joint. Averaged JCS parameters for the knee were 109 degrees, 17 degrees and 4 degrees for flexion, internal rotation and abduction, respectively. Averaged maximal translation values for the knee were 12, 3 and 4mm posteriorly, medially and proximally, respectively. Averaged JCS parameters for the ankle were 43 degrees, 9 degrees and 3 degrees for plantarflexion, adduction and internal rotation, respectively. Averaged maximal translation values for the ankle were 4, 2 and 1mm anteriorly, medially and proximally, respectively.

ObjectiveThe purpose of the present study was a 2D-semiautomated morphometric analysis of craniofacial growth in nuclear magnetic resonance imaged (NMRI) mouse embryos.MethodsThe NMRI mouse embryos were exposed in utero to either a single dose of 2 Gy X-irradiation on day 9 of gestation (113 embryos) or to 1.5 mg methyl-triazene administered orally to their pregnant mothers on gestational day 10.5 (124 embryos). An additional group of 108 embryos was used as controls. Digitized pictures of embryos from gestational days 14 to 17 were taken in lateral right view using a video system. Landmarks were located and digitized for computerized analysis of growth changes in relation to developmental stages of the face.ResultsThe results revealed that the snout of control embryos lengthens during the developmental period considered. The snout of embryos previously submitted to methyl-triazene displayed micrognathia, and all treated fetuses exhibited macroscopic signs of microcephaly with a reduced mandible. The snouts of irradiated embryos appeared shortened at the 14-day stage and continued to shorten as development proceeded. A shortening of the midface was detected macroscopically in 83% of the cases.ConclusionThe results of this morphometric analysis enabled us to trace the developmental progression of the induced dysmorphosis and to assess the differences compared with normal development.