Search

Telah dilakukan penelitian tentang uji daya hambat ekstrak air jinten hitam (Nigella sativa L.) terhadap penyisihan bakteri Escherichia coli pada air yang terdapat di sumber mata air Desa Tiying Gading Kecamatan Selemadeg Barat Kabupaten Tabanan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kemampuan alat penyaring air dengan kombinasi bahan alami (pasir halus, jinten hitam dan karbon aktif), mengetahui kemampuan daya hambat ekstrak air jinten hitam terhadap pertumbuhan bakteri E. coli, serta mengetahui dosis dan waktu kontak optimum ekstrak air jinten hitam dalam menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri E. coli. Metode yang digunakan adalah Plate Count Agar (PCA) dengan media pertumbuhan Cromocult Coliform agar (CCA). Didapatkan hasil bahwa ekstrak dan residu jinten hitam mampu menyisihkan berturut-turut sebesar 99,995% dan 88,095%, dengan dosis optimum 15 mL ekstrak jinten hitam pada waktu kontak 5 menit dan 15 mg residu jinten hitam pada waktu 10 menit. Laju kematian bakteri Escherichia coli tertinggi adalah 1,722/menit untuk ekstrak jinten hitam dan 1,423/menit pada residu jinten hitam. Ekstrak jinten hitam menunjukkan hasil yang lebih unggul dibandingkan dengan residu jinten hitam. Adanya senyawa seperti thymoquinone pada ekstrak jinten hitam dapat meningkatkan kemampuan mengeliminasi bakteri Escherichia coli. Kata kunci: daya hambat, dosis, Escherichia coli, jinten hitam (Nigella sativa), waktu kontak. ABSTRACT Research has been conducted on the inhibition test of black cumin water extract (Nigella sativa L.) against the elimination of Escherichia coli bacteria in water found in the spring of Tiying Gading Village, Selemadeg Barat District, Tabanan Regency. This study aimed to determine the ability of water filters with a combination of natural materials (fine sand, black cumin and activated carbon) and the inhibition ability of black cumin water extract against the growth of E. coli bacteria, as well as the optimum dose and contact time of the black cumin water extract in inhibiting the growth of E. coli bacteria. The method used was Plate Count Agar (PCA) with Cromocult Coliform Agar (CCA) growth media. The results showed that black cumin extract and residue were able to remove 99.995% and 88.095%, respectively, with an optimum dose of 15 mL of black cumin extract at a contact time of 5 minutes, and 15 mg of black cumin residue at a contact time of 10 minutes. The highest death rate of Escherichia coli bacteria was 1.722/min for black cumin extract and 1.423/min for black cumin residue. The black cumin extract showed superior results compared to the black cumin residue. The presence of compounds such as thymoquinone in black cumin extract can increase the ability to eliminate Escherichia coli bacteria. Keywords: black cumin, contact time, dosage, Escherichia coli, inhibition power, Nigella sativa (black cumin).

Limbah yang dihasilkan dari industri tekstil berupa limbah cair yang keruh, berwarna dan sulit dihilangkan sehingga dapat mengganggu ekosistem perairan. Limbah hasil pencelupan dapat mencemari lingkungan karena menggunakan zat warna azo yang sulit untuk didegradasi. Salah satu metode yang dapat diaplikasikan untuk mengatasi ini adalah fotodegradasi. Dalam artikel ini dilaporkan sintesis fotokatalis bentonite-ZnO dan aplikasinya dalam fotodegradasi zat warna dalam limbah pencelupan. Karakterisasi fotokatalis dilakukan dengan melihat kristalinitas kompositnya menggunakan X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), luas permukaannya dengan metode methylene blue serta penentuan efektivitas degradasi dengan dan tanpa sinar. Difraktogram yang dihasilkan menunjukkan beberapa puncak dengan intensitas tinggi: pada 2? = 20,51° (d=4,32Å) yang menunjukkan adanya mineral kuarsa sedangkan pada 2? = 26,28° (d=3,39Å) mengindikasikan illit. Puncak khas dari ZnO ditunjukkan pada pola difraksi 2? = 36,18° (d=2,46Å) dan 2? = 59,64° (d=1,54Å). Luas permukaan bentonit dan bentonit-ZnO berturut-turut 183,0665 dan 180,2460 m2/g. Kondisi optimum yang diperoleh dalam mendegradasi zat warna limbah industri pencelupan yaitu massa 100 mg pada pH 2 dan waktu irradiasi atau pengadukan dalam gelap selama 45 menit. Degradasi dengan sinar lebih efektif (95,66 ± 0,16%) dibandingkan tanpa sinar (73,28 ± 0,55%) yang menunjukkan peran komposit bentonite-ZnO sebagai fotokatalis. Kata kunci: Bentonit-ZnO, Fotodegradasi, Limbah Industri Pencelupan ABSTRACT Liquid waste generated by the textile industry is typically murky, intensely coloured, and hard to treat. As a consequence, it can pollute the aquatic ecosystem. One potential method to overcome this problem is photodegradation to break the dye molecules down. In this paper the synthesis of bentonite-ZnO composite and its application as a photocatalyst are reported. The composite was prepared by sonicating a mixture of zinc acetate and bentonite. The characterization of the composite was conducted using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and methylene blue method to determine its surface area, and its degradation capacity as photocatalyst to degrade the dye waste. The diffractogram reveals several peaks with high intensity, i.e. at 2? = 20,51° (d = 4,32Å) indicating mineral quartz, and at 2? = 26,28° (d = 3,39Å) showing Illite. The identifying peaks of the ZnO are in the diffraction pattern of 2? of 36,18° (d = 2,46Å) and 59,64° (d = 1,54Å). The surface area of the bentonite and bentonite-ZnO are 183,0665 and 180,260 m2/g respectively. The optimum conditions obtained for the dye degradation are 100 mg photocatalyst at pH 2 and irradiation time of 45 minutes. Degradation under UV light is more effective with a degradation percentage of 95,66 ± 0,16% than that in the dark, which is 73,28 ± 0,55%. This shows that the composite plays its role as a photocatalyst for the degradation. Keywords: Bentonite-ZnO, Dyeing Industrial Waste, Photodegradation.

Landslide mitigation efforts through a vegetative approach have not been entrenched in the community, including in Semarang Coastal Villages. This condition happened due to several things, such as the lack of public understanding about the importance of reforesting river borders, the lack of understanding of reforestation, and the unclear benefits the community of river reforestation will receive. Although no specific approach can prevent landslides, the vegetative approach is one of the prevention strategies that tend to be easy to do and has a low cost. Therefore, the vegetative approach is a feasible strategy to be proposed, where the current government is also encouraging the application of this approach to prevent landslides as well as community empowerment. This study aims to identify the costs and benefits of implementing a vegetative approach to prevent landslides in the coastal area of Semarang City, knowing the socio-economic benefits the community may receive from the vegetative approach. It is hoped that it can increase community participation, especially among the local coastal people in Semarang City, which belong to the middle to lower economic community. The analytical method used is the cost-benefit analysis method by comparing the number of benefits and costs studied from the implementation process of the vegetative approach from beginning to maintenance. The data used in this study is secondary data such as existing land use, river border area, plant species, and population. The expected result is the feasibility of applying a vegetative approach in riverbank areas that compares the number of social and economic benefits and socio-economic costs. By knowing the feasibility, it can also be determined how the socio-economic capacity of the community to implement the approach.

Lead (Pb) is a common pollutant found in agricultural soils and often contaminates the plants growing on the soil. One way to reduce the content of heavy metal contamination such as Pb in agricultural soil is through phytoremediation. The purpose of this study was to reduce the content of Pb in agricultural soils. The method used was remediation by planting gumitir (Tagetes erecta L.) plants on the soil added with various concentrations of Pb2+. The results showed that before planting with gumitir, the soil A, B, C added with Pb of 100; 200; and 400 mg Pb/kg soil, respectively, having the concentration of 108,97±2,25; 214,18±5,47; and 447,04±4.89 mg/kg, respectively, while on the harvesting time the concentration of Pb was 100,52±1,66; 170,04±2,88; and 397,98±2,24 mg/kg, respectively. The part of the plant that absorbed the highest Pb was the root, which was 47,01±4,52 mg/kg. The effectiveness of Pb absorption by gumitir plants in A, B, and C soils were

The use of herbal medicines as antioxidants has increased recently. One of them is gaharu leaf (Gyrinops versteegii). Gaharu plants have been widely used by people to treat various types of diseases. Papuan people have used the roots, bark and leaves of gaharu as malaria medicine and skin treatment. This research intended to ascertain the total content of flavonoids and antioxidant capacity of the n-hexane fraction in gaharu leaves’ extract. A total amount of 100 g dry powders of gaharu leaves, with water content of 8.59%, macerated with 96% ethanol, resulted in 10 g of concentrated extract obtained by evaporation using vacuum rotary evaporator. This extract then proceeded to the fractionation stage using solvents such as n-hexane, chloroform and ethyl acetate. The results obtained were 5.66 g of n-hexane, 2.23 g of chloroform, 0.85 g of ethyl acetate and 1.14 g of the remaining water extract. Phytochemical screening showed that the n-hexane extract positively contained flavonoids with the highest total flavonoid contents of 1557.66 mg QE/100 g. In-vitro test for the antioxidant activity of the n-hexane fraction utilizing the procedure of DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) showed the IC50 value of 126.76 ppm. These results indicate that the n-Hexane fraction of gaharu leaves’ extract has a high total flavonoid contents and consists of active antioxidant compounds with medium capacity. Keywords: oxidative stress, flavonoids, fraction n-Hexane, DPPH and antioxidant

Antioksidan alami yang berasal dari kelompok senyawa flavonoid pada tumbuhan sebagai antioksidan alternatif terus meningkat penggunaan, pengembangan dan penelitiannya. Salah satu diantaranya adalah tanaman gaharu (Gyrinops versteegii). Tanaman gaharu merupakan salah satu tanaman yang banyak digunakan sebagai obat tradisional dimana zat yang diduga bertanggung jawab adalah senyawa flavonoid. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui kadar total flavonoid pada fraksi etil asetat daun gaharu dan aktivitasnya sebagai antioksidan. Penentuan kadar total flavonoid fraksi etil asetat daun gaharu ditentukan berdasarkan nilai absorbansi yang diukur pada panjang gelombang sinar tampak 415 nm dengan menggunakan pembanding kuersetin. Uji aktivitas antioksidan fraksi etilasetat daun gaharu dilakukan dengan mengukur aktivitas peredaman terhadap radikal DPPH (1,1-difenil-2-pikrilhidrazil) secara spektrofotometer UV-Vis pada panjang gelombang 517 nm. Sebanyak 100 gram serbuk kering daun gaharu dimaserasi dengan 2L aqua DM (70oC – 80oC) dan didapatkan ekstrak pekat sebanyak 400 mL. Partisi selanjutnya dengan pelarut n-heksana, kloroform dan etil asetat diperoleh fraksi kental berturut-turut 5,58 gram, 4,05 gram, dan 8,27 gram. Analisis kualitatif dengan uji fitokimia menunjukkan fraksi etil asetat positif mengandung senyawa flavonoid dengan intensitas perubahan warnanya yang paling tinggi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan kadar total yang diperoleh dari fraksi etil asetat daun gaharu adalah sebesar 840,12 mg QE /100 gram dan IC50 60,40 ppm. Nilai ini menunjukkan bahwa fraksi etil asetat daun gaharu (Gyrinops versteegii) memiliki kadar total flavonoid yang tinggi dan mempunyai aktivitas Antioksidan alami yang berasal dari kelompok senyawa flavonoid pada tumbuhan sebagai antioksidan alternatif terus meningkat penggunaan, pengembangan dan penelitiannya. Salah satu diantaranya adalah tanaman gaharu (Gyrinops versteegii), yang banyak dimanfaatkan dan dikembangkan sebagai obat tradisional, dimana senyawa yang diduga bertanggung jawab adalah golongan flavonoid. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui kadar total flavonoid pada fraksi etil asetat daun gaharu dan aktivitasnya sebagai antioksidan. Penentuan kadar total flavonoid fraksi etil asetat daun gaharu ditentukan dengan cara mengukur nilai absorbansi menggunakan spektrofotometer UV-Vis pada panjang gelombang 415 dengan kuersetin sebagai pembanding. Uji aktivitas antioksidan fraksi etilasetat daun gaharu dilakukan dengan cara mengukur aktivitas peredaman menggunakan spektrofotometer UV-Vis pada panjang gelombang 517 nm terhadap radikal DPPH (1,1-difenil-2-pikrilhidrazil). Sebanyak 100 gram serbuk kering daun gaharu yang dimaserasi dengan 2L aqua DM (70oC – 80oC) menghasilkan ekstrak pekat sebanyak 400 mL. Hasil partisi menggunakan pelarut etil asetat, kloroform dan heksanadiperoleh fraksi kental berturut-turut 8,27 gram, 4,05 gram, dan 5,58 gram. Analisis kualitatif dengan uji fitokimia menunjukkan fraksi etil asetat positif mengandung senyawa flavonoid dengan intensitas perubahan warnanya yang paling tinggi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan kadar total flavonoid yang diperoleh dari fraksi etil asetat daun gaharu adalah 840,12 mg QE/100 gram dan IC50 sebesar 60,40 ppm. Nilai ini menunjukkan bahwa fraksi etil asetat daun gaharu (Gyrinops versteegii) memiliki kadar total flavonoid yang tinggi dan mempunyai aktivitas antioksidan yang kuat. Kata kunci: antioksidan, daun gaharu (Gyrinops versteegii), DPPH, IC50. Natural antioxidants derived from the group of flavonoid compounds in plants as alternative antioxidants continue to increase their use, development and research. One of them is agarwood (Gyrinops versteegii) that is widely used as a traditional medicine, where the substances that are thought to be responsible are flavonoid compounds. This study was conducted to determine the total flavonoid content in the ethyl acetate fraction of agarwood leaves and their antioxidant activities. The total flavonoid content was determined based on the absorbance value measured at a wavelength of 415 nm by using UV-Vis spectroftometer, with a quercetin as standard for comparison. The antioxidant activity test of the ethylacetate fraction of Gyrinops versteegii leaves was carried out by measuring the scavenging activity of DPPH radical (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) using UV-Vis spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 517 nm. A total of 100 grams of dry agarwood leaf powder were macerated with 2L aqua DM (70oC – 80oC) and 400 mL of concentrated extract was obtained. The next partition with ethyl acetate, chloroform and hexane produced concentrated fractions of 8.27 grams, 4.05 grams and 5.58 grams, respectively. Qualitative analysis using phytochemical tests showed that the ethyl acetate fraction positively contained flavonoids with the highest intensity of color change. The results showed that the total flavonoid content obtained from the ethyl acetate fraction of agarwood leaves was 840.12 mg QE/100 grams and IC50 60.40 ppm. This value indicated that the ethyl acetate fraction of Gyrinops versteegii leaves had high levels of total flavonoids and strong antioxidant activity. Keywords: agarwood (Gyrinops versteegi) leaves, antioxidants, DPPH, IC50.

In Southeast Asian dipterocarp forests, a general flowering (GF) occurs at the multiannual interval. At this phenomenon, at least 40% of the trees in the stands flower in synchrony, dominated by the flowering of the Dipterocarpaceae family that hypothesized to be caused by changes in climate factors, especially ENSO. This study aimed to determine the pattern of flowering trees in Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park (BBSNP) and to determine a model for predicting flowering patterns associated with climatic factors in 2021-2050. Flowers and fruits were observed every month from February 1998 to September 2020 at Way Canguk Research Station, BBSNP. The climatic factors used were temperature, rainfall, humidity, wind speed, and the ENSO index. We used a generalized linear model to link climatic factors and flowering and model future flowering. The results showed no GF in BBSNP because the highest flower synchronization only reached 37.8%. The climatic factor with the highest coefficient was ENSO, but flowering was mostly influenced by fluctuations in climate factors, not its absolute value. The model estimated that the flowering in 2021 - 2050 will peak to 34.4% in December 2044 and further ensure good forest regeneration. Thus, BBSNP can still be suitable for conservation purposes.

Climate change has implications for the environment and community such as the existence of climate-related disasters. The changes of weather cycle triggers flooding in coastal areas, then high water discharge eroded the soil and caused landslides. Land conversion of upstream area causes low water absorption and high run-off which also contributes to flooding and landslides in the downstream area. Efforts to normalize rivers and urban drainage have not been able to cope with floods and landslides. Therefore, it needs an effort to minimize these disasters. The vegetative approach is an alternative for mitigating floods and landslides that are considered more comprehensive which not only conserves landscapes but also contributes to increasing green open space provision. This study aims to analyse the possibility of applying a vegetative approach to improve the physical and socio-economic community’s resiliency in coastal areas from climate-related disasters. The research method used a quantitative method with data collection techniques through literature studies, field observations, and questionnaires. The data processing stages include analysis of the physical condition to determine the physical vulnerability of the area through the physical natural map overlay technique; analysis of the climate-related disasters impact on society through descriptive statistical analysis techniques; and analysis of the possibility of applying the vegetative approach by using spatial analysis techniques to determine the level of vulnerability and priority zones for vegetation development.

The revitalization of The Semarang Old Town revived this area as a tourist destination and generated regional economic growth. Several new restaurants, coffee shops, galleries, and other economic activities emerge along with tourism development. Job vacancies were offered and attracted newcomers to work as well as to invest. Consequently, properties that previously had no economic value became a potential asset, increasing land prices and building rental prices significantly. Hence, gentrification becomes an inevitable phenomenon. Local communities previously inhabited vacant buildings for years were displaced because the buildings would be restored and then rented out. However, these situations changed after the COVID-19 pandemic occurred, that many restrictions on community activities, including tourism. Visitors’ numbers decrease drastically, making many businesses in the Old Town suffer losses. It pointed by several coffee shops and restaurants closed, or they did not extend the rents. In contrast, the number of informal sectors which restricted surged in line with many work terminations. Hence, this study aims to re-assess the gentrification process along with the socio-economic changes after the COVID-19 pandemic. This study used a quantitative method by applying the spatial analysis method, which compares aspects such as physical transformation, space use, land prices, rent prices, land ownership, and population growth before and after the COVID-19 pandemic.

Pelabuhan Celukan Bawang merupakan salah satu pelabuhan yang terletak di Kabupaten Buleleng Bali dengan aktivitas transportasi kapal bongkar muat barang yang cukup padat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan kandungan logam total Fe dan Cr pada air laut dan sedimen serta masing-masing fraksi logam Fe dan Cr sehingga dapat ditentukan bioavailabilitasnya. Spesiasi dan bioavailabilitas pada sedimen dilakukan dengan metode ekstraksi sekuensial kemudian dianalisis menggunakan alat Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). Hasil penelitian dengan metode kurva kalibrasi menunjukkan bahwa kandungan logam total pada kelima lokasi dalam air laut untuk logam Fe dan Cr yaitu berkisar antara 0,3593 - 2,7026 mg/L dan 0,0294 - 0,1277 mg/L, sedangkan kandungan logam total pada sedimen untuk Fe dan Cr berkisar antara 20644,733 - 24434,875 mg/kg dan 12,2023 - 24,9072 mg/kg. Hasil spesiasi logam Fe didominasi oleh fraksi non-bioavailable yaitu 80,06 - 86,47 % sedangkan fraksi bioavailable yaitu fraksi EFLE 0,01 - 0,16 %, fraksi tereduksi asam 14,07 - 19,08 %, fraksi organik sulfida 0,67 % - 1,18 %. Logam Cr fraksi bioavailable yaitu fraksi EFLE 25,12 - 34,00 %, fraksi tereduksi asam 27,50 - 37,11 %, fraksi organik sulfida 19,54 - 28,83 % sedangkan fraksi non-bioavailable 8,70 - 26,44 %. Persentase bioavailabilitas logam Fe dan Cr masing-masing sebesar 13,53 - 19,94 % dan 73,56 - 91,30 %. Kata kunci: air laut, bioavailabilitas, Cr, Fe, sedimen, spesiasi. Celukan Bawang Port is one of the ports located in the Buleleng Bali with the activity of the transport ship unloading fairly crowded. This research aimed to determine the total content of heavy metals iron and chromium in seawater and sediment, and metal fractions and bioavailability. Speciation and bioavailability of sediment were determined by sequential extraction method and then analyzed by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The results of the research with the calibration curve method show that the total metal content at all five locations in seawater for metal Fe and Cr is ranging between 0.3593-2.7026 mg/L and 0.0294-0.1277 mg/L, while the total metal content on sediment for Fe and Cr ranges between 20644.733-24434.875 mg/kg and 12.2023-24.9072 mg/kg. The result of the speciation of Fe metal is dominated by a non-bioavailable fraction of 80.06-86.47% while the bioavailable fraction of the EFLE of 0.01-0.16%, acid reduced fraction 14.07-19.08%, sulfide organic fraction 0.67%-1.18%. Cr metal fraction bioavailable is EFLE fraction 25.12-34.00%, acid reduced fraction of 27.50-37.11%, sulfide organic fraction 19.54-28.83% while the non-bioavailable fraction is 8.70-26.44%. The percentage of metals bioavailability of Fe and Cr respectively amounted 13.53-19.94% and 73.56-91.30%. Keywords: bioavailability, Cr, Fe, seawater, sediment speciation.

Almost all tanning leather industry used chrome sulphate mineral because it has a high tannic power and produce tanned leather with good quality. However. as much as 25% chrome in tanning is wasted as liquid waste. Chrome as waste product from tanning process is categorized as dangerous waste which is toxic to the environment. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of combination chrome and mangrove bark crude extract on tanned Epinephelus sp. skin. The results showed that the best grouper skin was tanned on 8% tanner extract. which was demonstrated a tensile strength value by 228.91 kgf/cm2, tear strength by 23.43 kgf/cm, elongation by 24.03%, and shrinkage temperature by 55.23° C. This studied promised application of mangrove extract could replace chrome as tanned agent for greenly method.

Penelitian mengenai karakterisasi lempung bentonit termodifikasi surfaktan dan pemanfaatannya sebagai adsorben logam Cr dan Pb pada limbah cair industri tekstil telah dilakukan. Modifikasi dilakukan melalui metode interkalasi dengan menambahkan 2,9155 gram surfaktan heksadesil trimetil amonium bromida per 10 gram bentonit kemudian ditambahkan dengan 2,0480 gram asam palmitat. Bentonit yang telah termodifikasi dimanfaatkan sebagai adsorben ion Cr3+ dan Pb2+. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui karakteristik bentonit termodifikasi, waktu optimum dan kapasitas adsorpsi terhadap ion Cr3+ dan Pb2+ . Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa interkalasi hekasdesil trimetil amonium bromida ke dalam antar lapis lempung bentonit tidak menyebabkan perubahan kristalinitas bentonit. Ikatan antara surfaktan dengan kisi kristal bentonit ditunjukkan dengan vibrasi pada bilangan gelombang 2922,16 dan 2850,97 cm-1 yang merupakan vibrasi dari gugus CH2 amina. Luas permukaan spesifik bentonit termodifikasi ditentukan dengan metode adsorpsi metilen biru dan didapatkan luas permukaan spesifik sebesar 46,180 m2/g. Waktu optimum adsorpsi bentonit termodifikasi untuk ion Cr3+ dan Pb2+berturut-turut 20 dan 10 menit, dengan kapasitas adsorpsi untuk ion Cr3+ dan Pb2+berturut-turut sebesar 0,0277 (84,575%) mg/g dan 0,1350 (87,455%) mg/g. Kata kunci: adsorpsi, bentonit, interkalasi, limbah cair, logam berat

Research on the development of higher order thinking skills (HOTS) questions based on problem solving on neural system material aims to produce valid and reliable HOTS questions. The development of higher order thinking skills questions refers to Anderson & Karthwohl and Polya frameworks. The questions that developed are a multiple choice problem with five alternative answers. The evaluation process includes self-assessment, expert review, one-to-one and small groups. Readability questions are tested at the one-to-one stage. The results of the small group stages are then analysed item items, namely item validity and item reliability. The validity of items is calculated based on expert review validation, while the reliability of the questions is calculated using Anates 4.0. The results of the research conducted showed that the questions developed were valid (86,1%) and reliable (0,35). The results of this study can be used as a reference for teachers to provide HOTS questions and familiarize students with solving problems with these characteristics.

Old Town is a historic area and also a highly prospective tourism destination in Semarang city. Beforehand, this area faced some problems such as tidal flood, costly building maintenance, and high building taxes. As a result, many historic buildings are abandoned by their owners and become unkempt. Responding to this, the government decided to revitalize the Old Town areas, focusing on physical improvements like fixing roads, drainage, and adding infrastructure. This revitalization transforms the area’s spatial use, allowing more activities convened on the site. However, this transformation also triggers irregular space usage and informal space. In this study, we emphasize the emergence of formal and informal areas due to revitalization. It is essential to find out the emergence of these spaces as part of spatial management. We start by identifying elements in the revitalization process, comparing the land and space utilization before and after revitalization, and analyze its impact on the emergence of formal and informal spaces. We will collect the data through field observations, interviews, and literature review, and we utilize descriptive analysis and geographic information systems as a method of analysis. The results show that revitalization is indeed changing space utilization. Informal activities such as illegal dwellings, cockfights, prostitution, illegal street vendors, and unlawful parking are no longer present in the Old Town area. Informal activities have changed into formal activities as Semarang City Government provides avenues for service providers, pedestrians, and traders to utilize the space.

Nowadays, wudhu and tayamum are widely found in various media such as books, articles, tutorial videos and internet. Muslims who are new to Islam as children often have difficulty reading books to understand how to learn and practice tayamum, one of the lessons learned in technology development using Augmented Reality based learning. The learning method used in Augmented Reality is the marker method. The marker method step is that the program will read an object from the image marker, the marker uses a downloadable image by clicking the Download Marker button in the main menu, and then it will be displayed as a moving object or an output in the data. This app is implemented for Android-based smartphones, with the help of Blender 3D and Unity 3D software. The results of the questionnaire count conclude that augmented reality learning media applications are easy to use, practical, useful, and effective in supporting children’s learning activities as children become more engaged in learning. The attractive interface design makes kids feel comfortable and engaging as they use it and develop their understanding. In addition, this application is also used as an interactive learning medium.

This research aims to produce valid and reliable prior knowledge questions on the concept of cellular respiration online by utilizing Google form media. The questions developed in this study are multiple choice questions with a four-tier test type. The sample in this study were students who took general biology courses at Faculty of Teacher Training and Education (FKIP) of Universitas Sriwijaya. Samples play a role in the evaluation process after prototype I was produced, at one-to-one (n = 13) and small group (n = 23) stages. The instrument used in the data collection process was a walkthrough, question readability questionnaire and questions. The questions given to the sample consisted of multiple choice questions on the grounds of open-ended questions (the development stage) and four-tiered multiple-choice test questions (the small-group evaluation stage). The use of the Goggle form in this study was carried out at the stage of giving open-ended question questions and the evaluation process at the one-to-one and small group stages. The results of this study indicate that the prior knowledge questions that have been developed are categorized as valid with an expert review rating of 80.5% and the reliability of the categorized questions is weak with a value of 0.37. The results of the expert review assessment revealed that the items developed were in accordance with the understanding of the concepts to be measured. Findings from the results of this study can be used as a reference for developing prior knowledge questions with the type of four-tier test to detect students’ understanding before learning is done. Thus the teacher is expected to choose the right learning strategy before the learning process.

This experiment aimed to evaluate the decrease of the fiber fraction of some agricultural and plantation residues after being treated with Fiber Cracking Technology (FCT) and urea. The residues included rice straw, oil palm frond (OPF), oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB), cocoa pod and coffee husk. They were added with 5% urea and incubated in FCT at temperature 135oC and pressure 2.3 atm for 2.5 h. The experimental treatments were arranged as a factorial design 5 × 2, in which the first factor was various agricultural and plantation residues (rice straw, OPF, OPEFB, cocoa pod and coffee husk) and the second factor was FCT application (untreated and treated with FCT + 5% urea), performed in 4 replicates. All treatments were subjected to Van Soest analysis and in vitro digestibility test. The decrease of fiber fraction was confirmed with Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) methods. Results showed that FCT + 5% urea treatment decreased NDF, ADF, cellulose and lignin contents of all samples (P

Children need public space, especially playing space as a means of physical activity, developing themselves, forming friendships and getting to know their surroundings. However, the density of urban settlements made it difficult to provide such space so that children use spaces like road bodies and sidewalks. Ngemplak Simongan Kampong is one of the locations for the development of Child-Friendly Thematic Kampong, which are part of the Great Gate program by the Semarang City Government. It is necessary to examine the condition of existing playing space in the kampong and to look for the most suitable playground model for the needs of children’s physical activities. This study aims to determine the model of playground needed by the children of Ngemplak Simongan Kampong to fulfill their physical activities. Quantitative methods are used to identify and map the characteristics of users, activities, selection of alternative locations for children's playground sites, and to create the most suitable model for children's playground. The results showed that Child Friendly Thematic Playground (RT 05 / RW 01) were used more by children aged 6-14 years to play soccer, so the model need to add goals, nets, lighting, and shade trees for comfort. Whereas the playground in RT 03 / RW 01 is used more by children aged 0-5 years to run around and play sand so it is necessary to add sandbox and tunnels.

Children are identical to playing in the context of cognitive development. Children can do physical activities, interact socially and connect with nature. One of them is when it is located in a village. The condition of a dense and narrow village makes it difficult for children to play. Kampung Ngemplak Simongan Semarang has been design as a child-friendly thematic village in the direction of the Semarang Child-Friendly City. However, the existing playground is still difficult to reach and has not been able to accommodate children. So, there needs to be a process of identifying characteristics that the design of the playground is in accordance with the user needed. Therefore, a research question appears "What are the characteristics of users, activities and spaces for children in Kampong Ngemplak Simongan?". The aim of this research is to identify the characteristics of users, activities and playground space for children in realizing the accessible design and meet their needs. The research used a quantitative method. The output of this research is to formulate the characteristics of users, activities and spaces of playgrounds for children in the village which all of them are male teenagers who are more likely to engage in physical activity.

The concept of cultural heritage conservation is not only about architecture but also about people / communities who are related to cultural heritage. The local community is one of the actors who play a role in the conservation of cultural heritage areas. There are 41,7% of Kotagede's old buildings that are not maintained, damaged, and extinct. Building changes were carried out by the owner itself. Therefore, it is important to identify the level of awareness of old building owners to conserving the Kotagede area. The research method used quantitative research. The respondents in this study were the owners of the old building Kotagede. The research data were collected using a questionnaire and observation. The likert scale aims to determine the level of awareness of building owners. The results of this study indicate that the condition of building owners can affect the conservation awareness of building owners. The limited conservation information causes the owners to change the old buildings. The problem of building heritage causes owners to have doubts about the sense of ownership of old buildings. The building owners, who have a medium and low economic level, feel unable to spend on building maintenance costs. The old building was located near the modern environment so that the owners became affected, breaking the government rules, and cared less so that the authenticity of the old building forms became reduced. The conclusion of this study shows that the awareness of the owners' buildings is still at a doubt level. It means that actually, the owners already understand that it is significant to conserve their old buildings. However, they have not been able to do it optimally because there are still obstacles that hinder them.

Medan City is one of the largest cities in Indonesia. Geographically, Medan City is located between coordinates 2° 27’ – 2° 47’ North Latitude and 98 35’ – 98° 44’ East Longitude. The regional government of Medan is currently carrying out various efforts to overcome environmental problems in Medan City. This study aimed to analyze priority issues that need to be addressed in Medan City. This study was conducted from May to October 2018. The research consisted of several stages of activities, namely: desk review, public consultation with stakeholders, and data analysis. The desk review was conducted to examine various regulations and documents related to the management of Medan’s natural and environmental resources and the environmental problems of Medan City. Public consultation with stakeholders was carried out with focus group discussions (FGD), filling out online questionnaires, and auditing with stakeholders. Priority issues were analyzed using the Driving Force, Pressure, State, Impact and Response (DPSIR) approach. Based on an integrated approach, the main issues obtained were the main problems in Medan, namely: Garbage, Water quality and quantity, and Air quality. The three main issues require rapid handling to prevent environmental damage in Medan City.

Kampong Batik is one of thematic urban kampongs located in Semarang inner-city with batik production and sales as the main activities. One of the important issues related to this kampong is batik waste management; there is not installation wastewater treatment plan. It caused by several reasons such as land availability, fund, government and community commitment. Therefore, this paper intended to analyses the batik waste management model through collaborative planning strategy. It used qualitative research method through interview and observation techniques. Likewise, secondary data has also used as the data collection method. The research objectives was break downed into several activities; first, identification of existing waste management. Second, analyze waste management gap that compare between the existing situations with the expected performance. Then, it can be structured the collaborative waste management model as the third objective. This study output is a collaborative model in batik waste management that emphasized on the managerial aspect rather than the physical aspect.

This study aimed to determine exposure time needed by organophosphate pesticides (OPs) to decrease acetilcholinesterase (AChE) activity in wistar rats. Twenty-five male were divided into 5 groups. The control group without OPs exposure (K0), the group exposed to OPs for 1 week (K1), and groups (K2), (K3) and (K4) exposed to OPs for 2,3, and 4 weeks respectively. The blood sample was taken every week and the AChE activity of blood sample was measured using a spectrophotometer. The results showed that AChE activity decreased with the longer OPs exposure time. Exposed treatment for 3 weeks (K3) 162.80 ± 4.56 U/L showed a significant difference (p

The development of telecommunications networks is currently dominated by fiber optics. The fiber optic has become a waveguide medium transmitting information with high frequency bands, high capacity and high speed. An optical amplifier is required to maintain electromagnetic signals when they propagate in far distance. One of the amplifiers, Fiber Raman Amplifiers (FRA) which is the light scattering from the light that comes with the phonon in the lattice of amplification medium produces photons that are coherent with the incoming photons. Many amplifiers are commonly used but the problems not only come from the amplifier but also the component circuit and system. By simulation method, FRA circuit is designed and operated in the form of pre-amplifiers to maintain a better signal from material interference and geometry. The simulation results show that the lowest BER value and the highest Q-factor are found at a distance of 10 km depicted by eye diagram.

The high competition to be able to work in the formal sector makes some people more absorbed in the informal sector, one of them in the field of commerce/service, namely as street vendors. The activity of street vendors occupying the public space is often considered as troublemakers because the government does not have a clear reference to arrange the location that can be used by them and in accordance with the characteristics of its activity. As well as street vendors in Taman Tirto Agung, Indonesia. who grow and develop to fill the park have degraded the visual quality of space and changed the function of the public space. The arrangement of street vendors should consider their space behaviors so that the space they use is compatible with their activities. The aim of this research is to identify the space that compatible with street vendors in Taman Tirto Agung. By using the GIS mapping and quantitative method with survey and questionnaire techniques, showed that street vendors choose compatible trade location in Taman Tirto Agung are determined by various activities around the park; activity time lasts for 24 hours; numbers of passing visitors; the flow of visitors; and settled space use.

The development of the University of Diponegoro as one of the biggest universities in Indonesia is signed by the increasing of the students’ number. The increasing of this students’ number has also been followed by the rising of students’ rooms demand and all of students’ facilities. These students resided in the settled settlement that inhabited by the Tembalang’s local community. As a consequence, their existence influences the local community and shapes the neighbourhood differently. Then, it causes the studentification process. Studentification is a process which presence of the students replaces the local community and influences the neighbourhood both in physical and social economic aspect. The identification of studentification in Tembalang was conductedby in-depth interview and field observation. Analysis showed that studentification in Tembalang included as the third wave studentification that signed by a great students’ movement along with campus centralization in Tembalang and many private landlords that invested in boarding house business. Competition to provide the boarding house between the local community, private investors (individual), students’flat, and a private students’ apartment made the existence of local community more pressed.