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La miel es una solución sobresaturada de azúcares que además contiene pequeñas cantidades de enzimas, vitaminas, compuestos fenólicos (por ejemplo, flavonoides), terpenos, ácidos orgánicos y peróxido de hidrógeno. La presencia de estas sustancias explica la actividad biológica de la miel y la absorción de radiación ultravioleta. La miel es uno de los tres alimentos más adulterados a nivel mundial. Para detectar dichas adulteraciones se utilizan técnicas de alta complejidad y sensibilidad, como el análisis isotópico y la resonancia magnética nuclear. Sin embargo, un método analítico más simple, rápido, de bajo costo y más accesible sería más conveniente para realizar análisis de alimentos, particularmente para productos apícolas. En este sentido, la espectroscopia UV-Vis junto con el análisis quimiométrico se han utilizado amplia y exitosamente para analizar productos apícolas. Por lo tanto, este estudio tiene como objetivo validar una metodología basada en el uso de espectroscopía UV-Vis acoplada al análisis quimiométricos para diferenciar el néctar recién recolectado por las abejas de la miel parcialmente madura y de la miel. Se recolectaron muestras de diferentes orígenes geográficos y botánicos en dos localidades de Argentina; un ensayo se realizó en Tucumán (en el flujo principal de néctar de limón) y el otro en Entre Ríos (floración de eucaliptos). Se registraron espectros entre 190 nm y 420 nm y se aplicaron diferentes métodos de proyección, incluyendo el análisis de componentes principales, FreeViz y el análisis discriminante lineal. De los resultados se concluye que la espectroscopía UV-Vis acoplada al análisis quimiométrico permite diferenciar el néctar recientemente recolectado de la miel parcialmente madura y de la miel y que los compuestos fenólicos están presentes principalmente en la miel, lo que podría incidir favorablemente en su actividad biológica.

Multi-hazard risk assessments for building portfolios exposed to earthquake shaking followed by a tsunami are usually based on empirical vulnerability models calibrated on post-event surveys of damaged buildings. The applicability of these models cannot easily be extrapolated to other regions of larger/smaller events. Moreover, the quantitative evaluation of the damages related to each of the hazard types (disaggregation) is impossible. To investigate cumulative damage on extended building portfolios, this study proposes an alternative and modular method to probabilistically integrate sets of single-hazard vulnerability models that are constantly being developed and calibrated by experts from various research fields to be used within a multi-risk context. This method is based on the proposal of state-dependent fragility functions for the triggered hazard to account for the pre-existing damage and the harmonisation of building classes and damage states through their taxonomic characterisation, which is transversal to any hazard-dependent vulnerability. This modular assemblage also allows us to separate the economic losses expected for each scenario on building portfolios subjected to cascading hazards. We demonstrate its application by assessing the economic losses expected for the residential building stock of Lima, Peru, a megacity commonly exposed to consecutive earthquake and tsunami scenarios. We show the importance of accounting for damage accumulation on extended building portfolios while observing a dependency between the earthquake magnitude and the direct economic losses derived for each hazard scenario. For the commonly exposed residential building stock of Lima exposed to both perils, we find that classical tsunami empirical fragility functions lead to underestimations of predicted losses for lower magnitudes (Mw) and large overestimations for larger Mw events in comparison to our state-dependent models and cumulative-damage method.

Resumen: Antecedentes y objetivos: Los linfomas cutáneos primarios (LCP) son un conjunto de entidades poco frecuentes. En febrero del 2018 se describieron los resultados del primer año de funcionamiento del Registro de linfomas cutáneos primarios de la AEDV. En el presente trabajo actualizamos los resultados tras 5 años de funcionamiento. Pacientes y métodos: Registro de enfermedad de pacientes con LCP. Se recogieron datos prospectivamente de los pacientes, incluyendo diagnóstico, tratamientos, pruebas realizadas y estado actual del paciente. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo. Resultados: En diciembre del 2021 se había incluido a un total de 2020 pacientes en el Registro, pertenecientes a 33 hospitales españoles. El 59% fueron hombres, la edad media fue de 62,2 años. Se agruparon en 4 grandes grupos diagnósticos: micosis fungoide/síndrome de Sézary (1.112, 55%), LCP de células B (547, 27,1%), trastornos linfoproliferativos de células T CD30+ (222, 11%) y otros linfomas T (116, 5,8%). La mayoría presentó estadio T1, encontrándose actualmente casi el 75% en remisión completa (43,5%) o enfermedad estable (EE; 27%). Los tratamientos más usados fueron corticoides tópicos (1.369, 67,8%), fototerapia (890, 44,1%), cirugía (412, 20,4%) y radioterapia (384, 19%). Conclusión: Las características del paciente con LCP en España no difieren de otras series. El mayor tamaño del registro permite precisar mejor los datos con respecto a los resultados del primer año. Este registro facilita al grupo de linfomas de la AEDV realizar investigación clínica, surgiendo ya trabajos publicados de dicho registro. Abstract: Background and objective: Primary cutaneous lymphomas (PCL) are uncommon. Observations based on the first year of data from the Spanish Registry of Primary Cutaneous Lymphomas (RELCP, in its Spanish abbreviation) of the Spanish Academy of Dermatology and Venereology (AEDV) were published in February 2018. This report covers RELCP data for the first 5 years. Patients and methods: RELCP data were collected prospectively and included diagnosis, treatments, tests, and the current status of patients. We compiled descriptive statistics of the data registered during the first 5 years. Results: Information on 2020 patients treated at 33 Spanish hospitals had been included in the RELCP by December 2021. Fifty-nine percent of the patients were men; the mean age was 62.2 years. The lymphomas were grouped into 4 large diagnostic categories: mycosis fungoides/Sézary syndrome, 1112 patients (55%); primary B-cell cutaneous lymphoma, 547 patients (27.1%); primary CD30 + lymphoproliferative disorders, 222 patients (11%), and other T-cell lymphomas, 116 patients (5.8%). Nearly 75% of the tumors were registered in stage I. After treatment, 43.5% achieved complete remission and 27% were stable at the time of writing. Treatments prescribed were topical corticosteroids (1369 [67.8%]), phototherapy (890 patients [44.1%]), surgery (412 patients [20.4%]), and radiotherapy (384 patients [19%]). Conclusion: The characteristics of cutaneous lymphomas in Spain are similar to those reported for other series. The large size of the RELCP registry at 5 years has allowed us to give more precise descriptive statistics than in the first year. This registry facilitates the clinical research of the AEDV's lymphoma interest group, which has already published articles based on the RELCP data.

Background and objective: Primary cutaneous lymphomas (PCL) are uncommon. Observations based on the first year of data from the Spanish Registry of Primary Cutaneous Lymphomas (RELCP, in its Spanish abbreviation) of the Spanish Academy of Dermatology and Venereology (AEDV) were published in February 2018. This report covers RELCP data for the first 5 years. Patients and methods: RELCP data were collected prospectively and included diagnosis, treatments, tests, and the current status of patients. We compiled descriptive statistics of the data registered during the first 5 years. Results: Information on 2020 patients treated at 33 Spanish hospitals had been included in the RELCP by December 2021. Fifty-nine percent of the patients were men; the mean age was 62.2 years. The lymphomas were grouped into 4 large diagnostic categories: mycosis fungoides/Sézary syndrome, 1112 patients (55%); primary B-cell cutaneous lymphoma, 547 patients (27.1%); primary CD30+ lymphoproliferative disorders, 222 patients (11%), and other T-cell lymphomas, 116 patients (5.8%). Nearly 75% of the tumors were registered in stage I. After treatment, 43.5% achieved complete remission and 27% were stable at the time of writing. Treatments prescribed were topical corticosteroids (1369 [67.8%]), phototherapy (890 patients [44.1%]), surgery (412 patients [20.4%]), and radiotherapy (384 patients [19%]). Conclusion: The characteristics of cutaneous lymphomas in Spain are similar to those reported for other series. The large size of the RELCP registry at 5 years has allowed us to give more precise descriptive statistics than in the first year. This registry facilitates the clinical research of the AEDV's lymphoma interest group, which has already published articles based on the RELCP data. Resumen: Antecedentes y objetivos: Los linfomas cutáneos primarios (LCP) son un conjunto de entidades poco frecuentes. En febrero del 2018 se describieron los resultados del primer año de funcionamiento del Registro de linfomas cutáneos primarios de la AEDV. En el presente trabajo actualizamos los resultados tras 5 años de funcionamiento. Pacientes y métodos: Registro de enfermedad de pacientes con LCP. Se recogieron datos prospectivamente de los pacientes, incluyendo diagnóstico, tratamientos, pruebas realizadas y estado actual del paciente. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo. Resultados: En diciembre del 2021 se había incluido a un total de 2.020 pacientes en el Registro, pertenecientes a 33 hospitales españoles. El 59% fueron hombres, y la edad media fue de 62,2 años. Se agruparon en 4 grandes grupos diagnósticos: micosis fungoide/síndrome de Sézary (1.112 [55%]), LCP de células B (547 [27,1%]), trastornos linfoproliferativos de células T CD30+ (222 [11%]) y otros linfomas T (116 [5,8%]). La mayoría presentó estadio T1, encontrándose actualmente casi el 75% en remisión completa (43,5%) o enfermedad estable (EE: 27%). Los tratamientos más usados fueron corticoides tópicos (1.369 [67,8%]), fototerapia (890 [44,1%]), cirugía (412 [20,4%]) y radioterapia (384 [19%]). Conclusión: Las características del paciente con LCP en España no difieren de otras series. El mayor tamaño del registro permite precisar mejor los datos con respecto a los resultados del primer año. Este registro facilita al grupo de linfomas de la AEDV realizar investigación clínica, surgiendo ya trabajos publicados de dicho registro.

Magnetoencephalography (MEG) is a non-invasive method of measuring neural activity but the hippocampus and amygdala are difficult to measure with MEG because of their deep localization. Here, the authors show with simultaneous MEG and invasive recordings that hippocampus and amygdala activity can be retrieved from the surface.

Technological and mathematical advances have provided opportunities to investigate new approaches for the holistic quantification of complex biological systems. One objective of these approaches, including the multi-inverse deterministic approach proposed in this paper, is to deepen the understanding of biological systems through the structural development of a useful, best-fitted inverse mechanistic model. The objective of the present work was to evaluate the capacity of a deterministic approach, that is, the multi-inverse approach (MIA), to yield meaningful quantitative nutritional information. To this end, a case study addressing the effect of diet composition on sheep weight was performed using data from a previous experiment on saccharina (a sugarcane byproduct), and an inverse deterministic model (named Paracoa) was developed. The MIA successfully revealed an increase in the final weight of sheep with an increase in the percentage of corn in the diet. Although the soluble fraction also increased with increasing corn percentage, the effective nonsoluble degradation increased fourfold, indicating that the increased weight gain resulted from the nonsoluble substrate. A profile likelihood analysis showed that the potential best-fitted model had identifiable parameters, and that the parameter relationships were affected by the type of data, number of parameters and model structure. It is necessary to apply the MIA to larger and/or more complex datasets to obtain a clearer understanding of its potential.

The use of body condition score (BCS), as a tool for monitoring the energy balance and body reserves of sheep, involves establishing the relationship between BCSC and body weight (BW). The objective of the study was to evaluate a prediction equation for BW of non-pregnant and non-lactating Pelibuey ewes, which was developed using a data set composed by 303 2-3-year-old, non-pregnant and non-lactating Pelibuey ewes with a mean BW of 44.71± 9.98 kg and BCS (BW= 22.47 + 6.90 * BCS). The evaluation of the equation was assessed with the Model Evaluation Systems using an independent data set of BW (37.38±7.71 kg), and BCS (2.2±1.10 units) obtained from 52 non-pregnant and non-lactating Pelibuey ewes. The linear regression analysis between BW values observed and predicted showed that the intercept did not differ from zero (0.311, P = 0.91) and the slope did not differ from one (0.984, P = 0.83). The model proved accurate, the point (0, 1) is within the ellipse; the point F was not significant (P = 0.3477). The equation presented a mean precision (R2 = 0.7924) and a good accuracy (bias correction factor, Cb = 0.99). The modeling efficiency (MEF = 0.7911) indicated a relatively high value of concordance between the observed and predicted values. The concordance correlation coefficient between both values was 0.89. The RMSEP (root mean square error prediction) accounted for 9.27% from BW observed. The predictive model presented a good precision and accuracy to estimate BW of non-pregnant and non-lactating Pelibuey ewes with PV ranges from 26.3 to 75.0 kg reared under production systems of the humid tropic. In addition, the model suggests that 6.90 ±0.32 kg of BW is required to increase BCS in one unit in this type of Pelibuey ewes.

Tanto en España como en Europa existen demasiadas plantas exóticas invasoras para poder afrontar la gestión de todas ellas, por lo que es necesario priorizar las más nocivas. Sin embargo, ello requiere disponer de medidas cuantitativas, sistemáticas y comparables de su impacto. La información disponible es desigual en cuanto a los criterios y variables para medir impactos y por tanto difícil de integrar. Proponemos el siguiente método para integrar medidas de impactos procedentes de distintos estudios: 1) Búsqueda de casos de estudio, 2) cálculo de tamaños del efecto; 3) clasificación de los casos por nivel de organización, 4) integración de los tamaños del efecto para cada especie y nivel de impacto con técnicas de meta-análisis, y 5) estima de un índice de fiabilidad (basado en el número de casos) y otro de consistencia (basado en la heterogeneidad entre casos). Aplicamos este método para estimar los impactos en España de tres árboles invasores (Ailanthus altissima, Robinia pseudoacacia y Ulmus pumila). Encontramos 50 casos para A. altissima, 39 para R. pseudoacacia y 15 para U. pumila. Los impactos en el nivel de ecosistema (fertilidad) fueron los más estudiados, mientras que los de comunidad e individuo están menos documentados. Robinia pseudoacacia tiende a incrementar la fertilidad, mientras que A. altissima no altera esta propiedad. La metodología propuesta tiene la ventaja de permitir estimar el impacto con datos de estudios diversos, pero su aplicación está limitada por la disponibilidad de casos de estudio.

Nitrous oxide emissions from a network of agricultural experiments in Europe were used to explore the relative importance of site and management controls of emissions. At each site, a selection of management interventions were compared within replicated experimental designs in plot-based experiments. Arable experiments were conducted at Beano in Italy, El Encin in Spain, Foulum in Denmark, Logården in Sweden, Maulde in Belgium, Paulinenaue in Germany, and Tulloch in the UK. Grassland experiments were conducted at Crichton, Nafferton and Peaknaze in the UK, Gödöllö in Hungary, Rzecin in Poland, Zarnekow in Germany and Theix in France. Nitrous oxide emissions were measured at each site over a period of at least two years using static chambers. Emissions varied widely between sites and as a result of manipulation treatments. Average site emissions (throughout the study period) varied between 0.04 and 21.21 kg N2O-N ha−1 yr−1, with the largest fluxes and variability associated with the grassland sites. Total nitrogen addition was found to be the single most important determinant of emissions, accounting for 15% of the variance (using linear regression) in the data from the arable sites (p < 0.0001), and 77% in the grassland sites. The annual emissions from arable sites were significantly greater than those that would be predicted by IPCC default emission factors. Variability of N2O emissions within sites that occurred as a result of manipulation treatments was greater than that resulting from site-to-site and year-to-year variation, highlighting the importance of management interventions in contributing to greenhouse gas mitigation.

This study describes an enhanced method for the measurements of odour impact as per VDI3940 (VDI, 2006), part 1. The methodology incorporates the use of the SM100i in-field olfactometer within the panel of assessors to determine the odour concentration in the assessed site. The results from this enhanced method will allow not only to understand the total odour load determined as per VDI3940 (VDI, 2006), but will also allow us to determine the odour concentration in terms of Odour Units obtained through a reliable in-field olfactometry protocol.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of a commercial yeast culture (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) on weight gain and development of buffalo calves from water buffalo herd in north of Colombia. The buffalo calves (age: 71,12 +/- 22 days old) were randomly assigned to one of two treatments, during 45 days. One group (n=13) received 50 gr/day of commercial product of yeast and the other group (n = 13) don’t received yeast. The buffalo calves grazed in same pastures under same milking system. All animals were weighed and measured weekly. During the test the animals gain 11,38 +/- 5,2 Kgr y 13.92 +/- 5,0 Kgr by treated and non treated calves, respectively. The increase of the corporal measures during the test was (cm): Toraxic Circumference 7,0 +/- 5,58 Vs 9,23 +/- 4,02, Height 5,77 +/- 6,81 Vs 5,92 +/- 4,5 and Length 2,92 +/- 8,17 Vrs 0,54 +/- 4,86 by treated and no treated calves, respectively. No statistic difference was found between groups. In conclusion, the feeding with yeast culture didn’t increase significantly the weight gain and development in water buffalo calves.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of supplementation of the diet with a commercial yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) on yield and milk composition in water buffalo dairy herd located in northeast of Colombia. Multiparous water buffalo cows (n = 24) in second third of lactation were assigned into two treatments: 1) experimental group (n=12) fed with 100 g/day of commercial yeast cultures (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and 2) Control group (n=12) without yeast, during two months. All buffalo cows grazed in same pastures during rain season (September-November; 2006). Milk production was measured twice weekly and milk composition was measured at half and at the end of trial. The addition of yeast doesn’t increase significantly the yield and milk composition in water buffalo cows but it find a difference of 0,57 Kgr milk/animal/day between groups.

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), being the most severe cerebrovascular disease, accounts for 10-15% of all strokes. Hematoma expansion is one of the most important factors associated with poor outcome in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Several studies have suggested that an "ischemic penumbra" might arise when the hematoma has a large expansion, but clinical studies are inconclusive. We performed a preclinical study to demonstrate the presence of hypoxic-ischemic tissue around the hematoma by means of longitudinal [ 18 F]-fluoromisonidazole ([ 18 F]-FMISO) PET/MRI studies over time in an experimental ICH model. Our results showed that all [ 18 F]-FMISO PET/MRI images exhibited hypoxic-ischemic tissue around the hematoma area. A significant increase of [ 18 F]-FMISO uptake was found at 18-24 h post-ICH when the maximum of hematoma volume is achieved and this increase disappeared before 42 h. These results demonstrate the presence of hypoxic tissue around the hematoma and open the possibility of new therapies aimed to reduce ischemic damage associated with ICH.

Purpose: This work is aimed at describing the utility of positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) as a noninvasive tool for pharmacokinetic studies of biopermanence of topical ocular formulations., Methods: The corneal biopermanence of a topical ophthalmic formulation containing gellan gum and kappa carragenan (0.82% wt/vol) labeled with 18Fluorine (18F) radiotracers (18F-FDG and 18F-NaF) was evaluated by using a dedicated small-animal PET/CT, and compared with the biopermanence of an aqueous solution labeled with the same compounds. Regions of interest (ROIs) were manually drawn on the reconstructed PET images for quantifying the radioactivity concentration in the eye. The biopermanence of the formulations was determined by measuring the radioactivity concentration at different times after topical application. Additionally, cellular and ex vivo safety assays were performed to assess the safety of the performed procedures., Results: Differences were observed in the ocular pharmacokinetics of the two formulations. After 1.5 hours of contact, 90% of the hydrogel remained in the ocular surface, while only 69% of the control solution remained. Furthermore, it was observed that flickering had a very important role in the approach of the trial. The application of 18F-FDG in the eye was neither irritating nor cytotoxic for human corneal epithelial cells., Conclusions: The use of small-animal PET and 18F radiotracers in ocular pharmacokinetics of ophthalmic formulations is feasible and could be a safe method for future ocular pharmacokinetic studies in humans.

Objective: To establish an automated procedure for the preparation of sodium fluoride (18)F injection using the resources available in our laboratory for the preparation of (18)FDG and to analyze the repercussion of the conditioning column of the fluoride ion entrapment on the characteristics of the final product., Material and Method: The sequence of an (18)FDG synthesis module prepared so that it traps the fluoride ion from the cyclotron in ion-exchange resin diluted with 0.9% sodium chloride. The final solution was dosified and sterilized in a final vial in an automatized dispensing module. Three different column conditioning protocols within the process were tested. Quality controls were run according to USP 32 and EurPh 6, adding control of ethanol levels of residual solvent and quality controls of the solution at 8 h post-preparation., Results: Activation of the resin cartridges with ethanol and water was the chosen procedure, with fluoride ion trapping > 95% and pH around 7. Ethanol levels were < 5.000 ppm. Quality controls at 8 h indicated that the solution was in compliance with the USP 32 and EurPh 6 specifications., Conclusion: This is an easy, low-cost, reliable automated method for sodium fluoride preparation in PET facilities with existing equipment for (18)FDG synthesis and quality control., (Copyright © 2010 Elsevier España, S.L. y SEMNIM. All rights reserved.)