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Background and Aims: To evaluate symptom presentation and underlying pathophysiology of colonic/anorectal dysfunction in females with functional constipation (FC) and hypermobile Ehlers–Danlos syndrome (hEDS)/hypermobility spectrum disorder (HSD). Methods: Case–control study of 67 consecutive female patients with an established diagnosis of hEDS/HSD referred to a specialist centre for investigation of FC (Rome III criteria), age-matched (1:2 ratio) to 134 female controls with FC scoring 0 on the validated 5-point joint hypermobility questionnaire. Symptoms and results of colonic/anorectal physiology testing were compared. An independent series of 72 consecutive females with hEDS/HSD, referred to a separate hospital for investigation of FC, was used to validate physiological findings. Results: Females with hEDS/HSD were more likely to report constipation for ≥ 5 years (76.1% vs. 61.2%, p = 0.035), and a greater proportion had a high Cleveland Clinic constipation score (≥12: 97.0% vs. 87.3%; p = 0.027). The proportions with delayed whole-gut transit were similar between groups (35.3% vs. 41.7%; p = 0.462), as were the proportions with functional or structural abnormalities on defaecography (functional: 47.8% vs. 36.6%; p = 0.127; structural: 65.7% vs. 66.4%; p = 0.916). However, rectal hyposensitivity was more common in those with hEDS/HSD (43.3% vs. 20.1%; p = 0.0006); this was confirmed in the validation cohort (rectal hyposensitivity: 45.8%). Conclusions: Rectal hyposensitivity is a common pathophysiological factor in females with FC and hEDS/HSD as confirmed in two separate cohorts. The rectal hyposensitivity may be due to altered rectal biomechanics/neuronal pathway dysfunction. Management may be better focused on enhancement of sensory perception (e.g., sensory biofeedback).

Barium defecography can assess structural and functional abnormalities in patients with chronic constipation.The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of individual and overlapping defecographic findings in this setting.This was a cross-sectional study.The study was conducted at a university hospital tertiary GI physiology department.Consecutive examinations of 827 consecutive patients presenting over a 30-month period with well-defined symptom severity (≥12 points on the Cleveland Clinic Constipation score) were included. Systematic evaluation of images with results stratified by sex is described.Six individual functional or anatomic (intussusception, rectocele, enterocele, megarectum, excessive dynamic perineal descent) defecographic observations were defined a priori, thus permitting 26 possible combinations of findings (ie, 63 abnormal types + 1 normal).Patients with constipation (mean symptom score = 19) were predominantly female (88%), with median age of 49 years (range, 17-98 y) . All 6 individual radiologic findings were identified with a total of 43 combinations found in the cohort; the 14 most prevalent of these accounted for85% of patients. Only 136 patients (16.4%) had a normal defecography (34.3% males vs 13.9% females; p0.0001). Overall, 612 patients (74.0%) had structural (n = 508 (61.4%)) or functional (n=104 (12.6%)) abnormalities in isolation, with 79 (9.6%) others exhibiting combinations of both. Functional abnormalities in isolation were more common in males compared with females (22.5% vs11.2%; p = 0.025) as opposed to structural abnormalities (57.8% vs 85.7%; p0.0001). Expulsion time was longer in females compared with males (110 s (60-120 s) vs 90 s (60-120 s); p = 0.049).The study was limited by its lack of multiorgan opacification.These results provide a contemporary atlas of defecographic findings in constipation. Several individual structural and functional features have been systematically classified, with overlap greater than previously acknowledged and profound differences among sexes that carry implications for tailoring management. See Video Abstract at http://links.lww.com/DCR/B552.ANTECEDENTES:La defecografía con bario puede evaluar anomalías estructurales y funcionales en pacientes con estreñimiento crónico.OBJETIVO:Determinar la prevalencia de hallazgos defecográficos individuales y superpuestos en este entorno.DISEÑO:Transversal.ENTORNO CLINICO:Hospital Universitario de tercer nivel, departamento de fisiología gastrointestinal.PACIENTES:Exploraciones consecutivas de 827 pacientes consecutivos que se presentaron durante un período de 30 meses con una gravedad de los síntomas bien definida (≥12 puntos en la escala de estreñimiento de la Cleveland Clinic): evaluación sistemática de imágenes con resultados estratificados por sexo.PRINCIPALES MEDIDAS DE VALORACION:Se definieron a priori seis observaciones defecográficas individuales, funcionales o anatómicas (intususcepción, rectocele, enterocele, megarecto, descenso perineal dinámico excesivo), lo que permitió 26 combinaciones posibles de hallazgos (es decir, 63 tipos anormales + 1 normal).RESULTADOS:Los pacientes con estreñimiento (puntuación media de síntomas, 19) eran predominantemente mujeres (88%) con una edad mediana de 49 (17-98) años. Se identificaron 6 hallazgos radiológicos individuales con un total de 43 combinaciones encontradas en la cohorte; los 14 más predominantes de éstos representaron85% de los pacientes.Solo 136 (16,4%) pacientes tuvieron una defecografía normal (34,3% hombres vs. 13,9% mujeres; P0,0001). En general, 612 (74,0%) pacientes tenían anomalías estructurales (n = 508 [61,4%]) o funcionales (n = 104 [12,6%]) de forma aislada, y otros 79 (9,6%) presentaban combinaciones de ambas. Las anomalías funcionales aisladas fueron más comunes en los hombres en comparación con las mujeres (22,5% vs. 11,2%, P = 0,025) en comparación con las anomalías estructurales (57,8 vs. 85,7%, P0,0001). El tiempo de expulsión fue mayor en las mujeres en comparación con los hombres (110 [60-120] vs. 90 [60-120] segundos; P = 0,049).LIMITACIONES:Falta de opacificación multiorgánica.CONCLUSIONES:Estos resultados proporcionan un atlas contemporáneo de hallazgos defecográficos en estreñimiento. Varias características individuales, estructurales y funcionales; se han clasificado sistemáticamente, con una superposición mayor que la reconocida anteriormente y con grandes diferencias entre los sexos que tienen implicaciones para adaptar su tratamiento. Consulte Video Resumen en http://links.lww.com/DCR/B552.

The mechanisms behind disrupted gastrointestinal (GI) motor function in patients with chronic pancreatitis (CP) have not been fully elucidated. We compared regional transit times in patients with CP to those in healthy controls, and investigated whether they were associated with diabetes mellitus, exocrine dysfunction, opioid treatment or quality of life. Twenty-eight patients with CP and 28 age- and gender-matched healthy controls were included. Regional GI transit times were determined using the 3D-Transit system, which consists of an ingestible electromagnetic capsule and a detector worn in an abdominal belt for 5 days. Exocrine function was assessed using the fecal elastase-1 test, and quality of life was assessed using the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer questionnaire. Transit times were analyzed for associations with diabetes mellitus, exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI), opioid treatment and quality of life. Compared with healthy controls, patients with CP had prolonged transit times in the small intestine (6.6 ± 1.8 vs 4.8 ± 2.2 hours, P = .006), colon (40 ± 23 vs 28 ± 26 hours, P = .02), and total GI tract (52 ± 26 vs 36 ± 26 hours, P = .02). There was no difference in gastric emptying time (4.8 ± 5.2 vs 3.1 ± 1.3 hours, P = .9). No associations between transit times and diabetes, EPI, or opioid consumption were found (all P > .05). Quality of life and associated functional and symptom subscales were not associated with transit times, except for diarrhea (P = .03). Patients with CP have prolonged small intestinal and colonic transit times. However, these alterations do not seem to be mediated by diabetes, EPI, or opioid consumption.

The act of defaecation, although a ubiquitous human experience, requires the coordinated actions of the anorectum and colon, pelvic floor musculature, and the enteric, peripheral and central nervous systems. Defaecation is best appreciated through the description of four phases, which are, temporally and physiologically, reasonably discrete. However, given the complexity of this process, it is unsurprising that disorders of defaecation are both common and problematic; almost everyone will experience constipation at some time in their life and many will develop faecal incontinence. A detailed understanding of the normal physiology of defaecation and continence is critical to inform management of disorders of defaecation. During the past decade, there have been major advances in the investigative tools used to assess colonic and anorectal function. This Review details the current understanding of defaecation and continence. This includes an overview of the relevant anatomy and physiology, a description of the four phases of defaecation, and factors influencing defaecation (demographics, stool frequency/consistency, psychobehavioural factors, posture, circadian rhythm, dietary intake and medications). A summary of the known pathophysiology of defaecation disorders including constipation, faecal incontinence and irritable bowel syndrome is also included, as well as considerations for further research in this field.

BACKGROUND: Almonds contain lipid, fiber and polyphenols and possess physicochemical properties that impact nutrient bioaccessibility, which are hypothesized to impact gut physiology and microbiota. OBJECTIVES: Investigate the impact of whole almonds and ground almonds (almond flour) on fecal bifidobacteria (primary outcome), gut microbiota composition and transit time. DESIGN: Healthy adults (n = 87) participated in a parallel, 3-arm randomized controlled trial. Participants received whole almonds (56 g/d), ground almonds (56 g/d) or an isocaloric control muffin in place of habitual snacks for 4 weeks. Gut microbiota composition and diversity (16S rRNA gene sequencing), short-chain fatty acids (gas-chromatography), volatile organic compounds (gas-chromatography mass-spectrometry), gut transit time (wireless motility capsule), stool output and gut symptoms (7-day diary) were measured at baseline and endpoint. The impact of almond form on particle size distribution (PSD) and predicted lipid release was measured in a subgroup (n = 31). RESULTS: Modified intention-to-treat analysis was performed on 79 participants. There were no significant differences in abundance of fecal bifidobacteria following consumption of whole almonds (8.7%, SD 7.7%), ground almonds (7.8%, SD 6.9%) or control (13.0%, SD 10.2%; q = 0.613). Consumption of almonds (whole and ground pooled) resulted in higher butyrate (24.1 μmol/g, SD 15.0 μmol/g) in comparison to control (18.2 μmol/g, SD 9.1 μmol/g; p = 0.046). There was no effect of almonds on gut microbiota at the phylum level or diversity, gut transit time, stool consistency or gut symptoms. Almond form (whole versus ground) had no effect on study outcomes. Ground almonds resulted in significantly smaller PSD and higher predicted lipid release (10.4%, SD 1.8%) in comparison to whole almonds (9.3%, SD 2.0%; p = 0.017). CONCLUSIONS: Almond consumption has limited impact on gut microbiota composition but increases butyrate concentrations in adults, suggesting positive alterations to microbiota functionality. Almonds can be incorporated into the diet to increase fiber consumption without triggering gut symptoms. Clinical trial registry: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier - NCT03581812.

Faecal incontinence, which is defined by the unintentional loss of solid or liquid stool, has a worldwide prevalence of ≤7% in community-dwelling adults and can markedly impair quality of life. Nonetheless, many patients might not volunteer the symptom owing to embarrassment. Bowel disturbances, particularly diarrhoea, anal sphincter trauma (obstetrical injury or previous surgery), rectal urgency and burden of chronic illness are the main risk factors for faecal incontinence; others include neurological disorders, inflammatory bowel disease and pelvic floor anatomical disturbances. Faecal incontinence is classified by its type (urge, passive or combined), aetiology (anorectal disturbance, bowel symptoms or both) and severity, which is derived from the frequency, volume, consistency and nature (urge or passive) of stool leakage. Guided by the clinical features, diagnostic tests and therapies are implemented stepwise. When simple measures (for example, bowel modifiers such as fibre supplements, laxatives and anti-diarrhoeal agents) fail, anorectal manometry and other tests (endoanal imaging, defecography, rectal compliance and sensation, and anal neurophysiological tests) are performed as necessary. Non-surgical options (diet and lifestyle modification, behavioural measures, including biofeedback therapy, pharmacotherapy for constipation or diarrhoea, and anal or vaginal barrier devices) are often effective, especially in patients with mild faecal incontinence. Thereafter, perianal bulking agents, sacral neuromodulation and other surgeries may be considered when necessary.

Anorectal manometry (ARM) is essential for identifying sphincteric dysfunction. The International Anorectal Physiology Working Group (IAPWG) protocol and London Classification provide a standardized format for performing and interpreting ARM. However, there is scant evidence to support timing and number of constituent maneuvers. To assess the impact of protocol modification on diagnostic accuracy in patients with fecal incontinence. Retrospective analysis of high-resolution ARM recordings from consecutive patients based on the current IAPWG protocol and modifications thereof: (1) baseline rest period (60 vs. 30 vs. 10 s); (2) number of abnormal short squeezes (SS) out of 3 (SS1/SS2/SS3) based on maximal incremental squeeze pressures over 5 s; (3) resting anal pressures (reflecting recovery) at 25–30 versus 15–20 s after SS1. One hundred patients (86 F, median age 55 [IQR: 39–65]; median St. Mark’s incontinence score 14 [10–17]) were studied. 26% and 8% had anal hypotonia and hypertonia, respectively. Compared with 60-s resting pressure, measurements had perfect correlation (κ = 1.0) over 30 s, and substantial correlation (κ = 0.85) over 10 s. After SS1, SS2, and SS3, 43%, 49%, and 46% had anal hypocontractility, respectively. Correlation was substantial between SS1 and SS2 (κ = 0.799) and almost perfect between SS2 and SS3 (κ = 0.9). Compared to resting pressure of 5 s before SS1, pressure recordings at 25–30 and 15–20 s after SS1 were significantly correlated. A 30-s resting anal pressure, analysis of 2 short-squeezes with a 20-s between-maneuver recovery optimizes study duration without compromising diagnostic accuracy. These findings indicate the IAPWG protocol has redundancy.

Aim: Conventional parameters (anal resting and squeeze pressures) measured with anorectal manometry (ARM) fail to identify anal sphincter dysfunction in many patients with low anterior resection syndrome (LARS). We aimed to assess whether there are differences in anal canal slow-wave pressure activity in LARS patients and healthy individuals. Method: High-resolution ARM (HR-ARM) traces of 21 consecutive male LARS patients referred to the Royal London Hospital, UK (n = 12) and Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark (n = 9) were compared with HR-ARM data from 37 healthy men. Results: Qualitatively (by visual inspection of HR-ARM recordings), the frequency of slow-wave pressure activity was strikingly different in 11/21 (52.4%) LARS patients from that observed in all the healthy individuals. Quantitative analysis showed that peaks of the mean spectrum in these 11 LARS patients occurred at approximately 6–7 cycles per minute (cpm), without activity at higher frequencies. An equivalent pattern was found in only 2/37 (5.4%) healthy individuals (P

INTRODUCTION Normal bowel function requires intact sensory pathways. Diminished rectal sensation (rectal hyposensitivity [RH]) is associated with constipation, although its clinical importance remains unclear. METHODS Consecutive patients (aged 18-80) attending a tertiary center (2004-2016) for investigation of refractory functional constipation (Rome IV core criteria defined, applied post hoc) were included. Patients completed a clinical symptom questionnaire and underwent anorectal physiologic investigations, including rectal sensory testing (balloon distension) to determine 3 well-established sensory thresholds. Multivariate regression analyses were performed to evaluate associations between RH, symptomology, and allied physiologic investigations. RESULTS Of 2,876 patients meeting inclusion criteria, 722 (25%) had RH based on ≥1 elevated sensory thresholds (0: n = 2,154 [74.9%]; 1: n = 327 [11.4%]; 2: n = 209 [7.3%]; and 3: n = 186 [6.5%]). A linear relationship existed between increasing number of elevated sensory thresholds and constipation severity (Cleveland Clinic constipation score: mean difference per threshold [95% confidence interval] 0.69 [0.48-0.90]; P < 0.001). Several symptoms were significantly (P < 0.05) associated with RH including: infrequent defecation (odds ratio 1.29 [1.17-1.42]), painful evacuation (1.15 [1.05-1.27]), prolonged toileting (1.14 [1.05-1.24]), and digitation or enema use (1.18 [1.08-1.30]). On defecography, a "functional" evacuation disorder was also associated with RH (1.37 [1.25-1.50], P < 0.001), as was megarectum (2.52 [2.08-3.05], P < 0.001). DISCUSSION RH occurs in 25% of patients with refractory functional constipation. Increased number of elevated sensory thresholds is associated with more severe constipation phenotype. These data, in the largest study to date, provide for the first time evidence to show that RH is a major pathophysiologic mechanism in constipation, with recognized clinical impact (http://links.lww.com/AJG/B765).(Equation is included in full-text article.).

Anorectal manometry (ARM) comprehensively assesses anorectal sensorimotor functions.This review examines the indications, techniques, interpretation, strengths, and weaknesses of high-resolution ARM (HR-ARM), 3-dimensional high-resolution anorectal manometry (3D-HR-ARM), and portable ARM, and other assessments (i.e., rectal sensation and rectal balloon expulsion test) that are performed alongside manometry. It is based on a literature search of articles related to ARM in adults. HR-ARM and 3D-HR-ARM are useful for diagnosing defecatory disorders (DD), to identify anorectal sensorimotor dysfunction and guide management in patients with fecal incontinence (FI), constipation, megacolon, and megarectum; and to screen for anorectal structural (e.g., rectal intussusception) abnormalities. The rectal balloon expulsion test is a useful, low-cost, radiation-free, outpatient assessment tool for impaired evacuation that is performed and interpreted in conjunction with ARM. The anorectal function tests should be interpreted with reference to age- and sex-matched normal values, clinical features, and results of other tests. A larger database of technique-specific normal values and newer paradigms of analyzing anorectal pressure profiles will increase the precision and diagnostic utility of HR-ARM for identifying abnormal mechanisms of defecation and continence.

Background: Tapentadol is a combined opioid agonist and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor with fewer gastrointestinal side effects at equianalgesic doses compared with classical strong opioids. Previous studies on tapentadol have included multi-morbid patients in whom confounders exclude detailed assessment of the mechanistic effects and strict comparison with other opioids or placebo. This study aimed at investigating the effects of tapentadol and oxycodone on gastrointestinal motility and gastrointestinal side effects. Methods: 21 healthy males participated in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Tapentadol (50 mg twice daily), oxycodone (10 mg twice daily), or placebo tablets were administered for 14 days. Segmental gastrointestinal transit times and colonic motility parameters were measured with electromagnetic capsules. Gastrointestinal side effects were assessed using questionnaires. Key Results: During dosing with tapentadol, gastrointestinal side effects and motility parameters were on placebo level. Compared with tapentadol, oxycodone increased whole gut transit time by 17.9 hours (p =.015) and rectosigmoid transit time by 6.5 hours (p =.005). Compared with tapentadol, oxycodone also reduced long, fast antegrade colonic movements (p =.001). In comparison with placebo, oxycodone prolonged whole gut transit time by 31.6 hours, (p

Background Chronic constipation affects 1–2% of adults and significantly affects quality of life. Beyond the use of laxatives and other basic measures, there is uncertainty about management, including the value of specialist investigations, equipment-intensive therapies using biofeedback, transanal irrigation and surgery. Objectives (1) To determine whether or not standardised specialist-led habit training plus pelvic floor retraining using computer-assisted direct visual biofeedback is more clinically effective than standardised specialist-led habit training alone, and whether or not outcomes of such specialist-led interventions are improved by stratification to habit training plus pelvic floor retraining using computer-assisted direct visual biofeedback or habit training alone based on prior knowledge of anorectal and colonic pathophysiology using standardised radiophysiological investigations; (2) to compare the impact of transanal irrigation initiated with low-volume and high-volume systems on patient disease-specific quality of life; and (3) to determine the clinical efficacy of laparoscopic ventral mesh rectopexy compared with controls at short-term follow-up. Design The Chronic Constipation Treatment Pathway (CapaCiTY) research programme was a programme of national recruitment with a standardised methodological framework (i.e. eligibility, baseline phenotyping and standardised outcomes) for three randomised trials: a parallel three-group trial, permitting two randomised comparisons (CapaCiTY trial 1), a parallel two-group trial (CapaCiTY trial 2) and a stepped-wedge (individual-level) three-group trial (CapaCiTY trial 3). Setting Specialist hospital centres across England, with a mix of urban and rural referral bases. Participants The main inclusion criteria were as follows: age 18–70 years, participant self-reported problematic constipation, symptom onset > 6 months before recruitment, symptoms meeting the American College of Gastroenterology’s constipation definition and constipation that failed treatment to a minimum basic standard. The main exclusion criteria were secondary constipation and previous experience of study interventions. Interventions CapaCiTY trial 1: group 1 – standardised specialist-led habit training alone (n = 68); group 2 – standardised specialist-led habit training plus pelvic floor retraining using computer-assisted direct visual biofeedback (n = 68); and group 3 – standardised radiophysiological investigations-guided treatment (n = 46) (allocation ratio 3 : 3 : 2, respectively). CapaCiTY trial 2: transanal irrigation initiated with low-volume (group 1, n = 30) or high-volume (group 2, n = 35) systems (allocation ratio 1 : 1). CapaCiTY trial 3: laparoscopic ventral mesh rectopexy performed immediately (n = 9) and after 12 weeks’ (n = 10) and after 24 weeks’ (n = 9) waiting time (allocation ratio 1 : 1 : 1, respectively). Main outcome measures The main outcome measures were standardised outcomes for all three trials. The primary clinical outcome was mean change in Patient Assessment of Constipation Quality of Life score at the 6-month, 3-month or 24-week follow-up. The secondary clinical outcomes were a range of validated disease-specific and psychological scoring instrument scores. For cost-effectiveness, quality-adjusted life-year estimates were determined from individual participant-level cost data and EuroQol-5 Dimensions, five-level version, data. Participant experience was investigated through interviews and qualitative analysis. Results A total of 275 participants were recruited. Baseline phenotyping demonstrated high levels of symptom burden and psychological morbidity. CapaCiTY trial 1: all interventions (standardised specialist-led habit training alone, standardised specialist-led habit training plus pelvic floor retraining using computer-assisted direct visual biofeedback and standardised radiophysiological investigations-guided habit training alone or habit training plus pelvic floor retraining using computer-assisted direct visual biofeedback) led to similar reductions in the Patient Assessment of Constipation Quality of Life score (approximately –0.8 points), with no statistically significant difference between habit training alone and habit training plus pelvic floor retraining using computer-assisted direct visual biofeedback (–0.03 points, 95% confidence interval –0.33 to 0.27 points; p = 0.8445) or between standardised radiophysiological investigations and no standardised radiophysiological investigations (0.22 points, 95% confidence interval –0.11 to 0.55 points; p = 0.1871). Secondary outcomes reflected similar levels of benefit for all interventions. There was no evidence of greater cost-effectiveness of habit training plus pelvic floor retraining using computer-assisted direct visual biofeedback or stratification by standardised radiophysiological investigations compared with habit training alone (with the probability that habit training alone is cost-effective at a willingness-to-pay threshold of £30,000 per quality-adjusted life-year gain; p = 0.83). Participants reported mixed experiences and similar satisfaction in all groups in the qualitative interviews. CapaCiTY trial 2: at 3 months, there was a modest reduction in the Patient Assessment of Constipation Quality of Life score, from a mean of 2.4 to 2.2 points (i.e. a reduction of 0.2 points), in the low-volume transanal irrigation group compared with a larger mean reduction of 0.6 points in the high-volume transanal irrigation group (difference –0.37 points, 95% confidence interval –0.89 to 0.15 points). The majority of participants preferred high-volume transanal irrigation, with substantial crossover to high-volume transanal irrigation during follow-up. Compared with low-volume transanal irrigation, high-volume transanal irrigation had similar costs (median difference –£8, 95% confidence interval –£240 to £221) and resulted in significantly higher quality of life (0.093 quality-adjusted life-years, 95% confidence interval 0.016 to 0.175 quality-adjusted life-years). CapaCiTY trial 3: laparoscopic ventral mesh rectopexy resulted in a substantial short-term mean reduction in the Patient Assessment of Constipation Quality of Life score (–1.09 points, 95% confidence interval –1.76 to –0.41 points) and beneficial changes in all other outcomes; however, significant increases in cost (£5012, 95% confidence interval £4446 to £5322) resulted in only modest increases in quality of life (0.043 quality-adjusted life-years, 95% confidence interval –0.005 to 0.093 quality-adjusted life-years), with an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of £115,512 per quality-adjusted life-year. Conclusions Excluding poor recruitment and underpowering of clinical effectiveness analyses, several themes emerge: (1) all interventions studied have beneficial effects on symptoms and disease-specific quality of life in the short term; (2) a simpler, cheaper approach to nurse-led behavioural interventions appears to be at least as clinically effective as and more cost-effective than more complex and invasive approaches (including prior investigation); (3) high-volume transanal irrigation is preferred by participants and has better clinical effectiveness than low-volume transanal irrigation systems; and (4) laparoscopic ventral mesh rectopexy in highly selected participants confers a very significant short-term reduction in symptoms, with low levels of harm but little effect on general quality of life. Limitations All three trials significantly under-recruited [CapaCiTY trial 1, n = 182 (target 394); CapaCiTY trial 2, n = 65 (target 300); and CapaCiTY trial 3, n = 28 (target 114)]. The numbers analysed were further limited by loss before primary outcome. Trial registration Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN11791740, ISRCTN11093872 and ISRCTN11747152. Funding This project was funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Programme Grants for Applied Research programme and will be published in full in Programme Grants for Applied Research; Vol. 9, No. 14. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information.

BACKGROUND Chronic constipation is a prevalent disorder that affects quality of life of patients and consumes resources in healthcare systems worldwide. In clinical practice, it is still considered a challenge as clinicians frequently are unsure as to which treatments to use and when. Over a decade ago, a Neurogastroenterology and Motility journal supplement devoted to the investigation and management of constipation was published (Neurogastroenterol Motil 2009;21(Suppl 2):1). In October 2018, the 3rd London Masterclass, entitled "Contemporary management of constipation" was held. The faculty members of this symposium were invited to write two reviews to present a collective synthesis of talks presented and discussions held during this meeting. The first review addresses epidemiology, diagnosis, clinical associations, pathophysiology, and investigation. PURPOSE The present is the second of these reviews, providing contemporary perspectives and clinical challenges regarding behavioral, conservative, medical, and surgical treatments for patients presenting with constipation. It includes a management algorithm to guide clinical practice.

The act of defaecation, although a ubiquitous human experience, requires the coordinated actions of the anorectum and colon, pelvic floor musculature, and the enteric, peripheral and central nervous systems. Defaecation is best appreciated through the description of four phases, which are, temporally and physiologically, reasonably discrete. However, given the complexity of this process, it is unsurprising that disorders of defaecation are both common and problematic; almost everyone will experience constipation at some time in their life and many will develop faecal incontinence. A detailed understanding of the normal physiology of defaecation and continence is critical to inform management of disorders of defaecation. During the past decade, there have been major advances in the investigative tools used to assess colonic and anorectal function. This Review details the current understanding of defaecation and continence. This includes an overview of the relevant anatomy and physiology, a description of the four phases of defaecation, and factors influencing defaecation (demographics, stool frequency/consistency, psychobehavioural factors, posture, circadian rhythm, dietary intake and medications). A summary of the known pathophysiology of defaecation disorders including constipation, faecal incontinence and irritable bowel syndrome is also included, as well as considerations for further research in this field.

BACKGROUND: Chronic constipation is a prevalent disorder that affects patients' quality of life and consumes resources in healthcare systems worldwide. In clinical practice, it is still considered a challenge as clinicians frequently are unsure as to which treatments to use and when. Over a decade ago, a Neurogastroenterology & Motility journal supplement devoted to the investigation and management of constipation was published (2009; 21 (Suppl.2)). This included seven articles, disseminating all themes covered during a preceding 2-day meeting held in London, entitled “Current perspectives in chronic constipation: a scientific and clinical symposium.” In October 2018, the 3rd London Masterclass, entitled “Contemporary management of constipation” was held, again over 2 days. All faculty members were invited to author two new review articles, which represent a collective synthesis of talks presented and discussions held during this meeting. PURPOSE: This article represents the first of these reviews, addressing epidemiology, diagnosis, clinical associations, pathophysiology, and investigation. Clearly, not all aspects of the condition can be covered in adequate detail; hence, there is a focus on particular “hot topics” and themes that are of contemporary interest. The second review addresses management of chronic constipation, covering behavioral, conservative, medical, and surgical therapies.

Faecal incontinence and evacuation disorders are common conditions that cause significant morbidity. Patient-reported symptoms are poor predictors of underlying pathophysiology, so anorectal function testing is a key component of the clinical evaluation when initial management strategies fail. A number of investigations are available to assess anorectal structure (endoanal ultrasound, defaecography) and function (anorectal manometry, rectal sensory test, balloon expulsion test, defaecography). This review article outlines the usefulness and relevance of these investigations for the investigation of patients with faecal incontinence and/or evacuatory difficulty.

BACKGROUND & AIM: Prunes (dried plums) are perceived to maintain healthy bowel function, however their effects on gastrointestinal (GI) function are poorly researched and potential mechanisms of action are not clear. We aimed to investigate the effect of prunes on stool output, whole gut transit time (WGTT), gut microbiota and short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) in healthy adults METHODS: We conducted a parallel group, randomised controlled trial with three treatment arms in 120 healthy adults with low fibre intakes and stool frequency of 3-6 stools/wk. Subjects were randomised to 80 g/d prunes (plus 300 ml/d water); 120 g/d prunes (plus 300 ml/d water) or control (300 ml/d water) for 4 weeks. Stool weight was the primary outcome and determined by 7-day stool collection. Secondary outcomes included stool frequency and consistency (stool diary), WGTT (radio-opaque markers), GI symptoms (diary), microbiota (quantitative PCR) and SCFA (gas liquid chromatography). Group assignment was concealed from the outcome assessors.RESULTS: There were significantly greater increases in stool weight in both the 80 g/d (mean + 22.2 g/d, 95% CI -1-45.3) and 120 g/d (+32.8 g/d, 95% CI 13.9-51.7) prune groups compared with control (-0.8 g/d, 95% CI -17.2 to 15.6, P = 0.026). Stool frequency was significantly greater following 80 g/d (mean 6.8 bowel movements/wk, SD 3.8) and 120 g/d (5.6, SD 1.9) prune consumption compared with control (5.4, SD 2.1) (P = 0.023), but WGTT was unchanged. The incidence of flatulence was significantly higher after prune consumption. There were no significant differences in any of the bacteria measured, except for a greater increase in Bifidobacteria across the groups (P = 0.046). Prunes had no effect on SCFA or stool pH.CONCLUSIONS: In healthy individuals with infrequent stool habits and low fibre intake, prunes significantly increased stool weight and frequency and were well tolerated. Prunes may have health benefits in populations with low stool weight.CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRY NUMBER AND WEBSITE: ISRCTN42793297 http://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN42793297.

The pathophysiology of fecal incontinence (FI) is often considered to primarily depend on disturbed mechanisms of faecal containment. Barrier mechanisms such as the anal sphincters and puborectalis muscle provide an easily comprehensible model for Fl that satisfies some clinical observations in relation to risk, e.g., obstetric trauma, iatrogenic injury during anal surgery and diagnostic findings, e.g., anal contractile pressures and integrity on ultrasound evaluation. However, this barrier-centric containment model is insufficient to explain many lived observations of FI, including the origin of the symptom of urgency and continence development over the life course. It also fails to explain several other major risk factors such as rectal inflammation and irritable bowel syndrome, epidemiological (e.g., roughly equal prevalence in men) and treatment observations, i.e., the general failure of barrier augmentation vs. success of a treatment that does not overtly alter barrier closure [sacral neuromodulation (SNM)]. This review presents a revisionist view where reflex control of rectal contractility is considered central to FI pathogenesis and the anorectum is considered a single functional unit that cooperates with the colon and central nervous system (CNS) to maintain continence. This revised understanding implicates the barrier not only as a means of containment but also as a reflex controller of rectal function. Together, this serves as a much more adequate theory to explain human observations of the condition and a better starting point for the development of new treatments.

BackgroundConstipation is a prevalent gastrointestinal disorder. Patient dissatisfaction with prescribed medications is common, and there is need for alternative management strategies. Evidence shows that Bifidobacterium species may be beneficial in constipation.AimTo investigate changes in physiological and clinical measures of gut function in patients with chronic constipation following the consumption of Bifidobacterium lactis NCC2818, compared to placebo.MethodsParticipants were randomised to a 4‐week supplementation with B. lactis NCC2818 (1.5 x 1010 CFU/d) or placebo. Gut transit time was measured using a radio‐opaque marker, while symptoms and quality of life were assessed using validated questionnaires. Gut microbiota composition was assessed using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Analysis of covariance was used for normally distributed variables, and Mann‐Whitney test for non‐normally distributed variables.ResultsSeventy‐five participants were randomised. There was no significant difference between the probiotic and placebo groups in gut transit time change from baseline to week 2 (−11.7 hours, SD 33.0 hours vs −12.9 hours, SD 33.6 hours; P = 0.863) or to week 4 (−20.4 hours, SD 32.5 h vs −8.7 hours, SD 33.8 hours; P = 0.103). There were also no improvements in stool output, symptoms, or quality of life. No differences were found in Bifidobacterium concentrations between the probiotic and placebo groups at week 4 (9.5 log10/g dry faeces, SD 0.3 vs 9.4 log10/g, SD 1.0; P = 0.509).ConclusionsBifidobacterium lactis NCC2818 was not effective in the management of mild chronic constipation. This study highlights the importance of further studies and their publication to better understand the strain‐specific effects of probiotics.

Background Defecography is considered the reference standard for the assessment of pelvic floor anatomy and function in patients with a refractory evacuation disorder. However, the overlap of radiologically significant findings seen in patients with chronic constipation (CC) and healthy volunteers is poorly defined. Aim To systematically review rates of structural and functional abnormalities diagnosed by barium defecography and/or magnetic resonance imaging defecography (MRID) in patients with symptoms of CC and in healthy volunteers. Methods Electronic searches of major databases were performed without date restrictions. Results From a total of 1760 records identified, 175 full-text articles were assessed for eligibility. 63 studies were included providing data on outcomes of 7519 barium defecographies and 668 MRIDs in patients with CC, and 225 barium defecographies and 50 MRIDs in healthy volunteers. Pathological high-grade (Oxford III and IV) intussuscepta and large (>4 cm) rectoceles were diagnosed in 23.7% (95% CI: 16.8-31.4) and 15.9% (10.4-22.2) of patients, respectively. Enterocele and perineal descent were observed in 16.8% (12.7-21.4) and 44.4% (36.2-52.7) of patients, respectively. Barium defecography detected more intussuscepta than MRID (OR: 1.52 [1.12-2.14]; P = 0.009]). Normative data for both barium defecography and MRID structural and functional parameters were limited, particularly for MRID (only one eligible study). Conclusions Pathological structural abnormalities, as well as functional abnormalities, are common in patients with chronic constipation. Since structural abnormalities cannot be evaluated using nonimaging test modalities (balloon expulsion and anorectal manometry), defecography should be considered the first-line diagnostic test if resources allow.

Anorectal manometry (ARM) is essential for identifying sphincteric dysfunction. The International Anorectal Physiology Working Group (IAPWG) protocol and London Classification provide a standardized format for performing and interpreting ARM. However, there is scant evidence to support timing and number of constituent maneuvers.To assess the impact of protocol modification on diagnostic accuracy in patients with fecal incontinence.Retrospective analysis of high-resolution ARM recordings from consecutive patients based on the current IAPWG protocol and modifications thereof: (1) baseline rest period (60 vs. 30 vs. 10 s); (2) number of abnormal short squeezes (SS) out of 3 (SS1/SS2/SS3) based on maximal incremental squeeze pressures over 5 s; (3) resting anal pressures (reflecting recovery) at 25-30 versus 15-20 s after SS1.One hundred patients (86 F, median age 55 [IQR: 39-65]; median St. Mark's incontinence score 14 [10-17]) were studied. 26% and 8% had anal hypotonia and hypertonia, respectively. Compared with 60-s resting pressure, measurements had perfect correlation (κ = 1.0) over 30 s, and substantial correlation (κ = 0.85) over 10 s. After SS1, SS2, and SS3, 43%, 49%, and 46% had anal hypocontractility, respectively. Correlation was substantial between SS1 and SS2 (κ = 0.799) and almost perfect between SS2 and SS3 (κ = 0.9). Compared to resting pressure of 5 s before SS1, pressure recordings at 25-30 and 15-20 s after SS1 were significantly correlated.A 30-s resting anal pressure, analysis of 2 short-squeezes with a 20-s between-maneuver recovery optimizes study duration without compromising diagnostic accuracy. These findings indicate the IAPWG protocol has redundancy.

Background In contrast to paediatric and geriatric populations, faecal incontinence and constipation in adults are generally considered separate entities. This may be incorrect. Methods Cross-sectional study of consecutive patients (18–80 years) referred to a tertiary unit (2004–2016) for investigation of refractory faecal incontinence and/or constipation and meeting Rome IV core criteria (applied post-hoc) for self-reported symptoms. We sought to determine how frequently both diagnoses coexisted, how frequently coexistent diagnoses were recognised by the referring clinician and to evaluate differences in clinical characteristics between patients with single or both diagnoses. Findings Study sample consisted of 4,027 patients (3,370 females [83·7%]). According to Rome IV criteria, 807 (20·0%) patients self-reported faecal incontinence in isolation, 1,569 (39·0%) patients had functional constipation in isolation, and 1,651 (41·0%) met criteria for both diagnoses (coexistent symptoms). In contrast, only 331 (8·2%) patients were referred for coexistent symptoms. Of the 1,651 patients with self-reported coexistent symptoms, only 225 (13·6%) were recognised by the referrer i.e. 86·4% were missed. Coexistent symptoms were most often missed in patients referred for faecal incontinence in isolation. In this group of 1,640 patients, 765 (46·7%) had concomitant symptoms of functional constipation. Opioid usage, comorbidities, childhood bowel problems, mixed incontinence symptoms, prolapse symptoms and structural abnormalities on defaecography were associated with reclassification. Interpretation Over 40% of adults referred for anorectal physiological investigation had coexistent diagnoses of faecal incontinence and functional constipation, based on validated criteria. This overlap is overlooked by referrers, poorly documented in current literature, and may impact management.

Purpose of Review Objective measurement of anorectal sensorimotor function is a requisite component in the clinical evaluation of patients with intractable symptoms of anorectal dysfunction. Regrettably, the utility of the most established and widely employed investigations for such measurement (anorectal manometry (ARM), rectal sensory testing and the balloon expulsion test) has been limited by wide variations in clinical practice. Recent Findings This article summarizes the recently published International Anorectal Physiology Working Group (IAPWG) consensus and London Classification of anorectal disorders, together with relevant allied literature, to provide guidance on the indications for, equipment, protocol, measurement definitions and results interpretation for ARM, rectal sensory testing and the balloon expulsion test. Summary The London Classification is a standardized method and nomenclature for description of alterations in anorectal motor and sensory function using office-based investigations, adoption of which should bring much needed harmonization of practice.

BACKGROUND Diagnostic investigations for fecal incontinence (FI) assess the structure and sensorimotor function of the anorectum. Investigations include anorectal manometry, anorectal sensory testing, pudendal nerve terminal motor latencies (PNTML), and endoanal sonography. The severity of FI and results of investigations are often discordant and the rate of symptom resolution following treatment remains

BACKGROUND Anorectal manometry is the most commonly performed test of anorectal function. The cough-anorectal response is frequently assessed as part of a routine manometric investigation but has not previously been the subject of detailed analysis. This study systematically examined anorectal pressure responses to cough in health and evaluated the impact of parity and symptoms of fecal incontinence (FI) on measurements. METHODS High-resolution anorectal manometry (HR-ARM) traces from nulliparous (n = 25) and parous (n = 25) healthy volunteers (HV: aged 41, range 18-64), and 57 parous patients with FI (age 47, range 28-72) were retrospectively reviewed. Cough-anorectal pressure responses were analyzed between groups by qualitative and quantitative approaches. KEY RESULTS In health, traditional anal pressure measurements ("rest" and "squeeze") were similar between nulliparous and parous women. In contrast, incremental anal-rectal pressure difference during cough significantly differed: nulliparous 42 mm Hg (95% CI: 21-64) vs. parous 6 mm Hg (-14-25), P

BACKGROUND Opioid use has reached epidemic proportions. In contrast to the known effect of opioids on gut transit, the effect on rectal sensorimotor function has not been comprehensively investigated. METHODS Cross-sectional (hypothesis-generating) study of anorectal physiology studies in 2754 adult patients referred to a tertiary unit (2004-2016) for investigation of functional constipation (defined by "derived" Rome IV core criteria). Statistical associations between opioid usage, symptoms, and anorectal physiological variables were investigated. Opioids were sub-classified as prescriptions for mild-moderate or moderate-severe pain. KEY RESULTS A total of 2354 patients (85.5%) were classified as non-opioid users, 162 (5.9%) as opioid users for mild-moderate pain, and 238 (8.6%) for moderate-severe pain. Opioids for moderate-severe pain were associated with increased symptomatic severity (Cleveland Clinic constipation score 18.5 vs 15.1; mean difference 2.9 [95%-CI 2.3-3.6]; P

BACKGROUND: Opioid treatment often causes debilitating constipation. However, it is not well described how opioids affect colonic motility and whether opioid-induced constipation is due to either a decrease of powerful peristaltic contractions or "uncoordinated" peristalsis. The present study aims to investigate the effect of oxycodone on parameters of colonic motility and to determine whether motility is normalized by the opioid antagonist naloxegol.METHODS: In two randomized, double-blind crossover trials, oxycodone or placebo was administered to 25 healthy males (Trial A), while another 24 healthy males were administered oxycodone with naloxegol or placebo (Trial B). Colonic motility was assessed by tracking the progression of an electromagnetic capsule throughout the large intestine. Segmental colonic transit times and capsule movements were calculated using displacement distance and velocity.KEY RESULTS: In Trial A, colonic transit time increased during oxycodone treatment compared with placebo (39 vs 18 hours, P < .01). Displacement during long fast antegrade movements was shorter during oxycodone treatment than with placebo (10 vs 20 cm, P = .03). In Trial B, colonic transit time was faster during oxycodone + naloxegol than during oxycodone + placebo (40 vs 55 hours, P = .049), mainly caused by an increase of the percentwise fraction of distance covered by fast movements in the left colon (P = .001).CONCLUSION & INFERENCES: Oxycodone treatment impaired colonic motility, manifested as increased transit time, specifically decreased long fast antegrade movements, and addition of naloxegol improved motility dynamics. In humans, the increased transit time during opioid treatment is caused by a decrease in long fast movements rather than uncoordinated peristalsis.

BACKGROUND: The Motilis 3D-Transit system allows ambulatory description of transit patterns throughout the gastrointestinal tract and offers an alternative method for studying gastric motility. We aimed to establish normative values for gastric motility assessed with the method.METHOD: A total of 132 healthy volunteers ingested the 3D-Transit capsule for assessment of gastrointestinal transit times. Recordings from 125 subjects were used for definition of normative values. Forty-six subjects were studied on two consecutive days. Recordings were reanalyzed using newly developed software providing information on gastric emptying (GE) as well as contraction frequency and movement during gastric contractions.RESULTS: The median GE time was 2.7 hours (range 0.1-21.2). In 89% of subjects, the capsule passed the pylorus within a postingestion period of 6 hours. The median frequency of gastric contractions was 3.1 per minute (range 2.6-3.8). The frequency was higher in women (3.2, range 2.7-3.8) than in men (3.0, range 2.6-3.5) and increased with age (0.004 per year) (P < .05). The median amplitudes were 35° (range 4-85) when based on rotation of the capsule and 11 mm (range 6-31) when based on capsule change in position. The rotation amplitude was higher in women and decreased with increasing BMI (P < .05). The position amplitude was also higher in women and increased with the amount of calories in the test meal, but decreased with increasing BMI and age (P < .05). Day-to-day variation (P > .05) was considerable while inter-rater variability was small.CONCLUSION AND INFERENCES: We have established normative values for gastric motility assessed with the 3D-Transit system.

Symptoms related to abnormal gastrointestinal motility and function are common. Oropharyngeal and oesophageal dysphagia, heartburn, bloating, abdominal pain and alterations in bowel habits are among the most frequent reasons for seeking medical attention from internists or general practitioners and are also common reasons for referral to gastroenterologists and colorectal surgeons. However, the nonspecific nature of gastrointestinal symptoms, the absence of a definitive diagnosis on routine investigations (such as endoscopy, radiology or blood tests) and the lack of specific treatments make disease management challenging. Advances in technology have driven progress in the understanding of many of these conditions. This Review serves as an introduction to a series of Consensus Statements on the clinical measurements of gastrointestinal motility, function and sensitivity. A structured, evidence-based approach to the initial assessment and empirical treatment of patients presenting with gastrointestinal symptoms is discussed, followed by an outline of the contribution of modern physiological measurement on the management of patients in whom the cause of symptoms has not been identified with other tests. Discussions include the indications for and utility of high-resolution manometry, ambulatory pH-impedance monitoring, gastric emptying studies, breath tests and investigations of anorectal structure and function in day-to-day practice and clinical management.

Disturbances of gastric, intestinal and colonic motor and sensory functions affect a large proportion of the population worldwide, impair quality of life and cause considerable health-care costs. Assessment of gastrointestinal motility in these patients can serve to establish diagnosis and to guide therapy. Major advances in diagnostic techniques during the past 5-10 years have led to this update about indications for and selection and performance of currently available tests. As symptoms have poor concordance with gastrointestinal motor dysfunction, clinical motility testing is indicated in patients in whom there is no evidence of causative mucosal or structural diseases such as inflammatory or malignant disease. Transit tests using radiopaque markers, scintigraphy, breath tests and wireless motility capsules are noninvasive. Other tests of gastrointestinal contractility or sensation usually require intubation, typically represent second-line investigations limited to patients with severe symptoms and are performed at only specialized centres. This Consensus Statement details recommended tests as well as useful clinical alternatives for investigation of gastric, small bowel and colonic motility. The article provides recommendations on how to classify gastrointestinal motor disorders on the basis of test results and describes how test results guide treatment decisions.

Background: The 3D-Transit electromagnet tracking system (Motilis Medica, SA, Lausanne, Switzerland) is an emerging tool for the ambulatory assessment of gastrointestinal (GI) transit and motility. Using this tool, we aimed to derive normative values for region-specific colonic and GI transit times and to assess the influence of age, gender, and body mass index (BMI). Methods: Regional and total colonic transit times (CTT), gastric emptying (GET), small intestinal (SITT), and whole gut (WGTT) transit times were extracted from 111 healthy volunteers from the United Kingdom and Denmark (58 female; median age: 40 years [range: 21-88]). The effects of age, gender, and BMI were assessed using standard statistical methods. Key Results: The ascending, transverse, descending, and rectosigmoid colon transit times accounted for 32%, 34%, 17%, and 17% of total CTT in females, and 33%, 25%, 14%, and 28% of total CTT in males. CTT and WGTT were seen to cluster at intervals separated by approximately 24 hours, providing further evidence of the non-continuous nature of these measurements. Increasing age was associated with longer CTT (P =.021), WGTT (P

Background This manuscript summarizes consensus reached by the International Anorectal Physiology Working Group (IAPWG) for the performance, terminology used, and interpretation of anorectal function testing including anorectal manometry (focused on high‐resolution manometry), the rectal sensory test, and the balloon expulsion test. Based on these measurements, a classification system for disorders of anorectal function is proposed. Methods Twenty‐nine working group members (clinicians/academics in the field of gastroenterology, coloproctology, and gastrointestinal physiology) were invited to six face‐to‐face and three remote meetings to derive consensus between 2014 and 2018. Key recommendations The IAPWG protocol for the performance of anorectal function testing recommends a standardized sequence of maneuvers to test rectoanal reflexes, anal tone and contractility, rectoanal coordination, and rectal sensation. Major findings not seen in healthy controls defined by the classification are as follows: rectoanal areflexia, anal hypotension and hypocontractility, rectal hyposensitivity, and hypersensitivity. Minor and inconclusive findings that can be present in health and require additional information prior to diagnosis include anal hypertension and dyssynergia. Conclusions and Inferences This framework introduces the IAPWG protocol and the London classification for disorders of anorectal function based on objective physiological measurement. The use of a common language to describe results of diagnostic tests, standard operating procedures, and a consensus classification system is designed to bring much‐needed standardization to these techniques., This document summarizes consensus reached by the International Anorectal Physiology Working Group (IAPWG) for the performance of anorectal function testing and introduces a consensus classification for disorders of anorectal function based on objective, physiological measurement.

The aim of this narrative review is to assess and present evidence on the mechanisms of action of probiotics in constipation, their effectiveness and their utilisation by patients and healthcare professionals. Chronic constipation is a common bothersome disorder that has a considerable impact on patients' quality of life. Probiotics have been increasingly investigated for their effectiveness in various disorders, including chronic constipation. Probiotics may affect gut motility and constipation through their impact on the gut microbiota and fermentation, the central and enteric nervous system and the immune system. However, evidence for the effectiveness of probiotics in the management of constipation remains varied, with some strains demonstrating improvements, while others show no effect. Despite the uncertainty in evidence and the fact that the majority of healthcare professionals do not recommend probiotics for constipation, an increased prevalence of probiotic use by people with constipation has been shown. Therefore, there is a need for public health strategies to inform the public about where strong evidence of probiotic effectiveness exist, and where evidence is still weak. Education of healthcare professionals on the increased utilisation of probiotics for constipation by the public and on current evidence for the effectiveness of specific strains is also required.

Human defaecation involves integrated and coordinated sensorimotor functions, orchestrated by central, spinal, peripheral and enteric neural activities, acting on a morphologically intact gastrointestinal tract. From the mid-1960s through to the early 1980s, several tests were developed to study colonic and anorectal function. Patients with disorders of colonic motility typically present with symptoms of constipation or diarrhoea, and it has long been known that watery stools are equated with accelerated and hard stools with prolonged intestinal transit. As disorders of colonic motility often affect gut transit times, the availability of methods to quantify intraluminal movement are of significant diagnostic importance, and may help to guide appropriate therapies. In patients with chronic constipation, evaluation of gut transit, together with assessment of rectal evacuation and sensation, is recognised as the cornerstone of specialist investigation. A radio-opaque marker study is recommended for clinical evaluation of colonic transit time in subjects with constipation and irritable bowel syndrome.

Objective: Capsule-based methods for assessment of gastrointestinal (GI) motility have seen great improvements in recent decades. The most recent development is the electromagnetic Motilis 3D-Transit system (3D-Transit). The aim of this paper is to review and discuss the development and technical properties of magnetic tracking of GI motility.Approach: We performed a comprehensive literature review on magnetic tracking in GI research.Main results: The Motility Tracking System was the first capsule based magnetic system to be used in GI motility research. However, the potential of the system was hampered by its stationary and hospitalizing nature. This led to the development of the electromagnetic Motilis 3D-Transit system. The 3D-Transit system is a portable system that allows for assessment of both whole gut and regional transit times and contraction patterns in a fully ambulatory setting in the patients' home environment with only minor restrictions on movements. The spatiotemporal resolution of 3D-Transit allows assessment of segmental colonic transit times and permits an analysis of gastric and colonic movements with a degree of detail unrivalled by other ambulatory methods, such as the Wireless Motility Capsule. Recently, robust normative data on 3D-Transit have been published.Significance: This review provides a current perspective on the use of capsule-based magnetic tracking systems in GI research and how they represent a potentially valuable clinical resource for GI physicians and in GI research.Keywords: colonic contraction patterns; colonic transit time; gastrointestinal motility; gastrointestinal transit time; ingestible capsule; magnetic tracking.

Introduction Within the UK, there is anecdotal evidence of disparity in the training, practice, supervision and perception of efficacy among practitioners of biofeedback therapy for chronic constipation. Aims To establish the current knowledge, practice and opinions of UK practitioners. Methods Between October 2012 and October 2013, a prospective service evaluation was distributed to biofeedback practitioners in the UK through academic conferences or by invitation to complete an on-line assessment form. Results 76 practitioners responded, consisting of nurses (47%), physiotherapists (35%), physiologists (12%) and others (7%). Only 45% described ‘biofeedback’ consistent with an accepted definition. 86% use equipment to provide sensory feedback. Methods of biofeedback varied: balloon catheter (54%), brace pump technique (78%), urge resistance (83%), irrigation (16%) and relaxation (12%). Only 65% of practitioners had attended formal training courses, and 52% considered themselves to be self-taught. 36% receive formal supervision and only 38% of those by a senior. Regular audit of outcomes is undertaken by 67%. UK-wide perception of treatment response for chronic constipation is markedly variable (mean response=57% (IQR 50–75%, SD 23%)); there were no differences in perception of treatment response between nurses or physiotherapists. Practitioners’ free responses demonstrated strong positive themes of a holistic approach and an overall perception of effectiveness. Negative themes included service restrictions. Conclusions There is marked variation in practice, training and supervision of biofeedback therapists throughout the UK. Perceptions of efficacy vary greatly. Development of training and supervision standards is a priority as well as a consensus to standardise therapy.

Background Using high-resolution anorectal manometry, we aimed to evaluate the: (a) optimal threshold to measure functional anal canal length (FACL) with intra- and inter-observer variability; (b) relationship between abnormal FACL and other phenotypic findings; and (c) utility of FACL measurement to discriminate between healthy volunteers (HV) and patients with fecal incontinence (FI) or chronic constipation (CC). Methods Consecutive patients referred for investigation of FI or CC in isolation were included. FACL was calculated at 5, 10, 20, 30, and 50 mm Hg above rectal pressure. 5th-95th percentile in HV defined limits of normality. Key Results FACL was analyzed in 192 patients with FI (154 females), 204 patients with CC (175 females), and 134 HV (101 females). The optimal threshold for measurement of FACL was 20 mm Hg. Using this threshold, observer reproducibility was very high (ICC 0.99, P < 0.0001). FACL was shorter in females with FI and longer in females with CC compared to HV (2.3 vs 2.9 cm; and 3.4 cm vs 2.9 cm; both P < 0.0001). Twenty percent of females and 13% males with FI had a short FACL, associated with older age, anal hypotonia or hypocontractility, and a atrophic internal anal sphincter. However, abnormal FACL in isolation was only found in 1/190 FI (0.5%) and 2/201 CC (1%) patients; all other patients had other abnormal manometric findings. Conclusions and Inferences Considering overlap with other routinely evaluated manometric parameters, FACL measurement does not provide additional information in the diagnostic assessment of FI or CC.