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Seed priming with zinc increases the seed germination and seedling growth of many crops. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of seed priming with different levels and sources of zinc on seed germination and seedling growth of barnyard millet variety MDU1. A germination experiment was conducted with various Zn sources and concentrations viz., T1- Non-primed seeds (control); T2-water priming; T3-GA3 priming; T4-T6: seed priming with 0.10%, 0.25% & 0.50% ZnSO4 ; T7- T9: seed priming with 0.10%, 0.25% & 0.50% Zn EDTA; T10-T12: seed priming with 0.10%, 0.25% & 0.50% Zn citrate and the experimental design was a completely randomized design (CRD) which were replicated five times. The seeds of MDU1 variety were treated with different sources and levels of Zn for 12h and the seed germination study was carried out for 15 days. After 15 days, the germination percentage, speed of germination, germination energy, germination index and the seedling growth parameters such as, root length, shoot length, vigour index and seedling dry weight were recorded. Seed priming with 0.50% ZnSO4 performed better in increasing the germination percentage (99%), speed of germination (76.2%), germination energy (69.4%), germination index (3.91) and seedlings growth parameters like shoot length (14.7cm), root length (16.5cm), seedlings dry weight (0.44g), vigour index I (3099) and II (44.6), Zn content (21.9 mg kg-1) & its uptake (5.54 mg g-1). This was closely followed by seed priming of Zn EDTA at 0.25% and Zn citrate at 0.50%. From this study, it can be concluded that seed priming with 0.50% ZnSO4 could be used to improve the germination and seedling growth of barnyard millet which was also economical.

In the era of precision agriculture, the fertilizer prescription based on the soil fertility status is much required. Analyzing the soil after each crop is necessary for fertilizer recommendation and developing an alternative technique to forecast the soil available nutrient value rather than analyzing the soil. Multiple linear regression (MLR) equation was developed using filed experiment data to predict the soil available nutrient in castor cropping sequence. The post-harvest soil available nutrient was considered as the dependent variable and the initially available soil nutrient values, fertilizer added, yield and nutrient uptake of castor as an independent variable. In general, the post-harvest soil nutrient model's prediction accuracy was notable and had a coefficient of determination of less than 0.90. By calculating the RMSE (root means square error), R2 value, the ratio performance to deviation (RPD) and, RE (relative error) the performance of the MLR model was confirmed.Using the validated model, post-harvest soil available nutrients were predicted and compared with laboratory tested soil available nutreints. It turned out that the established model is more precisely effective and equally precise. Fertilizer recommendation could be made to subsequent crop after hybrid castor using the predicted soil available nutrients.

Aims: To evaluate the effect of various levels and methods of zinc fertilization in improving the growth and yield of barnyard millet at different growth stages. Study Design: Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications. Place and Duration of Study: A field experiment was conducted in the farmer’s field at Pasur village, Coimbatore district from January to April, 2022. Methodology: A field experiment was conducted with barnyard millet (Echinochloa frumentacea L.) var. MDU 1 by using different levels of ZnSO4 at 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 kg ha-1 as basal soil application and foliar spraying of 0.25, 0.50 & 0.75% twice along with soil test based NPK as control in Randomized Block Design with three replications. The growth and yield parameters such as plant height, SPAD index, root length, lateral root length, root volume, no. of tillers, panicle length, panicle weight, 1000 grain weight, grain and straw yield were recorded as per standard protocols. Results: Application of soil test based NPK + 20 kg ZnSO4 ha-1 performed better in increasing the plant height (157.0 cm), SPAD index (46.3), root length (21.1 cm), lateral root length (16.3 cm), root volume (3.80 cc) and yield attributes like number of tillers (5.06), panicle length (17.6 cm), panicle weight (29.2 g) and 1000 seed weight (3.89g) of barnyard millet. Higher grain (2606 kg ha-1) and straw yield (3411 kg ha-1) was also registered with the addition of soil test based NPK+20 kg ZnSO4 ha-1 which was 27.1% increase over NPK. Conclusion: Basal soil application of soil test based NPK + 20 kg ZnSO4 ha‑1 was found optimal and economical for improving the growth and yield of barnyard millet variety MDU 1.

In India, greengram (Vigna radiata L.) is a popular pulse crop. With the concern for achieving desired yield with ensured soil health, the Soil Test Crop Response (STCR) approach develops the fertilizer prescription equations (FPEs) for the desired yield in greengram by conducting a field experiment on red non-calcareous, sandy loam soil belonging to Palaviduthi soil series (Typic Rhodustalf) during rabi 2021-22. The experiment includes 11 treatments viz., Absolute control (T1), FYM @ 6.25 t ha-1 (T2), 12.5 t ha-1 (T3), STCR-based NPK fertilizer recommendations (STCR-NPK) for the targeted yield of 1.0 (T4),1.2 (T5),1.4 t ha-1 (T6), STCR-NPK+FYM @12.5 t ha-1 for the targeted yield of 1.0 (T7),1.2 (T8),1.4 t ha-1 (T9), Blanket (100% RDF) (T10) and Blanket (100% RDF) +FYM @12.5 t ha-1 (T11), in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications. The results revealed that a high targeted yield of 1.4 t ha-1 T9 (STCR-NPK+FYM @12.5 t ha-1) was more supercilious than others. Initial soil test values, grain yield, total nutrient uptake, applied fertilizer doses and farmyard manure were used for obtaining four important basic parameters such as nutrients required to produce one quintal grain (NR), contribution of nutrients from soil (%Cs), contribution of nutrients from fertilizer (%Cf), as well as contribution of nutrients from FYM (% Cfym). The nutrient requirement of greengram to produce one quintal of grain yield in terms of N, P2O5, and K2O were 4.77, 3.58 and 5.42 kg q-1, respectively. The per cent contribution of nutrients from soil, fertilizer and FYM were 14.00, 48.90 and 34.11 for nitrogen; 36.51,29.59 and 10.24 for phosphorus; and 7.00, 62.65 and 32.12 for potassium, respectively. By using these basic parameters, the fertilizer prescription equations were formulated for greengram in Palaviduthi soil series.

Using Ramamoorthy's inductive methodology for assessing the soil test based crop requirement by adopting an Integrated Plant Nutrition System to create Fertilizer Prescription Equations (FPEs) for blackgram with the prime objective of attaining the targeted yield by the farmers. A field experiment was conducted out on red non-calcareous sandy loam soil belonging to the Palaviduthi soil series (Typic Rhodustalf) during rabi 2021-22. The experiment comprised of eleven treatments viz., STCR - NPK alone and STCR - IPNS for yield targets 1.0,1.2,and 1.4 t ha-1, Blanket (25:50:25) @ 100% with and without FYM (12.5 t ha-1), FYM alone @ 6.25 and 12.5 t ha-1 and absolute control in randomized block design with three replications. From the experimental data, basic parameters viz., nutrient requirement (NR), per cent contribution from soil (Cs), per cent contribution from fertilizers (Cf), and per cent contribution from FYM (Cfym) were computed. The quantity of fertilizers contributed by the application of Farmyard manure was assessed. It has been found that the nutrient requirement for producing one quintal grain of blackgram was 4.77 kg of N, 4.50 kg of P2O5, and 5.05 kg of K2O. The per cent contribution from soil (Cs) was 15.61, 29.91, and 8.12 for N, P, and K respectively and the percent contribution from fertilizers (Cf) and FYM (Cfym) was 48.61 and 37.19 for N, 44.78, and 14.63 for P2O5 and 55.72 and 31.71 for K2O. FPEs for blackgram were generated using these basic parameters through a Soil Test Crop Response based Integrated Plant Nutrition System (STCR-IPNS). Fertilizer Prescription Equations (FPEs) created in this mode were used to create nomograms for a range of soil test values and yield targets. Thus the Inductive cum Targeted Yield Model used to develop fertilizer prescription equations provides a strong basis for soil nutrient maintenance consistent with high productivity and efficient nutrient management in farming for sustainable and enduring agriculture.

This study examined the effect of soil fertility and Integrated Plant Nutrition System (IPNS) on the yield of barnyard millet (var. MDU 1) on the field of Eastern Block Farm in Tamil Nadu Agricultural University. Coimbatore. based on the inductive technique (fertility gradient concept). Among the three fertiliser strips, the first phase of the experiment involved adding graded fertilisers and growing fodder sorghum as a gradient crop to develop soil fertility variations. During the second phase, the barnyard millet test crop experiment included four levels each of N, P2O5, and K2O fertilizers, plus three levels of farmyard manure (FYM). The results show that overall yield recorded in the highest initial fertility strip III. The highest yield of 2966 kg ha-1 was obtained with 60:30:40 kg ha-1 of N, P2O5, and K2O along with 12.5 t ha-1 of FYM in strip II with initial soil available NPK status 198, 31, and 521 kg ha-1, respectively. The lowest yield 1056 kg ha-1 was recorded in strip I under absolute control and the initial soil test values were 157, 13 and 470 kg ha-1 of KMnO4-N, Olsen-P and NH4OAc-K, respectively. Application of 12.5 t ha-1 of FYM alone increased yield of barnyard was 27.73 per cent over absolute control. Barnyard millet grain production and NPK uptake rose when initial soil fertility and fertiliser N, P2O5, K2O, and FYM levels increased.

The soil test value is based on the soil test-based fertilizer prescription/ recommendation equation. Each crop harvesting after the next crop is necessary to analyze the soil. Therefore, it is necessary to develop an alternative technique to predict postharvest soil tests after the harvest of every crop. For that a study was conducted in mixed black calcareous soils at Tamil Nadu agricultural University, Coimbatore to develop the post-harvest prediction equations for available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in barnyard millet cropping sequence based on a multiple regression model by considering post-harvest soil test value as the dependent variable and initial available nutrients, fertilizer doses and crop yield or crop nutrient uptake as an independent variables. The developed model was validated by computing R2 value, RMSE (root means square error), RE (relative error), and the ratio of performance to deviation (RPD) and the developed model was found to be valid. Using the validated model, post-harvest soil test values were predicted. A fertilizer recommendation was made for blackgram based on predicted post-harvest soil test values in the barnyard millet-blackgram cropping sequence. The predicted soil test values were compared with actual soil test values and it revealed that the developed model is fairly accurate and best-fitted with more precision. The predicted post-harvest soil test values of barnyard millet could be used in order to prescribe fertilizer for desired yield targets for subsequent crops.

Soil test crop response (STCR) correlation studies under Integrated Plant Nutrition System were conducted in the western agro-climatic zone of Tamil Nadu during 2020-2021 to devise the fertilizer prescription equations for tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) under drip fertigation on an alfisol. The equations were derived by following Ramamoorthy’s Inductive cum targeted yield model. The nutrient requirement of N, P2O5 and K2O for producing one quintal of tomato fruit was found to be 0.22, 0.11, 0.27 kg respectively. The per cent contribution of nutrients were 37.93, 46.73 and 29.53 of N, P2O5 and K2O from soil (Cs) and 47.84, 31.12 and 74.13 of N, P2O5 and K2O from fertilizers (Cf) respectively. Two organic sources were applied viz., FYM (Farm Yard Manure) and Biocompost and the per cent contribution of nutrients from FYM were 38.36, 13.22 and 52.17 of N, P2O5 and K2O and from biocompost were 43.34, 10.90 and 57.00 of N, P2O5 and K2O respectively. Fertilizer adjustment equations were formulated for STCR-NPK alone, STCR-IPNS (FYM) and STCR-IPNS (Biocompost) by applying the basic parameters such as NR, Cs, Cf, Cfym, Cbiocompost. A ready reckoner of fertilizer doses for a set of soil test values at yield targets 80 and 90 t ha-1 was computed. The findings also showed that the adoption of STCR-IPNS could save more fertilizers.

An insight into the balanced crop nutrition and efficient irrigation will be rewarding to attain profitable bulb yield of shallow-rooted and high nutrient requiring aggregatum onion. To develop fertilizer prescription equations(FPEs) for aggregatum onion under drip fertigation by encompassing the Soil Test Crop Response approach (STCR), a field experiment was conducted in Palaviduthi soil series with 15 treatments viz., Absolute control (T1), Blanket recommendation (60:60:30) + Farm Yard Manure (FYM) @ 12.5 t ha-1(T2), STCR based NPK fertilizer recommendation (STCR-NPK) for the targeted yield of 14 (T3),15 (T4),16 t ha-1 (T5), FYM @ 6.25 (T6), 12.5 t ha-1 (T7), STCR–NPK+FYM @ 12.5 t ha-1 for the targeted yield of 14 (T8),15 (T9),16 t ha-1 (T10), Biocompost @ 2.5 (T11), 5 t ha-1 (T12) and STCR–NPK+Biocompost @ 5 t ha-1 for the targeted yield of 14 (T13),15 (T14),16 t ha-1 (T15). The results revealed that T10 was more supercilious than others. The basic parameters were deliberated from the experimental data on total nutrient uptake, initial soil fertility status, applied fertilizer doses. The aggregatum onion (variety CO 4) required 0.43, 0.32, 0.45 Kg of N, P2O5, K2O to produce one quintal of bulb yield. The percent contribution of nutrients from soil and fertilizer was 14.01, 54.57 for N, 35.11,50.50 for P2O5 and 12.69, 70.12 for K2O, respectively. The contribution of N, P2O5, K2O from FYM and biocompost were 41.02, 16.23, 41.53 and 47.98, 15.87, 49.56 percent sequentially. Based on the above parameters, the fertilizer prescription equations were formulated for aggregatum onion under drip fertigation in Palaviduthi soil series.

Background: In the era of precision agriculture, application of fertilizer based on soil testing is an essential tool to prescribe nutrient doses for crops to improve nutrient use efficiency and yield of hybrid castor. Methods: Field experiment was conducted in 2021 at the Tapioca and Castor Research station, Yethapur, region near Salem city, Tamil Nadu, India (11035’N, 78029’E). By adopting inductive cum targeted yield model fertilizer prescription equation (FPEs) were developed for hybrid castor under irrigated condition for Alfisol soil order. Initially soil fertility gradient were established with respect to soil available N, P and K nutrients and twenty four treatment were imposed in three fertility strips under factorial randomized design. The basic parameters [nutrient requirement (NR) and nutrients contributions from soil (Cs), fertilizer (Cf) and farmyard manure (Co)] were calculated from the field experimental data. Result: The nutrient required for producing one quintal of hybrid castor seed yield was evaluated as 3.20 kg of nitrogen, 1.23 kg of phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5) and 3.28 kg of potassium oxide (K2O). The study revealed that soil nutrient contribution was high in case of available phosphorus (41.87%), available nitrogen (21.56%) and available potassium (19.12%) respectively toward P, N and K nutrient uptake by hybrid castor. The nutrient contribution from farmyard manure (Co) towards the total uptake was 21.40% of N, 10.35% of P2O5 and 26.06% of K2O respectively. Using basic data, FPEs were developed for hybrid castor and ready reckoner were developed for operational range of soil test values for desired yield target under NPK alone and IPNS (NPK and FYM).

A field experiment was conducted on Palaviduthi soil series (Typic haplustalf, Red non- calcareous, sandy loam soil) by adopting the Soil Test Crop Response (STCR) under Integrated Plant Nutrition System (IPNS) approach during rabi season of 2021-22 with the main objective of reconstruction of fertiliser prescription equations for hybrid bhendi (COBhH-4) under drip fertigation using the existing fertiliser prescription equations for bhendi variety grown under conventional method fertiliser application and surface irrigation on a Periyanaickenpalayam soil series (Vertic Ustropept, Mixed black calcareous, clay loam soil). The field experiment consisted of eleven treatments viz., absolute control, FYM @6.25 and @ 12.5 alone, STCR-NPK alone and STCR-IPNS for targeted yield of 18, 20 and 24 t ha-1 , blanket recommendation with 100% RDF (200:100:100 kg NPK ha-1 ) and 100% RDF + 12.5 t ha-1 FYM which were replicated thrice in randomized block design (RBD). The basic parameters viz., nutrient requirement (NR), contribution of nutrients from soil (Cs), fertiliser (Cf) and farmyard manure (Cfym) were calculated from field experiment data. It has been found that the nutrient requirement (NR) for producing one quintal of bhendi fruit 0.52 kg of N, 0.18 kg of P2O5 and 0.59 kg of K2O were required. The per cent contribution of nutrients from soil (Cs) as 22.63, 28.69 and 10.03 of N, P2O5 and K2O respectively, per cent contribution from fertilisers (Cf) as 39.34, 22.65 and 55.18 of N, P2O5 and K2O respectively and per cent contribution from FYM (Cfym) as 35.79 for N, 9.40 for P2O5 and 27.58 for K2O. Using these basic parameters, the fertiliser prescription equations were reconstructed by adopting Soil Test Crop Response under Integrated Plant Nutrition System (STCR-IPNS) and nomograms were formulated for the suitable yield target of hybrid bhendi for a range of soil test values under drip fertigation

Field experiments were conducted during 2017 – 2018 to develop fertiliser prescriptions equations (FPEs) through IPNS for the desired yield targets of Chrysanthemum on Udic Haplustalf . The fertilisers prescription equations (FPEs) were developed under NPK alone and under IPNS for the desired yield target of Chrysanthemum by using the basic parameters. The variation observed in the achievement of targets was within the range of ± 10 per cent (90 – 110%) proving the validity of FPEs. Hence, the Inductive cum Targeted yield approach applied to develop fertiliser equations provides a strong basis for maintenance of soil fertility with high productivity and efficient nutrient management in “Precision Farming” for sustainable and enduring Agriculture.

Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis), being a potential carbon sequestering perennial crop by biological means, has helped in mitigating global warming and climatic fluctuations. In our study, we selected Tenera hybrids in three oil palm plantations of major oil palm growing regions of Theni and Thanjavur districts of Tamil Nadu, India during the year 2019. Carbon sequestration potential was assessed by the standard procedures and methodology. The present study revealed that carbon sequestration was higher in trunks, which was found to be 2.57 t C/ha (tons of carbon per hectare) in 4 years, 22.33 t C/ha in 8 years and 59.79 t C/ha in 15 years with respect to the age of plantation. The roots sequestered carbon for about 0.67 t C/ha in 4 years, 5.80 t C/ha in 8 years and 15.54 t C/ha in 15 years old plantations and the fronds sequesters about 1.41 t C/ha in 4 years, 2.44 t C/ha in 8 years and 3.01 t C/ha in 15 years old oil palm plantations. The findings evidenced that the biomass production in oil palm increased proportionally with different age group of oil palm. This findings established the importance of oil palm plantation for carbon sequestration to reduce natural as well as anthropogenic sources for climatic fluctuations.

Elaeis guineensis is one of the potential carbon sequestering perennial crop by biological means. It has helped in the mitigating global warming and climatic fluctuations. The main objective of our study is to evacuate the hidden potential treasure of oil palm in carbon sequestration and vegetable oil yield. In this study we selected Tenera hybrids oil palm plantations in Coimbatore district of Tamil Nadu with standard management practices. It had been selected in the year 2019 and assessed for carbon sequestration potential and Fresh fruit bunch yield by non-destructive carbon stock assessment methods and standard estate practices for harvest. In our study the carbon sequestration is higher in trunks found to be 15.3 t C/ha (tons carbon per hectare) in 5 years and 26.6 t C/ha in 10 years while roots sequestered carbon for about 4.0 t C/ha in 5 years and 6.93 t C/ha in 10 years plantations. The fronds sequesters about 1.39 t C/ha in 5 years and 2.1 t C/ha in 10 years oil palm plantations while the fresh fruit bunch yield in 5 years and 10 years plantations were found to be 7.60 t/ha/year (tons per hectare per year) and 12.31 t/ha/year respectively. The present study evidenced that the biomass production and fresh fruit bunch yield in oil palm proportionally increases with the age group. This study holds that the higher biomass production which increases carbon sequestration and yields in oil palm helps in altering of the microclimate and to increase the economic benefits of farming communities.

Background: Chenopodium plant is halophytic in nature in which the plant absorbs salt from soil and secrets the salts in aerial parts particularly in leaves and also has lot of macro and micro nutrients. This salt secretion by salt glands helps to survive the plants in saline conditions. The morpho-physiological characters act as barrier against mechanical damages, insects, excessive light and loss of water. Therefore, an experiment was conducted to enhance the seed quality traits viz., germination, speed of germination and seedling vigour in black gram by treating with the salt glands of Chenopodium.Methods: The experiment was conducted in the Department of Seed Science and Technology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore during 2019 - 2020. The black gram variety VBN 8 seeds were treated with different concentrations of Chenopodium leaf extract and salt bladders. Then, the seeds were assessed for its quality traits.Result: The experimental results showed that seeds soaked in Chenopodium leaf extract along with salt bladders @ 1.0% or salt bladders alone @ 0.2% for 3 h at 1:0.3 (w/v) ratio have recorded highest germination (97% and 96%) and seedling vigour (2280 and 2102). Nevertheless, analytical results indicated that the Chenopodium leaf extract and its salt bladders contain more amount of minerals particularly phosphorous (0.50%, 0.15%), potassium (0.83%, 1.11%), nitrogen (2.52%, 2.21%), calcium (16.00 ppm, 22.40 ppm), magnesium (190.56 ppm, 193.40 ppm), sodium (4.14 mg 100 g-1, 6.57 mg 100 g-1), chloride (0.14 mol. L-1, 0.17 mol. L-1), respectively, which favored the enhancement of seed qualities in black gram.

The present investigation was undertaken to validate the Inductive cumTargeted yield model based Fertiliser Prescription Equations (FPEs)developed under Soil Test Crop Response based Integrated Plant NutritionSystem (STCR-IPNS) for desired yield target of pearl millet (var CO 10) ona mixed black calcareous soil (Periyanaickenpalayam soil series - VerticUstropept). The field experiment was conducted during Kharif 2019 at TNAUFarm, Coimbatore, and was laid out in a randomized block design with tentreatments that were replicated thrice. The results emanated from the fieldexperiment brought forth the fact that the various growth and yield attributesof pearl millet were significantly influenced by STCR treatments as comparedto blanket treatments. There was a +10% variation in achievement of yieldtargets proving the validity of the fertiliser prescription equations developedfor desired yield target of pearl millet (var CO 10) on a mixed black calcareoussoil. Using the data on grain yield and quantity of nutrients applied, thevarious parameters viz., per cent achievement, response ratio and benefit:cost ratio were computed. Among the treatments, STCR-IPNS-3.5 t ha-1has demonstrated its supremacy by registering higher grain yield of 3455kg ha-1 with a relatively higher response ratio of 12.57 kg kg-1 and BCR of1.94. STCR - IPNS-3.5 t ha-1 has recorded a yield increase of 43.1, 21.2 and74.6 per cent over blanket (100% RDF), blanket plus FYM 12.5 t ha-1,andfarmer’s practice respectively and the increase in response ratio was 4.28,1.18 and 5.27 kg kg-1 respectively. Therefore, for achieving higher grainyield, nutrient uptake, response ratio, and BCR in pearl millet (var CO 10)on a mixed black calcareous soil (Periyanaickenpalayam soil series - VerticUstropept), STCR-IPNS based fertiliser prescriptions can be followed.

Chenopodium is a halophyte which absorbs salt from the soil and encrusts inaerial parts particularly in leaves which is known as chenopod salt bladders.Therefore, an experiment was conducted to enhance the seed quality in riceby treating with these bladders. Results showed that significant improvementin seed germination and seedling vigor was recorded in rice. The seedssoaked in Chenopodium leaf extract along with salt bladders @ 0.5 % orsalt bladders alone @ 0.6 % for 16 h at 1:1 (w/v) ratio recorded the highestgermination and seedling vigor. It is analyzed that the Chenopodium leafextract and its salt bladders contains more amount of minerals particularlyphosphorous (0.50%, 0.15%), potassium (0.83%, 1.11%) nitrogen (2.52%,2.21%), calcium (16.00 ppm, 22.40 ppm), magnesium (190.56 ppm,193.40 ppm), sodium (4.14 mg 100 g-1, 6.57 mg 100 g-1), chloride (0.14mol.L-1, 0.17 mol.L-1), total phenol (5.00 mg g-1, 16.12 mg g-1 ) and poly phenoloxidase (0.20 ΔA g-1min-1, 0.10 ΔA g-1min-1), respectively which favoured theenhancement of seed quality in rice.

crimes are the problems which are mostly committed by minority of offenders. The law enforcement people are forced to find out the serial crime which is considered as complex task. In order to find out the serial crimes, one needs to investigate the large number of crimes which are unlinked with each other. These problem need to be analyzed in different ways to find out the link that exist among each crimes which happened in various locations. In the previous work, cut clustering algorithm were used to cluster the similar type of crime happened in various locations. However the existing work lacks from the number of labeled classes used for clustering which will limit the number of data points to be used. Also the cut clustering algorithm used in the existing research leads to be more complex that does not specify the characteristics of the sub graphs that are created hence it leads to the complexity of deciding a node to be added or deleted. To overcome these problems, in our work majority weighted minority over sampling technique is used to handle class imbalance problem and the dynamic cut clustering is introduced which overcomes the limitation of graph cut clustering algorithm. In this work Quantum Geographic Information System (QGIS) tool is used to visualize, navigate, manipulate, and analyze geographic crime datasets.

Studies on Soil Test Crop Response based Integrated Plant Nutrition System (STCR - IPNS) were conducted adopting the Inductive cum Targeted yield model, on Vertic Ustropept of Tamil Nadu, Southern India during 2011 - 2013 in order to develop fertilizer prescriptions through IPNS for the desired yield targets of transgenic cotton under drip fertigation. The basis for making the fertilizer prescriptions viz. nutrient requirement (NR), contribution of nutrients from soil (Cs), fertilizer (Cf) and farmyard manure (Cfym) were computed using the field experimental data. Making use of these basic parameters, the fertilizer prescription equations (FPEs) were developed under NPK alone and under IPNS for the desired yield targets of cotton for a range of soil test values. The quantity of fertilizers contributed by the application of farmyard manure was assessed. The deviation recorded in the achievement of targets aimed was within the range of ± 10 per cent (90 - 110%) proving the validity of the FPEs. Thus the Inductive cum Targeted yield model used to develop fertilizer prescription equations provides a strong basis for soil fertility maintenance consistent with high productivity and efficient nutrient management in "Precision Farming" for sustainable and enduring Agriculture.

A field experiment was conducted on a Typic Ustropept (Irugur soil series) soil of Western Zone of Tamil Nadu to refine the existing fertilizer prescription equation for rainfed maize adopting the inductive-cum-targeted yield model, and fertilizer requirements were quantified for rainfed maize based on soil test and yield target. The basic parameters viz., nutrient requirement (NR) and contributions of nutrients from soil (Cs), fertilizer (Cf) and farm yard manure (Cfym) were computed from the field experimental data. Using the basic parameters, fertilizer prescription equations were developed based on integrated plant nutrition system (IPNS), and nomograms were formulated for the desired yield target of rainfed maize for the given soil test values. The extent of saving of inorganic fertilizers for rainfed maize was computed using the fertilizer prescription equations under IPNS with the application of FYM @ 12.5 t/ha (32% moisture and 0.50, 0.21 and 0.49% of N, P and K, respectively, was 22, 17 and 20 kg of fertilizer N, P2O5 and K2O, respectively, when applied along with the N, P and K fertilizers as per soil test and desired yield target. To validate the fertilizer prescription equations developed for rainfed maize under IPNS, field experiments were carried out during 2013–15 in three locations. The per cent achievement of the targeted yield of all the three verification trials was within ±10% variation proving the validity of the equations for prescribing integrated fertilizer doses for rainfed maize.

Field experiments were conducted on a Typic Rhodustalf (Palaviduthi soil series) soil of Southern Zone of Tamil Nadu by adopting the inductive-cum-targeted yield model, and fertilizer requirements were quantified for glory lily based on soil test and yield target. The basic parameters viz., nutrient requirement (NR) and contribution of nutrients from soil (Cs), fertilizer (Cf) and farm yard manure (Cfym) were computed from the field experimental data. Using the basic parameters, fertilizer prescription equations were developed based on integrated plant nutrition system (IPNS), and nomograms were formulated for desired yield target of glory lily for a range of soil test values. The extent of saving of inorganic fertilizers for glory lily was computed using the fertilizer prescription equations under IPNS. The estimates showed that for the application of FYM @ 12.5 t/ha with 25% moisture and 0.528, 0.261 and 0.501% of N, P and K, respectively, when applied along with the N, P and K fertilizers as per soil test and desired yield target, the saving was 35, 22 and 30 kg of fertilizer N, P2O5 and K2O, respectively.

Soil test crop response (STCR) based fertilizer prescription for desired yield target of wheat was developed under Integrated Plant Nutrition System (STCR-IPNS) on Periyanaickepalayam soil series (Vertic Ustropept) of Tamil Nadu. On-farm testing of fertilizer prescription equations are essential to demonstrate the effectiveness of technology delivery to the stake holders in need. The present study was undertaken in six locations to evaluate the model through field experiments in Western Zone of Tamil Nadu. The treatments included control, blanket recommendation, soil test crop response (STCR) based fertilizer dose for an yield target of 3.0 and 4.0 t/ha, STCR-IPNS based fertilizer dose for an yield target of 3.0 and 4.0 t/ha and farmer's practice. Based on the initial soil test values of available N, P and K and the quantities of N, P and K contributed through farm yard manure (FYM), fertilizer doses were calculated and applied for STCR and STCR-IPNS treatments for the respective yield targets. The treatments were imposed and cultivation practices were carried out periodically and the grain yield was recorded at harvest. Using the data on grain yield and fertilizer doses applied, per cent achievement and response ratio (RR) were worked out. Post-harvest soil samples were collected and analyzed for available N, P and K status. The results of the experiments indicated that in all the six locations, the per cent achievement of the targeted yield was within±10% variation proving the validity of the equations for prescribing integrated fertilizer doses for wheat. The highest mean per cent achievement was recorded in the yield target of 4.0 t/ha (101.2) under STCR-IPNS followed by STCR-NPK alone 4.0 t/ha. The highest mean yield was recorded in STCR-IPNS–4.0 t/ha (4047 kg/ha) recording an increase of 62.1% over blanket recommendation. Among the treatments, STCR-IPNS recorded relatively higher RR than other treatments and the highest mean RR of 6.90 kg/kg was recorded under STCR-IPNS 4.0 t/ha. The highest benefit: cost ratio (1.81) was also recorded in STCR-IPNS 4.0 t/ha. The post-harvest soil available NPK indicated the build up and maintenance of soil fertility due to soil test based fertilizer recommendation under IPNS. The fertilizer prescription equations developed for wheat under IPNS can be recommended for mixed black calcareous soils of Tamil Nadu (Vertic Ustropept) for achieving an yield target of 4.0 t/ha with sustained soil fertility and it can be extrapolated to other agro-climatic zones of Tamil Nadu on similar and allied soil types.

A field experiment was conducted with maize hybrid NK6240 at Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore during rabi 2010-2011 on an Inceptisol to evaluate the effect of biochar on yield, NPK uptake and fertility status of the soil. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design (RBD) with 12 treatments and replicated thrice. The results revealed that Integrated Plant Nutrition System (IPNS) i.e. application of biochar @ 10 t ha-1 along with the recommended dose of NPK (250:75:75 kg ha-1) + FYM @ 12.5 t ha-1 and Azospirillum @ 2 kg ha-1 had recorded significantly higher yield and NPK uptake with sustained soil fertility. Further, the study clearly broughtforth the fact that for increased productivity of maize with sustained soil fertility, application of biochar must be coupled with either IPNS or recommended dose of NPK fertilisers.

Soil test based fertilizer prescription equations (FPEs) were developed for desired yield target of transgenic cotton under Integrated Plant Nutrition System (IPNS) through drip fertigation on Vertic Ustropept of Tamil Nadu, south India. To validate the equations, an experiment was conducted on the same soil series. The results revealed that the deviation recorded in the achievement of target aimed, was within the range of ±10% (90–110%) proving the validity of the FPEs. STCR treatments greatly influenced the growth and yield attributes of the crop and recorded significantly higher yield, response ratio (RR) and benefit-cost ratio (BCR) than blanket, farmer's practice and control. STCR-IPNS treatments performed better than STCR-NPK alone treatments. There was build-up of post-harvest soil fertility in the STCR treatments. The treatment, STCR-IPNS for 4.0 t/ha of cotton proved its superiority over all other treatments in terms of yield, uptake, response ratio, BCR and quality parameters. This treatment recorded an yield increase of 62.4 and 65.6%, respectively, over blanket and farmer's practice. Therefore, it could be concluded that these FPEs could be made use of for prescribing soil test based fertilizer doses for transgenic cotton on Inceptisols under drip fertigation.

When Vigna sinensis L.cv. Walp seedlings were grown under control (from four 40 W white fluorescent tubes) and enhanced ultraviolet‐B (UV‐B) radiation (four 40 W white fluorescent tubes plus one Philips 20W/12 sun lamp) a large inhibition in seedling growth, particularly shoot eelongation and leaf expansion, was observed under enhanced UV‐B radiation. The UV‐B radiation also reduced the overall photosynthetic activity as measured by chlorophyll fluorescence induction. In order to check whether UV‐B causes any destruction of auxins, seedlings with either their shoot tip or primary leaves were covered with black paper and kept under both light conditions. Both the fully exposed and shoot tip‐covered seedlings showed a similar negative response on growth characteristics and physiological activities. Leaf‐covered seedlings showed well preserved photosynthetic activity under both light conditions. However, in these seedlings the pigment content decreased more than under other treatment conditions. Our experiments provide evidence for distinguishing between the UV‐B induced responses on growth and physiological activities; while the former may be controlled through auxins, the latter is probably by direct action on the organelles.