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The version of this article on this repository is an arXiv preprint (arXiv:2208.14575v2 [physics.ins-det] Mon, 6 Mar 2023 19:46:42 UTC (39,794 KB)) submitted to Elsevier and is not the final, peer reviewed, corrected article. It is made available under a Creative Commons (CC BY 4.0) Attribution License. This article presents a collection of simulation studies using the ECCE detector concept in the context of the EIC's exclusive, diffractive, and tagging physics program, which aims to further explore the rich quark–gluon structure of nucleons and nuclei. To successfully execute the program, ECCE proposed to utilize the detector system close to the beamline to ensure exclusivity and tag ion beam/fragments for a particular reaction of interest. Preliminary studies confirm the proposed technology and design satisfy the requirements. The projected physics impact results are based on the projected detector performance from the simulation at 10 or 100 fb−1 of integrated luminosity. Additionally, insights related to a potential second EIC detector are documented, which could serve as a guidepost for future development. Office of Nuclear Physics in the Office of Science in the Department of Energy, the National Science Foundation, USA, the Los Alamos National Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD), USA 20200022DR, the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC), and the UK Research and Innovation Science and Technology Facilities Council; This research used resources from the Compute and Data Environment for Science (CADES) at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, which is supported by the Office of Science of the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC05-00OR22725; Brookhaven National Lab and the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility which are operated under contracts DE-SC0012704 and DE-AC05-06OR23177 respectively.

We performed feasibility studies for various single transverse spin measurements that are related to the Sivers effect, transversity and the tensor charge, and the Collins fragmentation function. The processes studied include semi-inclusive deep inelastic scattering (SIDIS) where single hadrons (pions and kaons) were detected in addition to the scattered DIS lepton. The data were obtained in {\sc pythia}6 and {\sc geant}4 simulated e+p collisions at 18 GeV on 275 GeV, 18 on 100, 10 on 100, and 5 on 41 that use the ECCE detector configuration. Typical DIS kinematics were selected, most notably $Q^2 > 1 $ GeV$^2$, and cover the $x$ range from $10^{-4}$ to $1$. The single spin asymmetries were extracted as a function of $x$ and $Q^2$, as well as the semi-inclusive variables $z$, and $P_T$. They are obtained in azimuthal moments in combinations of the azimuthal angles of the hadron transverse momentum and transverse spin of the nucleon relative to the lepton scattering plane. The initially unpolarized MonteCarlo was re-weighted in the true kinematic variables, hadron types and parton flavors based on global fits of fixed target SIDIS experiments and $e^+e^-$ annihilation data. The expected statistical precision of such measurements is extrapolated to 10 fb$^{-1}$ and potential systematic uncertainties are approximated given the deviations between true and reconstructed yields. The impact on the knowledge of the Sivers functions, transversity and tensor charges, and the Collins function has then been evaluated in the same phenomenological extractions as in the Yellow Report. The impact is found to be comparable to that obtained with the parameterized Yellow Report detector and shows that the ECCE detector configuration can fulfill the physics goals on these quantities., 22 pages, 22 figures, to be submitted to joint ECCE proposal NIM-A volume

The Electron-Ion Collider (EIC) is a cutting-edge accelerator facility that will study the nature of the "glue" that binds the building blocks of the visible matter in the universe. The proposed experiment will be realized at Brookhaven National Laboratory in approximately 10 years from now, with detector design and R&D currently ongoing. Notably, EIC is one of the first large-scale facilities to leverage Artificial Intelligence (AI) already starting from the design and R&D phases. The EIC Comprehensive Chromodynamics Experiment (ECCE) is a consortium that proposed a detector design based on a 1.5T solenoid. The EIC detector proposal review concluded that the ECCE design will serve as the reference design for an EIC detector. Herein we describe a comprehensive optimization of the ECCE tracker using AI. The work required a complex parametrization of the simulated detector system. Our approach dealt with an optimization problem in a multidimensional design space driven by multiple objectives that encode the detector performance, while satisfying several mechanical constraints. We describe our strategy and show results obtained for the ECCE tracking system. The AI-assisted design is agnostic to the simulation framework and can be extended to other sub-detectors or to a system of sub-detectors to further optimize the performance of the EIC detector., 16 pages, 18 figures, 2 appendices, 3 tables

This is the arXiv pre-print which has not been peer reviewed. It is made available under a Creative Commons (CC BY) Attribution Lciense. The corrected version of record is available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2022.167859. Cite as: arXiv:2205.08607 [physics.ins-det] (or arXiv:2205.08607v1 [physics.ins-det] for this version) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2205.08607 Focus to learn more Journal reference: NIMA 1047, 167859 (2023) Related DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2022.167859 Focus to learn more Submission history From: Joseph Osborn [view email] [v1] Tue, 17 May 2022 19:53:56 UTC (29,605 KB) Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). The Electron Ion Collider (EIC) is the next generation of precision QCD facility to be built at Brookhaven National Laboratory in conjunction with Thomas Jefferson National Laboratory. There are a significant number of software and computing challenges that need to be overcome at the EIC. During the EIC detector proposal development period, the ECCE consortium began identifying and addressing these challenges in the process of producing a complete detector proposal based upon detailed detector and physics simulations. In this document, the software and computing efforts to produce this proposal are discussed; furthermore, the computing and software model and resources required for the future of ECCE are described. Office of Nuclear Physics in the Office of Science in the Department of Energy, USA; National Science Foundation, USA; Los Alamos National Laboratory Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD), USA 20200022DR.

Exclusive heavy quarkonium photoproduction is one of the most popular processes in EIC, which has a large cross section and a simple final state. Due to the gluonic nature of the exchange Pomeron, this process can be related to the gluon distributions in the nucleus. The momentum transfer dependence of this process is sensitive to the interaction sites, which provides a powerful tool to probe the spatial distribution of gluons in the nucleus. Recently the problem of the origin of hadron mass has received lots of attention in determining the anomaly contribution $M_{a}$. The trace anomaly is sensitive to the gluon condensate, and exclusive production of quarkonia such as J/$\psi$ and $\Upsilon$ can serve as a sensitive probe to constrain it. In this paper, we present the performance of the ECCE detector for exclusive J/$\psi$ detection and the capability of this process to investigate the above physics opportunities with ECCE., Comment: 11 pages, 14 figures, 1 table

The possible physical origin of third-order nonlinearity of cadmium chalcogenide (Te, Se, and S) semiconductor nanocrystals were discussed based on the results of both Z-scan and degenerate four-wave mixing spectroscopies at 532, 775, 800, and 1064 nm in nanosecond, picosecond, and femtosecond time scale for nonlinear photonic applications.

Cadmium chalcogenide nanocrystals at ∼2–10 nm were synthesized using with a chemical colloidal reaction technique. Strong blue-shifts of the CdTe, CdSe and CdS nanocrystals absorption bandedge and the atomic-like discrete energy states indicate an exciton quantum confinement. Z-scan and I-scan nonlinear spectroscopy revealed that the CdTe nanocrystals quantum dot in toluene (∼8 × 10−5 mol/L) has the negative nonlinearity (self-defocusing) with ∼ –1 × 10−13 m2/W and a high nonlinear figure of merit of ∼200. For the optical power self-limiting experiment, the CdTe nanocrystals was almost opaque above ∼0.8 MW/cm2 at near valley (z ∼ 6.9 cm) of Z-scan. (© 2004 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

The nonlinear refraction coefficient of silica aerogel was estimated to be ∼−1.5×10−15 m2/W (∼−3.67×10−9 esu) with a signal-beam z-scan spectroscopy. The third-order nonlinear refraction coefficient of nanostructure silica aerogel was almost five orders larger than the nonlinear refraction (χ3) of bulk material. The large nonlinear refraction with high nonlinear figure of merit is an ideal optical property for nonlinear optical applications.

High quality semiconductor nanomaterials were synthesized through colloidal methods, and evaluated nonlinear optical properties for optical power limiting applications. The nonlinear refraction ( γ ) and the nonlinear figure of merit (FOM= γ / βλ ) of CdTe nanomaterials in toluene (∼8×10 −5 mol/l ) were estimated to be ∼−1×10 −13 m 2 / W and ∼200, respectively. The optical power limiting through CdTe nanoscale materials was mainly by the nonlinear refraction because of the high nonlinear FOM.

The sample imperfection induced distortions in the closed Z-scan curve are analyzed. It is found that both the magnitudes of the peak and valley transmittances and the shape of the curve are distorted significantly by the inhomogeneous thickness, the nonuniform nonlinearity, and the curved surfaces of the sample. The results suggest that the I-scan method is a more practical choice for the measurement of the third-order nonlinear susceptibility of an inhomogeneous sample.

The nonlinear refraction coefficient of the third-order susceptibility of silica aerogel was estimated to be /spl sim/-1.5/spl times/10/sup -15/ m/sup 2//W (/spl sim/-3.67/spl times/10/sup -9/ esu) by a signal-beam z-scan technique with /spl sim/1 ps Ti:sapphire lasers. The third-order nonlinear refraction coefficient of nanostructure silica aerogel is almost five orders larger than the nonlinear (/spl chi//sup 3/) refraction of bulk material. The large nonlinear refraction originates mainly from the direct excitation to the surface trapped states, and the one-photon resonance process.

Summary form only given. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the saturable absorption properties of Cr-doped, and CoMn-codoped CdTe. TM-doped CdTe has a wider absorption band (/spl sim/1.5-2.5 /spl mu/m for Cr/sup 2+/ and /spl sim/1.4-2.5 /spl mu/m for Co/sup 2+/) compared with TM-doped ZnSe (/spl sim/1.4-1.9 /spl mu/m), and thus they can be operated as saturable absorbers over a wide mid-infrared spectral range. Moreover, a TM-doped CdTe binary compound is easier to grow compared to the CdMnTe ternary compound. We present the saturable absorption properties of Cr-doped, and CoMn-codoped CdTe at 2.09 /spl mu/m, for passive Q-switching. The saturation experiments at room temperature were carried out using a Cr,Tm,Ho:YAG laser. The ground state absorption (GSA) and the excited-state absorption (ESA) cross-sections, and bleaching factors were estimated. Transmittance as a function of energy fluence, without Fresnel loss correction, for Cr:CdTe and CoMn:CdTe are shown. Using Burshtein's model of a slow saturable absorber, where a laser pulse is very short compared with the excited state decay time of the saturable absorber, and considering the background absorption, the bleaching factors of Cr/sup 2+/:CdTe and Co/sup 2+/ and Mn/sup 2+/:CdTe are estimated to be 1.57 and 1.67, respectively.

Summary from only given. The third-order nonlinear susceptibility of silica aerogel was measured by a single beam z-scan technique. The excitation source was 1 ps pulse of the Ti:sapphire laser operating at a wavelength of 800 nm.

Experimental investigations have shown that CdTe semiconductor microcrystals possess large third-order susceptibilities and short response times at both resonant and non-resonant wavelengths (580 nm and 1064 nm). These excellent properties indicate their potential applications in nonlinear photonic devices. In this work, we measured the nonlinear refraction and nonlinear absorption coefficients of CdTe nanocrystals using Z-scan method at 800 nm. Application in optical limiting of the sample was also demonstrated. The samples used were made by ball milling process and then embedded in polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA). The two photon absorption (TPA) and nonlinear refraction were evaluated from the normalized transmittance with open aperture and with closed-aperture, respectively. Optical limiting studies were carried out as a function of input intensity at 800 nm. The input intensities were varied from 5 to 70 kW/cm2. The transmitted power was collected by a photo-detector through a 2-mm diameter aperture. We found that the transmitted power decreased significantly over the input intensity range of 10-20 kw/cm2.

We give the analytical expressions of the nonlinear transmittance of materials through an aperture in the far field with finite aperture size. The result can be used under the conditions of and . Based on this equation, the nonlinear refractive index coefficients of some nanomaterials from both the closed I-scan and Z-scan measurements at 800 nm and 1064 nm were extracted, respectively. The obtained values from I-scan measurements are comparable with those from the Z-scan measurements. The nonlinear absorptions of these materials were also studied by fulfilling the open I-scan and Z-scan measurements. The advantages of I-scan technology were discussed.

This work treats four-wave mixing (4WM) in Bose-Einstein condensates (BEC), focusing on the nonlinear phase mismatch, maximum output, and optimal input combination. We show that the nonlinear phase mismatch decreases the 4WM efficiency. It was found that the 4WM efficiency depends on both the coupling coefficient (i.e., the product of the total number of atoms, the scattering length, and the overlap integral) and the ratios among the three initial input beams. The 4WM efficiency increases with the increase of the coupling coefficient when it is small, then saturates, and finally decreases at high coupling coefficient due to both pump depletion and phase-modulation effects. A maximum output efficiency of about 50% in our case is predicted. In order to get the maximum output, the two pump beams should have equal amplitude and the probe beam should be as small as possible. In addition, a large coupling coefficient (g\ensuremath{\pi}/2), which is determined by the ratio of the probe beam to the total input, is required. On the other hand, when the coupling coefficient is fixed, a maximum output for this case can be obtained by optimizing the input ratios among the three input beams. Other ratio combinations will decrease the 4WM efficiency.

We report on the nonlinear optical properties of cadmium telluride (CdTe) semiconductor colloidal quantum dots. Transmission electron microscopy measurements revealed that the size of CdTe nanocrystal quantum dots, dependent on the growth reaction time, was ∼2-10 nm or near the exciton Bohr radius. The strong blue-shifts of the CdTe, CdSe and CdS nanocrystal absorption spectra and the atomic-like discrete energy states of exciton indicate an exciton quantum confinement. These are completely different optical properties from the bulk crystals. The energy transition for exciton absorption was assigned as h1→e+, h2→e+, h1+→e-, and h2+→e- for the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th exciton absorption peaks. Z-scan and I-scan nonlinear spectroscopy revealed that the CdTe nanocrystal quantum dot in toluene (∼8 × 10-5 mol/L) has the negative nonlinearity (self-defocusing) with ∼ -1 × 10-13 m2/W and a high nonlinear figure of merit of ∼200. For the optical power self-limiting experiment, the CdTe nanocrystal was almost opaque above ∼0.8 MW/cm2 at the position of z∼6.9 cm.

The large third-order susceptibility of CdTe nanoparticles doped in polymer were measured with the Z-scan technique. The quantum confinement and the surface trapped state effects are the possible origins of the enhancement of optical nonlinearity.

Nonlinear refraction coefficient of the third-order susceptibility of silica aerogel was estimated to be ~ -1.5 x 10-15 m2/W (~ -3.67 x 10-9 esu) by a signal-beam z-scan technique with ~1 ps Ti:Sapphire lasers. The large nonlinear refraction is originated mainly from the direct excitation to the surface trapped states, and the one-photon resonance process.

It's true that, at any age, heart disease occurs more often in men than in women. While heart disease is widely recognized as an important cause of death and disability in men, we often fail to appreciate that it is the leading cause of death in women older than age 60.

Several groups have described the efficacy of interleukin 2 (IL-2) plus lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells in the treatment of cancer patients with significant response rates noted in patients with renal cell cancer and malignant melanoma; however, the optimum regimen remains undefined. The Biological Response Modifiers Program of the National Cancer Institute conducted two consecutive Phase I/II studies evaluating the toxicity and clinical efficacy of different methods of IL-2 and LAK cell therapy. In the first trial, we modified the standard Rosenberg regimen by decreasing the duration of priming in an attempt to reduce the toxicity related to this phase of the therapy and thereby administer more IL-2 doses with the LAK cells. In the second trial, we used a continuous i.v. infusion IL-2 regimen and altered both the leukapheresis procedure and the LAK cell culture techniques based on our in vitro and preclinical studies suggesting that 2-day LAK cells were superior. Thirty cancer patients received i.v. bolus IL-2 at 100,000 units/kg every 8 h for 3 days during priming and for 5 days during LAK cell administration. A second group of 22 cancer patients received IL-2 by continuous i.v. infusion at 3 x 10(6) units/m2 for 5 days during priming and an additional 5 days of IL-2 with the LAK cell phase of the treatment. The timing of the start of the leukapheresis procedures, their duration and number, and the LAK cell culture techniques differed in the two trials. Overall, 52 patients with various cancers were treated. The toxicities associated with each regimen were similar to those seen in other IL-2 plus LAK cell trials. Four patients (one each with melanoma and diffuse large cell lymphoma and two with renal cell cancer) exhibited partial responses lasting 2, 4, 10, and 15+ mo. Serial tumor biopsies from treated patients demonstrated that therapy can produce a marked mononuclear cell infiltrate and an increase in HLA-DR expression on tumor cells. There was no difference in the overall response rate between the two regimens, but toxicity was less with continuous i.v. infusion IL-2. The 5-day continuous i.v. infusion regimen resulted in significantly higher rebound lymphocytosis, cell yield from leukapheresis, and number of LAK cells harvested from culture.

Muramyl tripeptide phosphatidylethanolamine (MTP-PE; CGP 19835A from Ciba Geigy) is a synthetic muramyl tripeptide structurally related to bacterial cell wall constituents. MTP-PE activates monocytes in vitro to a tumoricidal state and has in vivo antitumor effects in animal models. We studied the toxicity and immunomodulatory effects of once weekly i.v. administration of liposomal-encapsulated MTP-PE for 8 weeks in 27 patients with advanced malignancies. Doses ranged from 0.1 to 2.7 mg/m2. No major tumor responses were seen; 11 patients had stable disease after 8 weeks of therapy and 3 continued on maintenance therapy because of minor tumor regressions and/or clinical improvement. MTP-PE at these doses was well tolerated. Shaking chills and fevers were the most common toxicities and occurred at all dose levels. There was no treatment-induced loss of performance status. Immunomodulatory studies revealed evidence of a biological effect on monocytes. C-reactive protein levels rose in the majority of patients with end-of-treatment values 2 to 10 times higher than baseline. Serum neopterin levels were consistently increased 24 h after MTP-PE administration and significant decreases in expression of two different types of Fc receptors on peripheral blood monocytes were noted 6 h after treatment. Although no major tumor responses were seen in this group of patients with advanced malignancies, MTP-PE was well tolerated and exerted biological effects on monocytes. Serum neopterin levels may be a useful marker for the biological effects of MTP-PE.

We examined the physiological role of the renin-angiotensin system in response to hemorrhagic and pharmacologic hypotension in the freshwater turtle,Pseudemys scripta elegans. Blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), plasma renin activity (PRA), and plasma electrolytes were determined for 1 h prior to and 5 h after hemorrhage or vasodilator administration. With hemorrhage (23% blood volume) BP significantly decreased from 26.7 mm Hg to 17.4 mm Hg (P

The current study was undertaken to define the role of the renin-angiotensin system in the development of hypertension in the two kidney, one clip Goldblatt rat. Captopril was administered orally (100 mg/kg/day) to two groups of rats (n = 8 each) 24 hours before and each day after unilateral renal artery clipping (0.2 mm internal diameter): the drug was given for either 16 weeks (group I) or 24 weeks (group II). Sham-operated (n = 5) and Goldblatt (n = 8) rats not receiving captopril were prepared for comparisons of plasma renin activity and systolic blood pressure. Indomethacin (20 mg/kg/day subcutaneously) was administered for 48 hours concomitantly with captopril to the rats in group I. In group II, systolic blood pressure was monitored for 7 weeks after cessation of captopril. Continual captopril administration to Goldblatt rats completely prevented the rise in systolic blood pressure, a rise that was observed in Goldblatt rats not receiving captopril. Whereas systolic blood pressure of captopril-treated rats approximated 100 mm Hg throughout the study, that of Goldblatt rats not receiving the drug increased to nearly 180 mm Hg within 6 weeks after clipping. Systolic blood pressure of sham-operated rats remained normal. Indomethacin did not change systolic blood pressure in the drug-treated rats in group I. On cessation of captopril therapy in group II, systolic blood pressure increased gradually in a manner that paralleled the development of the disease in the Goldblatt rats that did not receive captopril. Plasma renin activity was determined in Goldblatt and sham-operated rats at either 16 weeks (group I) or 24 weeks (group II) after clipping; the rats from either group with mild hypertension (systolic blood pressure less than 180 mm Hg) had normal plasma renin activity whereas those with severe hypertension (systolic blood pressure greater than 180 mm Hg) had greatly elevated plasma renin activity. In summary, captopril can completely prevent the increase in systolic blood pressure for up to 24 weeks in Goldblatt rats, and this hypotensive effect is not mediated by the prostaglandins. It is concluded that the renin-angiotensin system is a necessary component of the hypertensive process in this experimental model.

Six week old domestic chickens were either given electric shock or no shock prior to manual restraint. Animals receiving pre-induction shock remained immobile appreciably longer than Ss given no shock. Results were interpreted as supporting the notion that fear is what underlies hypnotic or immobility reactions in animals.

We have previously shown that continuous captopril administration prevents hypertension from developing in the two-kidney, one-clip (2K, 1C) rat. The present investigation was designed to determine the mechanism(s) producing the hypertension. In one series of experiments captopril prevented pressure from increasing during an 8-wk treatment period. Relative to the last day of treatment, mean arterial pressure and total peripheral resistance (TPR) were increased and cardiac output was unchanged at 3, 7, and 28 days after captopril cessation. Plasma renin activity (PRA) was unchanged 3, 7, and 14 days after captopril cessation but was elevated at 28, 49, and 56 days after captopril cessation only in 2K, 1C rats with severe hypertension (systolic blood pressure greater than 180 mmHg). Guanethidine (45 mg/kg po, bid) did not prevent the development of 2K, 1C hypertension but did prevent the hypertension from developing after cessation of captopril. Blockade of the prostaglandin system with indomethacin (5 mg/kg + 50 micrograms X kg-1 X min-1) and of the kallikrein-kinin system with aprotinin (25,000 KIU + 150 KIU X kg-1 X min-1) for 2 h had no effect on captopril's antihypertensive effect. Additionally, no change in sodium or water balance was observed after captopril cessation. Taken together these data demonstrate that hypertension after captopril cessation is due to an increase in TPR. Additionally, the rise in TPR is due to both the sympathetic nervous and the renin-angiotensin systems since both systems must be functional before pressure rises.

Thirty-six patients with metastatic melanoma were entered into a study of the therapeutic efficacy of adoptive immunotherapy with high-dose interleukin-2 (IL-2) and lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells. Thirty-two patients who received all components of the therapy are evaluable for response, and all patients are evaluable for toxicity. Sites of disease included lung, liver, subcutaneous nodules, and intra-abdominal metastases. One complete response (CR) and five partial responses (PRs) resulted from treatment (19% response rate). The median response duration was 5 months, with the durable CR continuing at 31+ months and one durable PR continuing for 13 months. Sites of response included lung, liver, subcutaneous nodules, and lymph nodes. Response, response duration, or site of response did not correlate with the total dose of IL-2 administered, rebound lymphocytosis, or the number of LAK cells infused. Toxicity included hypotension, fluid retention with a "capillary leak syndrome" in most patients, and transient multiorgan dysfunction that resolved promptly after the completion of therapy. Adverse cardiac events occurred in 16% of patients, with one myocardial infarction leading to a death. This study confirms the activity of the initial IL-2/LAK cell regimen in metastatic melanoma reported by Rosenberg et al, supporting the concept of adoptive immunotherapy as an important new treatment approach for this disease.