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In this paper, we present a detailed investigation of the impact of hydrogen anneal on the low frequency noise spectra of n- and p-MOS devices from an advanced CMOS technology node. We investigate the impact of hydrogen anneal in three different wafers, one with one time hydrogen anneal step (1×H2), one with two times (2×H2) and one without hydrogen anneal (w/o H2). The results demonstrate that the carrier number with correlated mobility fluctuations model can explain accurately the 1/f noise results. A significant reduction of the 1/f noise level was observed for the device treated with two times hydrogen anneal.

In 3D integration, interconnections between stacked dies are ensured by conductive through silicon vias. Electrical conduction is achieved via coating the vias sidewalls with a metal, such as tungsten. In this work we have compared thermal-dependent stress of thin tungsten films deposited either in full plate oron vias sidewalls. The comparison of stress measurements at room temperature and during heating cycles reveals large differences between full plate and vias samples. At room temperature, in the vias samples, the stress is a factor 4 less than it is in the full plate sample, with both values indicating a tensile stress. While a thermo-elastic behavior is expected for the full plate sample, no stress evolution as a function of temperature is observed in the case of the vias samples.

The hot-carrier degradation behavior of a class of high-voltage n-channel drift MOS transistors is experimentally investigated as a function of the geometrical (layout) parameters of the devices. The design restrictions, imposed by reliability requirements, are described as a subset of the space of the geometrical parameters (safe volume) which guarantees a safe hot-carrier operation. The optimization of the specific drain/source on-state resistance of the devices within the safe volume is discussed.

Background/Aims. The association between mixed cryoglobulinaemic, cryoglobulinaemic glomerulonephritis, and chronic hepatitis C virus infection has recently been described. The renal disease had usually been treated with immunosuppressive therapy, but, given the presence of viral infection, this therapy is no longer recommended. In this study, we compare steroid vs interferon therapy in a group of patients affected by hepatitis C virus positive cryoglobulinaemic glomerulonephritis in the stationary phase. Patients/Methods. The diagnosis of cryoglobulinaemic glomerulonephritis was made bearing in mind standard criteria. Patients were randomly assigned to 2 groups receiving oral prednisone 0.2 mg/kg/die for 6 months (6 patients, group A) or lymphoblastoid interferon 3 MU, three times a week for 6 months (7 patients, group B). Hepatitis C virus-RNA was determined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and hepatitis C virus genotype according to Okamoto. Hepatitis C virus-RNA quantitation was performed by competitive polymerase chain reaction. Results. The 2 groups were comparable in terms of age and severity of kidney failure. All genotypes of hepatitis C virus were found with a prevalence of Type 1 b. In group A, 4 patients showed a partial response; in group B, 1 patient achieved complete remission, 4 a partial response, 2 patients in both groups showed no response. At the end of the treatment, all patients in both groups relapsed. Only 1 patient in group B became hepatitis C virus-RNA negative, and recovered from cryoglobulinaemic glomerulonephritis. Conclusions. Interferon seems to be an effective drug in the treatment of cryoglobulinaemic glomerulonephritis, but dosage and length of treatment still need to be addressed by large multicentre studies.

This paper presents an isolated high voltage (HV) p- channel lateral double diffused MOS (LDMOS) transistor integrated in a commercial 0.35mum CMOS process without any additional mask or implant steps and thus without increasing process complexity. It is shown that by the introduction of carefully controlled PWELL stripes in the drift region, an increase in breakdown voltages (VB) of LDMOS transistors from 10 to up to 25 V can be achieved. For the huge field of power management and automotive applications this approach of integration allows optimization for multiple voltage domains and guarantees high quality levels at an economical price level.

In a previous paper, we reported on the short-term efficacy of alpha-interferon in the treatment of hepatitis C virus positive mixed cryoglobulinaemia.We investigated the long-term effects of therapy in a larger group of patients, and the viral and host factors able to influence the response to treatment.In 27 females and 15 males (mean age 54.8 +/- 9.1 years) affected by mixed cryoglobulinaemia, bone marrow biopsy and phenotyping of marrow cells were performed before treatment and at the end of follow-up. A liver biopsy was obtained from patients showing biochemical signs of chronic liver disease. The presence of hepatitis C virus was assessed by detection of serum anti-hepatitis C virus antibodies, and hepatitis C virus-RNA. The treatment schedule was 3 million units of recombinant interferon alpha-2b three times a week for one year. Follow-up lasted for 1 year after the end of treatment. The response was classified as follows: 1) Complete response: Disappearance of the cryocrit (or reduction of more than 50%) and of all clinical manifestations of the disease. 2) Partial response: Disappearance of all clinical signs of the disease, but reduction of cryocrit of less than 50%. 3) Minor response: Reduction of cryocrit of less than 20% associated with the disappearance of one or more (but not all) signs of vasculitis.Anti-hepatitis C virus antibodies were present in 41 (95%) patients, and hepatitis C virus-RNA was detectable in all cases. Before therapy, marrow histology showed a massive monomorphous infiltration by plasmacytoid lymphocytes indicating the presence of low-grade non-Hodgkin lymphoma in 7 cases (16.6%). After therapy, 13 (31%) patients achieved a complete response, 23 patients (55%) a partial response, and 6 patients (14%) a minor response. Seven of the responders and all patients showing partial or minor responses relapsed a few months after withdrawal of therapy. At the end of the follow-up, only 6 patients had obtained complete remission. Bone marrow examination showed that B-lymphocytic monoclonal infiltrate had disappeared in 3 long-term responders. No difference was found between responders and non-responders/relapsers in terms of age, sex, duration of the disease, severity of symptoms, liver function tests, rheumatoid factor or complement levels, while the lack of response was associated with the presence of genotype 1b, liver cirrhosis, and high cryoglobulin level.Mixed cryoglobulinaemia is associated with a high prevalence of B-cell lymphomas. Alpha-Interferon is an effective agent for the treatment of this disease and seems able to determine regression of the lymphoproliferative disorder. The hepatitis C virus genotype and cryoglobulin level are the most important predictive factors of response to therapy.

Several authors have reported on the effectiveness of alpha-interferon (IFN-alpha) in the treatment of patients with mixed cryoglobulinemia. This prompted the authors to investigate the long term effects of this drug on clinical, hematologic, and virologic parameters in a group of 20 patients (13 women and 7 men) affected by mixed cryoglobulinemia.In all patients, bone marrow biopsy, phenotyping of marrow cells, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) immunoglobulin gene rearrangement in peripheral blood lymphocytes were performed before therapy and at the end of the follow-up. A liver biopsy was obtained in patients with biochemical signs of chronic liver disease. The presence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA in serum was assessed by detection of anti-HCV antibodies, and by PCR amplification of the 5' untranslated region of HCV. The HCV genotype was also determined by PCR amplification of the core region of the virus with type-specific primers. The treatment schedule followed by all patients was 3 million units of recombinant IFN-alpha 2b 3 times weekly for 1 year.In 6 patients, the marrow histology before therapy showed a massive (more than 50%) monomorphous infiltration by plasmacytoid lymphocytes, indicating the presence of low grade non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Anti-HCV antibodies were present in 19 (95%) subjects, and HCV-RNA was detectable in all patients. In addition, all patients affected by Type II mixed cryoglobulinemia showed a monoclonal B-cell expansion in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). With therapy, 5 patients (25%) achieved a complete response and 11 patients (55%) a partial response, whereas minor responses were observed in the remaining 4 patients (20%). One of the complete responders and all patients showing partial responses relapsed a few months after therapy withdrawal. At the end of the follow-up, four patients had obtained a complete remission. Bone marrow examination showed that B-lymphocytic monoclonal infiltrate disappeared in three patients. Moreover, these three patients had become negative for B-cell expansion in PBMC. Lack of response, or relapse, was associated with the presence of Type II HCV.HCV may be the cause of mixed cryoglobulinemia. The disease is associated with a high prevalence of bone marrow B-cell lymphomas. IFN-alpha appears to be an effective agent for the treatment of mixed cryoglobulinemia. It also seems able to determine regression of the lymphoproliferative disorder. The HCV genotype appears to be the most important predictive factor for the response to antiviral therapy.