Search

The existing energy meters have many drawbacks like two way communication, real time monitoring, energy tampered, etc. to cope up with these disadvantages this project means to monitor energy consumption at domestic level. This helps in reducing energy consumptions and monitors the units consumed. The aim is to make the electrical appliances intelligent and provide comfort to consumer and to reduce power consumption in web applications. This paper presents the power meter for monitoring energy flow in smart grids by using advanced sensing technique and IOT. These devices are able to monitor energy consumption consumers in real time. Current sensor measures the current flowing through the devices then controller performs necessary calculations on data and put that data on the internet. Use of smart meter has changed the way to exchange energy in the grid. Now it is possible to change the direction of energy flow according to needs. This meter helps to monitor electricity among the different nodes in efficient way.

A novel approach to synthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using leaf extract of Canna edulis Ker-Gawl. (CELE) under ambient conditions is reported here. The as-prepared AgNPs were analyzed by UV-visible spectroscopy, transmission emission microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy, energy-dispersive analysis of X-ray spectroscopy, zeta potential, and dynamic light scattering. The AgNPs showed excellent antimicrobial activity against various pathogens, including bacteria and various fungi. The biocompatibility of the AgNPs was analyzed in the L929 cell line using NRU and MTT assays. Acridine orange/ethidium bromide staining was used to determine whether the AgNPs had necrotic or apoptotic effects on L929 cells. The concentration of AgNPs required for 50% inhibition of growth of mammalian cells is far more than that required for inhibition of pathogenic microorganisms. Thus, CELE is a candidate for the eco-friendly, clean, cost-effective, and nontoxic synthesis of AgNPs.

Neutral point clamped inverter is best-suited topology for medium-voltage applications. But NPC inverters have problem of neutral unbalancing due to various factors. This neutral voltage can be balanced by modifying the gating signals to the switches. This paper presents enhanced space vector modulation (SVM) for balancing the neutral voltage. In the proposed method, according to unbalance conditions, small switching states are replaced by other states that regain the balanced condition.

In this paper, the application of DC borewell with high step-up DC-DC converter used to produce high voltage gain along with coupled inductor and switched capacitor technique. This topology consist of voltage multiplier cell, microcontroller, switched capacitor and coupled inductor. The switched capacitor get charged in switch off period by using energy accumulated in coupled inductor which increase the voltage gain. Therefore, the conduction losses are minimized with the RDS low resistance and main power switch circuit. The simulation model of "The application of DC borewell with high Step-up DC-DC Converter Using Photovoltaic System" is based on switched capacitor and coupled inductor techniques. MATLAB software is used to give input of 17v from the PV panel and expectedly got output voltage of load 500 v and power of 200W. Finally, checked its working with basic circuit of 20v I/P and 530V O/P.

This paper present a simulation model for three switch single phase switched coupled inductor (SCL) inverter for PV system. This inverter is used to overcome the drawback of conventional inverter such as, H-bridge inverters, Full bridge inverter, voltage and current source inverters (VSIs & CSIs) have some disadvantage like that low boost ability, high switching stress and also the high volume of the circuitry. This paper proposes a design of an switched coupled inductor (SCL) inverter with the combination of capacitor, power switches and switched coupled inductor. The main aspect of the coupling of inductor is that high voltage gain, high boost ratio and reduction of overall inverter volume. It has also the advantage that is low switching stress because less number of switches are used. Thus analyzed simulation modal for prospective topology with the help of MATLAB Simulink environment and also provide a THD analysis and result of proposed system.

A high step up DC input voltage is a most critical requirement of various electrical applications. A high step up DC DC converter using photovoltaic system is a worthy solution of this need. Due to coupled inductor with a capacitor charge in parallel and discharge in series which increase the voltage transfer gain. this converter can accomplish high duty ratio with high step up voltage gain. Also voltage stress on main power switch can be reduced by minimizing the conduction losses and improving efficiency. This paper has incorporated technique for hardware implementation of a high step up DC DC converter using photovoltaic system. In this project coupled inductor with switching capacitor technique are developed to make hardware circuit for input of 12v from the PV panel, output voltage of 100v across the load and power of 354W. Finally, to check its performance the prototype circuit also developed.

Multilevel inverter’s most commonly used configuration of neutral point clamped inverter have vast applications with high power areas, due to its various benefits such as, small dv/dt and total harmonic distortion. However neutral potential balancing problems can be seen in NPC inverters. Various balancing techniques are discussed in past for balancing, but they have vulnerable balancing ability at low PFs and high modulation index. In proposed strategy, the switching vectors that vary the potential at neutral point are changed with N and P type small vectors that do not have effect on neutral point. And for balancing potential at neutral point, the zero and medium vectors are used.

This paper proposes power management of a hybrid structure. The hybrid structure consists of DC micro-grid and AC grid. The advancement in the technologies gives rise to increased use of a DC micro-grid. By increasingly number of micro sources there is requirement of DC micro-grid. By using hybrid structure the efficacy and reliability of overall system increases. To interlink DC micro-grid and AC grid back to back (B2B) converter is used. DC micro-grid can operate independently or in part with AC grid by proposed scheme. The multiple ac-dc-ac conversion is used to achieve power management scheme.

The paper proposes wind energy conversion system modeling with the help of MATLAB Simulink for dc microgrid application. For tracking maximum power available in wind energy, MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracking) technique is used. The proposed system contains the wind energy conversion model, 3-ph diode bridge rectifier model, MPPT controller and DC-DC converter (Buck converter) model. The DC-DC converter model (buck converter) permits the output of MPPT controller i.e. duty cycle to make adjustment in input voltage of converter for tracking maximum power point from wind generator. The major advantages of the designed system are circuit simplicity as well as simple control algorithm for supplying power to dc microgrid. By making comparison to the system without MPPT control, system with MPPT control gives greater output power.

In the present investigation, novel strategy for the preparation of hybrid nanocomposite containing organic polymer (Chitosan) and inorganic (TiO

A systematic study on the synthesis of carbon-doped MgB2 superconductor, using a new approach wherein the sample was treated under both pressed carbon environment as well as flowing argon, is presented. The sample synthesized was found to be compact and showed cannibalistic surface morphology. Carbon doping in the sample, crystallized in hexagonal structure, accounted for the reduced in-plane lattice parameter of 3.06 A. The intraband scattering due to doping of carbon resulted in a decreased superconducting transition at about 29 K. The behavior of resistivity with respect to a decrease in temperature was embedded in the signatures for the scattering of electrons by phonons as well as the grain boundary impurity in the sample. The carbon doping achieved by the proposed synthesis technique showed improvement in the self-field critical current density up to around 105 A/cm2 at 5 K. The flux-pinning plots were studied to understand the dominant pinning mechanism in the sample.

The present study shows general characteristic features of processes such as spray pyrolysis and heat-treatment, involved in the preparation of Tl-2223/CeO2/Al2O3 superconducting coatings by using aerosol pyrolysis method. The importance of the present study, however, lies in a new process to make a thick Tl-2223 superconducting layer by using spray pyrolysis. In the new method, a relatively thick BaCaCuO precursor film is firstly spray deposited on the buffered alumina substrate and then heat-treated in the presence of thallium source for phase transformation to superconducting phases to assign conductivity to the film. The thickness of the Tl-2223 layer was 2–3 μm. The crystal symmetry was found to be tetragonal with lattice parameters a=3.85, and c=35.7 A. The Tc was found to be 98 K for the samples heat treated at 870 °C for 60 min. Magnetic characterizations were conducted by using a DC-SQUID magnetometer. From the magnetization measurements, the intragrain critical-current density, Jc, was calculated to be 2×104 A/cm2 at 70 K.

This study for the first time shows the effective utilization and production of chitin monomers at laboratory level, with immense potential for its biomedical application. Low molecular weight (LMW) N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) is prepared by depolymerization of chitin using chemical method coupled with a physical separation method. A novel filtration strategy exploiting polysulfone hollow fiber membrane is used for the preparation of GlcNAc particles with 94% yield within 8.5 ± 0.5 h. This high efficiency is analyzed using high-pressure liquid chromatography. The GlcNAc obtained was further analyzed using dynamic light scattering, first derivative Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction techniques. The antimicrobial properties of GlcNAc, chitin, and GlcNAc/chitin mixture were investigated using minimal inhibitory concentration against S. aureus and E. coli. Bacteriostatic property was exhibited by high molecular weight chitin, while GlcNAc and GlcNAc/chitin mixture (LMW) demonstrated bactericidal activity. Blood biocompatibility below 0.25 g/ml and cytocompatibility with NIH3T3 fibroblast cells and the proliferative efficacy suggested its utilization and suitability of these particles in biological applications.

Metal/superconductor/semiconductor (Ag/Hg1Ba2Ca1Cu2O6+δ (Hg-1212)/CdSe) heterostructures have been successfully fabricated using the pulse electrodeposition technique. The electrochemical parameters are optimized and diffusion free growth of CdSe on to Ag/Hg-1212 was obtained by employing underpotential deposition and by studying nucleation and growth mechanism during deposition. The heterostructures are characterized by x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy studies and low-temperature four-probe electrical resistivity measurements. After the deposition of CdSe, the critical transition temperature of Hg-1212 films was found to be increased from 115 K with Jc (77 K) = 1.7 × 103 A cm−2 to 117.2 K with Jc (77 K) = 1.91 × 103 A cm−2. Tc and Jc (77 K) values were 120.3 K and 3.7 × 103 A cm−2, respectively, when the heterostructure was irradiated with red He–Ne laser. The improvements in superconducting properties of Hg-1212 in Ag/Hg-1212/CdSe heterostructures have been explained at length in this paper.

In the present investigation, we have discovered a new technology for the formation of superconducting magnesium diboride (MgB2) films as an alternative to the conventional high-temperature and high-pressure synthesis method. This involves the combination of electrical and chemical forces developed in an electrochemical complexing bath. The growth mechanism of the MgB2 films on the silver substrate has been revealed. The MgB2 films synthesized by this new innovative method have been characterized by using energy dispersive x-ray analysis, x-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy techniques. They have been tested for their reproducible and durable superconducting properties. This new method of synthesis of MgB2 films is environmentally friendly, has less energy inputs and is easy to handle. Hence, it will be the cheapest and key technology for large-scale applications of MgB2 films in a variety of superconducting devices.

A room-temperature electrochemical synthesis of Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O films on to Ag substrates has been successfully carried out using a layer-by-layer electrodeposition technique. The various preparative parameters, such as deposition potential and current density, have been studied and optimized. The electrochemical oxidation of these films in alkaline solution (1N KOH) has been used for preparing the Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O superconducting phase. The oxidized film showed superconductivity below 110 K.

The A.C. conductivity and dielectric properties of Bi2Cu0.1V0.9O5.35 thin films were studied as a function of frequency and temperature. The A.C. conductivity of Bi2Cu0.1V0.9O5.35 film increases with frequency. The low frequency region corresponds to the D.C. conductivity where the inter‐well hopping responsible for D.C. conduction completely dominates over the intra‐well hopping associated with pure A.C. conduction. Higher values of A.C. conductivity for films formed on alumina substrates predict their suitability for fuel cell application

The electrical and optical properties of thin films of K-Sb-S prepared by spraying a solution of antimony potassium tartrate and thiourea onto heated conducting and non-conducting glass substrates are described. The polycrystalline films produced at an optimum spray rate and at different substrate temperatures were characterized for semiquantitative analysis. The films show variation in thickness with substrate temperature. Photoelectrochemical cells formed with the K-Sb-S film electrode, 0·5 M ferrocene in dimethylsulphoxide as the electrolyte and carbon as the counterelectrode were studied for their current voltage characteristics in dark and in light. Variation of short circuit current and open circuit voltage with light excitation intensity is also described.

Cadmium sulphide thin films have been deposited onto chromium plated stainless steel substrates under the influence of electric field. The various deposition parameters such as speed of rotation of the substrates, temperature of the chemical bath, molar concentrations of solution and the strength of the electric field were kept at optimized conditions. The electrochemical photovoltaic (ecpv) cells are formed with CdS film electrodes. The properties of CdS films andecpv cells are monitored with selective values of the electric field employed in the controlled precipitation technique. This relatively new technique is described and the possible film formation mechanism suggested.

Cesium-137, cerium-144 and ruthenium-106 discharged into the nearshore environment of the Bombay harbour, have been found to be readily sorbed by the sedimentary particles. On reaching peak sorption levels, however, the levels of all the three radionuclides in the sediment were found to drop exponentially with time (1971–1976) under environmental conditions, despite the continued discharges at low levels. From the distribution patterns of radioactivity in the harbour, the rate of decline of 137Cs (the sedimentary half-life) was found to be 1.86 years, significantly lower than its radioactive decay time (30 years). In contrast, those of 144Ce (0.59 year) and 106Ru (0.87 year) were found to bepractically the same as their radiological half-lives. The difference between the sedimentary and radiological half-lives of both cerium and ruthenium suggests about 20% influx of fresh sediment following monsoon runoff. The effective sedimentary half-life (1.86 years) of 137Cs was found to be significantly affected by other environmental parameters, in addition to that caused by the influx of fresh material. Of the various environmental factors, salinity (i.e. Co-ion, Na+, K+, Mg++, concentrations) was found to affect the desorption of cesium significantly. The possible sorption-desorption mechanism of cesium, cerium, ruthenium and cobalt radionuclides both under laboratory and field conditions are discussed.

Calcium sulphide phosphors co-activated with varying concentrations of bismuth and thulium have been prepared and their decay behaviour and thermoluminescence properties are systematically studied. The values of trap depth E have been determined using four different theoretical models and they are found in mutual agreement.

In this communication, the authors report the electrochemical properties of Bi/sub 2/CdS/sub 4/ film electrodes. The experimental procedure for the deposition of Bi/sub 2/CdS/sub 4/ films by the spray pyrolysis technique is reported elsewhere. In short, aqueous solutions of Bismuth nitrate, cadmium chloride and thiourea were mixed in appropriate volumes in order to obtain Bi:Cd:S ratio as 2:1:4. The concentration of the solutions was 0.08 M. The substrate temperature was optimized as 250/sup 0/C. The solution was sprayed at a rate of 3 cm/sup 3//min and total quantity sprayed was 200 C.C. Bi/sub 2/CdS/sub 4/ films with thicknesses of about 0.5 ..mu..m were deposited by spray pyrolysis technique. X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern showed that the films were amorphous in nature. Compositional analysis of film based on energy dispersive analysis of x-rays (EDAX) showed that the films were deficient in cadmium and sulphur.

L'electrodeposition de films de sulfure de zinc sur differentes electrodes (titane, acier inoxydable ou oxyde d'etain) en solution basique (pH=8 a 10) est etudiee. Les ions Zn 2+ sont complexes par l'EDTA puis deposes electrochimiquement sur l'electrode

L'electrodeposition de films de sulfure de zinc sur differentes electrodes (titane, acier inoxydable ou oxyde d'etain) en solution basique (pH=8 a 10) est etudiee. Les ions Zn 2+ sont complexes par l'EDTA puis deposes electrochimiquement sur l'electrode