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Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has played a pivotal role in maintaining the health of people, and the intrinsic quality of TCM is directly related to the clinical efficacy. The medicinal ingredients of TCM are derived from the secondary metabolites of plant metabolism and are also the result of the coordination of various physiological activities in plants. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are among the most ubiquitous plant mutualists that enhance the growth and yield of plants by facilitating the uptake of nutrients and water. Symbiosis of AMF with higher plants promotes growth and helps in the accumulation of secondary metabolites. However, there is still no systematic analysis and summation of their roles in the application of TCM, biosynthesis and accumulation of active substances of herbs, as well as the mechanisms. AMF directly or indirectly affect the accumulation of secondary metabolites of TCM, which is the focus of this review. First, in this review, the effects of AMF symbiosis on the content of different secondary metabolites in TCM, such as phenolic acids, flavonoids, alkaloids and terpenoids, are summarized. Moreover, the mechanism of AMF regulating the synthesis of secondary metabolites was also considered, in combination with the establishment of mycorrhizal symbionts, response mechanisms of plant hormones, nutritional elements and expression of key enzyme their activities. Finally, combined with the current application prospects for AMF in TCM, future in-depth research is planned, thus providing a reference for improving the quality of TCM. In this manuscript, we review the research status of AMF in promoting the accumulation of secondary metabolites in TCM to provide new ideas and methods for improving the quality of TCM.

Introduction Immunotherapy has an important role in the intervention of breast cancer, but single-agent efficacy of immunotherapy is poor, owing in part to influence of the surrounding tumour microenvironment. Hepatitis A virus cellular receptor-1 (HAVCR1), plays vital roles in immune microenvironment in pancreatic adenocarcinoma, but not clear in breast cancer. The present study aimed to characterize the role of HAVCR1 in immune microenvironment of breast cancer. Methods The Cancer Genome Atlas was used to evaluate functional role of HAVCR1. Kaplan-Meier plotter and Tumor Immune Estimation Resource were applied to illustrate correlation of HAVCR1 with the prognosis and immune infiltration of breast cancer. Results In Pietenpol subtype, high HAVCR1 levels indicated a favourable overall survival (OS) (HR=0.08, 95%CI:0.01-0.61, P=0.0024) in mesenchymal stem–like breast cancer. However, it was connected to worse OS (HR=2.29, 95%CI:1.04-5.04, P=0.035) in immunomodulatory subtype. Significant correlation was found between HAVCR1 expression level and immune infiltration in breast cancer, especially with B cells, CD8+ T cells, CD4+ T cells, macrophages, neutrophils and Dendritic cell (P Conclusion HAVCR1 is closely correlated with immune microenvironment and may serve as a potential tumour immunotherapy target for breast cancer.

Introduction Lymph node metastasis is essential for the outcome of patients with breast cancer. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP) and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), key to angiogenesis and metastasis of cancers, were investigated for their roles in the predication of nodal metastasis from breast cancer. Methods Expression of BMP family ligands, BMP receptors, HGF, its receptor MET and regulatory factors of HGF activation including HGF activator (HGFA), HGFA inhibitor 1 (HAI1), HAI2, Matriptase-1 and Matriptase-2 were determined in breast cancers (n=127) using real time quantitative PCR. Transcript levels of these genes were analysed in the breast cancers for their implication in lymphatic involvement using Mann-Whitney test. Predictive potential of those genes for nodal metastasis of these molecules was evaluated using both binary logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) with SPSS (Version 27). Results With median as a cut-off value, logistic regression analyses showed that MET, Matriptase-1 and BMP15 were positively associated with nodal metastasis whereas Matriptase-2, BMP3 and HAI1 were inversely correlated with nodal involvement. After integrating these six prospective factors, ROC model returned with a significant value against nodal status (RUC=0.657, p=0.001). With the optimal ROC cut-off value to dichotomise patients, the integrated expression produced a significant prediction of nodal metastasis (p=0.006, HR=2.929). MET and HAI1 was correlated with the lymphangiogenesis marks of LYVE1, podo, prox1. Matriptase-1 was inversely correlated with podo, whilst Matriptase-2 and BMP15 showed a positive correlation with prox1. Conclusion The MET/Matriptase-1/BMP15 and the inversed Matriptase-2/BMP3/HAI1 are connected significantly with lymph node metastasis in breast cancer.

Introduction Hepatitis A virus cellular receptor 1 (HAVcR1) has been established to play an important role in tight junction (TJ) in cancer cells and in peripheral endothelial cells. Its role in blood brain barrier (BBB) of cerebral endothelium remains unknown. This study aimed to investigate the association and functionality of HAVcR1 in BBB. Methods HAVcR1 was knocked down by siRNA in human cerebral microvessel endothelial cell/D3 (hCMEC/D3) cell lines. Changes in tight junction (TJ) behaviour were assessed using electric cell impedance sensing (ECIS), transendothelial resistance (TER), and paracellular permeability (PCP). The expression of HAVcR1 and the binding partners of HAVcR1 protein was assessed using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Results The HAVcR1 gene transcript, highly expressed in hCMEC/D3 cells, was successfully knocked down from the cell by anti-HAVcR1 siRNA. HAVcR1 knockdown resulted in an increase in four TJ molecules and a decrease in eight TJ molecules as demonstrated by transcript analysis. HAVcR1 knockdown cells displayed lower electric resistance compared with wild type cells during initial attachment and spreading in hCMEC/D3 cells shown by ECIS. Similarly, TER in HAVcR1 knockdown cells were also reduced. Higher PCP fluorescence signals were detected in HAVcR1 knockdown cell lines compared with wild type. Conclusion HAVcR1 regulates paracellular leakage of cerebral endothelial cells and loss of HAVcR1 renders the cells with weaker tight junction by influencing TJ protein expression. HAVcR1 have a function as part of the regulatory apparatus for TJ in BBB.

Urbanization in India is causing local wind and climate changes near high-rise buildings, affecting the urban wind climate pedestrian-level winds to dangerous and uncomfortable levels. Hence, today's architectural planning Wind comfort has to not only consider the wind load and internal conditions, but also must consider the outdoor wind building design environment. This study reviewed the methods of evaluating pedestrian-level wind weather, different Wind tunnel test standards of wind comfort, and various techniques for evaluating pedestrian-level wind speed. In the CFD Numerical following section, a brief overview of the current research on this topic and the way forward in India is Modeling related to the design and configuration of windward buildings at the pedestrian level. After analysing the previous documents, the authors recommend it is very necessary to homogenize the various wind standards, as it might have different consequences for planers. Among the various wind tunnel experimental technologies, compared to the hot wire wind speed measurement method, the Irwin probe’s accuracy and simplicity is justified, and can be installed in multiple positions to measure wind speed horizontal of pedestrians at the same time. For the numerical simulation, several researchers have used the Renault medium Navier stokes-based technique, although the precision of this technique is not as good as the simulation of large eddies and the simulation of separate eddies. However, this technology is not only precise but also costs less due to its requirement of less computing resources.

Growing AI readership (proxied for by machine downloads and ownership by AI-equipped investors) motivates firms to prepare filings friendlier to machine processing and to mitigate linguistic tones that are unfavorably perceived by algorithms. Loughran and McDonald (2011) and BERT available since 2018 serve as event studies supporting attribution of the decrease in the measured negative sentiment to increased machine readership. This relationship is stronger among firms with higher benefits to (e.g., external financing needs) or lower cost (e.g., litigation risk) of sentiment management. This is the first study exploring the feedback effect on corporate disclosure in response to technology.

With the development of modern liver surgical techniques and the progress of perioperative management,the survival rate after resection of hepatocellular carcinoma has been greatly improved,but the high recurrence and metastasis rate still limits the long-term survival after surgery. Preoperative neoadjuvant therapy has been confirmed to significantly reduce the postoperative recurrence rate and prolong survival in other types of cancer,but there has been a lack of effective systemic therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma for a long time,so the efficacy and regimen of neoadjuvant therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma are still controversial. PD-1/PD-L1 monoclonal antibody combined with anti-angiogenic targeted drugs has become a first-line regimen in systemic therapy for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. This regimen has definite efficacy and high safety,bringing hope for neoadjuvant therapy of hepatocellular carcinoma. Recently,three clinical trials of neoadjuvant immunotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma have been published internationally,which preliminarily suggest the efficacy and safety of neoadjuvant immunotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma and lay a solid foundation for carrying out larger sample clinical studies in the future.随着现代肝脏外科手术技术的发展和围手术期管理水平的进步，肝细胞癌切除术后患者的生存率已大幅提高，但较高的复发转移率仍限制着患者的术后长期生存。长期以来，肝细胞癌缺乏有效的系统治疗方法，对于其新辅助治疗的效果和方案还存在争议。近年来，以PD-1/PD-L1单抗和CTLA-4单抗为代表的现代免疫治疗手段，在多种肿瘤中展现出良好疗效。在晚期肝细胞癌系统治疗中，PD-1/PD-L1单抗联用抗血管生成的靶向药物已成为一线方案，该方案疗效确切、安全性高，给肝细胞癌新辅助治疗带来希望。近期，国际上发表了3项肝细胞癌免疫新辅助治疗的临床试验研究成果，初步提示了肝细胞癌免疫新辅助治疗的有效性和安全性，为将来开展更大样本的临床研究打下了坚实基础。.

The aim of the study was to investigate the clinical effect of single plane screw percutaneous internal fixation in the treatment of simple thoracolumbar fractures.The subjects of this study were 84 patients with simple thoracolumbar fractures treated in our hospital from January 2018 to December 2020. The patients were grouped by different treatment methods (42 cases in each group). The single plane group was treated by percutaneous single plane screw internal fixation and the universal group was treated with percutaneous universal screw. The surgery completion status and the incidence of complications were recorded. The visual analogue scale (VAS) and the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) of the two groups were recorded before the surgery, 3 days after the surgery, and 7 days after the surgery. The anterior edge height ratio of the fractured vertebra and the kyphotic Cobb angle were marked before the surgery, immediately after the operation, and at the last follow-up.Difference between groups in surgery time, blood loss and hospital stay was not statistically significant (p0.05); the single plane group had a substantially lower incidence of complications than the universal group (p0.05). At the last follow-up, the single plane group had greatly higher anterior edge height ratio of the injured vertebra than the universal group, while kyphotic Cobb angle was greatly higher in the universal group (p0.05).Both single plane screw and universal screw percutaneous internal fixation were feasible for the treatment of simple thoracolumbar fractures, but single plane screw showed better vertebral height recovery and kyphosis correction effect, which could reduce postoperative correction loss.

Objectives Simple reaction time (SRT) and choice reaction time (CRT) have been shown to be good indicators for quantitatively assessing the level of human cognitive impairment, but these parameters have also been linked to the risk of human death. This study aimed to quantitatively assess the independent predictive value of SRT or CRT for all-cause mortality or cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality by conducting a meta-analysis of prospective studies. Study design The study design of this study is a prospective cohort study. Methods We conducted a meta-analysis by combining hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) of SRT or CRT with all-cause mortality or CVD mortality in healthy community residents aged 18 and over. Heterogeneity was evaluated by using Q statistics and Cochrane’s I2 statistics. Results A total of seven prospective studies that examined all-cause mortality and CVD mortality were included. The pooled HR of all-cause mortality in SRT was 1.099 (1.065–1.134, I2 = 11.9%), and an increased risk of CVD mortality was associated with lower SRT (HR = 1.186, 95% CI = 1.137–1.236; I2 = 52.4%). Similarly, the pooled HR of all-cause mortality in CRT was 1.140 (95% CI = 1.085–1.197, I2 = 33.7%). However, lower CRT was not statistically associated with an increased risk of CVD mortality. Conclusion SRT may be a predictor of all-cause-mortality and CVD mortality, and CRT is significantly associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have been used in treating a wide variety of cancers, but they challenge clinicians with a series of special immune related adverse events (irAEs) resulting from activated immune system. Since June 2018, when the first programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) inhibitor, nivolumab, was approved by the National Medical Products Administration (NMPA), abundant experience has been accumulated in coping with irAEs from PD-1 and PD-1 ligand 1 (PD-L1) blockade therapies. In October 2021, the first CTLA-4 inhibitor, ipilimumab, which has a different spectrum of irAEs was also approved by NMPA. The discrepancy in clinical features of pituitary irAEs is obvious between these two types of ICIs. Pituitary irAEs include hypophysitis and hypopituitarism. In this review of latest literature, we have summarized the incidence, possible mechanisms, time of onset, clinical presentations, hormone test, pituitary imaging, treatment strategies and recovery patterns of pituitary irAEs. By referring to domestic and foreign clinical guidelines, we have proposed practical suggestions for screening, diagnosing and treating pituitary irAEs.免疫检查点抑制剂已广泛用于多种肿瘤的治疗，激活免疫系统后出现的特殊不良反应尤应引起临床关注。2018年6月程序性死亡受体1(PD-1)抑制剂在中国上市后，已积累了丰富的PD-1及程序性死亡受体配体1(PD-L1)抑制剂相关免疫不良反应(irAE)诊治经验。2021年10月CTLA-4抑制剂获得批准在中国上市，其常见irAE谱与PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂irAE谱存在差异，如垂体irAEs更为常见。垂体irAEs包括垂体炎和垂体功能减退。文章从垂体irAEs的发生率、发生机制、发生时间、临床表现、激素检查、垂体磁共振成像检查、治疗策略和内分泌功能恢复模式等方面进行综述，并结合国内外指南，提出免疫治疗后垂体irAEs的筛查、诊断和治疗建议。.

OBJECTIVE: To extract weak fetal ECG signals from mixed ECG signals recorded from maternal abdominal wall for accurate analysis of fetal heart rate and fetal ECG patterns. METHODS: By exploiting the superior nonlinear mapping ability of deep convolutional network, we developed a nonlinear adaptive noise cancelling (nonlinear ANC) extraction framework based on a temporal convolutional encoder-decoder network for extracting fetal ECG signals. We first constructed a deep temporal convolutional network (TCED-Net) model for fetal ECG signal extraction, and with the maternal chest ECG signal as the reference signal, the maternal ECG component in the abdominal mixed signal was estimated using this model. The estimated maternal ECG component was subtracted from the mixed abdominal ECG signals to obtain the fetal ECG component. Experimental analyses were performed using synthetic ECG signals (FECGSYNDB) and clinical ECG signals (NIFECGDB, PCDB) to test the performance of the propose method. RESULTS: The results of experiments on the FECGSYNDB dataset showed that the proposed approach achieved good performance in F(1)-score (98.89%), mean-square-error (MSE; 0.20) and quality signalto-noise ratio (qSNR; 7.84). The F(1)- score reached 99.1% on the NIFECGDB dataset and 98.61% on the PCDB dataset. The R peak detection accuracy index of the proposed method was higher than the existing best-performing algorithms such as EKF (F(1)=93.84%), ES-RNN (F(1)=97.20%) and AECG-DecompNet (F(1)=95.43%) by 5.05%, 1.9% and 3.18%, respectively. CONCLUSION: The fetal ECG signals extracted using the proposed method are clearer than those by the existing algorithms, suggesting the potential value this method for effective fetal health monitoring during pregnancy.

In recent years, air pollution related to PM2.5 has caused a significant impact on human health. The Grand Canal (GC) is not only a great Cultural heritage created in ancient China but also the longest and largest canal in the world. Based on remotely sensed PM2.5 gridded data in the GC region covering 2000 to 2018, we used the holistic methods of standard deviation ellipse, local moran index, slope trend analysis to reveal the spatiotemporal evolutions of PM2.5 concentrations in the GC regions and investigated the driving factors of PM2.5 concentrations by using the geographically weighted regression (GWR) model. Results show that (1) PM2.5 concentrations in the GC region exhibited an increasing trend and followed by a decreasing trend from 2000 to 2018 (the turning point emerged in 2010). (2) The standard deviation ellipse analyses show that the spatial distributions of PM2.5 concentrations featured more and more concentrated over time, whereas, after the year 2010, the distributions gradually featured scattered. (3) The concentrations of PM2.5 exhibited the strong effects of local spatial autocorrelation and areas with "high-high" agglomeration were mainly located in the central and west regions of the GC region and gradually expanded to the north over time. (4) The areas of regions with rapidly increasing in PM2.5 concentrations gradually decreased over time, however, those with rapidly decreasing in PM2.5 concentrations increased. (5) The influences of the natural factors and socio-economic factors on the distributions of PM2.5 concentrations varied spatially. In detail, the elevation was negatively correlated with PM2.5 concentrations, whereas an opposite relationship between industrial structure and PM2.5 concentrations was observed. The coefficients of rainfall, population density, GDP per capita and foreign investment show different results in positive and negative correlations depending on the position.

Experiments have been conducted on the OMEGA EP laser facility to study the effect of density scale length and overlapping beam geometry on laser-plasma instabilities near and below the quarter-critical density. Experiments were conducted in both planar geometry (density scale length [Formula: see text] [Formula: see text] 190 to 300 [Formula: see text]m) and spherical geometry ([Formula: see text] [Formula: see text] 150 [Formula: see text]m) with up to four overlapping beams and were designed to have overlapped intensities and density scale lengths comparable to OMEGA spherical experiments, but with many fewer beams. In comparison with previous experiments on OMEGA and National Ignition Facility, it is confirmed that shorter density scale lengths favor the two-plasmon decay (TPD) instability, while longer density scale lengths favor stimulated Raman scattering (SRS). In addition, for experiments at the same scale length and overlapped laser intensity, higher single-beam intensities favor SRS, while a larger number of overlapping beams favor TPD.

皮肤软骨瘤是一种软骨来源的良性肿瘤，发生于真皮或皮下组织。本文报道1例4岁儿童，右颈部有一蚕豆大小的肿物，质地硬。镜下观察组织表面被覆鳞状上皮，皮下纤维组织内可见两处边界清楚、呈分叶状的成熟透明软骨构成的细胞岛，软骨细胞未见明显异型性。免疫组织化学结果：p63阳性，Ki-67阳性指数1%，S-100蛋白阳性，p53阴性。病理诊断为皮肤软骨瘤。该疾病主要与软骨性错构瘤、骨膜软骨瘤、滑膜软骨瘤及皮肤混合瘤相鉴别。手术全切除是首选治疗方法，切除不完整可能导致复发。.

Super-Kamiokande has been searching for neutrino bursts characteristic of core-collapse supernovae continuously, in real time, since the start of operations in 1996. The present work focuses on detecting more distant supernovae whose event rate may be too small to trigger in real time, but may be identified using an offline approach. The analysis of data collected from 2008 to 2018 found no evidence of distant supernovae bursts. This establishes an upper limit of 0.29 yr−1 on the rate of core-collapse supernovae out to 100 kpc at 90% C.L. For supernovae that fail to explode and collapse directly to black holes the limit reaches to 300 kpc.

Pituitary immune-related adverse events induced by programmed cell death protein 1 inhibitors in advanced lung cancer patients: A report of 3 cases SUMMARY Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and its ligand 1 (PD-L1) have been widely used in lung cancer treatment, but their immune-related adverse events (irAEs) require intensive attention. Pituitary irAEs, including hypophysitis and hypopituitarism, are commonly induced by cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 inhibitors, but rarely by PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors. Isolated adrenocorticotropic hormone(ACTH) deficiency (IAD) is a special subtype of pituitary irAEs, without any other pituitary hormone dysfunction, and with no enlargement of pituitary gland, either. Here, we described three patients with advanced lung cancer who developed IAD and other irAEs, after PD-1 inhibitor treatment. Case 1 was a 68-year-old male diagnosed with metastatic lung adenocarcinoma with high expression of PD-L1. He was treated with pembrolizumab monotherapy, and developed immune-related hepatitis, which was cured by high-dose methylprednisolone [0.5-1.0 mg/(kg·d)]. Eleven months later, the patient was diagnosed with primary gastric adenocarcinoma, and was treated with apatinib, in addition to pembrolizumab. After 17 doses of pembrolizumab, he developed severe nausea and asthenia, when methylprednisolone had been stopped for 10 months. His blood tests showed severe hyponatremia (121 mmol/L, reference 137-147 mmol/L, the same below), low levels of 8:00 a.m. cortisol (< 1 μg/dL, reference 5-25 μg/dL, the same below) and ACTH (2.2 ng/L, reference 7.2-63.3 ng/L, the same below), and normal thyroid function, sex hormone and prolactin. Meanwhile, both his lung cancer and gastric cancer remained under good control. Case 2 was a 66-year-old male with metastatic lung adenocarcinoma, who was treated with a new PD-1 inhibitor, HX008, combined with chemotherapy (clinical trial number: CTR20202387). After 5 months of treatment (7 doses in total), his cancer exhibited partial response, but his nausea and vomiting suddenly exacerbated, with mild dyspnea and weakness in his lower limbs. His blood tests showed mild hyponatremia (135 mmol/L), low levels of 8:00 a.m. cortisol (4.3 μg/dL) and ACTH (1.5 ng/L), and normal thyroid function. His thoracic computed tomography revealed moderate immune-related pneumonitis simultaneously. Case 3 was a 63-year-old male with locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma. He was treated with first-line sintilimab combined with chemotherapy, which resulted in partial response, with mild immune-related rash. His cancer progressed after 5 cycles of treatment, and sintilimab was discontinued. Six months later, he developed asymptomatic hypoadrenocorticism, with low level of cortisol (1.5 μg/dL) at 8:00 a.m. and unresponsive ACTH (8.0 ng/L). After being rechallenged with another PD-1 inhibitor, teslelizumab, combined with chemotherapy, he had pulmonary infection, persistent low-grade fever, moderate asthenia, and severe hyponatremia (116 mmol/L). Meanwhile, his blood levels of 8:00 a.m. cortisol and ACTH were 3.1 μg/dL and 7.2 ng/L, respectively, with normal thyroid function, sex hormone and prolactin. All of the three patients had no headache or visual disturbance. Their pituitary magnetic resonance image showed no pituitary enlargement or stalk thickening, and no dynamic changes. They were all on hormone replacement therapy (HRT) with prednisone (2.5-5.0 mg/d), and resumed the PD-1 inhibitor treatment when symptoms relieved. In particular, Case 2 started with high-dose prednisone [1 mg/(kg·d)] because of simultaneous immune-related pneumonitis, and then tapered it to the HRT dose. His cortisol and ACTH levels returned to and stayed normal. However, the other two patients' hypopituitarism did not recover. In summary, these cases demonstrated that the pituitary irAEs induced by PD-1 inhibitors could present as IAD, with a large time span of onset, non-specific clinical presentation, and different recovery patterns. Clinicians should monitor patients' pituitary hormone regularly, during and at least 6 months after PD-1 inhibitor treatment, especially in patients with good oncological response to the treatment.

ED-initiated addiction treatment holds promise for enhancing access to treatment for those with opioid use disorder (OUD). We present a literature review summarizing the evidence for buprenorphine induction in the ED including best practices for dosing, follow-up care, and reducing implementation barriers. A literature search of Pubmed, PsychInfo, and Embase identified articles studying OUD treatment in the ED published after 1980. Twenty-five studies were identified including eleven scientific abstracts. Multiple studies suggest that buprenorphine induction improves engagement in substance treatment up to 30 days after ED treatment. Many different induction protocols were presented, but no particular approach was best supported as criteria for induction and initial dosing vary widely. Similarly, transition of care models focused on either a "hub and spoke" model or "warm hand-offs" model, but no studies compared these approaches. Common barriers to implementing induction programs were provider inexperience, discomfort with addiction treatment, and limited time during the ED visit. No studies described the number of EDs offering induction. While ED buprenorphine induction is safe and enhances adherence to addiction treatment, uncertainty persists in how to best identify patients needing treatment, how to initiate buprenorphine, and how to enhance follow-up after ED-initiated treatment.

Solidification simulations were carried out for casting aluminum alloy A356 using PanSolidification module of Pandat software which enables consideration of back diffusion in the solid during solidification. The casting microstructure features including the solidified phases, phase fractions, and secondary dendrite arm spacing (SDAS) were simulated. The simulated results explain the experimental observations reasonably well. High throughput calculation was performed to understand the effects of alloy composition and cooling rate on the formation of the intermetallic phases and SDAS in the casting microstructure. The role of Mn in eliminating the formation of detrimental β-AlFeSi phase was also simulated and discussed.

This paper presents a general formulation of the generalized multiconductor transmission line (GMTL) method to model a parallel cable harness including straight and bent wires. The parallel cable harness here indicates the uniform cross-sectional wire distribution. The GMTL equations are solved recursively based on the perturbation theory. This GMTL method facilitates an accurate evaluation of the current distributed on a cable harness. On top of that, the current obtained in a radiation problem is decomposed into two traveling currents, i.e., the positive-going and the negative-going currents, based on the least-squares method. With the decomposed currents, the steepest descent method is further adopted to achieve a fast approximation of the total radiated power. Finally, the capability and the limitations of the GMTL method in terms of the electrical wire separation and length are investigated. The necessity of the recursive corrections is also studied.