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The notion of informatization of processes is introduced, and the difference between informatics and informatization is explained and emphasized. The mission of informatization is specified, as well as the process of its realization in the form of growing penetration of all industrial branches including raw materials extraction and processing. The notions of stages and levels of informatization are defined, which allows comparison of current state and formulation of visions and plans for the future. It is demonstrated that efficient informatization would be impossible without preparation of specialists for informatization of each application field. The tasks for development of informatization are defined, especially in the field of education, research and applications.

The development and state of mining and availability of earth resources is also connected with the required state of the environment, human population, respecting the concept of the sustainable development, adopting new technologies and materials, globalization, the transfer of the capital in the form of investments, and with political and economic intentions of decision-taking countries and groups throughout the world.In the presented study I devote a minimum attention to the problem of energetic resources because such studies are numerous, easily available and well-known. Another reason is that the question of availability of fossil fuels is today especially a matter of politics. Therefore, the study is primarily directed toward the mining industry and availability of non-energetic resources.Basing on the development in the second half of the 20th century, we can expect that in the 21th the same mineral resources will be explored. Ceramic materials, glass, polymers, composite materials and laminates, which may decrease the demand for metals, will be certainly of a higher importance. The same metals however will be of use in new technologies and products. Commodities for which an increased demand can be expected with a high probability are: light, strong materials such as magnesium, titanium, carbon filaments and materials of petrochemical industry. The volume of production of plastics should overcome that of metals at the beginning of the 21th century. The development of plastics is oriented toward regulating their durability or biological tolerance because of the environmental protection. Zirconium, tantalum, rare-earth elements, pure quartz in high-tech applications elements of platinum group iron, aluminium, copper steel is expected to persist as a dominant metal in the 21th century concerning the produced amount. A high consumption of aluminium and its alloys could also be predicted. Copper will increasingly be consumed in technologies for utilization of alternative sources of energy. Concretes the development of second generation (nonporous and homogeneous) with mechanical propertie comparable to these of aluminium alloys is assumed.In the second half of the 20th century, important changes in the world mining occured. Most European mining companies producing coal and metals dramatically restricted their activities. The reason were political and social changes in the Europe leading to the increase of expenses for the man work and protection of nature. The new environmental legislation complicated opening of new mines. The next important factor causing the depression of mining activities in Europe has been the introduction of the high-capacity marine transport capable to economically transfer goods from a continent to a continent.I am of the opinion that due to the lack of economically exploitable mineral raw materials, the Europe must adopt a solution, already realized in the second half of the 18th century, when important personalities of the mining research, education and industry were concentrated to speed up the development of new technologies and their introduction to the practice; qualitative step was achieved in the field of mining which became an industrial production. A similar step could also be attained at the present time when European mining is looked on as a source of many problems causing negative changes in the environment.Till now, the development of mining and processing technologies and equipments was made with the account of safety of peoples present in the process and of the economy. Presently, the environmental requirements must be meet primarily.According to me, Europe has four possibilities how to withstand the pressure of ecologists and to render the resources necessary for its sustainable development:1. The mining industry is global and does not depend on the place of its realization. The research and the work and business organization are essential. European research institutions may realize their research at the place of mining or universities.2. It is necessary to establish an European commission, e.g. from outstanding mining professors and research workers, which would be responsible for the coordination of the mining research and definition of future requirements of Europe for minerals.3. The European Community will provide finances for the prognosis and research of questions related to the saturation of European requirements for minerals.4. Considering the unfavourable state of the amount of earth reserves, the development in Europe will be immediately interconnected with that in Russia having a sufficient amount of reserves. If this requirement seems to be politically unacceptable, the development of relations between USA and Kazakhstan on the same base (the presence of crude oil in the area of the Caspian Sea) should be followed as an example.From technologies which might influence the mining of 21th century, I would like to mention: New information technologies allowing to determine structures of new deposits and exploitable reserves in them on the base of modeling economic and mining activity Technologies for reaching deeper deposits in the earth´s crust Exploitation at the sea bottom and in the outer space New methods of processing valuable components including mineral biotechnologies and technologies for the production of pure materials from primary and secondary resources.

This paper deals with the viscosity measurtement of molten rocks. The reason of such investigation was due to the solving of SC No. 95/135/059 LITHO-JET. Technology of thermic rock melting for trenching of tenous vertical works. One task in the scope of above investigation was to experimentally verify the properties of melts of various types of works. An important moment in the trenching of tenuous vertical works by rock melting is the ability of melt to penetrate into the rock cracks. From this point of view an important physical property of molten rock is its viscosity. There are various methods how to measure viscosity but for the continuous measurements just some of them are suitable. The most suitable is rotary viscosimeter because it is simple in its construction, it allows to measure the viscosity as a function of temperature, concentration of wide class of sub stances with different rheologic properties. Hence, it allows to measure structural viscosity of the chemical reaction systems. The viscosity of molten nefelitic basanite as the function of temperature is studied in this paper. Viscosity of the nefelinitic basanite taken at locality Konrádovce was measured using rotary viscosimeter HAAKE ROTOVISKO. Eperimental conditions shown, that rising of the temperature vs. viscosity is in reverse order. Measurement is realised in scale 1370-1550°C. Under 1370°C was sample very viscous and measurement was impossible. Viscosity is the function of the temperature, pressure and gas components of rock.Though the viscosity measurements was carried out at atmospheric pressure, what does not fully conform real condition during trenching, it is still possible to express the effect of pressure. Other conditions, which take effect of viscosityof molten rocks in nature conditions will be subject of future investigation.

This paper deals with the changes of structural and physico-chemical properties after remelting of a temperature over 1615 °C. The following properties were analysed: chemical composition and microscopic changes in the structure of mineral.

This paper deals with the changes of the structure and physico-chemical properties after their remelting at the temperatures over 1500°C. The following properties were analyzed: chemical composition and microscopic changes in the structure of mineral.

The paper deals with the modelling of the heat flow in the Earths crust. The used three-dimensional model utilises the computer environment where the rock masses are modelled by the set of basic structural elements placed in the orthogonal co-ordinate system x, y, z, while the basic structural element is a cube with a chosen size. The physical notion of the diffusion is utilised for modelling the potentials flow from places with higher value of potentials to the surrounding rock masses. With the help of coefficients of diffusion kx, ky, kz, representing the ability of transmission of the thermal energy being present in the basic structural element of the rock to the adjacent structural elements of the rock model, it is possible to model iso-tropic, anisotropic, or heterogeneous properties of the modelled rock masses, as well as the properties of spreading the heat in this environ-ment.

Mining company elba a.s. Spiská Nová Ves, plant Rudòany has decided to open new resources of gypsum, which will be extracted mainly like open pit mine. According to geological prospecting was chosen extracting method, which is combination of two classical method. At first it will by open pit mine, and depending on depth of reserves from surface is possible to change this extraction to one of undergroung exploration methods.

The paper deals with the contamination of underground and surface waters in the surroundings of the dump of the solid communal waste at the locality Cemjata in the East Slovakia,as well as with the development of the contamination in the surrounding of the dump depending on the time on the basis of the analysisof samples withdrawn from the net of drillholes in the observed area. In the area investigated there is described geological, geomorphological, climatic and hydrogeological situation, as well as the dump itself. The results acquired show that the contamination of the area brought about by medium size industrial and agricultural activity in the vicinity of the dump of the solid communal waste and inside the area investigated is comparable with the dangerous effects of the dump of the solid communal waste.

The analysis shows, that there is no statical dependence between contents of heavy metals in fly ash on one side, and contents in leaching characteristics of heavy metals from the stabilized waste and from the waste itself on the other side.

The article is published to present needs for accessible information on utilisation and protection of Earth resources, which are defined in this article as sources present in the lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere, economicaly extracted by previous technologies, and associated with a consumer culture. The article is focused on production and consumption of some selected sources as well as on worlds environmental degradation.

Possibility of planr.ing and control o¾ mining needs a suitable computer model of deposit to verify sirategic intants in surface mine as well as control of daily produciion. In the article are presented case studies and approaches of author how to model tne deposit and planning and scheduling Ihe productior.

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The paper comprehensively analyses the montane concept of pinge (ping). It points to the origin of the word pinge and its primary meaning in historical - medieval mining. The main part of the paper is concerned with the evaluation of the conceptual terminological inaccuracy of the word pinge and analyses the individual historical montane shapes in detail. These shapes are often terminologically interchanged with pingen and also inaccurately considered pingen. These are surface concave montane shapes of relief in general, i.e., verhau, shurf, sinks, depressions, etc. These shapes have fundamentally different morphological and morphometrical properties and parameters, considering the different genesis of their origin. Nevertheless, these basic properties, which are not interchangeable were not considered in different scientific disciplines and were regarded as pingen. This part of the paper also evaluates the basic properties of pingen based on their relation to the relief and landscape, which must be studied from anthropogenic geomorphology and mining engineering. Final part of this paper offers the results of the research based on the analysis of medieval and modern archive sources, the oldest montane papers, the latest scientific studies and field research, which unequivocally establish the meaning of pinge in mining engineering (montane anthropogenic geomorphology), which is acceptable for all scientific disciplines concerned with this unique shape. A part of the final discussion is the exact definition of the term pinge and its meticulous delimitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the first part of the study, we point out that it is necessary to use 2D and 2.5 (3D) computer modelling when researching defunct or inaccessible historical montane phenomena. Computer models bring new, hitherto unknown information to historic research. In order to obtain the relevant model information, the researcher must use historically-verified information in computer modelling. This can only be obtained through complex and systematic archival and field research. The resulting model delivers much information that the scientist obtains directly by accurate measurement from the models, or their critical qualitative and quantitative evaluation. The second part of the study provides specific examples of research procedures and methodological processing of computer models, including archival research, field research, expert computer modelling, and critical model evaluation. These procedures are presented using the world's second oldest example of mining and commercial use of cementation water in Smolník. After a brief introduction to the history of cementation in Smolník, we present a 2D model of the oldest map view of cementation dating from 1696, a 2.5 (3D) model of mountain landscape with main water facilities in the second half of the 18th century, and a 2.5 (3D) model of the underground area where cementation water was mined -- i.e. what the mining field looked like in the first half of the 19th century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Slovakia, several ironwork regions were preserved up to these days. Dominant technical structures preserved in these areas are ironworks furnaces of different ages and different shapes. The paper presents the history of an iron blast furnace at the ironworks site in Peklo valley near Ľubietová, one of the Upper Hungary' royal mining towns. The site is being currently studied as a metallurgical location with minimal ironworks relics preserved, considering relics of old metallurgical heaps in particular. Credible history of the site with a focus on the beginning, development and the destruction of the blast furnace technical object was reconstructed based on historical, archival and field research. We pointed out the causes of the end of the blast furnace and mapped the preserved relics of metallurgical production. We have determined the exact position and created a 3D model based on the information about the furnace form from the late 18th century despite the lack of preserved field relics. We have been working with the software AutoCAD 2012 and results were imported into SketchUp Pro Software 2013, from where the model was placed in the GoogleEarth environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geotourism and mining tourism, under certain conditions, can become a significant economic base of regions in which objects of geotourism are present, but it is necessary to devote more attention to the tourism aspect. Within the mining tourism, there are worldwide known and mass-visited mining objects in many countries. However, mass mining tourism can also be realized in locations that, (1) recently, are less known and/or less accessible to general public, or (2) include mine remnants accessible only at short distances or without underground access possibility, due to the protection of specific animal species. This article is focused on the mass tourism in such types of mines and mining areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article chronologically and methodically describes relics of the manual underground excavation preserved on the walls of the Slovak underground works. The analyzed relics a manual excavation may be used as geotouristic objects. These attractive micro shapes hardly identified in the underground by visitors, are presented only in Banská Štiavnica Mining Museum. We offer examples of relics after the manual disintegration of rocks in the underground, according to the development of the technology of the disintegration and hardness of rocks. As a result of our long-term studies of the underground, in the main part of this article we describe examples from Slovak territory. Presented can serve as a basic guide for geotourism reason, while visiting underground. Furthermore, it makes easier the identification of historical technology used for the rock disintegration and explains the various genesis of relics to experts, tourist guides and visitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article deals with the construction of historical non-mining underground spaces built by a barrel vault and their possible use in geotourism. The article describes and presents a graphical reconstruction of the construction of underground spaces for non-mining reason in the Middle Ages and younger periods. Medieval underground spaces built for non-mining purposes were rare in Slovak territory. They were usually built as cellars or underground passages under castles. Cellars in historical towns are currently used as restaurants or various shops for tourism reasons. Suitable adaptation and description of the underground may lead to more effective advertising and a better utilization of these spaces in terms of geotourism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When producing and utilizing hydrogen, its storage is one of the biggest problems. Hydrogen, as a gas, is extremely fluid with very low specific weight. Moreover, at a certain rate, the hydrogen-oxygen mixture is explosive. Therefore, the storage of hydrogen is relatively dangerous. A storage of liquid hydrogen in the natural zeolite, which is placed in large capacity battery, appears to be a suitable hydrogen storage method. Proposed and constructed pressure tank, large capacity battery, allows long-term and safe storage of liquid hydrogen, with the possibility to change its state from liquid to gaseous or contrarily in real time. Natural zeolite is an inert material with large internal surface area and high thermal capacity. In the future, presented large capacity battery VAZEP can be a part of the system for production and storage of electric energy generated by photovoltaic modules from the sun. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geotourism as a rapidly evolving and attractive tourism form expands into many regions. This ‘new’ tourism form brings new research issues to be solved including, e.g. geosite identification, geosite assessment, geopark establishment, (geo)tourist trail definitions. One of the biggest challenges of researchers not only in the field of geotourism is to set specific value of an individual locality. The aim of this paper is to compare selected assessment methods of geosites. Different quantitative methods were selected due to fact that it is possible to compare final score of assessments. The results show that using different assessment methods on selected localities gives different results and geosite rankings. Based on this fact, further research in the field of geosite assessment is needed for (geo)tourism planning and management as discussed in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New method of drilling narrow vertical boreholes by controlling hydrogen combustion assumes that rocks melt and radial fractures are formed within the rock under high temperatures and pressures at the interaction of the rock and the flame. To verify the range of formed radial fractures in different rock types, it is needed to know in detail rock and mineral properties before and after melting process of the rock(s). Rocks extend due to the heat and contract with cold. As the rocks consist of minerals with different thermal expansion, the rock extension and contraction differs in different directions. Temperature changes cause the stress between mineral grains, resulting in microfracture formations. Rock samples of granite, andesite and sandstone were pounded into fraction < 10 μm, melted and cooled under specific conditions, and analysed using REM and EDAX. Cooled granite melt contains shear fractures evolved across the sample due to the tensile stress in the quartz grains occurring in pounded sample. No fractures were observed in cooled melt of andesite. Cooling of melted sandstone grains resulted in evolution of highly porous material with no microfractures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]