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The following paper attempts to show and take into account in basic terms the unity and direction of the movement of education as presented in Plato’s Republic. We show that education, according to Plato, essentially involves a claim to knowledge in the sense of understanding what is valid regardless of space and time and acting on the basis of norming oneself by this understanding. Then, namely, in the sense of this distinction, an educated person is one who is able to distinguish the important and the unimportant in his knowledge and in his life., {"references":["Aristotle. 1934. Nicomachean Ethics. Aristotle in 23 Volumes, Vol. 19, translated by H. Rackham. Cambridge: MA, Harvard University Press.","Fleischer, Margot. 1970. Die zweifache Periagoge in Platons Höhlengleichnis. Zeitschrift für philosophische Forschung 24(4): 489–498.","Heidegger, Martin. 1957. Einführung in die Metaphysik. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer Verlag.","Heidegger, Martin. 1988. Gesamtausgabe 34. Vom Wesen der Wahrheit. Zu Platons Höhlengleichnis und Theätet. Frankfurt am Main: Vittorio Klostermann.","Liessmann, Konrad Paul. 2017. Bildung als Provokation. Vienna: Paul Zsolnay Verlag.","Losin, Peter. 1966. Education and Plato's Parable of the Cave. Journal of Education 178(3): 49–65.","Plato. 1969. Republic. Plato in Twelve Volumes, Vols. 5 & 6 translated by Paul Shorey. Cambridge: MA, Harvard University Press.","Svobodová, Zuzana. 2013. Čas: Lidská otázka po původu a smyslu. Paideia, 10(1): 1–14."]}

This thesis studies the effect of realistic and idealistic lines of thought on British foreign policy during the Italo-Ethiopian conflict. The research is based on chosen events, which are classified as realistic or idealistic and then shows the manifestations of these lines during the Italo- Ethiopian conflict and their influence on British foreign policy. The main goal of the thesis is to analyze the manifestations of these two lines of thought and then confirm or refute the general way of accepted definitions of manifestation these lines of thought defined in literature. In the conclusion, the work confirms the generally accepted thesis, that the realistic line dominated British foreign policy and the idealistic line replaced it, albeit significantly, but only for a short period of time.

Objev karteziánského metodického rámce revolucionizoval vědu. Ale bez ohledu na nepopiratelné úspěchy má tento rámec též svá omezení. Abychom poodhalili některá z těchto omezení, vycházíme z diskuse Husserlovy fenomenologie s naturalismem a naturalistickým pojetím světa a člověka, jak ho lze nalézt u Johna Locka. Ve druhé části textu se zabýváme Husserlovým střetem s novou vědou, etnologií, jak ji rozvinul Lévi-Bruhl. Husserl viděl v etnologii možnost rozvinout nový typ vědění o člověku, který by překročil hranice (přírodo)vědy, redukující člověka na pouhý objekt ve světě., The invention of Cartesian methodological approach has revolutionized science. But regardless of his undeniable achievements, this approach has also its limitations. In order to show some of these limitations, we take as a starting point Husserl’s discussion with John Locke’s naturalism and naturalistic concept of the world and man. The second part of our article will deal with Husserl’s discussion with a new science, i.e., ethnology, as developed by Lévi-Bruhl. Husserl saw in ethnology potential for developing a new kind of knowledge about man that would go beyond the boundaries of (natural) science that reduces man to a mere object in the world.

Our main theme in this work is the philosophical thinking of Jaroslava Pešková, one of the most important Czech philosophers. The problem, which we start with, is the situation of marxist philosophy in 50th and 60th of the 20th century and the position of Jaroslava Pešková in this period and in the Czech philosophy in general. Instead of summation of all the subject in her texts, we rather want to realize the "deep exploration" of the philosophical basis, from which Jaroslava Pešková thinks, and which is not visible at first sight, even for readers familiar with philosophy. This philosophical ground we see in the concept of human being, which is not only in the worldly relations (economical, sociological, political, juridical, psychological, biological etc. etc.), but has a relation to all of these relations. To this structure and its philosophical ground we are trying to take an acccss and to make it visible in our probes into the key themes of Jaroslava Pešková's thinking. The philosophical and ideological movement from marxist to phenomenological philosophy wasn't thematized by marxist thinkers such as Jiří Pešek, Jaroslava Pešková or Karel Kosík. Also this lap we are trying to fill.

Marsilio Ficino was one of the leading exponents of Florentine humanism, which in the following centuries influenced great thinkers such as Galileo Galilei, Paracelsus and John Amos Comenius. The main subject of my interest is the problem of melancholy in relation to the intellectual life, as captured in Ficino's De libri tres, especially the De vita sana. The methodological framework of the history of philosophy will correspond to this topic. Melancholy has an ambivalent nature, in general it has been perceived as a benign disease, but in the case of intellectuals it is not merely a blight, but also their gift and a means by which they can devote themselves to their studies. The thesis will first set the main issue in the broader context of Ficino's Neo-Platonism and then turn to a comprehensive interpretation of the concepts of intellectual life and melancholy as perceived by Ficino, including the individual advice that Marsilio gave to scholars to improve their performance in their studies. At the same time, my aim is to show that the thoughts of a man who lived and worked in 15th century are still alive today, despite the marked difference between the times of humanism and modern science, influenced in particular by the philosophy of René Descartes. KEY WORDS melancholy, black bile,...

In today's society, more and more people face an identity crisis stemming from the alienation of one's own essence as a being of the whole (logos). The aim of this work is to find the causes of the mentioned alienation using phenomenological findings, the platform for investigation is represented by the transformation of the communication environment against the background of corporeality, which is perceived as a constitutive element of humanity. The first part outlines the phenomenon of the body and corporeal existence on the basis of Poseidonia's three- dimensional concept of soma-sarx-péxis, where the somatic body establishes the human being in space, the sarcotic in time and the péxistic body relates it to metaphysical movement. The second section then follows the historical development of the relationship to corporeality framed by the development of communication technologies, first approaching the concept of corporeality in pre-modern times and then proceeding chronologically to the present. The paper identifies Christian condemnation, Cartesian subject-object reductionism, Enlightenment rationalism, and industrial massification as key factors behind the displacement of corporeality in favor of digitality. The last chapter deals in more detail with digitization and its impact on the real...

The diploma thesis is devoted to the work of the Roman Stoic philosopher Seneca, and works in more detail with his moral philosophy. For example, there are open topics on how, according to him, to achieve a calm mind, lasting joy or what true happiness consists of. The diploma thesis aims to think about the transformation of a person according to Seneca in education and how virtue in the Stoic sense belongs to education, as well as how it transforms a person's life in general. Everything is demonstrated through Seneca - tutor of Nero. Through Seneca's Letters to Lucilius (Epistulae Morales ad Lucilium) and work About peace of mind I describe his ethical and didatic principles. In my thesis, I also try to answer the question of what is meant by ancient philosophy, because it is fundamentally different from philosophy in the academic sense, as we know it nowdays. For the Stoics, philosophy consisted not only of the theoretical part, but also of practical exercises. We would literally say that the philosophers of that time lived with the question How to live well? This connection of life, philosophy and education, which is revealed to us in Seneca, is another of the topics I am dealing with. KEYWORDS Seneca, hellenistic philosophy, stoicismu, the ideal of a noble spirit, education

In my work I have researched the phenomenon of the virtues in education, their importance and their influence on the development of children's character. I inquire into the foundation of The education in the virtues, from the philosophical principles and traditions, what was based on and what it is based on nowadays. I study the manner of it's anchoring in the Framework of Education Programme for Elementary Education and I am interested in educational institutions and subjects in the Czech Republic which deal with this field. I state these educational institutions and subjects, which have education in virtues included as an integrated educational program. Many of these institutions have found inspiration from abroad, that's why I include findings from foreign countries. KEYWORDS Virtues, self development, ethics, education, values, family, school

TITLE: Education as a Way to Freedom in Philosophy of Jan Patočka AUTHOR: Bc. Lukáš Kalina DEPARTMENT: Social Sciences and Philosophy Department SUPERVISOR: doc. PhDr. Naděžda Pelcová, CSc. ABSTRACT: This master's thesis will show the concept of education as the way to freedom in the philosophy of Jan Patočka. It will deal with common phenomenological basis of philosopher to education for freedom and the concept of freedom, and also philosopher's viewpoint to the instrumental education and general link between instrumentality and free human beings. What means ''to raise/educate'' or ''to be raised/educated'' and how Jan Patočka thinks in the meaning of educational/raising methods. KEYWORDS: Upbringing, Freedom, Phenomenology, Three Movements of Human Life, Shake, Truth, Patočka

The thesis is an essayistic exploration of Hannah Arendt's thinking, with the central aim of naming the specifics of this thinker's thought, her sources of inspiration and her conception of thinking itself. The thesis attempts to clarify in what ways Arendt's way of thinking may inspire. The starting point of the thesis is her conception of the vita activa and the vita contemplativa, where the distinction between these two lives serves as a starting point for exploring the soil of the spirit. In relation to spiritual activities, the main purpose of the thesis is then to clarify the uniqueness of inquiry in Hannah Arendt's conception and to highlight the inherent nature of thought. The thesis outlines why it is important to inquire after thought itself and suggests the grounds for why Hannah Arendt acts like that. The thesis seeks to show how we are in the world through thinking and how practical reason is the defining factor in today's society. The thesis culminates in the importance of questioning in the process of education. KEYWORDS Hannah Arendt, thinking, vita activa, vita contemplativa, action, speech, practical thinking, meaning, conscience, questioning

This bachelor's thesis deals with the personality of Albína Dratva, the first docent of natural sciences and philosophy, positivist and creator of propaedeutic. The main aim of the thesis is to provide an insight into the author's philosophy, as well as to recall this often-neglected philosopher of the 20th century and to reflect on the beginning of the Czechoslovak emancipation movement. I work mainly with primary literature across the author's life, comparing it with the works of, for example, Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk, František Krejčí and František Čáda. Throughout the work, we are guided by the author's personal diary, which she had been writing for 40 long years of her life. The thesis is divided into three main topics: ethics, education and the women's question. In the first chapter, the ethical section, I focus on the subject of work and the influence of František Krejčí, analysing the texts "Smutek vzdělanců" and "Etika tvůrčí práce". For the second chapter, on the topic of education, the author's propaedeutic consisting of psychology, history of philosophy and logic are analysed. It is in this psychological section that the influence of František Čada is given attention. The last chapter is devoted to the women's question and includes a comparison of Dratva's and Masaryk's views, the development of...

of rigorous work Mgr. Luboš Koláček, Ph. D. The work is a specific approximation of the European author to the thought of the West with the East, based on the thinkers he selected on both sides. It presents a reflection of ontological, epistemological, ethical and psychological, sociological and other questions and answers to the problem, indicated by the name itself. It is a kaleidoscopic thinking that, by multiplying the contents in the reflections of the others and the others in the third thinkers, intertwines and unfolds into a huge breadth of ideas. In the work, intentionality is contained in the appropriate network of connections, which represents the West as thinking of explicit meanings and the East as thinking of implicit meanings. The point is to present to the reader not only ready-made statements, but the reader is invited by questions to cooperate in uncovering the unconcealed, i.e. aletheia. It is a hermeneutic method that starts from ready-made answers and only then comes to the questions that are at the same time the background from which the answer arose. It is a special dialogical method that does not want to juxtapose ready-made judgments, but requires the reader to go through this challenge as a co-solver of the question that is to come to the difference between the West and the...

This bachelor's thesis is focused on the relations between Czech and German residents in Cheb during the period between the world wars. The investigated issue is placed in a deeper historical context of the position of Chebsko within the Czech lands and the Czech Kingdom. Emphasis is placed on the complicated situation in connection with the province of Deutschböhmen immediately after the establishment of the independent republic on certain significant events related to the increase in the number of the Czech population after the annexation of Chebsko to Czechoslovakia as a result of the post-war peace treaty and on the growing anti-Czech attitudes after 1933 when in Germany Adolf Hitler came to power. The bachelor's thesis is primarily based on a considerable number of literary works, but also on periodicals, archive materials and some other sources. The main aim is to approximate the national conditions in the city which was predominantly German for a long time. KEYWORDS Cheb, Czechs, Germans, Czech-German relations, interwar period

This thesis is focused on the explanation and critical analysis of the concept of temporality in the work of Ladislav Hejdánek. The theme of temporality is a key motive for Hejdánek's thinking. The whole concept is characterized by a combination of philosophical and theological ideas that create a provocative attempt at a unique philosophical system. The meaning of the concept lies in the processual understanding of the subject as an event. Each subject has its own unique form of time, which is expressed by the connection of the object and "the non-objectivness" (in terms of time). According to Hejdánek, the emphasis on processuality and the temporal nature of the subject really captures the true essence of life and the world. Unlike purely objective thinking, which hypostasizes everything alive into timeless thought constructs. The first chapter of the dissertation is focused on summarizing and introducing the concept of the subject. A summary of the important features of the process understanding of the subject allows an explanation of the main topic. The second chapter focuses on the interpretation of temporality. The different perceptions of time are first explained by the dichotomy of myth and faith. This dichotomy then reveals the reasons for the need to replace the principle of causality....

This diploma thesis called Thanatology - taboo of death as the phenomenon of contemporary society deals with the problematics of new discipline called thanatology in its broader context. It concentrates on the conclusion of human life, death and dying and concerning mysteries and question arising. The aim of my thesis is description of the taboo topic of death, which has been intentionally denied and forced out by contemporary society because of terrifying fear connected to this term. Through my thesis, I would like to break the silence connected to this term. The aim is to introduce the term of thanatology itself and thanatology as the discipline of science. The thesis describes the conception of death not only from the point of view of various science disciplines but also from the point of view of major world religions and its specific funeral rituals, including functions of such rituals. This thesis also deals with the historical excursion of death which distinguishes from the contemporary conception. Diploma thesis explains processes that are happening in the human body subsequently after human's death. The emphasis is also put on the clinical death and its consequences. Thesis also introduces various representatives of thanatology as Socrates, John Amos Comenius, T.G. Masaryk and Jan Patočka....

This thesis is focused on the concept of education in Aristotle's Politics. The research is how the music affects human in education and why is it so important for him. With primary and secondary literature it works with the main values and characteristics of the music, then explains relations between the music and other education subjects, it also makes clear the concept of beatitudo, welfare, scholé etc. The aim of this thesis is to understand, why is the music so irreplaceable in education. Attention is also paid to the theoretical pedagogical schedule of education at Aristotle, which is then compared with his teacher, Plato. KEYWORDS music, education, philosophy, politics

The presented dissertation aims to present the concept of an object, which we can observe in Husserl's phenomenological philosophy. It highlights the four basic meanings of an object and tries to connect them. This work also presents a comprehensive history of key metaphysical concepts. Primarily through the analysis of the theories of the pre-Socratic philosophers and Plato's theory, it presents the ancient concept of the object, then moves on to the analysis of Aristotle's Metaphysics, within which the focuse is placed especially on the concept of οὐσία and on the changes in the understanding of this term.

The diploma thesis pursues problems of the philosophy of dialog in the 20th century with putting emphasis on this philosophy in the Martin Buber's work. Firstly this thesis pursues the term itself. Shortly it focuses on the Buber's contemporaries, namely Ferdinand Ebner and Franz Rosenzweig, who pursued simile problems. Then its attention will be focused on the Martin Buber's personality, describing his life, with putting emphasis on his Jewish roots of thinking. Next, the Buber's point of view on the philosophy of dialog will be analyzed as the encounter and talk. This is done on the base of the analysis of his work. Next aim is to Conner his way of dialog with relation to upbringing and encounter. There will be ilustrated concrete examples on the base of his work, where is shown the Buber's way of thinking specifically. The thesis reached the conclusion how to use the Martin Buber's work in the today's world with the aid of analysis, compilation and hermeneutic. KEYWORDS dialog, encounter, upbringing, education, hasidism

The work will consist of two parts. The first will be theoretical and will reflect the elementary concepts - game, education, education process, the world and culture. The theoretical reflection will comprise a historical overview, philosophical analysis and comparison of various game conceptions. It will be the definition of historical, philosophical, sociological and anthropological perspective. The second part will be oriented practically. We will focus on using games in education as a teaching method. A mini-research executed among schoolmates, soon-to-be teachers, will be included. Using questionnaires we will try to find out the extent of using games in educational process.

This work aims to look at the thought motives of Anna Hogenová, leading primarily to an understanding of the meaning of the virtue called Areté. Aretes as abilities in an individual, concrete situation to capture the whole, one that is not conceptually definable and does not prove to be a verifiable being. The path to understanding such a whole begins with René Descartes and the subsequent emergence of the phenomenology of Edmund Husserl, followed by Heidegger, who demonstrates the possibility of capturing the whole in the so-called moods. In Patoček's understanding of the whole, we already see a direct connection with Hogenová, who claims that these are precisely the units that have been forgotten today, even thanks to empirical science. Areté is also introduced in the context of education, where its purpose, according to Hogenová, should be to bring to the whole. In addition to the central motif, the work also tries to capture the philosopher with its main themes, such as the issue of the beginning or the need to live life from its own source. KEYWORDS Hogenová, Areté, education, whole, phenomenology

This Bachelor's paper examines the conception of will in René Descartes in a theoretical way. The paper contains interpretaions of his Meditations on First Philosophy, Principles of Philosophy and Passions of the Soul with a focus on the issue of will, with the support of secondary literature. The first part of the paper briefly illustrates the role of the will in Descartes' philosophy. The second part deals with the concept of the will as a mode of our mind, which is especially described by Descartes in the Fouth Meditation. The third part presents the concept of the will as a tool of control over the passions of the human soul. In this part mainly the last Descartes' work Passions of the Soul is examined. The paper provides a basic comprehensive overview of Descartes' knowledge on the topic of the free will, which is gathered and interpreted in it.

The aim of this thesis is to approximate and specify currently very fast growing eschatological Christian movement Seventh-day Adventist Church. First, the history of this religious community is outlined, both at the place of origin, i.e. in the USA, and in the territory of our state, where it is currently one of the most active churches in mission and preaching. Partial attention is then paid to the central circumstances and key figures behind the founding of this community - especially the Baptist preacher William Miller, who gave the initial impetus to the founding of the Seventh-Day Adventist Church, or the personality of Ellen White, who was known for her extraordinary visionary abilities. The central part of the work is the characterization and definition of the basic features of Seventh-Day Adventism - namely, the basic dogmas and beliefs, in comparison with the most widespread Christian denominations (particularly the Roman Catholic and Orthodox churches). In this sense, they are taken into account, comparatively against Adventism, especially the dogmatics of the first ecumenical councils. In the last part of the work, the author takes into account social or anthropological problems and questions related to this movement - for example, the question of a healthy lifestyle (which makes the...

This dissertation deals with Dostoevsky's influence on Death of God theology. This is a comparative study that clarifies this influence against the background of how Dostoevsky's work was read and interpreted by some representatives of Dialectical theology. This study follows those themes of Dostoevsky's work which both theologies focus on and analyzes how they are interpreted within each theology. Both receptions of Dostoevsky are then compared not only against one another, but also against the original context of Dostoevsky's work. KEY WORDS: Dostoevsky, death of God, Death of God theology, Radical theology, Dialectical theology, Neo-orthodoxy, Altizer, Barth, Thurneysen, Hromádka

The existence is substantially coexistence. Sharing does not detract the loneliness of fall and destiny (guilt and consistence) from his existence these days, the regression into dust (end of experience) fights for human dignity in the Shared Phenomena of Old Age and Dying, which step out from their inconspicuousness and are mirror to the (un)hiddenness of possibilities of authenticity and the phenomenon of Dead in the background of Worry. Existencially-existencial connection of human existence expose that the appetence (the reality) of the First Man, based on the anxiety )possibility of Dead) of the historically last Man of the present, becomes a historical trace of authenticity in the sense of unique horizontal possibilities. Keywords: authenticity, Heidegger, Hogen, ontology, existence, death.

The dissertation represents a philosophical contribution to ethics and ethical education. Its intention is to present ethics not only as a doctrine of the values and rules of human coexistence, but above all as an essential questioning that brings one to spiritual depth as a true philosophy. It does not approach to the topic by analyzing the work of one or a few relevant authors, but it is guided by the topic itself and the context in which ethics appears. The inspiration here is Heidegger's understanding of the world as the so-called Foursome, in which man, as Mortal, relates to the Earth, the Heavens, and the Divine. As Heidegger explains that man relates poetry to the depths of the world, this dissertation attempts to explain that ethical relation to the world is also something essential for man. The ethical dimension of human action and decision-making, which comes from human freedom, is presented here on diferent levels as morality and ethos. While morality is largely based on the social setting and can be described as a certain conformity, the ethos represents a deep personal authentic search for Good. It is an act in accordance with the conscience, which is oriented according to the Good. Good is presented as an idea in the Platonic sense, as a whole without border, as Divine. This Good...

This thesis is devoted to the analysis of the realist view in the dispute about the nature of universals at Prague university during the reign of Wenceslas IV. At the same time, I explore the realism of the beginning of the fifteenth century in the Czech intellectual environment with regard to its international influences, with which I deal both synchronically and diachronically. I inquire into Prague realism as an original tradition of thinking, which is inspired by the philosophy and logic of foreign thinkers, but such influence is recontextualized into the Czech intellectual environment in a completely unprecedented way. My epistemological framework is based in inductive research, which I conduct by combining the results derived from the analysis of independent datasets of primary data. Such methodological choice enables me to carry out triangulation, i.e. finding the objective truth through approaching the topic from various viewpoints. I reach the conclusion that the dispute about the nature of universals at Prague university at the beginning of the fifteenth century cannot be reduced to the opposition between the nominalism of German masters and the realism of Czech masters, but realism can be apprehended as an important school of thought in terms of establishing an independent tradition of...

This bachelor thesis deals with the topic of the care of soul. The goal of the work is to express what is meant by care of the soul and to remind its importance and its role in human life, especially at young age. The concept of soul and the ways of its development are very closely connected with the Greek concept of paideia, which is elaborated on in Plato's work and which foreshadows the beginning of pedagogy as a science. Therefore, the bachelor thesis focuses also on education and tries to pay attention to its meaning and essence. The thesis is based on Plato's dialogues and Patočka's texts, especially on his extensive writings and lectures on the topic of the care of soul. This work is written, when the key method is the analysis of selected texts using Czech literature as primary and foreign as secondary. The work is divided into 5 chapters. First two form a theoretical introduction to the context of the age of ancient thinkers and the issue of care of soul. The third chapter focuses on Plato's work itself. It deals with the educational curriculum introduced in the Republic with reference to the parable related to it. The fourth chapter looks on the work of Jan Patočka, who is considered the most important Czech thinker focusing on this issue. The last chapter is devoted to the possibilities...

The bachelor thesis "Socratic Dialogue and Thinking" provides an insight into the life and philosophy of the ancient philosopher Socrates and brings a closer look at his concept of dialogue through which the truth is revealed. It also deals with the usage of the method of dialogue in teaching. The whole thesis was written with an effort to emphasize the importance of Socrates' philosophy in contrast with today's preference of an assertive way of communication, which often results in eristic dialectic. The aim of this bachelor thesis mainly is to describe Socrates' unique method of dialogue and to inspire a potential young reader, a high school student or his teacher. In the first instance, the thesis pursues Socrates' life and then deals with the term dialogue and with various conceptions of dialogue. Next section is about its Socratic conception. The conclusion of the thesis explains the pedagogical contribution of the Socratic method of dialogue to tuition. KEYWORDS Socrates, Plato, dialogue, dialectics, thinking, teaching

In this final thesis the author focuses on the transfer of Germans from Czechoslovakian borderlands after World War II. It is considered to be one of the most fundamental incident of post-war period in Czechoslovakia which took place primarily between 1945 and 1947. This work is specifically focused on former Sušice district where used to live a numerous german minority. Althought vast majority of Sušice citizens were of Czech origin and after 1938 Sušice was not annexed to German Reich, the border were right behind the town and many villages of the district were significantly German. After 1945, it was the committees of Sušice who were in charge of the expulsion. During two years, but mainly 1946, fourteen transports were sent beyond the borders. Most of the Germans then settled in neighboring Bavaria. Šumava witnessed a massive population decline. In spite of efforts to populate this area again, some villages remained abandoned due to its location and living conditions. We can still see remains of the villages and settlements in the woods of Šumava. KEYWORDS Transfer of Germans, Sušice district, 1945-1947, post-war period