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Iron deficiency anemia is a public health issue; this condition causes psychomotor development disorders and impairs cognitive functions. Various fortification practices have been developed for foods such as yogurt; however, interactions between nutrients and minerals often result in product rejection. Therefore, the aim of this research was to evaluate the physicochemical, bioactive, and sensory properties of yogurt fortified with microencapsulated iron. Formulations of the encapsulant composed of chitosan, sodium alginate, and maltodextrin were developed, using 6 % (w/v) coating material and 3 % (w/v) ferrous sulfate. The best result of microencapsulation revealed a yield of 45.86 %, efficiency of 60.79 %, moisture content of 13.48 %, and an iron load of 1.36 mg/50 mg. For fortification, 200 mg of microcapsules were used in 250 mL of yogurt. The evaluation of this fortification was conducted twice per week, two days apart, over a period of 10 days. pH and total soluble solids increased, the acidity index decreased during storage, and the peroxide percentage was not affected. It was found that the fortified yogurt did not retain water well, leading to increased whey separation and changes in firmness. Proximal and color analyses of the fortified and control yogurt samples showed no significant difference (P > 0.05). The total phenol content decreased during storage, and the sensory evaluation indicated no significant difference in the acceptance of both samples.

Swiss-type artisanal cheese is highly appreciated sensorially, its flavor is often associated with the lactic acid bacteria involved in its production, which in many cases are indigenous. Three artisanal Swiss-type cheeses of greatest preference in the market of Huaraz (Ancash) were selected. The main LAB were isolated and identified and their safety properties and technological potential for their application in new cheeses were verified in vitro and evaluated by consumers. Eleven strains were confirmed as LAB by Gram-positive and catalase-negative biochemical tests; according to 16S rDNA, seven strains belonged to Lacticaseibacillus paracasei (KQ3, EQ1, CQ1, YQ1, LQ2, GQ2 and TQ1), three strains to Lentilactobacillus parabuchneri (BQ2, OQ2 and RQ3), and one to Lactiplantibacillus sp. (QQ3). In safety assays, LAB did not exhibit gelatinase or hemolytic activities. In addition, L. paracasei KQ3, GQ2 and L. parabuchneri BQ2 effectively inhibited pathogens such as S. aureus, E. coli and L. monocytogenes. Antibiotic susceptibility was variable among strains. L. paracasei CQ1, EQ1, KQ3, TQ1 and Lactiplantibacillus sp. QQ3 showed high milk acidification capacity (0.16-1.44%) and reduced pH from 6.6 to 3.5 after 72 h of incubation. L. paracasei CQ1, Lactiplantibacillus sp. QQ3 and L. paracasei KQ3 showed the highest casein degradation zones (20.8-11.5 mm). All strains showed lipolytic activity, with Lactiplantibacillus sp. QQ3, L. paracasei CQ1 and L. parabuchneri BQ2 standing out with halos of 30.8-36.3 mm. Lactiplantibacillus sp. QQ3 and L. paracasei TQ1 showed ability to produce diacetyl. The best strains were tested in cheese production where L. paracasei CQ1 showed the best sensory qualities. Finally, the native BAL strains showed a high potential for the production of natural, safe and sensorially acceptable dairy products.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of ultrasound on the incorporation of iron and ascorbic acid (AA) in sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) and to optimize the process parameters to obtain a fortified food. The incorporation was carried out using cubes of sweet potato submerged in 0.1% m/v ferrous sulfate and 1% m/v AA solutions, treated at different times and sonication frequencies (37 and 80 kHz), at 100 watts of power and 30 ± 5°C. ANOVA and Tukey’s test at 5% significance were applied to establish significant differences and the process was evaluated using a factorial design. The results revealed that the application of ultrasound influences the content of iron and AA, incorporating greater amount of iron and AA compared to samples not treated with ultrasound. Similarly, longer times led to higher incorporation of iron and AA content in sweet potatoes; the frequency was not statistically significant. The highest iron content was 105.91 ± 0.03 mg/100 g and for AA, it was 392.65 ± 4.84 mg AAE/100 g. The defined ultrasonic process conditions produced an increase of 4928.99 and 610.65%, respectively, in iron and AA content in sweet potato.

The present study focuses on the effect of different drying temperatures (DT) (40, 60 and 80°C) and the combination of banana slice thicknesses (BST) (2 and 4 mm) on the physicochemical properties and phytochemicals of green banana flour (GBF). The influence of the drying temperature and thickness of the banana pulp slice were significant (p

Iron deficiency in children and vulnerable people requires the intervention of effective emerging technologies to incorporate minerals into food, iron is an important micronutrient required by the human body to develop different functions. It’s oxidation and susceptibility when added directly to food hinders its absorption, impairs sensory aspects, causing rejection by consumers. Currently, efficient, low cost, high productivity, better bioaccessibility and bioavailability, microencapsulation techniques have been developed. This review focuses on the study of the different methods and techniques of iron microencapsulation and its behavior in food fortification. The type of coating material, the efficiency, yield, bioaccessibility and bioavailability evaluated for each technique. It has been shown that the most used coating materials were maltodextrin, sodium alginate, gum arabic and whey protein; while the morphological characteristics and the release profile studied from 1995 to the present, on average were in the following order: Percentage of microencapsulation (85%), yield (76%), bioavailability (60%), and bioaccessibility (52%).; However, the sensory evaluations of some foods fortified with iron microcapsules denoted a metallic taste, color and smell were also detected, decreasing their level of acceptance. These findings suggest the need for further research to establish new protocols to fortify foods while maintaining their nutritional and sensory quality.

Ice cream is a widely consumed product in the world. Unfortunately, its standard presentation is very poor in nutraceuticals; fruits such as Mangifera indica and Myrciaria dubia have an important bioactive potential, which can be used to enrich this type of product in phytochemicals. However, maintaining the health and sensory aspects of a functional ice cream is still under investigation. The influence of Mangifera indica and Myrciaria dubia pulp on the bioactive and sensory properties of ice cream was studied. Four ice cream treatments were prepared with Mangifera indica (15% and 20%) and Myrciaria dubia (5% and 10%). Ascorbic acid content (reduction of 2,6 dichlorophenolindophenol), total phenolic content (Folin-Ciocalteu reaction) and antioxidant capacity (DPPH radical inhibition) were evaluated in addition to a sensory sorting test. The treatments with 10% Myrciaria dubia showed the highest ascorbic acid contents (83.46 and 71.27 mg/100g), total phenolic compounds (80.10 and 79.06 mgGAE/100g) and antioxidant capacity (61.0 and 64.05 mg ice/ml solvent) compared to the 5% treatment and the control; while the influence of Mangifera indica on these parameters was relatively minor. However, sensory evaluation showed that T3 (5% Myrciaria dubia; 20% Mangifera indica) were the most preferred, outperforming the control ice cream. It is evident that Myrciaria dubia stands out for its high ascorbic acid content, total phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity of the ice cream while Mangifera indica improves its sensory aspect, allowing an overall balance of sweet-acid taste pleasant to the consumer and maintaining its health properties.

The relevance of the study is conditioned by the need for mastery of "professional mobility" and "reflection" by health professionals in terms of active scientific and technological development and rapid changes in the socio-cultural space. The purpose of the study is to determine the professional mobility of a specialist in the context of the peculiarities of the professional activity of a nurse and to create a methodology for its research. In the course of the study, methods of statistical and mathematical analysis, scientific modelling, as well as testing and generalisation of data were used to conduct an empirical experiment, the essence of which was to create and substantiate the method "Professional mobility of a nurse". The necessity of the professional mobility development of employees of medical institutions is substantiated. The key components of the study of professional mobility of nurses have been established. A method for studying professional mobility and reflection of healthcare workers in the form of a questionnaire "Professional mobility of nurses" has been developed. Statistical processing of the received data has been conducted and the statistical matrix of the specified technique is created. A sample normative scale for the questionnaire has been formed. The reliability of the questionnaire was determined due to the use of the Cronbach's alpha index. The coefficient of discrimination of the method "Professional mobility of nurses" was found. Prospects for further research are seen in the regular use of the developed questionnaire "Professional mobility of nurses" among healthcare workers to actively implement and develop professional mobility to ensure proper socioeconomic stability

Objetivo: Construir un Modelo Didáctico para la Enseñanza de la Filosofía Mediada por la Experiencia Artística en Estudiantes de Educación Media Superior para formar estudiantes con un pensamiento crítico, reflexivo, analítico, autónomo y el respeto a la dignidad del ser humano. Método: El procesamiento de la información estuvo bajo la directriz del enfoque fenomenológico - interpretativo. Los informantes clave lo conformaron tres (3) estudiantes del período escolar 2018 - 2019 y tres (3) profesores de la asignatura Filosofía de la Escuela Preparatoria Oficial Núm. 29, del subsistema de bachillerato general en el estado de México. Resultados: Los hallazgos permitieron generar cambios educativos y propuestas didácticas que fortalezcan la enseñanza de la Filosofía de manera contextualizada a los intereses del estudiante, al tiempo que se le guía para enfrentar la realidad con una mayor sensibilidad ante la belleza y la armonía de su propia existencia. Discusión y Conclusiones: La interpretación de la realidad enmarcada en la enseñanza de la filosofía y la concreción entre la mediación de la experiencia artística permitió comprender la realidad de la educación media superior en México para sí forjar un modelo didáctico con orientaciones hacia el aprendizaje permanente, reflexión docente, situaciones auténticas y la heterogeneidad.

Este trabajo examina —utilizando el análisis documental y la entrevista semi estructurada— algunos criterios de establecimiento de dependencia a drogas ilegales en México, para luego establecer los juicios que desde la perspectiva de la teoría del delito encuadrarían a inculpados por delitos de posesión y narcomenudeo en supuestos de estado de necesidad y falta de autonomía de la voluntad, de forma que se ofrezca un medio de defensa ante las actuales medidas desproporcionadas. Los resultados ofrecen una serie de criterios jurídicos contradictorios con los instrumentos estudiados, así como una aparente falta de pruebas psicológicas en la determinación de dependencia en los inculpados. Se concluye que las concepciones jurídicas sobre dependencia a drogas requieren de una actualización que responda a los nuevos hallazgos en el área y que, mientras dicha actualización no exista, todo medio de defensa debe utilizarse para minimizar los efectos desproporcionados de las políticas actuales.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition classified based on needs of support, in order to address impairments in the areas of social communication and restricted and repetitive behavior. The aim of this work is to describe the main clinical features of the ASD severity levels in a group of Mexican pediatric patients. The results show firstly that this condition was more frequent in males than females. Secondly, an inverse relationship was found between the intellectual coefficient and the level of severity of the disorder. Thirdly, deficits in social reciprocity and communication were more evident in Level 3, than in Levels 1 and 2, while the difference was less evident in restricted and repetitive patterns of behavior.

Introducción: Variantes génicas relacionadas con la vía de señalización de las proteínas morfogenéticas óseas (BMP2, BMP4, GREM1, SMAD7) se han asociado a cáncer colorrectal, principalmente en poblaciones caucásicas. Objetivo: Describir la asociación de variantes en miembros de la vía BMP en población mexicana, caracterizada por su ancestría indoamericana y caucásica. Métodos: Se realizó el genotipado de 1000 casos de cáncer colorrectal y 1043 individuos de control reclutados en la Ciudad de México, Monterrey y Torreón mediante la plataforma Sequenom. Con análisis univariados y multivariados se estudiaron las asociaciones entre cáncer colorrectal y variantes. Resultados: Las variantes rs4444235, rs12953717 y rs4939827 replicaron la asociación con la neoplasia (p ≤ 0.05). La ascendencia caucásica mostró asociación con el tumor. Conclusiones. El estudio mostró las asociaciones entre cáncer colorrectal y las variantes SMAD7 y BMP4, así como con el componente caucásico de la mezcla étnica.

This article is a reflection based on a documentary review of the role of social workers within public universities in Chile. The aim of this paper is to offer an analysis of how the university (students, professors and administrative staff) is being affected by the Covid-19 pandemic and, specifically, to answer the following question: What are the new challenges and tensions for social intervention in higher education in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic? The method used is a documentary review of the available literature. Psychosocial and educational experiences as well as knowledge about social work in the field of education are used as a theoretical framework. As conclusions, some challenges and suggestions for social intervention in the context of higher education in the context of the Covid-19 pandemic emergency emerge.

The “gold dust defect” (GDD) appears at the surface of ferritic stainless steels (FSS) and degrades their appearance. Previous research showed that this defect might be related to intergranular corrosion and that the addition of aluminium improves surface quality. However, the nature and origin of this defect are not properly understood yet. In this study, we performed detailed electron backscatter diffraction analyses and advanced monochromated electron energy-loss spectroscopy experiments combined with machine-learning analyses in order to extract a wealth of information on the GDD. Our results show that the GDD leads to strong textural, chemical, and microstructural heterogeneities. In particular, the surface of affected samples presents an α-fibre texture which is characteristic of poorly recrystallised FSS. It is associated with a specific microstructure in which elongated grains are separated from the matrix by cracks. The edges of the cracks are rich in chromium oxides and MnCr2O4 spinel. In addition, the surface of the affected samples presents a heterogeneous passive layer, in contrast with the surface of unaffected samples, which shows a thicker and continuous passive layer. The quality of the passive layer is improved with the addition of aluminium, explaining the better resistance to the GDD.

Actually, the quality of water is one of the most important indicators of the human environmental impact, the control of which is crucial to avoiding irreversible damage in the future. Nowadays, in parallel to the growth of the chemical industry, new chemical compounds have been developed, such as dyes and medicines. The increasing use of these products has led to the appearance of recalcitrant pollutants in industrial wastewater, and even in the drinking water circuit of our populations. The current work presents a photoreactor prototype that allows the performance of experiments for the decomposition of coloured pollutants using photocatalysis at the laboratory scale. The design of this device included the study of the photometric technique for light emission and the development of a software that allows monitoring the dye degradation process. Open-source hardware platforms, such as Arduino, were used for the monitoring system, which have the advantages of being low-cost platforms. A software application that manages the communication of the reactor with the computer and graphically displays the data read by the sensor was also developed. The results obtained demonstrated that this device can accelerate the photodegradation reaction in addition to monitoring the changes throughout the process.

Background: Decompressive craniectomy (DC) after traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a common surgical procedure. Cranioplasty (CP) is undertaken as a routine secondary operation following DC. In neurosurgical trauma centers, patients who require CPs compete with other patients who require emergency neurosurgical intervention and they are not given enough priority. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted of patients who had undergone autologous bone CP after DC for TBI over three years in a 3rd level trauma center in Mexico. All families were administered a questionnaire to assess how the patient judged the cosmetic result of CP. Results: A total of 29 patients agreed to participate in this study. 25 patients (86.2%) were satisfied with the aesthetic result and 4 patients (13.8%) were no satisfied with their CP. 4 cases (13.8%) reported medical complications related to CP. Unsatisfied patients complained most likely about the dented aesthetic look, with a moderate negative correlation between this and cosmetic outcome (ρ = −0.483, P = 0.001). Patient age (ρ = 0.194, P = 0.314) and defect size (ρ = 0.156, P = 0.419) was not related to the assessment of the aesthetic result. A strong negative correlation between postoperative infection and the grade of satisfaction (ρ = −0.710, P = 0.001) was also observed. Conclusions: Based on our results, overall most of the patients were satisfied with their CP with an acceptable complication rate.

El propósito de este estudio fue encontrar y evaluar los factores de vulnerabilidad femenina que impide una inserción laboral ordenada, teóricamente vista como, el conjunto de procesos por los que la egresada inicia y se mantiene exitosamente en el ejercicio de una actividad profesional estable. Se sostiene en el método inductivo con enfoque cuanti-cualitativo, recolectando tanto evidencias empíricas etnográficas de vida cotidiana a 258 universitarias de todos los semestres de licenciatura de las 13 carreras que oferta el Centro Universitario de Ciénega de la Universidad de Guadalajara, como la aplicación de una encuesta estructurada que nos lleva a responder si ¿la vulnerabilidad laboral tiene relación directa con las desigualdades de género? Las conclusiones del estudio muestran diferencias y discriminación en aspectos sociales, económicos, académicos y familiares que limitan el desarrollo laboral y la conciliación escuelatrabajo- familia, por lo que proponemos la creación de políticas públicas del Estado Mexicano que contribuyan a un cambio más equitativo e igualitario para erradicar de una vez por todas la vulnerabilidad laboral de las profesionistas.

Antecedentes: Los abordajes quirúrgicos de la región selar han sido un reto para los neurocirujanos. Con la introducción de la técnica endoscópica se ha minimizado el trauma quirúrgico, pero esta técnica no se encuentra exenta de complicaciones. Objetivo: Describir nuestra experiencia institucional en pacientes sometidos a resección de macroadenomas hipofisarios por vía microquirúrgica endonasal transesfenoidal asistida por endoscopia con énfasis en las complicaciones resultantes. Método: Revisamos los expedientes electrónicos de 17 pacientes sometidos a dicho procedimiento de manera consecutiva entre 2017 y 2018, y recabamos variables como edad, sexo, clasificación imagenológica, tiempo de diagnóstico al momento de la cirugía, complicaciones posoperatorias y recurrencia. Resultados: La edad promedio de los pacientes fue de 45.23 años y el 70.59% eran mujeres. Radiológicamente predominó el grado 2 Knosp (47.05%). La complicación principal fue diabetes insípida transitoria (23.52%), seguida por la fístula de líquido cefalorraquídeo (11.76%). Conclusiones: El manejo microquirúrgico asistido por endoscopia ha demostrado ser un recurso valioso para tratar macroadenomas hipofisarios, pero presenta grados variables de complicaciones, por lo cual se requiere la adquisición de habilidades para el uso del endoscopio, la planeación preoperatoria adecuada y el manejo conjunto multidisciplinario con el fin de evitarlas.

Este artículo examina la dimensión territorial y social del hábitat y del paisaje como expresión del fenómeno de segregación en Santiago-Chile. Se presenta un estudio de caso en el sector de El Castillo, comuna de La Pintana. Se sitúa el hábitat y el paisaje barrial en un escenario golpeado por la globalización, la crisis ambiental, la crisis sanitaria y la expansión del capitalismo. Este trabajo desarrolla un estudio de caso de carácter intrínseco e instrumental. Se elige Villa Nueva Patagonia por su ubicación dentro de las cinco comunas con peor índice de calidad de vida urbana dentro del país. El estudio desarrolla un enfoque cualitativo, donde el foco principal del análisis se ha puesto en los discursos de los habitantes en relación a su territorio, visto este desde la dimensión del paisaje y del hábitat. Los resultados señalan que no se puede hablar de un paisaje acabado, pues existe una tensión entre lo esperado y las actividades que se observan, habiendo una relación próxima entre las idealizaciones de sus habitantes y la historia del poblamiento del sector. Estos cambios han generado y cimentando desigualdades, acumulando efectos de malestar en el largo plazo; así, desde estas desigualdades el paisaje es entendido como la memoria del territorio.

BackgroundAntiretroviral therapy has significantly improved prognosis in treatment against HIV infection, however, prolonged exposure is associated to cardiovascular diseases, lipodystrophy, type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance, metabolic alteration, as obesity which includes the accumulation of oxidative stress in adipose tissue. FGF21 is a peptide hormone that is known to regulate glucose and lipid metabolism. FGF21 is expressed and secreted primarily in the liver and adipose tissue, promoting oxidation of glucose/fatty acids and insulin sensitivity. Alterations in FGF21 may be associated with the development of insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease. We hypothesized that FGF21 protein levels are associated with metabolic abnormalities, placing special attention to the alterations in relation to the concurrence of overweight/obesity in people living with HIV (PLWH).DesignSerum FGF21 was analyzed in 241 subjects, 160 PLWH and 81 unrelated HIV-uninfected subjects as a control group. Clinical records were consulted to obtain CD4+ cell counting and number of viral RNA copies. Serum FGF21 levels were tested for correlation with anthropometric and metabolic parameters; glucose, cholesterol, HDL, LDL, VLDL, triglycerides, insulin and indexes of atherogenesis and insulin resistance (HOMA).ResultsThe participants were classified into four groups: (i) PLWH with normal weight, (ii) PLWH with overweight/obesity, (iii) HIV-uninfected with normal weight, and (iv) HIV-uninfected with overweight/obesity. Insulin levels were higher in normal-weight PLWH than in the HIV-uninfected group but not statistically significant, however, for the overweight/obesity PLWH group, insulin levels were significantly higher in comparison with the other three groups (pConclusionInsulin resistance and FGF21 elevations were observed in overweight-obese PLWH. FGF21 elevation could be viewed as a compensation mechanism as, in the control group, FGF21 correlations appeared to be confined to weight and waist circumference. This can be explained based on the action of FGF21 promoting the uptake of glucose in adipose tissue. In PLWH, FGF21 was low, possibly as a result of a change in adiposity leading to a metabolic disruption.

Introducción: El objetivo del presente estudio, fue evaluar el efecto de la adición de β-mananasa sobre el consumo de materia seca (CMS) en los periodos pre y posparto, la producción (PL) y calidad de la leche, el contenido de nitrógeno ureico (NU), y el conteo de células somáticas (CCS) en leche de vacas Holstein-Friesian. Método: En el estudio se utilizaron 30 vacas (Peso vivo (PV)=781±83 kg; de más de dos lactancias) de aproximadamente 260 d de gestación, las cuales se estratificaron por PV y PL en la lactancia previa y se asignaron aleatoriamente a uno de dos tratamientos: 1) Dieta completa (Maíz-ensilado de Maíz), Control; y 2) Control+0.10% de β-mananasa (CTCZYME; Seoul, South Korea). Resultados: El CMS preparto no fue diferente (14.44±0.70 vs 15.66±0.70 kg d-1; p>0.05) entre tratamientos. En el posparto, de manera similar, no hubo diferencias (p>0.05) entre las vacas complementadas con las enzimas y las vacas Control. Por el contrario, PL fue mayor (42.66±1.31 vs 38.24±1.31 kg vaca-1 d-1; p0.05) ninguno de los componentes de la leche. Por el contrario, las vacas que se alimentaron con la enzima fueron más eficientes (p

Introducción: El hato bovino lechero especializado nacional presenta pocas estimaciones de tendencias genéticas estimadas en años recientes. Esta falta de información limita la evaluación del progreso genético obtenido y la estimación del impacto de las evaluaciones genéticas (EG) nacionales. Los objetivos del estudio fueron cuantificar el progreso genético de las poblaciones bovinas lecheras Jersey y Suizo Americano, antes y después de la implementación de las EG nacionales, así como analizar las principales causas del cambio genético estimado. Método: Se utilizaron las bases de datos genealógicos y productivos de las respectivas asociaciones nacionales de criadores de ganado de registro. Se analizaron los valores genéticos de producción de leche (PL) ajustada a 305 y 210 días de lactancia, para los años de 1994-2015 y 1986-2016, para Jersey y Suizo Americano, respectivamente. Las tendencias genéticas se estimaron mediante la regresión ponderada por el número de animales de los valores genéticos sobre los años de nacimiento. Para analizar el progreso genético, las tendencias se estimaron por periodos (considerando el inicio de las EG nacionales), rutas de selección, origen de los padres, hatos y por promedios ponderados de los sementales. Resultados: En ambas razas las tendencias genéticas generales y por periodo para PL fueron significativamente diferentes de cero (p

Introduction: Alcohol consumption has a high prevalence in society and its chronic consumption is one of the main factors related to health condition in an individual, along with other aspects concerning lifestyle. Regarding the health-disease correlation, it is one of the main determinants of health, from an epidemiological point of view, and has been a traditional object of study from different perspectives and in diverse population groups. Objective: To compare consumption patterns and related variables in two different groups: patients in mental health units and workers in general. Materials and methods: Cross-sectional study in a population of 1 180 service workers and 304 patients in a mental health unit. Sociodemographic and work aspects, as well as pattern of alcohol consumption were analyzed for both populations. Results: Differences in both groups were observed regarding the number of consumers, quantity of consumption and type of beverages consumed, differences that disappear, in part, when comparing groups of workers of both population samples. Conclusions: Differences in the consumption pattern of both populations lead to different preventive-assistance strategies and to the need for implementing coordinated actions by specific programs among those affected.

The craniofacial reconstruction after a craniotomy can sometimes be challenging due to the complexity of the fronto-orbital region, an adequate reconstruction can be achieved with combination of autologous bone and alloplastic materials, with low morbidity and mortality rates, even though it is still needed to perform more studies about this technique to assess its functional and aesthetic outcomes. At this paper we present one single case of a 19 year old male patient in who we performed a cranioplasty of fronto-orbital region, with a multifragmented autologous bone after 7 months of cryopreservation. The cranioplasty was performed with bone fragments and titanium mini plates to achieve a good functional and aesthetic outcome, without resorption, infection or complications. We described our method of cryopreservation and sterilization.

En el presente artículo se trata el impacto de Hokusai en España a través de las publicaciones periódicas en el último tercio del siglo XIX y primeras décadas del siglo XX coincidiendo con los periodos japoneses Meiji (1868-1912) y Taishō (1912-1926), época en la que el arte japonés y el fenómeno del japonismo se encontraban en pleno auge. El impacto de Hokusai en nuestro país a través de las publicaciones periódicas no fue tan importante como el que se produjo en otras naciones occidentales que tuvieron en esta época vínculos más estrechos con Japón y donde el coleccionismo de arte japonés (en especial de grabados ukiyo-e) fue más importante. No obstante, tanto en revistas ilustradas como en buena parte de los periódicos nacionales y locales de nuestro país se hicieron eco de la importancia de este destacado artista japonés proporcionando noticias sobre su vida y su obra, además de brindar informaciones sobre su influencia en otros artistas y sobre el coleccionismo de sus obras. De esta forma el conocimiento tanto de Hokusai como de su obra gozó de una notable difusión alcanzando todos los estratos de la sociedad y presentando un importante calado.

Objective. To assess whether in Mexican population the frequencies of ATM polymorphisms IVS24-9delT, IVS38-8T mayor que C, and 5557G mayor que A in breast cancer (BC) cases and healthy controls were different from those found in other countries. Materials and methods. Frequencies of polymorphisms conferring BC risk IVS24-9delT, IVS38-8T mayor que C, and 5557G mayor que A were analyzed by PCR-RFLP in 94 patients with familial and/or early onset BC, and 97 healthy controls randomly selected. Allele frequencies analysis was done using χ2 and Hardy-Weinberg test. Results. Frequencies of heterozygous were: for 5557G mayor que A, 13% cases, 0%controls (p=0.0009); for IVS24-9delT, 21% cases, 8% controls (p=0.0122); for IVS38-8T mayor que C, only one case. 5557G mayor que A and IVS24-9delT were more frequent in cases than in controls. The allelic frequencies found in 5557G mayor que A are similar to those described by González-Hormazábal in Chile. Conclusion. The similarity of results in this polymorphism between Chilean and Mexican populations may be due to both being crossbred with an Amerindian-Spanish component, while differences may be due to fact that Chilean population has a greater European component than Mexican’s.

This paper describes the most important topics on automation modernization of electrical repowering system of oil refinery in Mexico with IEC-61850. A strategic automation approach for protection, metering, and control is presented, as well as a description on how to automate the electrical equipment in order to reach a thorough communication level according to the standard IEC-61850, including station, bay, and, process buses and their interoperability concepts. A proposal for process bus, considering several scenarios with merging units interface, is presented. On the other hand, the repowering electrical system have several energy sources, with different conditions and challenges to solve, one of them is the integration of equipment with IEC 61850 protocols, other scenario is the system synchronization. Furthermore, the benefits on improvement in power quality and a scheme to avoid the high costs of maintenance are discussed. With the upgrading of the electrical system, the electrical demand is considered cover for all refining processes, including the new production plant of ultralow sulfur clean gasoline.

Los objetivos del presente estudio fueron: estimar componentes de varianza; calcular heredabilidades (h2) y correlaciones genéticas (rg); predecir valores genéticos (VG), y analizar las tendencias a través del tiempo. Se analizó la información de comportamiento en cuatro ganaderías de lidia mexicanas: Los Encinos (ENC), Montecristo (MCR), San José (SJO) y Fernando de la Mora (FMO). La información analizada correspondió a las notas de tienta al caballo (TC), tienta a pie (TP), lidia a caballo (LC) y lidia a pie (LP). El número de observaciones osciló de 154 a 2,369 y el número de animales en los pedigríes varió de 3,246 a 8,962; se realizó un análisis multivariado con el software MTDFREML. Las heredabilidades obtenidas fueron de 0.09±0.05 a 0.47±0.22, y un promedio de 0.28±0.09; la h2 promedio por características fue de 0.33±0.06 para TC y TP, 0.23±0.14 para LC y 0.27±0.12 para LP. Todas las rg fueron positivas y superiores a 0.50; con excepción en TP y LP (0.44±0.38) en FMO y TC y LP (0.28±0.14) en MCR. La rg promedio dentro de ganadería fue de 0.71±0.14 en MCR, 0.77±0.35 en FMO, 0.78±0.18 en ENC y 0.85±0.31 en SJO. Las tendencias de los VG fueron positivas y diferentes de cero (P0.05). La ganancia por año, como parte porcentual de la media, osciló de 0.19 % en LC de FMO a 1.5 % en TP de ENC. Las estimaciones de heredabilidad y la variabilidad de los valores genéticos sugieren su utilidad en programas de selección, favoreciendo un mayor progreso genético.

El aumento de la violencia en Latinoamérica se registra en paralelo al regreso a la democracia en la mayoría de los países de la región y a profundas reestructuraciones neoliberales que han conducido hacia cambios sociales y el aumento de la desigualdad. A su vez, la marginalidad avanzada jerarquiza los barrios al interior de las ciudades y construye zonas críticas y estigmatizadas. El artículo analiza las características que tienen las violencias que ocurren en el espacio público de la periferia de Santiago, en particular en la Población José María Caro. Se profundiza en el desarrollo histórico de las condiciones espaciales que se relacionan con la violencia (estigma, segregación, servicios urbanos) y las percepciones que los vecinos y vecinas tienen respecto de la policía. Si bien hoy en día la población tiene una situación urbana consolidada, de alguna forma sigue situándose en la periferia simbólica de la ciudad, debido al estigma de población "violenta" y peligrosa. Se rastrean y cartografían diversas violencias institucionales, políticas, económicas, sociales y estructurales que se expresan en la población. Finalmente es posible reconocer en la población una heterogeneidad de patrones culturales, a veces diversos y a veces contrapuestos, que conviven para configurar la situación actual del sector.

The objectives were to estimate variance components, and direct (h2) and maternal (m2) heritability in the growth of Tropicarne cattle based on a random regression model using B-Splines for random effects modeling. Information from 12 890 monthly weightings of 1787 calves, from birth to 24 months old, was analyzed. The pedigree included 2504 animals. The random effects model included genetic and permanent environmental (direct and maternal) of cubic order, and residuals. The fixed effects included contemporaneous groups (year – season of weighed), sex and the covariate age of the cow (linear and quadratic). The B-Splines were defined in four knots through the growth period analyzed. Analyses were performed with the software Wombat. The variances (phenotypic and residual) presented a similar behavior; of 7 to 12 months of age had a negative trend; from birth to 6 months and 13 to 18 months had positive trend; after 19 months were maintained constant. The m2 were low and near to zero, with an average of 0.06 in an interval of 0.04 to 0.11; the h2 also were close to zero, with an average of 0.10 in an interval of 0.03 to 0.23.

Los objetivos del presente estudio fueron: estimar componentes de varianza; calcular heredabilidades (h2) ycorrelaciones genéticas (rg); predecir valores genéticos (VG), y analizar las tendencias a través del tiempo. Se analizó la información de comportamiento en cuatro ganaderías de lidia mexicanas: Los Encinos (ENC), Montecristo (MCR),San José (SJO) y Fernando de la Mora (FMO). La información analizada correspondió a las notas de tienta al caballo(TC), tienta a pie (TP), lidia a caballo (LC) y lidia a pie (LP). El número de observaciones osciló de 154 a 2,369 y el número de animales en los pedigríes varió de 3,246 a 8,962; se realizó un análisis multivariado con el software MTDFREML. Las heredabilidades obtenidas fueron de 0.09±0.05 a 0.47±0.22, y un promedio de 0.28±0.09; la h2 promedio por características fue de 0.33±0.06 para TC y TP, 0.23±0.14 para LC y 0.27±0.12 para LP. Todas las rgfueron positivas y superiores a 0.50; con excepción en TP y LP (0.44±0.38) en FMO y TC y LP (0.28±0.14) en MCR. La rg promedio dentro de ganadería fue de 0.71±0.14 en MCR, 0.77±0.35 en FMO, 0.78±0.18 en ENC y 0.85±0.31en SJO. Las tendencias de los VG fueron positivas y diferentes de cero (P0.05).La ganancia por año, como parte porcentual de la media, osciló de 0.19 % en LC de FMO a 1.5 % en TP de ENC. Las estimaciones de heredabilidad y la variabilidad de los valores genéticos sugieren su utilidad en programas de selección, favoreciendo un mayor progreso genético.

OBJECTIVE: This study describes the presence of mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes in a group of Mexican women and the clinical evolution of early onset breast cancer (EOBC). MATERIAL AND METHODS: A prospective hospital-based study was performed in a sample of 22 women with EOBC (7 in clinical stage IIA, 8 in IIB, and 7 in IIIA). The patients attended a tertiary care hospital in northeastern Mexico in 1997 and were followed up over a 5-year period. Molecular analysis included: 1) a mutation screening by heteroduplex analysis (HA) of BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes and 2) a sequence analysis. RESULTS: Of 22 patients, 14 (63.6%) showed a variant band detected by heteroduplex analysis of the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes: 8 polymorphisms, 4 mutations of uncertain significance, and 2 novel truncated protein mutations, one in BRCA1 (exon 11, 3587delT) and the other in the BRCA2 gene (exon 11, 2664InsA). CONCLUSIONS: These findings support future studies to determine the significance and impact of the genetic factor in this Mexican women population.OBJETIVO: Describir la presencia de mutaciones en los genes BRCA1 y BRCA2 y la evolución clínica de un grupo de mujeres con carcinoma mamario de inicio temprano (CMIT). MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio hospitalario, prospectivo, en una muestra de 22 pacientes con CMIT (siete en etapa clínica IIA, ocho en la IIB y siete en etapa IIIA). Las pacientes fueron atendidas en un hospital del noreste de México en 1997 y se realizó un seguimiento clínico durante cinco años. El análisis molecular incluyó: 1) análisis heterodúplex (AH) para detectar bandas variantes en la secuencia de ADN de los genes BRCA1 y BRCA2, y 2) análisis de secuenciación. RESULTADOS: De 22 pacientes, 14 (63.6%) mostraron banda variante por AH en los genes BRCA1 y BRCA2: ocho polimorfismos, cuatro mutaciones de significado incierto y dos mutaciones noveles con proteína truncada, una en BRCA1 (exón 11, 3587delT) y otra en BRCA2 (exón 11, 2664InsA). CONCLUSIONES: Estos hallazgos apoyan el desarrollo de futuros estudios para determinar el impacto del factor genético en la población mexicana con CMIT.

From early dinosaurs with as many as nine wrist bones, modern birds evolved to develop only four ossifications. Their identity is uncertain, with different labels used in palaeontology and developmental biology. We examined embryos of several species and studied chicken embryos in detail through a new technique allowing whole-mount immunofluorescence of the embryonic cartilaginous skeleton. Beyond previous controversy, we establish that the proximal-anterior ossification develops from a composite radiale+intermedium cartilage, consistent with fusion of radiale and intermedium observed in some theropod dinosaurs. Despite previous claims that the development of the distal-anterior ossification does not support the dinosaur-bird link, we found its embryonic precursor shows two distinct regions of both collagen type II and collagen type IX expression, resembling the composite semilunate bone of bird-like dinosaurs (distal carpal 1+distal carpal 2). The distal-posterior ossification develops from a cartilage referred to as "element x," but its position corresponds to distal carpal 3. The proximal-posterior ossification is perhaps most controversial: It is labelled as the ulnare in palaeontology, but we confirm the embryonic ulnare is lost during development. Re-examination of the fossil evidence reveals the ulnare was actually absent in bird-like dinosaurs. We confirm the proximal-posterior bone is a pisiform in terms of embryonic position and its development as a sesamoid associated to a tendon. However, the pisiform is absent in bird-like dinosaurs, which are known from several articulated specimens. The combined data provide compelling evidence of a remarkable evolutionary reversal: A large, ossified pisiform re-evolved in the lineage leading to birds, after a period in which it was either absent, nonossified, or very small, consistently escaping fossil preservation. The bird wrist provides a modern example of how developmental and paleontological data illuminate each other. Based on all available data, we introduce a new nomenclature for bird wrist ossifications.

The research oriented to design, apply and evaluate educational intervention strategies to make aware to teachers and students from Coahuila's Autonomy University Medical Faculty, about the importance of building and spreading a quality culture into medical education, helping through education member's information and training to develop attitudes for a quality culture. It was needed a point to start from the reality that lives the Faculty, being more precise in the design of intervention strategies helping a change of attitude to the Faculty's educative quality, it was started with a strategy diagnostic which results determined the quality indicators that would help this investigation. The teacher's attitude dimension indicators were: teacher's training & actualization, teacher's boarding work, lesson planning and evaluation. The ones for the had 2 measurement periods: one before intervention strategies application (school year 2003-2004) and another one after the intervention strategies application (school year 2004-2005). The program consisted in diffusion activities: posters and flyers, 4 conferences for the students and 4 conferences for the teachers, a teacher's training actualization course-workshop, and implementing 2 proposals: one Educative Managing, the other one about Forming Values, which base was done at the teacher's boarding work. The research was done with 350 students and 68 teachers. The tools designed to measure attitude were 2: one for the students with 18 questions and another one for the teachers containing 12 questions. About the results gotten, it can be said that change was more notorious in students, in which an indicator got the maximum point (team work) while the other ones rose about more than 100% (taking decisions and critical judgment). About the teachers, some changes werw observed in the 4 indicators, 2 of them showed a low rising (teacher's training, actualization and evaluation) Finally in the teacher's evaluation done by the students it's evident that teacher's job performance did not get better, for example, following the program and attendance was barely high. That indicates students were more aware than teachers about changing attitude and had better performing results as a cosequence of applying strategies.

El objetivo fue evaluar la bondad de ajuste de 16 ecuaciones para ajustar curvas de lactancia en seis genotipos bovinos. Se analizaron registros semanales o mensuales de producción de leche de vacas Pardo Suizo Americano (n=826 lactancias), Bos indicus (BI, n=52), ¾BI¼Bos taurus (BT, n=507), ½BI½BT (n=462), 3 8 BI 5 8 BT (n=167) y ¼BI¾BT (n=62). Los parámetros de las ecuaciones se estimaron, para cada lactancia individual, por regresión lineal y no lineal, y las comparaciones se realizaron con base en los cuadrados medios de residuales, mediante la jerarquización dentro de genotipo utilizando la prueba de Suma de Rangos de Friedman. Otros criterios adicionales fueron la proporción de casos con producción de leche diaria anormal y los casos con autocorrelación positiva. Existieron diferencias (P menor 0,05) en la bondad de ajuste de las ecuaciones a través de genotipos. Sin embargo, para todos los genotipos la ecuación de mejor ajuste (P menor 0,05) fue una reparametrización de la ecuación de Wood, la cual considera la primera fecha de muestreo como el tiempo cero. Se recomienda el uso de esta ecuación para ajustar curvas de lactancia en genotipos similares a los evaluados en este estudio.

The article explores the influence of Japanese manga in Spain, considering the works of Spanish authors and artists. It highlights the generations of manga artists in Spain classified into groups, including those born between 1970 and the beginning of 1980 classified as precursors of the first manga and anime and pioneers in drawing short comics, those born after the 1980s who consumed fanzines and gained popularity via Internet and those born after 1990 who specialized outreach publications.

Purpose: Breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) quality may vary across the United States. Our aim was to investigate the quality of outside breast MRIs presenting for second opinion at a tertiary cancer center following implementation of the American College of Radiology (ACR) Breast MRI Accreditation Program.Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the technical quality of the MRI studies of 100 consecutive cases submitted for second opinion in 2013. The image quality was blindly reviewed per ACR Breast MRI Accreditation Program by three fellowship-trained breast radiologists and one breast imaging fellow.Results: In total, 88 of the 100 cases were referred from facilities in the United States. Sixty (68%) of the 88 cases had at least one technical deficiency. In 10 cases (11%), more than five different technical deficiencies occurred. The most frequently encountered deficiencies were related to artifacts (74%), with shimming (N = 17) and motion (N = 16) being the most common. In total, 38% of cases (N = 33) had a deficient T2-weighted sequence, mostly due to low signal to noise ratio (N = 25). A total of 27% cases (N = 24) had deficiencies in the delayed phase postcontrast T1-weighted sequence, mainly due to low signal to noise ratio (N = 21) and 23% had deficiencies in the early phase postcontrast T1-weighted sequence, predominantly due to low signal to noise ratio as well. (N = 19).Conclusion: Our study demonstrates variability of breast MRI quality across the United States. Radiologists should become familiar with the requirements of the ACR breast MRI accreditation program and strive to meet the expected standards in order to enhance patient quality and safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objective: Banana (Musa spp) is the fourth most important food after rice, wheat and maize, it is a staple food in several countries, in its unripe state it contains vitamins (B3, B6, B12, C and E), minerals (P, Na, Ca, Mg, K, Zn, Fe, Cu, Mn), polyphenolic compounds, flavonoids, fiber, resistant starch and non-digestible carbohydrates that are often lost during heat treatments. The aim of this work was to find out the drying parameters that allow to maintain the highest amount of bioactive properties of banana flour. Methods: The present study focused on the effect of different drying temperatures (40, 60 and 80 °C) and the combination of banana slice thicknesses (2 and 4 mm). The physicochemical and phytochemical properties of green banana flour were analyzed. Results: The influence of drying temperature and banana pulp slice thickness were significant (p<0.05) on CFT and % inhibition of DPPH radical. By increasing the temperature from 60 to 80 °C and decreasing the thickness from 4 to 2 mm, the values of CFT (225.69 ± 5.13 EAG/100 g DW) and % DPPH radical inhibition (91.08 ± 2.28%) were higher, respectively. Physicochemical properties such as: soluble solids, titratable acidity, pH and ash were not influenced by DT and BST; and moisture values were <10%. Conclusions: These findings indicate that hot air drying at 60 to 80 °C and thickness < 4 mm favour a higher preservation of antioxidant capacity in banana flour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This report describes the clinical presentation, imaging findings, and treatment options of a case of metastatic malignant phyllodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]