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Le processus d’accès au terrain, peu analysé, renseigne sur la nature du terrain de recherche et sur les données récoltées. Il représente ainsi un intérêt scientifique particulièrement enrichissant. Réalisé dans le cadre d’une recherche sur les pratiques d’enseignement de la branche « Ethique et cultures religieuses » dans des écoles primaires de trois cantons de Suisse romande, cet article propose de revenir sur les conditions du travail de terrain en milieu scolaire, sur les différentes étapes nécessaires pour accéder aux acteur·rice·s et aux données, et sur les diverses interactions et négociations auxquelles ces étapes ont donné lieu. Il s’agit de mener une réflexion sur la façon dont ce processus d’accès au terrain a façonné celui-ci, comment il nous informe sur les données récoltées, et ce qu’il nous dit de la réalité de la recherche en milieu scolaire en Suisse. The process of accessing the field, rarely analysed, provides information on the nature of the research area and the data collected. It is therefore of particularly enlightning scientific interest. Carried out as part of a research project on teaching practices in the "Ethics and religious cultures" school subject in primary schools in three cantons of French-speaking Switzerland, this article reviews the conditions of fieldwork in schools, the various steps required to gain access to the actors and data, and the various interactions and negotiations to which these steps gave rise. The aim is to reflect on how this process of accessing the field has shaped the field, how it informs us about the data collected, and what it tells us about the reality of research within schools in Switzerland. Der Zugang zu einem Forschungsfeld wird wenig analysiert, gibt aber Auskunft über die Art des Feldes und die gesammelten Daten. Diese Analyse ist daher von besonderem Interesse und bereichert die Forschung. Dieser Artikel, der im Rahmen eines Forschungsprojekts über die Unterrichtspraxis im Fach "Ethique et cultures religieuses (Ethik und religiöse Kulturen)" an Primarschulen in drei Kantonen der Westschweiz durchgeführt wurde, untersucht die Bedingungen des Feldzugangs in den Schulen, die verschiedenen Schritte, die für den Zugang zu den Akteur_innen und Daten erforderlich waren, sowie die verschiedenen Interaktionen und Aushandlungen, zu denen diese Schritte geführt haben. Ziel ist es, darüber nachzudenken, wie dieser Prozess des Zugangs zum Feld sowohl das Feld selber als auch die gewonnenen Daten geprägt hat und was er uns über den Alltag der schulischen Forschung in der Schweiz aussagt.

Στην παρούσα εργασία, επιδιώκεται τόσο η ανάλυση της συνάρτησης ανάμεσα στο δίκαιο και την ηθική, όσο και η ανάλυση της ηθικής του διαλόγου υπό το πρίσμα της σκέψης του Jürgen Habermas. Αρχικά, εξηγούνται οι όροι της επικοινωνιακής ορθολογικότητας, της δημόσιας σφαίρας, και της κριτικής ικανότητας. Έπειτα, αναπτύσσονται εννέα προσεγγίσεις που αφορούν τη σχέση ανάμεσα στο δίκαιο και την ηθική, ώστε να υπάρξει μια πλήρης εποπτεία επί του ζητήματος. Σε αυτές τις προσεγγίσεις, περιγράφονται αναλυτικά τα χαρακτηριστικά των εννοιών του δικαίου και της ηθικής. Στη συνέχεια, η μελέτη προχωρά παραγωγικά προς τη διάκριση ανάμεσα στην ηθική αρχή και τη δημοκρατική αρχή, ενώ συνεχίζει προς τη διάκριση ανάμεσα στους πραξιακούς κανόνες και τους δικαιικούς κανόνες. Ύστερα, αναλύεται η ηθική του διαλόγου καθώς και οι προϋποθέσεις που χρειάζονται για τη δημιουργία μιας έλλογης διαβούλευσης. Τέλος, αναλύεται εξίσου, η έννοια της ηθικής συνείδησης, η οποία απασχολεί καταστατικά τη φιλοσοφική σκέψη του Habermas. Μετά την ολοκλήρωση της μελέτης της παρούσας εργασίας, θα είμαστε σε θέση να αντιληφθούμε πως η ηθική και το δίκαιο αποτελούν δύο διακριτές έννοιες οι οποίες όμως, με άξονα το δίκαιο, αλληλεπιδρούν μεταξύ τους. Σε αυτή την αλληλεπίδραση, ο έλλογος διάλογος διαδραματίζει καίριο ρόλο. This essay will focus on Habermas’s discourse ethics and the theory of communicative action. More specifically, it will examine Habermas’s discourse theory of law and the relationship (interaction, differences and similarities) between Law, Morality and Ethics.

Numerical understanding is important for everyday life. For children with developmental dyscalculia (DD), numbers and magnitudes present profound problems which are thought to be based upon neuronal impairments of key regions for numerical understanding. The aim of the present study was to investigate possible differences in white matter fibre integrity between children with DD and controls using diffusion tensor imaging. White matter integrity and behavioural measures were evaluated in 15 children with developmental dyscalculia aged around 10years and 15 matched controls. The main finding, obtained by a whole brain group comparison, revealed reduced fractional anisotropy in the superior longitudinal fasciculus in children with developmental dyscalculia. In addition, a region of interest analysis exhibited prominent deficits in fibres of the superior longitudinal fasciculus adjacent to the intraparietal sulcus, which is thought to be the core region for number processing. To conclude, our results outline deficient fibre projection between parietal, temporal and frontal regions in children with developmental dyscalculia, and therefore raise the question of whether dyscalculia can be seen as a dysconnection syndrome. Since the superior longitudinal fasciculus is involved in the integration and control of distributed brain processes, the present results highlight the importance of considering broader domain-general mechanisms in the diagnosis and therapy of dyscalculia.

Several (pre-) clinical trials are currently investigating the benefit of HER2-targeted therapy in urothelial bladder cancer (UBC). Patients with HER2 amplified UBC could potentially profit from these therapies. However, little is known about histomorphology, HER2 protein expression patterns and occurrence of alterations in the HER2 gene in their tumors. Among 150 metastasizing primary UBC, 13 HER2 amplified tumors were identified. Their histopathological features were compared with 13 matched, non-amplified UBC. HER2 protein expression was determined by immunohistochemistry. The 26 tumors were screened for mutations in exons 19 and 20 of the HER2 gene. UBC with HER2 amplification presented with a broad variety of histological variants (median 2 vs. 1), frequently featured micropapillary tumor components (77 % vs. 8 %) and demonstrated a high amount of tumor associated inflammation. Immunohistochemically, 10 of 13 (77 %) HER2 amplified tumors were strongly HER2 protein positive. Three tumors (23 %) were scored as HER2 negative. One of the HER2 amplified tumors harbored a D769N mutation in exon 19 of the HER2 gene; all other tested tumors were wild type. In conclusion, HER2 amplified UBC feature specific morphological characteristics. They frequently express the HER2 protein diffusely and are, therefore, promising candidates for HER2 targeted therapies. The detection of mutations at the HER2 locus might add new aspects to molecular testing of UBC.

Although the introduction of novel targeted agents has improved patient outcomes in several human cancers, no such advance has been achieved in muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). However, recent sequencing efforts have begun to dissect the complex genomic landscape of MIBC, revealing distinct molecular subtypes and offering hope for implementation of targeted therapies. Her2 (ERBB2) is one of the most established therapeutic targets in breast and gastric cancer but agents targeting Her2 have not yet demonstrated anti-tumor activity in MIBC. Through an integrated analysis of 127 patients from three centers, we identified alterations of Her2 at the DNA, RNA and protein level, and demonstrate that Her2 relevance as a tumor driver likely may vary even within ERBB2 amplified cases. Importantly, tumors with a luminal molecular subtype have a significantly higher rate of Her2 alterations than those of the basal subtype, suggesting that Her2 activity is also associated with subtype status. Although some of our findings present rare events in bladder cancer, our study suggests that comprehensively assessing Her2 status in the context of tumor molecular subtype may help select MIBC patients most likely to respond to Her2 targeted therapy.

Le fort de Bellary représente l’ultime étape de la fortification indienne et une certaine forme d’aboutissement de l’adaptation à l’artillerie à la fin du 18ème siècle. C’est un des sites clôturant notre corpus des typologies de l’évolution des fortifications du Deccan malgré son emplacement géographique et géologique légèrement éloigné du plateau deccani. Le fort de Bellary reste attaché au contexte historique du Deccan médiéval et moderne. La présente étude vise à mettre en lumière les dernières modifications indiennes, avant la prise du fort par les britanniques en 1800, liées à l’artillerie et fortement imprégnées par l’influence européenne de la poliorcétique du 18ème siècle dans le contexte des guerres carnatiques. Dès le 17ème siècle avec les Marathes, le changement de mentalité dans la stratégie et l’adaptation progressive des armées indiennes aux doctrines européennes , dont la conception des fortifications adaptées à l’artillerie, modifie considérablement les méthodes de guerre en Inde. Les comptoirs commerciaux européens sur les côtes indiennes jouent le rôle de vecteur de transmission technologique. La fortification bastionnée européenne n’est pas copiée à l’identique, seuls certains organes défensifs sont incorporés progressivement dans l’arsenal défensif des forts indiens en se greffant à des formes préexistantes de la fortification régionale.

BACKGROUND TMPRSS2-ERG gene fusion is the most frequent genetic alteration in prostate cancer. However, information about its distribution in lymph node positive prostate cancers and the prognostic significance in these advanced tumors is unknown. METHODS Gene fusion status was determined by fluorescence in situ hybridization on a tissue-microarray constructed from 119 hormone-naive nodal positive, surgically treated prostate cancers containing samples from the primary tumors and corresponding lymph node metastases. Data were correlated with various tumor features (Gleason score, stage, cancer volume, nodal tumor burden) and biochemical recurrence-free, disease-specific, and overall survival. RESULTS TMPRSS2-ERG fusion was detected in 43.5% of the primary tumors. Conversely, only 29.9% of the metastasizing components showed the fusion. Concordance in TMPRSS2-ERG status between primary tumors and metastases was 70.9% (Kappa 0.39); 20.9% and 8.1% of the patients showed the mutation solely in their primary tumors and metastases, respectively. TMPRSS2-ERG fusion was not correlated with specific histopathological tumor features but predicted favorable biochemical recurrence-free, disease-specific and overall survival independently when present in the primary tumor (P

An obligatory eradication programme for Bovine Virus Diarrhoea (BVD) was implemented in Switzerland in 2008. Between 2008 and 2012, all bovines were tested for antigen or antibodies against BVDV. By the year 2012, eradication was completed in the majority of farms. A decrease of the prevalence of persistently infected (PI) newborn calves was observed from 1.4% in 2008 to

The underlying neural mechanisms of developmental dyscalculia (DD) are still far from being clearly understood. Even the behavioral processes that generate or influence this heterogeneous disorder are a matter of controversy. To date, the few studies examining functional brain activation in children with DD mainly focus on number and counting related tasks, whereas studies on more general cognitive domains that are involved in arithmetical development, such as working memory are virtually absent. There are several studies showing a close relationship between DD and spatial working memory [Camos, V. (2008). Low working memory capacity impedes both efficiency and learning of number transcoding in children. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 99(1), 37-57; McLean, J. F., & Hitch, G. J. (1999). Working memory impairments in children with specific arithmetic learning difficulties. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 74(3), 240-260; Rosselli, M., Matute, E., Pinto, N., & Ardila, A. (2006). Memory abilities in children with subtypes of dyscalculia. Developmental Neuropsychology, 30(3), 801-818; Siegel, L. S., & Ryan, E. B. (1989). The development of working memory in normally achieving and subtypes of learning disabled children. Child Development, 60(4), 973-980]. The relationship between these two mechanisms is still matter of debate, but this study follows the assumption that poor spatial working memory capacity may hinder the acquisition of spatial number representations in children with DD [Geary, D. C. (1993). Mathematical disabilities: Cognitive, neuropsychological, and genetic components. Psychological Bulletin, 114(2), 345-362; von Aster, M., & Shalev, R. S. (2007). Number development and developmental dyscalculia. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 49(11), 868-873]. Using functional MRI the current study compares brain activity associated with spatial working memory processes in 8-10-year-old children with DD and normally achieving controls. Both groups showed significant spatial working memory related activity in a network including occipital and parietal regions. Children with DD showed weaker neural activation compared to the control group during a spatial working memory task in the right intraparietal sulcus (IPS), the right insula and the right inferior frontal lobe. Performance tests outside the scanner showed impaired working memory proficiency in children with DD. Bringing behavioral performance and neural activity together we found significant correlations of right IPS activity with performance on the verbal digit span forward and the spatial Corsi Block Tapping test. Our findings demonstrate for the first time an involvement of spatial working memory processes in the neural underpinnings of DD. These poor spatial working memory processes may inhibit the formation of spatial number representations (mental numberline) as well as the storage and retrieval of arithmetical facts.

B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) is the most common leukemia in western societies, and is currently incurable. B cells of some B-CLL patients are resistant to the anti-proliferative effects of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta). Herein, we identified two mutations within the putative signal sequence of TGF-beta type I receptor (TbetaR-I) gene of TGF-beta-resistant B-CLL patients (i.e., a Leu12Gln substitution together with an in-frame single Ala deletion). Although TbetaR-I mutants were expressed to the cell surface and interacted normally with TGF-beta-bound TbetaR-II, their expression significantly reduced gene transcription stimulated by TGF-beta, suggesting a causal relationship in the development of TGF-beta-resistant B-CLL. Screening of additional B-CLL patients solely for the presence of TbetaR-I signal sequence mutations showed that these mutations correlated with and predicted for B-CLL patient insensitivity to TGF-beta. Our results demonstrate that TGF-beta-resistant B-CLL is linked to signal sequence mutations within the TbetaR-I gene, and may eventually be employed as a prognostic indicator in B-CLL.

TMPRSS2-ERG gene fusion is the most frequent genetic alteration in prostate cancer. However, information about its distribution in lymph node positive prostate cancers and the prognostic significance in these advanced tumors is unknown.Gene fusion status was determined by fluorescence in situ hybridization on a tissue-microarray constructed from 119 hormone-naïve nodal positive, surgically treated prostate cancers containing samples from the primary tumors and corresponding lymph node metastases. Data were correlated with various tumor features (Gleason score, stage, cancer volume, nodal tumor burden) and biochemical recurrence-free, disease-specific, and overall survival.TMPRSS2-ERG fusion was detected in 43.5% of the primary tumors. Conversely, only 29.9% of the metastasizing components showed the fusion. Concordance in TMPRSS2-ERG status between primary tumors and metastases was 70.9% (Kappa 0.39); 20.9% and 8.1% of the patients showed the mutation solely in their primary tumors and metastases, respectively. TMPRSS2-ERG fusion was not correlated with specific histopathological tumor features but predicted favorable biochemical recurrence-free, disease-specific and overall survival independently when present in the primary tumor (P 0.05 each).TMPRSS2-ERG fusion is more frequent in primary prostate cancer than in corresponding metastases suggesting no selection of fusion-positive cells in the metastatic process. The gene fusion in primary tumors independently predicts favorable outcome.

The Fraunhofer Technology Research Centre in Germany has helped to develop a smart platform which it says can autonomously implement the required modifications, ensuring an optimum and efficient manufacturing process. Under the system, known as the smart connected control platform (SCCP), a robot carefully approaches the loading ramp, picks up a component with its grabber arms and takes it to the next assembly machine. It then immediately brings a second component there, and the two are joined together. After that, the robot carries them on to quality control.

Numerical understanding is important for everyday life. For children with developmental dyscalculia (DD), numbers and magnitudes present profound problems which are thought to be based upon neuronal impairments of key regions for numerical understanding. The aim of the present study was to investigate possible differences in white matter fibre integrity between children with DD and controls using diffusion tensor imaging. White matter integrity and behavioural measures were evaluated in 15 children with developmental dyscalculia aged around 10 years and 15 matched controls. The main finding, obtained by a whole brain group comparison, revealed reduced fractional anisotropy in the superior longitudinal fasciculus in children with developmental dyscalculia. In addition, a region of interest analysis exhibited prominent deficits in fibres of the superior longitudinal fasciculus adjacent to the intraparietal sulcus, which is thought to be the core region for number processing. To conclude, our results outline deficient fibre projection between parietal, temporal and frontal regions in children with developmental dyscalculia, and therefore raise the question of whether dyscalculia can be seen as a dysconnection syndrome. Since the superior longitudinal fasciculus is involved in the integration and control of distributed brain processes, the present results highlight the importance of considering broader domain-general mechanisms in the diagnosis and therapy of dyscalculia.