1. The Love of Money and Pay Level Satisfaction: Measurement and Functional Equivalence in 29 Geopolitical Entities around the World
- Author
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Thompson S. H. Teo, Mahfooz A. Ansari, Johnsto E. Osagie, Peter Vlerick, Linzhi Du, Aahad M. Osman-Gani, Abdulgawi Salim Alzubaidi, Luigina Canova, Ilya Garber, Randy K. Chiu, Toto Sutarso, Horia D. Pitariu, Bor-Shiuan Cheng, Anthony Ugochukwu Obiajulu Nnedum, Ruja Pholsward, Anna Maria Manganelli, Rosario Correia Higgs, Caroline Urbain, Roberto Luna-Arocas, Chin Kang Jen, Vivien K. G. Lim, Fernando Arias-Galicia, Marco Tombolani, Alice S. Moreira, Allen F. Stembridge, Ali Mahdi Kazem, Thomas Li-Ping Tang, Éva Málovics, Michael W. Allen, Abdul Hamid Safwat Ibrahim, Theresa Li-Na Tang, Adebowale Akande, Consuelo García de la Torre, Brigitte Charles-Pauvers, Francisco José Costa Pereira, Elisaveta Sardzoska, Kilsun Kim, Marko Polič, Martina Trontelj, Mark G. Borg, and Petar Skobic
- Subjects
Strategy and Management ,cross-cultural empirical research ,functional equivalence ,the love of money ,pay level satisfaction ,measurement invariance ,Empirical research ,Statistics ,Economics ,Econometrics ,Functional equivalence ,Measurement invariance ,Business and International Management ,Common-method variance ,Equivalence (measure theory) - Abstract
Demonstrating the equivalence of constructs is a key requirement for cross-cultural empirical research. The major purpose of this paper is to demonstrate how to assess measurement and functional equivalence or invariance using the 9-item, 3-factor Love of Money Scale (LOMS, a second-order factor model) and the 4-item, 1-factor Pay Level Satisfaction Scale (PLSS, a first-order factor model) across 29 samples in six continents (N = 5973). In step 1, we tested the configural, metric and scalar invariance of the LOMS and 17 samples achieved measurement invariance. In step 2, we applied the same procedures to the PLSS and nine samples achieved measurement invariance. Five samples (Brazil, China, South Africa, Spain and the USA) passed the measurement invariance criteria for both measures. In step 3, we found that for these two measures, common method variance was non-significant. In step 4, we tested the functional equivalence between the Love of Money Scale and Pay Level Satisfaction Scale. We achieved functional equivalence for these two scales in all five samples. The results of this study suggest the critical importance of evaluating and establishing measurement equivalence in cross-cultural studies. Suggestions for remedying measurement non-equivalence are offered.
- Published
- 2006