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Shear-wave elastography (SWE) is a novel ultrasound technique for quantifying tissue elasticity. The aim of this study was to identify differences in atherosclerotic plaque elasticity measured using SWE among individuals with symptomatic, asymptomatic progressive and asymptomatic stable carotid plaques. Consecutive patients from the Atherosclerotic Plaque Characteristics Associated with a Progression Rate of the Plaque and a Risk of Stroke in Patients with the Carotid Bifurcation Plaque Study were screened for this research. Neurosonography examination of carotid arteries was performed to identify plaque stenosis of ≥50% using B-mode ultrasound and SWE imaging to measure the mean, maximal and minimal elasticity. The set consisted of 97 participants-74 with asymptomatic stable stenosis, 12 with asymptomatic progressive stenosis and 11 with symptomatic stenosis. The mean elasticity in the asymptomatic stable plaque group was significantly higher than in the asymptomatic progressive (52.2 vs. 30.4 kPa; p0.001) and symptomatic (52.2 vs. 36.4 kPa; p = 0.033) plaque groups. No significant differences were found between asymptomatic progressive and symptomatic (p0.1) plaque groups. Asymptomatic stable, asymptomatic progressive and symptomatic plaques did not differ in echogenicity, calcifications, homogeneity, occurrence of ulcerated surface, or intra-plaque hemorrhage (p0.05 in all cases). SWE was a helpful modality for differentiating between stable and unstable atherosclerotic plaques in carotid arteries.

ObjectiveTo test the hypothesis that IV thrombolysis (IVT) treatment before endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) is associated with better outcomes in patients with anterior circulation large artery occlusion (LAO) stroke, we examined a large real-world database, the Safe Implementation of Treatment in Stroke–International Stroke Thrombectomy Register (SITS-ISTR).MethodsWe identified centers recording ≥10 consecutive patients in the SITS-ISTR, with at least 70% available modified Rankin Scale (mRS) scores at 3 months during 2014 to 2019. We defined LAO as intracranial internal carotid artery, first and second segment of middle cerebral artery, and first segment of anterior cerebral artery. Main outcomes were functional independence (mRS score 0–2) and death at 3 months and symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (SICH) per modified SITS–Monitoring Study. We performed propensity score–matched (PSM) and multivariable logistic regression analyses.ResultsOf 6,350 patients from 42 centers, 3,944 (62.1%) received IVT. IVT + EVT–treated patients had less frequent atrial fibrillation, ongoing anticoagulation, previous stroke, heart failure, and prestroke disability. PSM analysis showed that IVT + EVT–treated patients had a higher rate of functional independence than patients treated with EVT alone (46.4% vs 40.3%,p< 0.001) and a lower rate of death at 3 months (20.3% vs 23.3%,p= 0.035). SICH rates (3.5% vs 3.0%,p= 0.42) were similar in both groups. Multivariate adjustment yielded results consistent with PSM.ConclusionPretreatment with IVT was associated with favorable outcomes in EVT-treated LAO stroke in the SITS-ISTR. These findings, while indicative of international routine clinical practice, are limited by observational design, unmeasured confounding, and possible residual confounding by indication.Classification of EvidenceThis study provides Class II evidence that IVT before EVT increases the probability of functional independence at 3 months compared to EVT alone.

Objectives Transcranial color-coded duplex sonography (TCCS) enables to measure blood flow characteristics in cerebral vessels, including vascular resistance and pulsatility. The study aims to identify factors influencing pulsatility (PI) and resistance (RI) indices measured using TCCS in patients with carotid atherosclerosis. Methods Self-sufficient patients with atherosclerotic plaque causing 20-70% carotid stenosis were consecutively enrolled to the study. All patients underwent duplex sonography of cervical arteries and TCCS with measurement of PI and RI in the middle cerebral artery, neurological, and physical examinations. Following data were recorded: age, gender, height, weight, body mass index, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, occurrence of current and previous diseases, surgery, medication, smoking, and daily dose of alcohol. Univariant and multivariant logistic regression analysis were used for identification of the factors influencing RI and PI. Results Totally 1863 subjects were enrolled to the study: 139 healthy controls (54 males, age 55.52 ± 7.05 years) in derivation cohort and 1724 patients (777 males, age 68.73 ± 9.39 years) in validation cohort. The cut off value for RI was 0.63 and for PI 1.21. Independent factors for increased RI/PI were age (odds ratio [OR] = 1.108/1.105 per 1 year), occurrence of diabetes mellitus (OR = 1.767/2.170), arterial hypertension (OR = 1.700 for RI only), width of the carotid plaque (OR = 1.260 per 10% stenosis for RI only), and male gender (OR = 1.530 for PI only; P ˂.01 in all cases). Conclusions The independent predictors of increased cerebral arterial resistance and/or pulsatility in patients with carotid atherosclerosis were age, arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, carotid plaque width, and male gender.

Background: Insight in differences in patient outcomes between endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) centers can help to improve stroke care. We assessed between-center variation in functional outcome of patients with acute ischemic stroke who were treated with EVT. We analyzed to what extent this variation may be explained by modifiable center characteristics. Methods: We used nationwide registry data of patients with stroke treated with EVT in the Netherlands and in the Czech Republic. Primary outcome was modified Rankin Scale score at 90 days as an indicator of disability. We used multilevel ordinal logistic regression to quantify the between-center variation in outcomes and the impact of patient and center characteristics. Between-center variation was expressed as the relative difference in odds of a more favorable modified Rankin Scale score between a relatively better performing center (75th percentile) and a relatively worse performing center (25th percentile). Results: We included a total of 4518 patients treated in 33 centers. Adjusted for patient characteristics, the odds of a more favorable outcome in a center at the 75th percentile of the outcome distribution were 1.46 times higher (95% CI, 1.31–1.70) than the odds in a center at the 25th percentile. Adjustment for center characteristics, including the median time between stroke onset and reperfusion per center, decreased this relative difference in odds to 1.30 (95% CI, 1.18–1.50, P =0.01). This translates into an absolute difference in likelihood of good functional outcome of 8% after adjustment for patient characteristics and to 5% after further adjustment for modifiable center characteristics. Conclusions: The considerable between-center variation in patient outcomes after EVT for acute ischemic stroke could be largely explained by center-specific characteristics, such as time to reperfusion. Improvement of these parameters may likely result in a decrease in center-specific differences, and an overall improvement in outcome of patients with acute ischemic stroke.

Cerebral blood flow volume is an important factor for the accurate diagnosis of neurovascular diseases and treatment indication. This study aims to assess correlations of blood flow volume measurements in cervical and intracranial arteries between duplex sonography and quantitative magnetic resonance angiography (qMRA). Consecutive patients with suspicion of cerebral vascular pathology underwent qMRA and duplex sonography of cervical and intracranial arteries with measurement of blood flow volume in bilateral common (CCA), internal (ICA) and external carotid arteries, vertebral and basilar arteries, middle, anterior, posterior cerebral and posterior communicating arteries using 2 different ultrasound machines. Ten patients underwent all examinations twice. Correlations between blood flow volume measurements were evaluated using Spearman's correlation coefficient and inter-class correlation coefficient (ICC). In total, 21 subjects (15 males, mean age: 56.3 ± 6.2 years) were included in the study. Duplex sonography inter-investigator correlation was excellent (ICC = 0.972, p 0.0001) as well as intra-investigator correlations of both qMRA and duplex sonography (ICC ˃ 0.990, p 0.0001). Mostly high correlations were recorded between qMRA and duplex sonography in particular cervical arteries but only low to moderate correlations were obtained for intracranial arteries. The mean differences between blood flow volume measurements were 10.9 ± 8.1 % in the CCA and its branches when using qMRA and 15.0 ± 11.9 % when using duplex sonography, 13.5 ± 11.8 %/35.4 ± 34.2 % in the ICA siphon and its branches when using qMRA/duplex sonography, and 24.1 ± 19.7 %/44.9 ± 44.0 % in both vertebral arteries and the basilar artery when using qMRA/duplex sonography. Duplex sonography as well as qMRA allow for highly reproducible measurement of blood flow volume in cervical and intracranial arteries in routine clinical practice.ZIEL: Das zerebrale Blutflussvolumen ist ein wichtiger Parameter für die Diagnosestellung bei neurovaskulären Erkrankungen und die Therapieindikation. Ziel dieser Studie ist es, die Übereinstimmung von Blutflussvolumenmessungen zwischen Duplex-Sonografie und quantitativer Magnetresonanzangiografie (qMRA) in zervikalen und intrakraniellen Arterien zu beurteilen. Bei konsekutiven Patienten mit Verdacht auf zerebrale Gefäßpathologie wurden eine qMRA und Duplex-Sonografie der zervikalen und intrakraniellen Arterien mit Blutflussvolumenmessung mit 2 verschiedenen Ultraschallgeräten in der bilateralen A. carotis communis (CCA), A. carotis interna (ICA) und externa, A. vertebralis und A. basilaris und in der A. cerebri media, anterior und posterior und in der A. communicans posterior durchgeführt. Zehn Patienten wurden 2-mal untersucht. Die Übereinstimmungen zwischen den Blutflussvolumenmessungen wurden mittels Spearman-Korrelationskoeffizient und Interklassen-Korrelationskoeffizient (ICC) bewertet. Insgesamt wurden 21 Probanden (15 Männer, Durchschnittsalter 56,3 ± 6,2 Jahre) in die Studie eingeschlossen. Die Übereinstimmung zwischen den Untersuchern der Duplex-Sonografie war ausgezeichnet (ICC = 0,972; p 0,0001), ebenso die Übereinstimmung zwischen Untersuchern in der qMRA und der Duplex-Sonografie (ICC ˃ 0,990; p 0,0001). Meistens wurden hohe Korrelationen zwischen qMRA und Duplex-Sonografie insbesondere für zervikale Arterien festgestellt, jedoch nur geringe bis mäßige Korrelationen für intrakranielle Arterien. Die mittleren Differenzen zwischen den Blutflussvolumenmessungen in der CCA und ihren Ästen betrugen 10,9 ± 8,1 % in der qMRA und 15,0 ± 11,9 % in der Duplex-Sonografie, im ICA-Siphon und seinen Ästen 13,5 ± 11,8 % (qMRA) und 35,4 ± 34,2 % (Duplex) und in beiden A. vertebralis und A. basilaris 24,1 ± 19,7 % (qMRA) und 44,9 ± 44,0 % (Duplex). Sowohl die Duplex-Sonografie als auch die qMRA erlauben eine gut reproduzierbare Messung des Blutflussvolumens in zervikalen und intrakraniellen Arterien in der klinischen Routinepraxis.

Declines in stroke admission, IV thrombolysis (IVT), and mechanical thrombectomy volumes were reported during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. There is a paucity of data on the longer-term effect of the pandemic on stroke volumes over the course of a year and through the second wave of the pandemic. We sought to measure the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on the volumes of stroke admissions, intracranial hemorrhage (ICH), IVT, and mechanical thrombectomy over a 1-year period at the onset of the pandemic (March 1, 2020, to February 28, 2021) compared with the immediately preceding year (March 1, 2019, to February 29, 2020).

Real-world data report worse 3-month clinical outcomes in elderly patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) treated with mechanical thrombectomy (MT). The aim was to identify factors influencing clinical outcome in elderly patients with anterior circulation AIS treated with MT (±intravenous thrombolysis (IVT)). In a retrospective, monocentric study, analysis of prospectively collected data of 138 patients (≥80 years) was performed. IVT was an independent negative predictor (OR 0.356, 95% CI: 0.134–0.942) and female sex an independent positive predictor (OR 4.179, 95% CI: 1.300–13.438) of 3-month good clinical outcome (modified Rankin scale 0–2). Female sex was also an independent negative predictor of 3-month mortality (OR 0.244, 95% CI: 0.100–0.599). Other independent negative predictors of 3-month good clinical outcome were older age, lower pre-stroke self-sufficiency, more severe neurological deficit and longer procedural intervals. Mortality was also independently predicted by longer procedural interval and by the occurrence of symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage (p &lt, 0.05 in all cases). Our results demonstrated, that in patients aged ≥80 years with anterior circulation AIS undergoing MT (±IVT), IVT reduced the chance of 3-month good clinical outcome and female sex was associated with a greater likelihood of 3-month good clinical outcome and lower probability of 3-month mortality.

Introduction: A fear of falling marks an important psychological factor connected with a reduction in the life space of people with dementia. The Czech version of the Falls Efficacy Scale-International (FES-I) has not been validated in patients with early-stage dementia. Methods: The tests were administered to 282 patients with early-stage dementia. The test battery included the following: the FES-I, the Short Physical Performance Battery, the Geriatric Depression Scale, the Bristol Activity Daily Living Scale, and the Quality of Life-Alzheimer’s Disease Scale. Internal reliability (Cronbach’s α and intraclass correlation [ICC]), Pearson’s and Spearman’s correlations, exploratory factor analysis, and a t test for independent samples were used for statistical analyses. Results: The Czech version of the FES-I had excellent internal and test-retest reliability (Cronbach’s α = 0.98, ICC = 0.90; 95% CI 0.82–0.94). Factor analysis suggested 2 relevant factors. A significantly higher FES-I score was associated with patients with early-stage dementia who were older (p = 0.003) or female (p = 0.001), lived alone (p = 0.0001), spent >8 h a day alone (p = 0.032), used mobility aids (p < 0.0001), or had severe hearing (p = 0.004) or vision impairment (p < 0.0001) or a lower education (r = –0.16, p = 0.007). Conclusion: The Czech version of the FES-I had very good reliability and validity and may be useful in future cross-cultural comparisons in research among patients with early-stage dementia.

Objective Silent and symptomatic cerebral infarctions occur in up to 34% of patients after carotid endarterectomy (CEA). This prospective study compared the risk of new brain infarctions detected by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in patients with internal carotid artery stenosis undergoing CEA with local anesthesia (LA) vs general anesthesia (GA). Methods Consecutive patients with internal carotid artery stenosis indicated for CEA were screened at two centers. Patients without contraindication to LA or GA were randomly allocated to the LA or GA group by ZIP code randomization. Brain MRI was performed before and 24 hours after CEA. Neurologic examination was performed before and 24 hours and 30 days after surgery. The occurrence of new infarctions on the control magnetic resonance images, stroke, transient ischemic attack, and other complications was statistically evaluated. Results Of 210 randomized patients, 105 underwent CEA with LA (67 men; mean age, 68.3 ± 8.1 years) and 105 with GA (70 men; mean age, 63.4 ± 7.5 years). New infarctions were more frequently detected on control magnetic resonance images in patients after CEA under GA compared with LA (17.1% vs 6.7%; P = .031). Stroke or transient ischemic attack occurred within 30 days of CEA in three patients under GA and in two under LA (P = 1.000). There were no significant differences between the two types of anesthesia in terms of the occurrence of other complications (14.3% for GA and 21.0% for LA; P = .277). Conclusions The risk of silent brain infarction after CEA as detected by MRI is higher under GA than under LA.

Introduction Knowledge of the implementation gap would facilitate the use of intravenous thrombolysis in stroke, which is still low in many countries. The study was conducted to identify national implementation targets for the utilisation and logistics of intravenous thrombolysis. Material and Method Multicomponent interventions by stakeholders in health care to optimise prehospital and hospital management with the goal of fast and accessible intravenous thrombolysis for every candidate. Implementation results were documented from prospectively collected cases in all 45 stroke centres nationally. The thrombolytic rate was calculated from the total number of all ischemic strokes in the population of the Czech Republic since 2004. Results Thrombolytic rates of 1.3 (95%CI 1.1 to 1.4), 5.4 (95%CI 5.1 to 5.7), 13.6 (95%CI 13.1 to 14.0), 23.3 (95%CI 22.8 to 23.9), and 23.5% (95%CI 23.0 to 24.1%) were achieved in 2005, 2009, 2014, 2017, and 2018, respectively. National median door-to-needle times were 60–70 minutes before 2012 and then decreased progressively every year to 25 minutes (IQR 17 to 36) in 2018. In 2018, 33% of both university and non-university hospitals achieved median door-to-needle time ≤20 minutes. In 2018, door-to-needle times ≤20, ≤45, and ≤60 minutes were achieved in 39, 85, and 93% of patients. Discussion Thrombolysis can be provided to ≥ 20% of all ischemic strokes nationwide and it is realistic to achieve median door-to-needle time 20 minutes. Conclusion Stroke 20–20 could serve as national implementation target for intravenous thrombolysis and country specific implementation policies should be applied to achieve such target.

[Background and objective] We aimed to evaluate the safety and outcomes of thrombectomy in anterior circulation acute ischaemic stroke recorded in the SITS–International Stroke Thrombectomy Register (SITS-ISTR) and compare them with pooled randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and two national registry studies., [Methods] We identified centres recording ≥10 consecutive patients in the SITS-ISTR with at least 70% of available modified Rankin Scale (mRS) at 3 months during 2014–2019. We defined large artery occlusion as intracranial internal carotid artery, first and second segment of middle cerebral artery and first segment of anterior cerebral artery. Outcome measures were functional independence (mRS score 0-2) and death at 3 months and symptomatic intracranial haemorrhage (SICH) per modified SITS-MOST., [Results] Results are presented in the following order: SITS-ISTR, RCTs, MR CLEAN Registry and German Stroke Registry (GSR). Median age was 73, 68, 71 and 75 years; baseline NIHSS score was 16, 17, 16 and 15; prior intravenous thrombolysis was 62%, 83%, 78% and 56%; onset to reperfusion time was 289, 285, 267 and 249 min; successful recanalization (mTICI score 2b or 3) was 86%, 71%, 59% and 83%; functional independence at 3 months was 45.5% (95% CI: 44–47), 46.0% (42–50), 38% (35–41) and 37% (35–41), respectively; death was 19.2% (19–21), 15.3% (12.7–18.4), 29.2% (27–32) and 28.6% (27–31); and SICH was 3.6% (3–4), 4.4% (3.0–6.4), 5.8% (4.7–7.1) and not available., [Conclusion] Thrombectomy in routine clinical use registered in the SITS-ISTR showed safety and outcomes comparable to RCTs, and better functional outcomes and lower mortality than previous national registry studies., SITS (Safe Implementation of Treatment in Stroke) is financed directly and indirectly by grants from Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm County Council, the Swedish Heart-Lung Foundation, the Swedish Order of St. John, Friends of Karolinska Institutet and private donors, as well as from an unrestricted sponsorship from Boehringer Ingelheim. SITS has previously received grants from the European Union Framework 7, the European Union Public Health Authority, Ferrer International and EVER Pharma. SITS is currently conducting studies supported by Boehringer Ingelheim and Biogen, as well as in collaboration with Karolinska Institutet, supported by Stryker, Covidien and Phenox. N Ahmed is supported by grants provided by the Stockholm County Council and the Swedish Heart-Lung Foundation. S Holmin is supported by grants provided by the Söderberg Foundations, the Stockholm County Council, the Erling Persson Foundation, VINNOVA and HMT. Irene Escudero-Martínez has received a grant from ‘Fundación Progreso y Salud, Junta de Andalucía’ (grant EF-0437-2018). RM has been supported by the project no. LQ1605 from the National Program of Sustainability II (MEYS CR). RH has been supported by the grants no. DRO–UHHK 00179906 from the Ministry of Health of the Czech Republic and no. PROGRES Q40 from Charles University, Czech Republic.

The aim of this mini-review is to discuss the main antiplatelet agents that have been successfully used in the secondary prevention of non-cardioembolic ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attacks (TIA). The methodology is based on a literature review of available peer-reviewed English studies listed in PubMed. The findings reveal that aspirin remains a reliable antiplatelet agent in the secondary prevention of acute non-cardioembolic ischemic stroke and TIA. Nevertheless, currently, there are also other agents, i.e., ticagrelor, clopidogrel, and cilostazol, that can be applied. In addition, the results indicate that time is significant not only in severe stroke but also in non-severe stroke and TIA, which suggests that antiplatelet therapy should be applied within 24 h after the first symptoms because early treatment can lead to an improvement in neurological outcomes and reduce the chance of an early subsequent stroke.

This article describes policy processes that have led to the re-organisation of stroke care in the Czech Republic since 2011, which has been part of a broader process of care concentration in several medical fields. Currently, stroke care is provided by 13 Comprehensive and 32 Primary Stroke Centres. The paper explains factors that supported the reform implementation, reviews implications, and discusses future challenges. Mandatory reporting of quality indicators, the introduction of a benchmarking system, integration with pre-hospital emergency care, and the introduction of countrywide patient triage have supported more timely treatment for stroke patients and better quality of care. Data from the Stroke Care Quality Indicators of the Czech Stroke Society show positive trends in many areas: the number of patients treated with intravenous thrombolysis quadrupled in eight years, with 26.4 % of all acute stroke patients receiving thrombolysis in 2018. Czech Republic now ranks third in Europe in the number of thrombolysis per population and second in the number of mechanical thrombectomies per population. The Czech experience provides an example of positive outcomes of concentrated stroke care, while highlighting the importance of proper implementation processes. In particular, it is essential to involve stakeholders and to provide reputational incentives through continuous benchmarking.

We aimed was to assess the factors influencing therapy choice and clinical outcome after 3–4 months in patients with cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST). In a retrospective, bi-centric study, the set consisted of 82 consecutive CVST patients (61 females; mean age 33.5 ± 15.7 years). Following data were collected: baseline characteristics, presence of gender-specific risk factors (GSRF), location and extent of venous sinus impairment, clinical presentation, type of treatment, recanalization, presence of parenchymal lesions, and clinical outcome after 3–4 months (assessed using the modified Rankin Scale [mRS], with excellent outcome defined as mRS 0–1). Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used for statistical evaluation. After 3–4 months, complete recovery was achieved in 41 (50%) and excellent clinical outcome in 67 (81.7%) patients. Female sex (OR 0.11; p = 0.0189) and presence of focal neurologic deficit (OR 0.16; p = 0.0165) were identified as significant independent negative predictors and, the presence of GSRF (OR 15.63; p = 0.0011) as significant independent positive predictor of excellent clinical outcome. In conclusion, in our CVST patients, the presence of GSRF was associated with excellent clinical outcome, while the female sex itself was associated with poorer clinical outcome.

Background Intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) is contraindicated in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) using oral anticoagulants. A specific human monoclonal antibody was introduced to reverse immediately the anticoagulation effect of the direct inhibitor of thrombin, dabigatran. Until now, mostly individual cases presenting with successful IVT after a reversal of dabigatran anticoagulation in patients with AIS were published. Thus, we aimed to report real-world data from clinical practice. Methods Patients with AIS on dabigatran treated with IVT after antidote reversal were enrolled in the retrospective nationwide study. Neurological deficit was scored using the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) and 90-day clinical outcome using modified Rankin scale (mRS) with a score 0-2 for a good outcome. Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) was defined as a presence of any sign of bleeding on control imaging after IVT, and symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage (SICH) was assessed according to the Safe Implementation of Thrombolysis in Stroke-Monitoring Study (SITS-MOST) criteria. Results In total, 13 patients (7 men, mean age 70.0 ± 9.1 years) with a median NIHSS admission score of 7 points were analyzed. Of these patients, 61.5% used 2 × 150 mg of dabigatran daily. Antidote was administrated 427 ± 235 minutes after the last intake of dabigatran, with a mean activated prothrombin time of 38.1 ± 27.8 seconds and a mean thrombin time of 72.2 ± 56.1 seconds. Of the 13 patients, 2 had ICH and 1 had SICH, and no other bleeding complications were observed after IVT. Of the total number of patients, 76.9% had a good 3-month clinical outcome and 3 patients (23.1%) died. Recurrent ischemic stroke occurred in 2 patients (15.4%). Conclusion The data presented in the study support the safety and efficacy of IVT after the reversal of the anticoagulation effect of dabigatran with antidote in a real-world clinical practice.

Background Silent brain infarcts can be detected on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in ~22% of patients after coronary angioplasty and stenting (CS). The effect of periprocedural sonolysis on the risk of new brain infarcts during CS was examined. Methods Patients undergoing elective CS were allocated randomly to a bilateral sonolysis group (70 patients, 58 men; mean age, 59.9 years) or a control group (74 patients, 45 men; mean age, 65.5 years). Neurologic examination, cognitive function tests, and brain MRI were performed prior to intervention and at 24 h after CS. Neurologic examination and cognitive function tests were repeated at 30 days after CS. Results No significant differences were observed in the number of patients with new infarcts (25.7 vs. 18.9%, P = 0.423), the number of lesions (1.3 ± 1.0 vs. 2.9 ± 5.3, P = 0.493), lesion volume (0.16 ± 0.34 vs. 0.28 ± 0.60 mL, P = 0.143), and the number of patients with new ischemic lesions in the insonated MCA territories (18.6vs. 17.6%, P = 0.958) between the sonolysis group and the control group. There were no cases of stroke, transient ischemic attack, myocardial infarction, or death in the two groups. Intracranial bleeding was reported only in 1 patient in the control group (0 vs. 1.4%, P = 0.888). Clock-drawing test scores at 30 days were significantly higher in the sonolysis group than in the control group (median 3.0 vs. 2.5, P = 0.031). Conclusions Sonolysis does not reduce the risk of new brain infarcts after CS. The effect of sonolysis on number and volume of ischemic lesions and cognitive function should be assessed in further studies.

This study explored the quality of life (QoL) and attitudes to aging in older adults with and without dementia, and ascertained the main factors that predict QoL and attitude to ageing.A cross-sectional study involving 563 community-dwelling adults with (PwD) and without dementia (PwoD)60 years of age was conducted in three Czech regions. A tools battery including the Quality of Life-Alzheimer's Disease Scale, Geriatric Depression Scale, Patient Dignity Inventory, Attitude to Aging Questionnaire (AAQ), Short Physical Performance Battery, and Barthel Index, were administered.PwD had worse scores in QoL and AAQ (bothThis research is the first study to show that dignity can influence the QoL and attitude to aging in community-dwelling older adults. Our findings suggest that depression and dignity are common predictors of QoL and AAQ in older adults with and without dementia.