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Fish by-products can be converted into high-value-added products like fish protein hydrolysates (FPHs), which have high nutritional value and are rich in bioactive peptides with health benefits. This study aims to characterise FPHs derived from salmon heads (HPSs) and Cape hake trimmings (HPHs) using Alcalase for enzymatic hydrolysis and Subcritical Water Hydrolysis (SWH) as an alternative method. All hydrolysates demonstrated high protein content (70.4–88.7%), with the degree of hydrolysis (DH) ranging from 10.7 to 36.4%. The peptide profile of FPHs indicated the breakdown of proteins into small peptides. HPSs showed higher levels of glycine and proline, while HPHs had higher concentrations of glutamic acid, leucine, threonine, and phenylalanine. Similar elemental profiles were observed in both HPHs and HPSs, and the levels of Cd, Pb, and Hg were well below the legislated limits. Hydrolysates do not have a negative effect on cell metabolism and contribute to cell growth. HPSs and HPHs exhibited high 2,2′–azino-bis(3 ethylbenzthiazoline-6)-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging activity, Cu2+ and Fe2+ chelating activities, and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity, with HPHs generally displaying higher activities. The α-amylase inhibition of both FPHs was relatively low. These results indicate that HPHs are a promising natural source of nutritional compounds and bioactive peptides, making them potential candidates for use as an ingredient in new food products or nutraceuticals. SWH at 250 °C is a viable alternative to enzymatic methods for producing FPHs from salmon heads with high antioxidant and chelating properties.

Objetivou-se comparar o uso de dietas convencional, sem volumoso à base de milho íntegro ou milho íntegro hidratado em novilhos Angus x Nelore não-castrados confinados, tendo como variáveis analisadas o comportamento ingestivo, desempenho, parâmetros sanguíneos e características de carcaça. Foram utilizados 24 bovinos com média de 18 meses e com peso médio de 362,6 ± 22,3 kg, distribuídos em três tratamentos e mantidos em confinamento até o abate. Os animais foram alimentados ad libitum duas vezes ao dia de acordo com a respectiva dieta de cada tratamento e a duração do período experimental foi de 77 dias. Os animais do tratamento convencional apresentaram maior consumo médio de matéria seca (18,2 vs 10,1 vs 8,9 kg/dia para convencional, milho íntegro e milho íntegro hidratado, respectivamente). Não houve diferença estatística (P>0,05) para o ganho de peso diário e por período, rendimento de carcaças e cortes primários, pH e cobertura de gordura. As dietas sem volumoso alteraram o comportamento ingestivo, com redução do tempo de alimentação (3,59 vs 1,67 vs 1,60 h/dia) e ruminação (7,17 vs 1,37 vs 1,66 h/dia) e aumento do tempo de ócio (13,32 vs 21,03 vs 20,82h/dia) para os tratamentos convencional, grão de milho íntegro e grão de milho íntegro hidratado, respectivamente. Houve efeito significativo (P

The nutritional and bioactive value of seaweeds is widely recognized, making them a valuable food source. To use seaweeds as food, drying and thermal treatments are required, but these treatments may have a negative impact on valuable bioactive compounds. In this study, the effects of dehydration, rehydration, and thermal treatment on the bioactive compounds (carotenoids, phycobiliproteins, total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoids content (TFC)), antioxidant (ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging activities) and anti-Alzheimer’s (Acetylcholinesterase (AchE) inhibitory activities, and color properties of Porphyra umbilicalis and Porphyra linearis seaweeds were evaluated. The results revealed significant reductions in carotenoids, TPC, TFC, and antioxidant activities after the seaweeds’ processing, with differences observed between species. Thermal treatment led to the most pronounced reductions in bioactive compound contents and antioxidant activity. AchE inhibitory activity remained relatively high in all samples, with P. umbilicalis showing higher activity than P. linearis. Changes in color (ΔE) were significant after seaweeds’ dehydration, rehydration and thermal treatment, especially in P. umbilicalis. Overall, optimizing processing methods is crucial for preserving the bioactive compounds and biological activities of seaweeds, thus maximizing their potential as sustainable and nutritious food sources or as nutraceutical ingredients.

There are a high number of stressors present in aquaculture that can affect fish welfare and quality. One way of mitigating stress response is by increasing dietary tryptophan. In this study, three diets containing 0.5% (Tript1), 0.6% (Tript2), and 0.8% (Tript3) of tryptophan were tested in 32 g juvenile meagre for 56 days. At the end of the trial, survival, growth, and proximate composition were similar between treatments. Significant differences were found in the plasma parameters before and after a stress test consisting of 30 s of air exposure. Blood glucose levels were higher in the post-stress for all treatments (e.g., 63.9 and 76.7 mg/dL for Tript1 before and after the stress test), and the hemoglobin values were lower in the post-stress of Tript1 (1.9 g/dL compared to 3.0 and 2.4 g/dL for Tript2 and Tript3, respectively). In terms of behavior, three tests were carried out (novel tank diving and shoaling assays, and lateralization test), but no significant differences were found, except for the number of freezing episodes during the anxiety test (1.4 for Tript3 compared to 3.5 and 4.2 for the other treatments). This study suggests that supplementation with dietary tryptophan, particularly in higher dosage (0.8%), can reduce anxiety-like behavior in meagre exposure to acute stress (novel tank). Although the remaining results showed mild effects, they provide some clues as to the potential of this amino acid as a stress mitigator in aquaculture.

Alaria esculenta is a brown seaweed farmed in many European countries for its biomass rich in useful bio compounds. This study aimed to identify the optimal growing season to maximise biomass production and quality. The seeded longlines of the brown seaweed were deployed in the southwest of Ireland in October and November 2019 and samples of the biomass were harvested in different dates, between March and June 2020. Biomass gain and composition, phenolic and flavonoid content (TPC and TFC) and biological activities (antioxidant and anti-hypertensive activities) of seaweed extracts prepared with Alcalase were evaluated. The biomass production was significantly higher for the line deployed in October (>20 kg·m−1). In May and June, an increasing amount of epiphytes was observed on the surface of A. esculenta. The protein content of A. esculenta varied between 11.2 and 11.76% and fat content was relatively low (1.8–2.3%). Regarding the fatty acids profile, A. esculenta was rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), especially in eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). The samples analysed were very rich in Na, K, Mg, Fe, Mn, Cr and Ni. The content of Cd, Pb Hg was relatively low and below the maximum levels allowed. The highest TPC and TFC were obtained in extracts prepared with A. esculenta collected in March and levels of these compounds decreased with time. In general, the highest radical scavenging activities (ABTS and DPPH), as well as chelating activities (Fe2+ and Cu2+) were observed in early spring. Extracts from A. esculenta collected in March and April presented higher ACE inhibitory activity. The extracts from seaweeds harvested in March exhibited higher biological activity. It was concluded that an earlier deployment allows for maximising growth and harvest of biomass earlier when its quality is at the highest levels. The study also confirms the high content of useful bio compounds that can be extracted from A. esculenta and used in the nutraceutical and pharmaceutical industry.

Consumer expectations regarding the quality of octopus are often frustrated and dissatisfaction is frequent, namely due to the excessive reduction in weight after cooking. Therefore, a rapid and non-destructive method based in time domain reflectometry (TDR) was developed for the control of water added to octopus (Octopus vulgaris and Eledone cirrhosa). O. vulgaris had significant higher values of moisture content, moisture/protein ratio, and cooking loss than E. cirrhosa. Immersion in freshwater increased the weight of O. vulgaris in ca. 32% after 32 h, and of E. cirrhosa in ca. 21% after 36 h, and cooking losses increased about 13.9% and 26.1%, respectively. The results reveal how consumers can be misled by abusive water addition. Changes in electrical conductivity and TDR curves were linked with the increasing incorporation of water and dilution effect of salts from octopus muscle. TDR technology and linear discriminant analysis were combined to detect added water in octopus. The classification model developed was cross-validated and 98.6% of samples were correctly classified. The method can be used to proof the authenticity of octopus (O. vulgaris and E. cirrhosa) or to detect fraudulent practices regarding added water.

A rapid and non-destructive method based in time domain reflectometry analysis (TDR), which detects and quantifies the water content in the muscle, was developed for the control of abusive water addition to octopus. Common octopus samples were immersed in freshwater for different periods (0.5–32 h) to give a wide range of moisture contents, representing different commercial conditions. Control and water-added octopus were analyzed with a TDR sensor, and data correlated with moisture content were used for calibration and method validation. A maximum limit of moisture content of 85.2 g/100 g in octopus is proposed for conformity assessment, unless the label indicates that water (>5%) was added. Calibration results showed that TDR analysis can discriminate control and water-added octopus, especially for octopus immersed for longer periods (32 h). In addition, moisture content can be quantified in octopus using only TDR analysis (between 80 and 90 g/100 g; RMSE = 1.1%). TDR data and correlation with moisture content show that this non-destructive methodology can be used by the industry and quality control inspections for assessment of octopus quality and to verify compliance with legislation, promoting fair trade practices, and further contributing to a sustainable use of resources.

While Aurantiochytrium sp. is an increasingly popular source of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), its extraction generates high amounts of waste, including the spent, defatted residue. The composition and bioactivities of this by-product could prove to be a major part of the sustainable valorisation of this organism within the framework of a circular economy. In this study, the defatted biomass of commercial Aurantiochytrium sp. was nutritionally characterised, and its amino acid profile was detailed. Additionally, the antioxidant and prebiotic potentials of an enzymatically digested sample of defatted Aurantiochytrium sp. were evaluated under a set of miniaturised in vitro assays. The nutritional profile of the spent Aurantiochytrium biomass revealed a protein and dietary-fibre rich product, with values reaching 26.7% and 31.0% for each, respectively. It also held high concentrations of glutamic and aspartic acid, as well as a favourable lysine/arginine ratio of 3.73. The digested samples demonstrated significant Weissela cibaria and Bifidobacterium bifidum growth-enhancing potential. Residual ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) activity was likely attributed to antioxidant amino acids or peptides. The study demonstrated that some of the nutritional and functional potential that reside in the defatted Aurantiochytrium sp. waste encourages additional studies and the development of food supplements employing this resource’s by-products under a biorefinery framework.

The performances of three non-destructive sensors, based on different principles, bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR) and time domain reflectometry (TDR), were studied to discriminate between unfrozen and frozen-thawed fish. Bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) was selected as a model to evaluate these technologies. The addition of water and additives is usual in the fish industry, thus, in order to have a wide range of possible commercial conditions, some samples were injected with different water solutions (based on different concentrations of salt, polyphosphates and a protein hydrolysate solution). Three different models, based on partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), were developed for each technology. This is a linear classification method that combines the properties of partial least squares (PLS) regression with the classification power of a discriminant technique. The results obtained in the evaluation of the test set were satisfactory for all the sensors, giving NIR the best performance (accuracy = 0.91, error rate = 0.10). Nevertheless, the classification accomplished with BIA and TDR data resulted also satisfactory and almost equally as good, with accuracies of 0.88 and 0.86 and error rates of 0.14 and 0.15, respectively. This work opens new possibilities to discriminate between unfrozen and frozen-thawed fish samples with different non-destructive alternatives, regardless of whether or not they have added water.

Environmentally friendly options for waste disposal and the need for expansion and diversification of the national and international energy matrix are relevant issues today. One technique that supports these goals is anaerobic biodigestion, which generates clean energy from biomass. Accordingly, our goal was to perform a quantitative and qualitative assessment of scientific publications on biodigestion in order to understand the evolution of the technique, which is essential for environmental and economic sustainability. Ninety-nine articles indexed in the Scientific Electronic Library Online between 1980 and 2015 were evaluated. The results showed a significant increase in scientific publications since 2000 which addressed, in addition to environmentally friendly waste management, the energy issue, with the use of biogas. This increase in the number of publications coincides with increased awareness on natural resource management and concern about global energy management. Most of the articles involved a general evaluation of the process, using mainly animal waste from pigs, and emphasizing biodigestion as waste management, since pig farming produces a large volume of waste and has a high environmental impact.

O presente trabalho apresenta o estudo de uma das configurações discursivas mais emblemáticas que descreveram as realidades americanas durante o período colonial: os relatos de Cristobal Colón. O foco do presente artigo consiste na problematização dos escritos do navegador não apenas como discursos de fundação do espaço americano, onde perspectivas como história e ficção; imitação e desvio se confundem, estabelecendo as bases interpretativas das realidades americanas, mas, sobretudo, o desenvolvimento da imaginação como importante instrumento, tanto para fundamentar a base do pensamento político moderno quanto para fundamentar o processo de formação das sociedades americanas no século XVI.

Fish discards and by-products can be transformed into high value-added products such as fish protein hydrolysates (FPH) containing bioactive peptides. Protein hydrolysates were prepared from different parts (whole fish, skin and head) of several discarded species of the North-West Spain fishing fleet using Alcalase. All hydrolysates had moisture and ash contents lower than 10% and 15%, respectively. The fat content of FPH varied between 1.5% and 9.4% and had high protein content (69.8–76.6%). The amino acids profiles of FPH are quite similar and the most abundant amino acids were glutamic and aspartic acids. All FPH exhibited antioxidant activity and those obtained from Atlantic horse mackerel heads presented the highest 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, reducing power and Cu2+ chelating activity. On the other hand, hydrolysates from gurnard heads showed the highest ABTS radical scavenging activity and Fe2+ chelating activity. In what concerns the α-amylase inhibitory activity, the IC50 values recorded for FPH ranged between 5.70 and 84.37 mg/mL for blue whiting heads and whole Atlantic horse mackerel, respectively. α-Glucosidase inhibitory activity of FPH was relatively low but all FPH had high Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity. Considering the biological activities, these FPH are potential natural additives for functional foods or nutraceuticals.

The overall quality of frozen hake fillets in the Portuguese market was evaluated. Physical, biochemical, microbiological, and sensory analysis in 20 brands revealed several non-conformities. Hake was identified in 19 brands, although two mislabeled the species. Lower net weight than labeled was evidenced in ca. one-third of brands. TVB-N in ca. one-third of the samples presented high values, although within legal limit. Almost all brands presented excessive amount of ice glaze, low levels of WHC (raw/cooked), low levels of soluble protein, and undue thaw-drip loss, thus reflecting the poor quality of fillets. Added phosphates were below the legal limit in all samples; however, they were used in glaze ice in three brands, and only labeled in one. Overall microbiological quality of frozen fillets was good, though yeasts and molds detected in six samples indicate poor hygienic conditions in some facilities. Labels comply with legal requisites, however, need improvement, namely the ‘best before’ periods. In general, packaging was efficient regarding presence of ice crystals and dehydration signs. Concerning sensory analysis of cooked fillets, 63% of the brands had bad to poor quality and 37% fair quality. Merluccius productus revealed the worst quality, namely regarding thaw drip loss, thaw drip loss protein, M/P ratio, pH and sensory evaluation. Overall results show that a significant part of the hake fillets business operators are still failing in relation with best practices.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different sources of lipids in the diets of dairy cows on the intake and digestibility of nutritional fractions, and milk production and composition. The experiment was conducted in a 42-hectare area divided into eight paddocks covered with Brachiaria brizantha. Twelve crossbred Holstein × Zebu cows were distributed into three simultaneous 4 × 4 Latin squares. The treatments consisted of different sources of lipids, as follows: diet with no extra source of lipids; diet with cottonseed as the source of lipids; diet with soy oil; and diet with used frying soy oil. The intakes of dry matter, neutral detergent fiber, crude protein, total carbohydrates, and non-fibrous carbohydrates were similar for all diets. The use of lipid sources caused a decrease in the apparent digestibility of dry matter, neutral detergent fiber, non-fibrous carbohydrates, and crude protein. The levels of protein, lactose, and defatted dry matter were reduced with the use of lipid sources but did not affect milk production. The use of cottonseed, soy oil, and used frying soy oil as sources of lipids in diets for lactating cows at pasture do not improve milk production, and their use is therefore optional.

Tuna fisheries and processing represent economic activities of paramount importance around the world. Most of these products are traded for human consumption and in general are highly demanded commodities. However, not all tuna products achieve the same market price, some consumers are willing to pay a huge amount of money for certain species (i.e. Japanese market for Bluefin tuna) while other species are rather affordable (i.e. Skipjack tuna), therefore mislabelling has been observed frequently. We collected and analysed 545 tuna samples in six European countries, including fresh, frozen and canned products, and we have investigated whether or not these products were correctly labelled under European and national legislations. We found an overall mislabelling rate of 6.79%; in particular, 6.70% of the fresh and frozen tuna products and 7.84% of canned tuna were mislabelled, and only in the case of fresh and frozen tuna samples significant differences among countries were found. Mislabelling rates for Atlantic Bluefin tuna labelled products were very high, ranging from 50 up to 100%. In general, mislabelling was higher when specific names were included in the labels. The "tuna" umbrella term is a very popular one with consumers, but also one that remains vulnerable to ambiguity, hampering efforts towards market transparency and with potential negative consequences to the adequate management of tuna species stocks.

O triathlon é um dos esportes olímpicos com origem mais recente, tendo surgido apenas em meados da década de 1970, nos EUA, mais especificamente na cidade de San Diego. É composto por três provas distintas - natação, ciclismo e corrida - realizadas ininterruptamente. Existem desde os breves short triathlon – provas com duração de pouco mais de uma hora – até o famoso Iron Man, disputado desde 1978, no Havaí, cuja duração ultrapassa, de longe, oito horas ininterruptas. No triathlon olímpico, cuja duração é de cerca de 2 horas, a International Triathlon Union (UIT) permite o uso de roupa de neoprene, quando a temperatura da água estiver abaixo de 20º C. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a influência da roupa de neoprene sobre a performance do triatleta. A amostra foi constituída por 11 triatletas, do sexo masculino, integrantes da equipe de triathlon das Forças Armadas. Os sujeitos executaram duas performances de 1500 metros, em uma piscina de 25 metros, com a temperatura da água em torno dos 22º C. Foi medido o tempo que cada atleta levou para percorrer a distância, inicialmente sem a utilização da roupa de neoprene e, 48 horas depois, com a utilização da roupa. Para a análise estatística foi utilizado o programa Microsoft Excel 2003, com cálculo da média e do desvio padrão. As técnicas da estatística descritiva (média e desvio-padrão) foram usadas para caracterizar a amostra em função das variáveis estudadas. Da análise dos resultados, conclui-se que o uso da roupa de neoprene influenciou positivamente na performance dos atletas.

INTRODUCTION: Efforts for the identification of prostate cancer in the initial clinical and pathological stages led to an increase in the number of biopsies, sometimes making the histological diagnosis of adenocarcinoma difficult. This is due to the presence of minimal carcinoma or atypical glands suspicious for carcinoma, also known as atypical small acinar proliferation (ASAP). In these cases, the use of immunohistochemistry (IHC) has become a common practice in laboratories of pathology. OBJECTIVES: The aims of this study were to assess the incidence of diagnoses of ASAP and minimal adenocarcinoma in two laboratories of pathology and to evaluate the contribution of IHC and repeat biopsy to the diagnosis of prostate cancer. METHODS: We reviewed 641 sets of modified sextant needle biopsies of the prostate performed in two laboratories of pathology between January 2005 and December 2010. IHC using 34βE12 and p63 antibodies was performed on 35 of 73 (11.38%) cases diagnosed as ASAP and on 7 (1.1%) cases diagnosed as minimal adenocarcinoma. RESULTS: The incidence of ASAP diagnosis was 11.38% (n = 73). IHC was performed in 35 of the 73 ASAP cases and provided conclusive results in 31 cases (88.57%), resulting in a final diagnosis of adenocarcinoma in 19 patients (54.28%), benign lesions in 12 patients (34 28%); only 4 (11.42%) were inconclusive. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that IHC should be routinely used in evaluation of borderline biopsies and in ASAP cases. IHC strongly contributes to the diagnosis of prostate cancer.INTRODUÇÃO: Os esforços de detecção precoce do câncer de próstata, identificados em fases clínicas e patológicas iniciais, levou ao aumento no número de biópsias e, por vezes, indefinição do diagnóstico histológico de adenocarcinoma devido à presença de carcinomas mínimos ou alterações pseudoneoplásicas, como proliferação atípica de pequenos ácinos (PAPA). Nesses casos, o uso da imuno-histoquímica (IMH) para evidenciar a presença de células basais tornou-se uma prática comum em laboratórios de patologia. OBJETIVOS: O presente estudo visa a avaliar a incidência de PAPA e de adenocarcinoma mínimo em dois laboratórios de patologia do interior, bem como avaliar a contribuição da IMH e da rebiópsia no diagnóstico do câncer de próstata. MÉTODOS: Foram revistas 641 biópsias de próstata por agulha realizadas entre janeiro de 2005 e dezembro de 2010. Dos 73 casos diagnosticados como PAPA (11,38%), 35 foram submetidos ao exame imuno-histoquímico, usando anticorpos anti-34ßE12 e p63, assim como sete casos diagnosticados como adenocarcinoma mínimo (1,1%). Resultados: Os resultados mostraram que a técnica foi conclusiva em 31 casos (88,57%), com diagnóstico final de adenocarcinoma em 19 pacientes (54,28%); 12 (34,28%) com lesões benignas; e apenas quatro (11,42%) inconclusivos (PAPA). CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados sugerem que IMH deve ser rotineiramente usada em biópsias limítrofes e casos de PAPA, pois contribui significativamente para o diagnóstico de câncer de próstata.

Objetivou-se estabelecer a zona de conforto térmico para ovinos da raça Santa Inês por meio da comparação das respostas fisiológicas em diferentes opções de temperatura em câmara bioclimática. O experimento teve duração de 71 dias e foi conduzido utilizando-se sete borregas da raça Santa Inês por tratamento. Os tratamentos foram as faixas de temperatura de 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 e 40°C, com três repetições (dias de exposição) e cinco dias de intervalo. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado. Os dados meteorológicos coletados foram temperatura de bulbo seco, temperatura de bulbo úmido e temperatura de globo negro e os fisiológicos, frequência respiratória, frequência cardíaca, temperatura retal, temperatura timpânica, taxa de sudação e pressão arterial. Os mecanismos fisiológicos de dissipação de calor mostraram-se eficientes em manter a homeotermia dos animais em todas as temperaturas avaliadas. A temperatura de 25°C pode ser considerada a zona de conforto térmico para borregas da raça Santa Inês em ambiente com umidade relativa de 65%.The objective was to establish the thermal comfort zone for Santa Ines sheep by comparing the physiological responses at different options of temperatures in bioclimatic chamber. The experiment lasted 71 days and was conducted with the use of seven Santa Ines lambs per treatment. The treatments were temperature ranges of 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40ºC with tree replicates (exposure days) and a five-day interval. The experimental design was completely randomized. Meteorological data collected were: dry bulb temperature; wet bulb temperature and black globe temperature. Physiological data analyzed were: respiratory rate, heart rate, rectal temperature, tympanic temperature, sweating rate and blood pressure. The physiological mechanisms of heat dissipation are shown to be effective in maintaining the homeothermy of the animals studied at all temperatures. The temperature of 25ºC can be determined as the thermal comfort zone for Santa Ines lambs in an environment with relative humidity of 65%.

Conduziu-se este trabalho, com o objetivo de verificar a viabilidade econômica da terminação em confinamento de novilhos Nelore e Red Norte na região de Lavras, MG. Foram utilizados 41 novilhos, não castrados, de dois grupos genéticos, sendo: 19 Nelore e 22 Red Norte, com pesos vivos iniciais médios de 315 ±31 kg e 321 ±30 kg, respectivamente. O período experimental foi de 112 dias, divididos em quatro períodos de 28 dias. A viabilidade econômica foi analisada utilizando o modelo de custo, considerando os custos operacionais, alternativos e de depreciação. Todos os indicadores econômicos gerados apresentaram resultados negativos. A atividade apresentou prejuízo de R$ 6,88 e 19,74/arroba para os animais Red Norte e Nelore, respectivamente. Os resultados negativos obtidos nessas condições ocorreram porque o custo operacional efetivo foi maior que o preço de venda da arroba. Em um cenário com a aquisição de animais a atividade de confinamento apresentou resíduo próximo de zero para o grupo Red Norte. A prática do confinamento não apresentou viabilidade econômica para a região de Lavras, MG, no ano de 2007.The objective was to study the economic viability of feedlot in Lavras region, state of Minas Gerais. Forty one bulls of two genetic groups were used, being: 19 Nellore and 22 Red Norte, with initial average age of 20 months and initial average live weight of 315 ±31 kg and 321 ±30 kg, respectively. The experimental period was 112 days. The model of cost was used to evaluate the economic viability. All economic indexes presented negative results. The activity presented negative profit of R$ 6.88 and R$ 19.74/arroba for the animals Red Norte and Nellore, respectively. The negative results obtained in these conditions took place because the operational effective cost was bigger than the sale price of the arroba. The feedlot didn't present economical viability for the Lavras region, in the year of 2007. The feed efficiency has straight influence on the economical viability of feedlot.

Foram estudados os efeitos da adição de 0,0; 0,75; 1,5 e 2,25% de óxido de cálcio no bagaço de cana-de-açúcar (com base na matéria natural) com o objetivo de avaliar o desempenho, o consumo de nutrientes e a digestibilidade aparente das dietas e dos nutrientes em ovinos mestiços da raça Santa Inês e raças nativas. Vinte e quatro ovinos, mantidos em total confinamento, foram distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com quatro níveis de óxido de cálcio e seis repetições. Os animais foram mantidos em baias individuais, por 77 dias. Os primeiros 14 dias foram de adaptação e, então, seguiram-se três períodos de 21 dias de coleta de dados. Na determinação da digestibilidade, utilizou-se o método de coleta total de fezes, que foi realizada nos quatro últimos dias do período experimental. As fezes foram coletadas três vezes ao dia, às 7, 13 e 18 h. O uso do óxido de cálcio não influenciou os consumos de matéria seca, proteína bruta, fibra em detergente neutro, fibra em detergente ácido e nutrientes digestíveis totais, mas houve efeito linear sobre ganho de peso, com o aumento nas doses de óxido de cálcio, mas não sobre a conversão alimentar e os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente da matéria seca, proteína bruta e fibra em detergente ácido. Entretanto, foi observado efeito quadrático para o coeficiente de digestibilidade aparente da fibra em detergente. A utilização do bagaço de cana hidrolisado com óxido de cálcio em níveis a partir de 1,5% da matéria natural promove melhoras no desempenho de ovinos e aumenta a digestibilidade apenas da fibra em detergente neutro.The addition effects of 0.0; 0.75; 1.5 and 2.25% of calcium oxide on sugar-cane bagasse (on natural matter basis) were studied to evaluate the performance, nutrients intake and apparent digestibility of the diets and nutrients in crossbred sheep of Santa Inês and native breeds. Twenty-four sheep, maintened in total confinement, were assigned in a completely randomized experimental design, with four levels of calcium oxide and six repetitions. Animals were kept in individual pens for 77 days. The first 14 days were for animals adaptation and three periods of 21 days of data collection. The method of total fecal collection was used to estimate digestibility, which was carried in four days at the end of the experimental period. Feces were collected three times a day, at 7 am, 1 and 6 pm. The intake of dry matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber and total digestible nutrients were not influenced by the use of calcium oxide. There was a linear effect in daily weight gain with increasing calcium oxide dose. However, there was no treatment effect on feed conversion and apparent digestibility coefficients of dry matter, crude protein and acid detergent fiber. Whereas the quadratic effect was observed for neutral detergent fiber apparent digestibility coefficient. The use of the hydrolized sugar cane bagasse with calcium oxide, from 1.5%, promote increase in performance of sheep and increase digestibility in neutral detergent fiber.

The effects of the addition of calcium oxide (0.75; 1.5 and 2.25%) in the sugarcane bagasse were studied with the objective of evaluating characteristics of the carcass in crossbred Santa Ines lambs. Twenty animals, with average live weight of 14 ± 4,5 kg were distributed in a completely randomized experimental design. The animals received concentrated containing corn, soybean meal and urea, and also the sugar cane bagasse. The slaughter reached 81 days of confinement. Means for hot and cold carcass weights, hot and cold carcass revenues, and chilling lost were 14.66 kg, 14.35 kg, 46.62%, 45.45% and 2.09%, respectively. Treatments did not affect the subjective measures, degree of fat covering and shape form, and the objective measures, ribeye area and kidney and cavity fat. The treatment of the sugar-cane bagasse with CaO increased the live weight, but did not affect the carcass characteristics in sheep. KEY WORDS: Carcass quality, co-products, ruminant. Foram estudados os efeitos da adição de teores crescentes de óxido de cálcio (0,75; 1,5 e 2,25%) no bagaço de cana-de-açúcar fornecido a ovinos mestiços da raça Santa Inês no ganho de peso e nas características da carcaça. Vinte ovinos, com peso vivo médio de 14 ± 4.5 kg, foram distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente ao acaso. Os animais receberam concentrado contendo milho, farelo de soja e ureia, e o bagaço com as doses de CaO. Realizou-se o abate dos ovinos após 67 dias de confinamento. As médias do peso de carcaça quente, peso de carcaça fria, rendimento de carcaça quente, rendimento de carcaça fria e quebra no resfriamento foram de 14,66 kg, 14,35 kg, 46,62%, 45,45% e 2,09%, respectivamente, não se observando efeito dos tratamentos, o que ocorreu também para as medidas subjetivas (grau de cobertura de gordura e conformação) e para as medidas objetivas (área de olho de lombo, gordura perirenal e gordura cavitária). O tratamento do bagaço de cana-de-açúcar com CaO melhorou o ganho em peso, mas não afetou as características de carcaça dos ovinos.PALAVRAS-CHAVES: Qualidade da carcaça, ruminantes, subprodutos.

Com este trabalho objetivou-se testar o modelo de Distribuição Gama na estimativa da precipitação pluvial mensal para Itapetinga e Vitória da Conquista-BA. Utilizaram-se duas bases de dados pluviais mensais do período de 1978 a 1997 para a cidade de Itapetinga e, de 1985 a 1995 para a cidade de Vitória da Conquista. Para cada base de dados determinaram-se os parâmetros a e b da Distribuição Gama para a probabilidade mensal de chuva. As distribuições ajustadas foram usadas para estimar as probabilidades de chuva para cada mês, comparando-as aos valores observados, para o período de 1998 a 2002 em Itapetinga e de 1995 a 2002 em Vitória da Conquista. Para verificar o ajuste dos dados estimados aos observados, utilizou o teste de aderência de Kolmogorov-Smirnov (2003), cujo resultado foi significativo (p < 0,01). Concluiu-se que a Distribuição Gama apresentou bom ajuste aos dados de Itapetinga e Vitória da Conquista-BA, possibilitando sua utilização para estimativas de precipitação pluvial provável mensal em diferentes níveis de probabilidade.This work was made aiming at testing the use of the Gamma Distribution model to estimate monthly rainfalls for the cities of Itapetinga and Vitória da Conquista in the Bahia state in Brazil. Two monthly rainfall data bases were used in the model construction. The first data base held information for the years from 1978 to 1997 for the city of Itapetinga. The second one held information from 1985 to 1995 for the city of Vitória da Conquista. Using each one of these data bases a and b parameters of the Gamma Distribution, for monthly rainfalls, were determinate. The adjusted distributions were used to estimate rainfall probabilities for each month of the year. The estimated values of the average monthly rainfall were compared to observed values for the period from 1998 to 2002 at Itapetinga and from 1995 to 2002 at Vitória da Conquista. The kolmogorov-Smirnov (2003) test was used in order to verify the adjustment of the estimated data to the observed values and the result was significant (p < 0.01). It was concluded that the values estimated, using the Gamma Distribution, showed a good adjustment in relation to the measured values for both cities, Itapetinga and Vitória da Conquista, and that this estimated values can be use in order to generate synthetic data for monthly rainfalls and monthly rainfalls probabilities in these places.

O autor desenvolve uma linha histórico-evolutiva das diferentes configurações do homem e da consequente reflexão antropológica que despontam do pensamento ocidental, por meio da intrigante questão: que é o homem? Todo esse processo, indiscutivelmente, tornou-se arcabouço necessário para fundamentar a análise que se propõe a obra, o problema da fundamentação das ciências humanas.