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El agua es un bien común fundamental para el desarrollo de la vida en la Tierra. En este Trabajo Fin de Grado se va a llevar a cabo un estudio de numerosas empresas representativas de saneamiento de aguas en España para conocer la eficiencia económica y medioambiental de las mismas mediante un análisis por envoltura de datos, siendo esta metodología conocida por sus siglas DEA, Data Envelopment Analysis. Para llevarlo a cabo, en primer lugar, se ha realizado un amplio trabajo de investigación con la búsqueda de datos de las empresas, a través de las páginas web de estas o del SABI, Sistema de Análisis de Balanzas Ibéricas. Este primer paso ha sido determinante en la elección de las entidades que van a formar parte del estudio, puesto que la selección ha dependido de la disponibilidad de datos existente para cada una de las empresas. Estos datos recopilados, han sido tratados posteriormente en cinco modelos distintos, que han ayudado a obtener conclusiones de índole económica, medioambiental y social. El análisis por envoltura de datos se ha realizado con dos orientaciones, de entrada y salida, según el objetivo del modelo, y cada uno de los modelos se ha resuelto con dos tecnologías distintas, retornos de escala constante y retornos de escala variable, para obtener un amplio abanico de resultados y así extraer todas las conclusiones posibles. La resolución se ha llevado a cabo con el software EMS, Efficiency Measurement System. Para concluir, el fin último de este documento es analizar y mostrar aspectos de una muestra representativa de empresas de saneamiento de España, y obtener conclusiones que puedan mejorar la situación de estas, dada la importancia que tiene el bien que gestionan, y en la actualidad, aun más., Water is a fundamental common good for the development of life on Earth. In this Final Degree Project, a study of numerous representative water sanitation companies in Spain will be carried out to determine their economic and environmental efficiency using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). To accomplish this, a thorough research was initially conducted to gather data from the companies, using their websites or the SABI, Sistema de Análisis de Balanzas Ibéricas (Iberian Balance Analysis System). This first step has been decisive in selecting the entities to be included in the study, as the selection depended on the availability of existing data for each company. The collected data were subsequently processed in five different models, which helped to obtain conclusions of economic, environmental, and social nature. The Data Envelopment Analysis was performed with two orientations, input and output, depending on the objective of the model, and each model has been solved with two different technologies, constant returns to scale and variable returns to scale, in order to obtain a wide range of results and extract all possible conclusions. The resolution has been carried out using the EMS software, Efficiency Measurement System. In conclusion, the ultimate aim of this document is to analyze and present aspects of a representative sample of sanitation companies in Spain, and to obtain conclusions that can improve their situation, given the importance of the asset they manage, and even more so in the present day.

El agua es un recurso fundamental para la vida y el desarrollo sostenible. La gestión eficiente de las aguas residuales es esencial para asegurar la disponibilidad de agua limpia y la protección del medio ambiente. En Alemania, reconocida por su avanzada tecnología y estricta normativa ambiental, la gestión de aguas residuales varía entre los estados federados. Este Trabajo de Fin de Grado se centra en evaluar la eficiencia del tratamiento en las distintas regiones, con el objetivo de identificar las regiones con mejores prácticas y áreas de mejora en el sistema de tratamiento de aguas residuales. El análisis proporciona una visión detallada de cómo cada estado federado maneja sus recursos y su impacto ambiental, ofreciendo una base sólida para futuras mejoras en las regiones menos eficientes. Al comparar los estados, se pretende fomentar un intercambio de mejores prácticas que conduzca a una mayor eficiencia en todo el país, contribuyendo así a la sostenibilidad y la protección del medio ambiente., Water is a fundamental resource for life and sustainable development. Efficient management of wastewater is essential to ensure the availability of clean water and protect the environment. In Germany, known for its advanced technology and strict environmental regulations, wastewater management varies among the federal states. This Final Degree Project focuses on evaluating the efficiency of treatment in the different regions, with the aim of identifying best practices and areas for improvement in the wastewater treatment system across the country. The analysis provides a detailed insight into how each federal state manages its resources and its environmental impact, offering a solid basis for future improvements in the less efficient regions. By comparing the states, the project aims to foster an exchange of best practices that will lead to greater efficiency throughout the country, thus contributing to sustainability and environmental protection.

Este Trabajo de Fin de Grado trata de reflejar los conocimientos adquiridos durante el paso por la Escuela de Ingenieros en los cuatro años de formación como Ingeniero Industrial, más concretamente centrado en la intensificación en Organización Industrial y Producción. Así, se abordará el desarrollo de un plan de negocio de una empresa, una startup llamada VØNES, cuya actividad principal será la comercialización de bañadores elaborados con un tejido técnico ecológico, desde el diseño y adquisición de estos, hasta su venta en el mercado, con todo aquello que conlleva. Dicho esto, se describirá este plan siguiendo una estructura que engloba cuatro grandes bloques: el primero de introducción y descripción de la empresa y el producto que se va a ofrecer, un segundo bloque de estudio del mercado y el posicionamiento que se quiere alcanzar en él, otro sobre el análisis del funcionamiento interno de la empresa y su estrategia organizativa, y un último cuarto bloque sobre aspectos económicos y financieros, incluyendo un análisis de la viabilidad del proyecto. Finalmente, y englobando todas las demás partes, se reflejan las conclusiones a las que se ha llegado a raíz de todo lo anterior. Ahondando más en el detalle, en esa primera parte se describe tanto el producto en sí como su tejido y la composición de este, lo que da a entender las características particulares que presenta. Estas serán el pilar fundamental del porqué se espera que este producto encuentre su lugar en el mercado. Además de esto, se propondrá la metodología de creación de empresas a seguir en este proceso de puesta en marcha, la metodología Lean Startup. Acto seguido, se tratará de encontrar ese nicho de mercado en el que entrará VØNES, determinando, en primera instancia, cuán grande es este y a cuántos clientes se podría abordar por su posible interés en este tipo de producto. De igual forma, se estudiará el entorno de la empresa, tanto el macro, aplicando el análisis PESTEL, como el microentorno, utiliza, This Final Degree Project tries to show the acquire knowledge while passing through the Engineering College after four years studying Industrial Engineering, specifically focused on Industrial Organization and Production. That way, a company´s business plan will be developed, a startup called VØNES, whose main activity will be the commercialization of swimsuits made with an ecological technical fabric, from the design and acquisition of these, to their sale in the market, with all what this entails. That said, this plan will be described following a structure made up of four large blocks: one for the introduction and description of the company and the product to be offered, a second block for studying the market and the positioning to be achieved in it, another on the analysis of the internal functioning of the company and its organizational strategy, and a last fourth block on economic and financial aspects, including an analysis of the viability of the project. Finally, and encompassing all the other parts, an analysis will be made of the conclusions that have been reached as a result of all the above. Going into a little more detail, this first part describes both the product itself and its fabric and composition, which suggests its particular characteristics. These will be the fundamental pillar of why this product is expected to find its place in the market. In addition to this, it will be proposed the methodology for creating companies to be followed in this process, the Lean Startup methodology. Next, an attempt will be made to find that market niche where VØNES will try to enter in, determining, in the first instance, how big this is and how many customers could be approached for their interest in this type of product. In the same way, the company's environment will be studied, both, the macro environment, applying the PESTEL analysis, and the microenvironment, using what is known as Porter's Five Forces model. Once the business idea and the market and posit

Aging is characterized by physiological decline and increased risk of age-related diseases. The mitochondrial prohibitin (PHB) complex, a ring-like structure in the inner mitochondrial membrane, is critical to mitochondrial function and proteostasis. Depletion of PHB has opposite effects on aging, shortening lifespan in wild-type worms while extending the lifespan of insulin/IGF-1 signaling (IIS) pathway mutants. Lack of PHB strongly induces the mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt) to maintain mitochondrial proteostasis, while the UPRmt is attenuated in IIS daf-2 mutants upon PHB depletion. In this study, we aimed at identifying new pathways involved in the regulation of the PHB-mediated mitochondrial stress response, as well as mechanisms responsible for the opposite longevity outcomes of PHB depletion. Towards this aim, we carried out a genome-wide RNAi screen for C. elegans genes having a human orthologue in PHB-depleted wild type animals and PHB-depleted IIS mutants. We uncovered both known and new PHB genetic interactors affecting the UPRmt in the different genetic backgrounds. We identified two new transcription factors as specific regulators of the mitochondrial stress response. We further established chromatin remodeling via histone deubiquitination as a strong differential modulator of the mitochondrial stress response and aging upon PHB depletion in wild type and IIS mutants. Overall, this study identifies new players specifically involved in the regulation of the mitochondrial stress response and longevity and sheds light on the processes contributing to the differential effect in aging of PHB depletion in wild type and metabolically compromised animals.

Heterochromatin is characterized by an enrichment of repetitive elements and low gene density and is often maintained in a repressed state across cell division and differentiation. The silencing is mainly regulated by repressive histone marks such as H3K9 and H3K27 methylated forms and the heterochromatin protein 1 (HP1) family. Here, we analyzed in a tissue-specific manner the binding profile of the two HP1 homologs in Caenorhabditis elegans, HPL-1 and HPL-2, at the L4 developmental stage. We identified the genome-wide binding profile of intestinal and hypodermal HPL-2 and intestinal HPL-1 and compared them with heterochromatin marks and other features. HPL-2 associated preferentially to the distal arms of autosomes and correlated positively with the methylated forms of H3K9 and H3K27. HPL-1 was also enriched in regions containing H3K9me3 and H3K27me3 but exhibited a more even distribution between autosome arms and centers. HPL-2 showed a differential tissue-specific enrichment for repetitive elements conversely with HPL-1, which exhibited a poor association. Finally, we found a significant intersection of genomic regions bound by the BLMP-1/PRDM1 transcription factor and intestinal HPL-1, suggesting a corepressive role during cell differentiation. Our study uncovers both shared and singular properties of conserved HP1 proteins, providing information about genomic binding preferences in relation to their role as heterochromatic markers.

En este estudio se analizarán las empresas de saneamiento de aguas de la Comunidad Autónoma de Andalucía, con el objetivo de comparar la eficiencia de las variables que intervienen en este proceso del ciclo integral del agua, diferenciando el análisis de eficiencia por provincias como en la Comunidad Autónoma. Para ello se van a analizar las cinco empresas más importantes por provincia, incluida la capital, para obtener los datos necesarios para el análisis de eficiencia de éstas. Una vez recopilados todos los datos, se realizará un análisis de eficiencia mediante Análisis por Envoltura de Datos (DEA) tanto por provincias como la totalidad de los municipios estudiados. Dicho análisis se realizará mediante el software EMS, donde al introducir los datos de las variables referidas al saneamiento muestra la eficiencia de cada una de las unidades productivas del estudio y otros aspectos importantes que se verán en dicho análisis. El propósito del proyecto es mostrar la situación actual de las empresas encargadas del saneamiento de aguas en Andalucía y reflejar qué aspectos y variables hacen que la empresa en cuestión esté siendo más o menos eficiente para así poder servir como ayuda o apoyo para las empresas involucradas en el estudio., This study will analyze the water treatment companies of the Autonomous Community of Andalusia, with the aim of comparing the efficiency of the variables involved in this process of the integral water cycle, differentiating the efficiency analysis by provinces as in the Autonomous Community. To this end, the five most important companies per province, including the capital, will be investigated in order to obtain the necessary data for their efficiency analysis. Once all the data has been collected, an efficiency analysis will be carried out by means of Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) both by provinces and the totality of the municipalities studied. This analysis will be carried out using the EMS software, where the introduction of data on the variables related to sanitation will show the efficiency of each of the productive units in the study and other important aspects that will be seen in this analysis. The purpose of the project is to show the current situation of the companies in charge of water sanitation in Andalusia and to reflect which aspects and variables make the company in question more or less efficient in order to serve as help or support for the companies involved in the study.

In Spain, the water supply service is a municipal responsibility and in general is a sector without competitors. For this reason, an efficiency analysis attains greater significance. This study uses Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) to estimate the efficiency of different urban water utilities. An extensive data search, where several variables such as the capital expenditure, the cost of material, or the labor have been recorded, has allowed evaluating the relative efficiency of the most important Spanish water distribution networks in using their resources. Furthermore, their sustainable efficiency has also been evaluated by including a variable representing the percentage of water losses. Results reveal the weaknesses of inefficient utilities and help to detect potential aspects that these companies should improve. For instance, there is an evident incorrect management of the costs of material by many urban water utilities, which does not happen with the labor. Additionally, the most efficient water utilities regarding the sustainable efficiency help to discover target percentages of water losses for the inefficient ones.

El presente documento quiere analizar a las empresas de saneamiento de aguas en España y así ofrecer una visión general de la situación actual de cada una de ellas en el ámbito de la eficiencia mediante el análisis de envolvente de datos. Primero se realiza una investigación y búsqueda de datos que aportan las empresas en sus bases de datos, y así poder realizar una selección en función de la disponibilidad de los mismo. Seguidamente se desarrollan las variables de entrada y de salida de manera general, considerándose 7 entradas y 9 salida. Posteriormente se analizarán en tres modelos distintos enfocados a un plano enconómico, al propio aprovechamiento de los recursos de las empresas y un tercer modelo de sostenibilidad. Este análisis se ejecutará con orientación de salida y en los casos de retorno de escala constante y variable y así realizar comparación entre ambos. Se llevará a cabo mediante el software EMS, a través del cual se obtendrán las unidades eficientes e ineficientes para poder evaluarlas. La intención de este trabajo es visualizar la situación actual de las empresas de saneamiento por su importancia en referencia a la población tanto a nivel enconómico como social., This document aims to analyze the water treatment companies in Spain and thus provide an overview of the current situation of each of them in the field of efficiency by means of data envelopment analysis. First, an investigation and search for data provided by the companies in their databases is carried out, in order to be able to make a selection based on the availability of the data. Next, the input and output variables are developed in a general way, considering 7 inputs and 9 outputs. Subsequently, they will be analysed in three different models focused on an economic level, on the companies' own use of resources and a third model of sustainability. This analysis will be carried out with output orientation and in the cases of constant and variable scale return and thus make a comparison between the two. It will be carried out using the EMS software, through which the efficient and inefficient units will be obtained in order to evaluate them. The intention of this work is to visualise the current situation of the sanitation companies due to their importance in reference to the population at both economic and social levels.

En España el abastecimiento y saneamiento del agua es competencia municipal, realizándose como gestión directa o indirecta a través de empresas públicas, privadas o mixtas. El presente trabajo recoge el análisis de las empresas que prestan este servicio en las capitales de provincia de España. De las 52 empresas analizadas, se han incluido 46 en el estudio. De estas empresas se ha estudiado el tipo (pública, privada o mixta), así como su rentabilidad económica y financiera a través de cinco ratios. También se ha analizado la tarifa del agua para consumo doméstico de dichas empresas. Para ello se ha analizado el consumo medio de un hogar en España. Se ha analizado si existe correlación entre los mejores resultados económicos y el precio del agua. Además, se ha establecido un ranking global en función de los valores obtenidos para las ratios y la tarifa. Los resultados obtenidos no inducen a pensar que la gestión pública proporciona mejores precios del agua que el sector privado, ni tampoco que obtengan mejores o peores resultados de forma generalizada en cuanto a las empresas analizadas.

Este TFG consiste en la elaboración de un plan de viabilidad de un circuito en una isla de Connecticut, Nueva York presentado en la competición de Formula Student, concretamente para el evento del Business Plan Presentación. Primeramente, en la introducción, se explica en que consiste esta competición y una breve descripción del equipo ARUS, en que consiste, como funciona y en qué afecta a este trabajo. Posteriormente, se explica el modelo de negocio, el producto en cuestión y una referencia a la misión, visión y valores de la compañía encargada de desarrollar el proyecto. Tras este primer contexto, el estudio se adentra en el análisis de mercado, desarrollando estudios como DAFO y PESTEL para el análisis del entorno, y métodos como TOPSIS para establecer la ubicación geográfica optima, la competición y el posicionamiento de mercado. Posteriormente, se elabora la segmentación del mercado para establecer el número de clientes potenciales y poder validar el producto. A continuación, se expone el plan de mercado incluyendo la curva de ventas, la fijación de precios, la demanda estimada y el plan de marketing. Finalmente, se estudia todo el ámbito financiero del proyecto para determinar su viabilidad económica. Para ello, se define toda la inversión inicial y las fuentes de financiación. Seguidamente, se exponen todos los costes operativos junto con los ingresos, amortizaciones, gastos y se elabora el balance, la cuenta de resultados y los flujos de caja. Para concluir, se estudian ratios financieros para obtener más información acerca de la viabilidad económica del proyecto. Para concluir, se recoge todos los resultados y los comentarios finales en la conclusión del documento junto con la bibliografía y los anexos., This document consists of the development of a viability plan for a circuit on an island in Connecticut, New York presented in the Formula Student competition, specifically for the Business Plan Presentation event. First, in the introduction, it is explained what this competition consists of and a brief description of the ARUS team, what it consists of, how it works and how it affects this work. Subsequently, the business model, the product in question and a reference to the mission, vision and values of the company in charge of developing the project are explained. After this first context, the study delves into market analysis, developing studies such as SWOT and PESTEL for the analysis of the environment, and methods such as TOPSIS to establish the optimal geographical location, competition and market positioning. Subsequently, the market segmentation is elaborated to establish the number of potential customers and to be able to validate the product. The market plan including the sales curve, pricing, estimated demand, and marketing plan is outlined below. Finally, the entire financial area of the project is studied to determine its economic viability. For this, all the initial investment and the sources of financing are defined. Next, all the operating costs are exposed together with the income, amortizations, expenses and the balance sheet, the income statement and the cash flows are prepared. To conclude, financial ratios are studied to obtain more information about the economic viability of the project. To conclude, all the results and final comments are collected at the conclusion of the document together with the bibliography and annexes.

Purpose: This study describes the trends and applications of machine learning systems in the management of water supply networks. Machine learning is a field in constant development, and it has a great potential and capability to attain improvements in real industries. The recent tendency of data storage by companies that manage the water supply networks have created a range of possibilities to apply machine learning. One particular case is the prediction of pipe failures based on historical data, which can help to optimally plan the renovation and maintenance tasks. The objective of this work is to define the stages and main characteristics of machine learning systems, focusing on supervised learning methods. Additionally, singularities that are usually found in data from water supply networks are highlighted. Design/methodology/approach: For this purpose, thirteen studies which contain real cases from around the world are discussed. From the data processing to the model validation, a tour of the methods used in each study is carried out. Moreover, the trendiest models are briefly defined together with the mechanisms that best suit their performance. Findings: As a result of the study, it was found that the imbalanced class problem is typical of data from water supply networks where only a small percentage of pipes fail. Consequently, it is recommended to use sampling methods to train classifiers, however, it is not necessary if we are training a regression system. Additionally, scaling and transformation of variables has generally a positive impact on the model’s performance. Currently, cross-validation is almost a requirement to obtain reliable and representative results. This technique is employed in most revised studies to train and validate their models. Originality/value: The use of machine learning systems to predict pipe failures in water supply networks is still a developing field. This study tries to define the advantages and disadvantages of different me, Peer Reviewed

Los servicios de bicicletas compartidas son una realidad ecológica cada día más generalizada, que contribuye a la disminución del uso vehículos particulares. Este fenómeno está ocurriendo en todo tipo de ciudades. Los sistemas de bicicletas compartidas no se limitan a la creación de una infraestructura, estaciones de alquiler, y la disposición de unos medios de transporte, la flota de bicicletas. Estos sistemas necesitan además de una gran cantidad de servicios de soporte: servicios internos de oficina, mantenimiento cíclico de las bicicletas, continua redistribución de las bicicletas entre las diversas áreas de la ciudad, etc. La organización de muchos de estos servicios de apoyo está basarse en el número de bicicletas circulantes y, por lo tanto, una previsión precisa de la demanda puede proporcionar una ayuda considerable para optimizar los gastos que el proveedor del servicio debe asumir. La utilización de las bicicletas, y la movilidad en general, es un fenómeno que sigue un patrón: la intensidad de viajes es mayor en los días laborales, concentrándose alrededor de las horas pico, mientras en los días festivos el uso es menor y más estable a lo largo del día. Entre los diferentes medios de transporte, la bicicleta es la que más está influenciada por el clima, por lo que resulta interesante aprovechar los datos climáticos para obtener una previsión más precisa de la utilización de bicis compartidas. Este trabajo trata de estudiar, adaptar y aplicar algoritmos de aprendizaje automático a una base de datos real, constituida por dos años de observaciones sobre el número de bicicletas compartidas alquiladas en Londres y las condiciones atmosféricas de la ciudad. Estudiar e interpretar la correlación entre las condiciones climáticas y el número de bicicletas alquiladas permite estimar el uso de éstas basándose en previsiones meteorológicas, lo que proporciona un ayuda en la programación de todos los servicios de soporte, incluyendo la redistribución de las bicicletas

Metabolic disorders are frequently associated with physiological changes that occur during ageing. The mitochondrial prohibitin complex (PHB) is an evolutionary conserved context-dependent modulator of longevity, which has been linked to alterations in lipid metabolism but which biochemical function remains elusive. In this work we aimed at elucidating the molecular mechanism by which depletion of mitochondrial PHB shortens the lifespan of wild type animals while it extends that of insulin signaling receptor (daf-2) mutants. A liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry approach was used to characterize the worm lipidome of wild type and insulin deficient animals upon PHB depletion. Toward a mechanistic interpretation of the insights coming from this analysis, we used a combination of biochemical, microscopic, and lifespan analyses. We show that PHB depletion perturbed glycerophospholipids and glycerolipids pools differently in short- versus long-lived animals. Interestingly, PHB depletion in otherwise wild type animals induced the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) unfolded protein response (UPR), which was mitigated in daf-2 mutants. Moreover, depletion of DNJ-21, which functionally interacts with PHB in mitochondria, mimicked the effect of PHB deficiency on the UPRER and on the lifespan of wild type and insulin signaling deficient mutants. Our work shows that PHB differentially modulates lipid metabolism depending on the worm’s metabolic status and provides evidences for a new link between PHB and ER homeostasis in ageing regulation.

Mitochondrial prohibitins (PHB) are highly conserved proteins with a peculiar effect on lifespan. While PHB depletion shortens lifespan of wild-type animals, it enhances longevity of a plethora of metabolically compromised mutants, including target of rapamycin complex 2 (TORC2) mutants sgk-1 and rict-1. Here, we show that sgk-1 mutants have impaired mitochondrial homeostasis, lipogenesis and yolk formation, plausibly due to alterations in membrane lipid and sterol homeostasis. Remarkably, all these features are suppressed by PHB depletion. Our analysis shows the requirement of SRBP1/SBP-1 for the lifespan extension of sgk-1 mutants and the further extension conferred by PHB depletion. Moreover, although the mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt) and autophagy are induced in sgk-1 mutants and upon PHB depletion, they are dispensable for lifespan. However, the enhanced longevity caused by PHB depletion in sgk-1 mutants requires both, the UPRmt and autophagy, but not mitophagy. We hypothesize that UPRmt induction upon PHB depletion extends lifespan of sgk-1 mutants through autophagy and probably modulation of lipid metabolism.

En este trabajo se modela la recogida de residuos como un caso particular de la familia de problemas del Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP). Se desarrolla un modelo basado en Mixed-Integer Linear Programming (MILP) que se resolverá con el software CPLEX, programado en Python y ejecutado en Jupyter Notebook. Para el desarrollo del modelo se caracteriza el caso práctico objeto de estudio y se particularizan las formulaciones que previamente han demostrado su capacidad para resolver este tipo de problemas. El objeto sobre el que se aplica este modelo es la Provincia de Sevilla. En concreto, sobre las siete mancomunidades que la conforman. Se propone en cada mancomunidad la coordinación para la prestación del servicio integral de recogida de residuos. Es decir, todos los municipios adscritos a una de estas entidades tendrán una recogida conjunta. Se utilizarán datos reales de producción de residuos y entre otros resultados se ofrecerán las rutas recorridas por los vehículos obtenidas tras el proceso de optimización, graficadas sobre un mapa., In this thesis, waste collection is modelled as a particular case of the Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP) family. A model based on Mixed-Integer Linear Programming (MILP) is developed and solved using CPLEX software. It is programmed in Python and executed in Jupyter Notebook. For the development of the model, the case of study is characterized and the formulations that have previously demonstrated their capacity to solve this type of problem are specified. The zone where this model is applied is the Province of Seville. Specifically, on the seven municipal associations that comprise it. The coordination for the waste collection service is proposed in each association. In other words, all the municipalities attached to one of these entities will have a joint collection. Real waste production data will be used and among other results the routes travelled by the vehicles obtained after the optimization process will be plotted on a map.

In a population, chemical communication determines the response of animals to changing environmental conditions, what leads to an enhanced resistance against stressors. In response to starvation, the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans arrest post-embryonic development at the first larval stage (L1) right after hatching. As arrested L1 larvae, C. elegans become more resistant to diverse stresses, allowing them to survive for several weeks expecting to encounter more favorable conditions. L1 arrested at high densities display an enhanced resistance to starvation, dependent on soluble compounds released beyond hatching and the first day of arrest. Here, we show that this chemical communication also influences recovery after prolonged periods in L1 arrest. Animals at high density recovered faster than animals at low density. We found that the density effect on survival depends on the final effector of the insulin signaling pathway, the transcription factor DAF-16. Moreover, DAF-16 activation was higher at high density, consistent with a lower expression of the insulin-like peptide DAF-28 in the neurons. The improved recovery of animals after arrest at high density depended on soluble compounds present in the media of arrested L1s. In an effort to find the nature of these compounds, we investigated the disaccharide trehalose as putative signaling molecule, since its production is enhanced during L1 arrest and it is able to activate DAF-16. We detected the presence of trehalose in the medium of arrested L1 larvae at a low concentration. The addition of this concentration of trehalose to animals arrested at low density was enough to rescue DAF-28 production and DAF-16 activation to the levels of animals arrested at high density. However, despite activating DAF-16, trehalose was not capable of reversing survival and recovery phenotypes, suggesting the participation of additional signaling molecules. With all, here we describe a molecular mechanism underlying social communicati

La valoración de empresas es la técnica para tasar el valor de una compañía proporcionando una cifra, o un rango de precios finales que valore el negocio en su totalidad. El objetivo principal del presente trabajo es el estudio y la comparación de las distintas metodologías de valoración aplicándolo a un caso práctico. Con ello se pretende extraer los resultados y analizar qué método de valoración aporta resultados más ajustados al mercado. Asimismo, se examina la situación actual de los métodos, además de la literatura de referencia y el estado del arte de la metodología. Para ello, se realiza un análisis de los métodos de valoración, seguidos de un estudio del entorno y situación concreta de la empresa analizando el sector en el que opera y la situación económico-financiera actual de la compañía. En el caso que nos ocupa, se estudia el sector cervecero español y más concretamente, las seis mayores productoras de cervezas del país. Una vez realizado el análsis se procede a la aplicación de las distintas metodolgías a la empresa líder en fabricación de cerveza en España: el Grupo Mahou-San Miguel. Con ello, se pretende aplicar los métodos valorativos a una empresa familiar líder en su sector y ampliamente consolidada en España, con una trayectoria de más de 120 años de historia. Tras el análisis se mostrarán los diferentes valores que aporta cada método proporcionando un rango de valoración y se elaborarán las conclusiones asociadas a cada método. Finalmente, el resultado obtenido conformará el punto de partida para el comienzo de la negociación entre las partes interesadas para una hipotética operación accionarial en el Grupo., Business Valuation is a technic to value the company worth in its entirety, to bring a final monetary number to value the whole business. In the present study is carried out a comparission between the different value methodologies. This requires a previous analysis of the business valuations methods followed by an environmental study and the specific company situation. Furthermore, is being examinated the current situation of the business models as well as the bibliography and the state of art of the methodologies. In fact, it is analysed the business sector of the company and the current economic-financial situation of the associaction. In the present case, is studied the Spanish Beer Sector, and particulary the six biggest beer manufactures of the country. Once the analysis has been done the aim is to implement the different business valuation methods onto the Spanish leader beer brand: The Mahou San Miguel Group. Thus, is claimed to apply the business valuation methods to a family business sector leader widely consolidated in Spain, with a history of more than 120 years. After the analysis, it is showed the different values range that provides each business methods and the conclusion associated to each method. Finally, the result will be the staritng point for the beginning of the bargaining for an hipotetical stock purchase or sell of the Group.

En este trabajo se analizarán las empresas de abastecimiento de aguas en España, con el objetivo de realizar un estudio comparativo de las tarifas de agua existentes actualmente en nuestro país, y realizar una comparación entre las distintas empresas, así como entre las distintas comunidades autónomas. Posteriormente se realizará un análisis económico-financiero de las empresas seleccionadas para el estudio, calculando y comparando los ratios financieros, económicos y operacionales de cada empresa, que reflejarán el estado y la situación empresarial en la que esté cada una. Por último, este trabajo tratará la eficiencia de dichas empresas, realizando un análisis de eficiencia mediante Análisis por Envoltura de Datos. Dicho análisis se llevará a cabo planteando distintos escenarios mediante el software de programación R Studio, a través del cual se compararán, para distintas variables, obtenidas de los estudios anteriores y de la investigación de las cifras de cada empresa, la eficiencia de cada una en cada campo planteado. Con esto se pretende dar luz a la realidad de las empresas de abastecimiento de agua en España, debido a la importancia de dichas empresas y el impacto directo y esencial que tienen en la vida de todos los ciudadanos., In this work, an investigation will be carried out focusing on the Water Supply Companies existing in Spain, aiming to compare the different water rates currently applied in our country. These rates will be calculated for each one of the selected companies, and then compared. This comparison will as well be made among the different Autonomous Communities. Subsequently, an economic and financial analysis will be applied to each one of the selected companies for the previous study. For this purpose, different financial, economic and operational ratios will be calculated for each company. These ratios will be used to try to evaluate the overall financial condition of each corporation. Finally, this work will address the efficiency of these companies, performing an efficiency analysis using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), which is a method in economics for the estimation of production and efficiency frontiers. Said analysis will be carried out by studying different scenarios using the R Studio programming software. This work aims to shed light on the present situation of water supply companies in Spain, due to the importance of these companies and the direct and essential impact they have on the lives of the entire population.

The emergence of metabolic disorders is frequently associated with ageing. Interestingly, the mitochondrial prohibitin complex (PHB) is an evolutionary conserved context-dependent modulator of longevity, which has been linked to alterations in lipid metabolism. Indeed, PHB was previously shown to modulate the whole worm fatty acid composition in a genetic background dependent-manner. In this work, we extended the analysis of the impact that PHB has in the C. elegans lipidome, specifically in the content of individual lipid species, under two different conditions that result in opposing longevity phenotypes, namely wild type and insulin signalling deficient animals. Our results show that PHB depletion differentially perturbs triacylglycerol and phospholipid pools in short- versus long-lived animals. Moreover, during ageing the lipidome of PHB-depleted worms evolves much more rapidly than that of PHB-depleted insulin deficient mutants. Simultaneously, we found that PHB-depletion in otherwise wild type animals induces the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) unfolded protein response (UPR) and accumulates massive amounts of yolk during ageing. Altogether, the data presented herein suggests that PHB depletion leads to dysregulation of the ER and to yolk steatosis in a genetic background-dependent manner. The impact of PHB depletion in the C. elegans lipidome will be discussed herein in the scope of its opposing effect on lifespan depending on the metabolic status.

In a population, chemical communication determines the response of animals to changing environmental conditions, what leads to an enhanced resistance against stressors. In response to starvation, the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans arrest post-embryonic development at the first larval stage (L1) right after hatching. As arrested L1 larvae, C. elegans become more resistant to diverse stresses, allowing them to survive for several weeks expecting to encounter more favorable conditions. L1 arrested at high densities display an enhanced resistance to starvation, dependent on soluble compounds released beyond hatching and the first day of arrest. Here, we show that this chemical communication also influences recovery after prolonged periods in L1 arrest. Animals at high density recovered faster than animals at low density. We found that the density effect on survival depends on the final effector of the insulin signaling pathway, the transcription factor DAF-16. Moreover, DAF-16 activation was higher at high density, consistent with a lower expression of the insulin-like peptide DAF-28 in the neurons. The improved recovery of animals after arrest at high density depended on soluble compounds present in the media of arrested L1s. In an effort to find the nature of these compounds, we investigated the disaccharide trehalose as putative signaling molecule, since its production is enhanced during L1 arrest and it is able to activate DAF-16. We detected the presence of trehalose in the medium of arrested L1 larvae at a low concentration. The addition of this concentration of trehalose to animals arrested at low density was enough to rescue DAF-28 production and DAF-16 activation to the levels of animals arrested at high density. However, despite activating DAF-16, trehalose was not capable of reversing survival and recovery phenotypes, suggesting the participation of additional signaling molecules. With all, here we describe a molecular mechanism underlying social communicati

Cells can enter quiescence in adverse conditions and resume proliferation when the environment becomes favorable. Prolonged quiescence comes with a cost, reducing the subsequent speed and potential to return to proliferation. Here, we show that a similar process happens during Caenorhabditis elegans development, providing an in vivo model to study proliferative capacity after quiescence. Hatching under starvation provokes the arrest of blast cell divisions that normally take place during the first larval stage (L1). We have used a novel method to precisely quantify each stage of postembryonic development to analyze the consequences of prolonged L1 quiescence. We report that prolonged L1 quiescence delays the reactivation of blast cell divisions in C. elegans, leading to a delay in the initiation of postembryonic development. The transcription factor DAF‐16/FOXO is necessary for rapid recovery after extended arrest, and this effect is independent from its role as a suppressor of cell proliferation. Instead, the activation of DAF‐16 by decreased insulin signaling reduces the rate of L1 aging, increasing proliferative potential. We also show that yolk provisioning affects the proliferative potential after L1 arrest modulating the rate of L1 aging, providing a possible mechanistic link between insulin signaling and the maintenance of proliferative potential. Furthermore, variable yolk provisioning in embryos is one of the sources of interindividual variability in recovery after quiescence of genetically identical animals. Our results support the relevance of L1 arrest as an in vivo model to study stem cell‐like aging and the mechanisms for maintenance of proliferation potential after quiescence.