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Im Anschluss an die theoretischen Erwägungen wird der 2019 veröffentlichte Roman Herkunft des bosnischstämmigen Autors Saša Stanišić im Hinblick auf die Spuren diskursiver Weltbilder untersucht: Das interdiskursive Potenzial 2 des Romans liegt darin, dass er auf diskursive Spuren verschiedener Lebensstationen verweist: von der Kindheit im ehemaligen Jugoslawien über das Erlebnis einer kriegsgezeichneten, zerfallenden Heimat bis hin zu den Erfahrungen als Einwanderer, Jugendlicher und Erwachsener in Deutschland. Aus der Übersetzungsperspektive werden diese besonders mit Blick auf die o.g. Subklasse von Realia, d.h. diskursive Realia betrachtet.

Introductory considerations on the growing interest in the theory and practice of language simplification and intralingual translation, on some insights, results and the current accessibility-related issues and desiderata (introduction to the volume).

The article explores and compares the intralingual translations into Easy English, Easy German and Easy Italian of the authentic English version of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. The analysis, based on a selection of relevant parameters taken from the Easy Language (EL) guidelines of Inclusion Europe (2009) and on a set of quantitative (mainly lexicometric) data, aims to identify similarities and differences in the implementation of text design rules as they are proposed by Inclusion Europe, as well as quantitative and qualitative similarities and differences that can point to the degree of comprehensibility that characterizes the various EL translations. Results show that each language seems to aim at a different type of target user and to serve substantially different communicative purposes, as demonstrated e.g. by the overall different length and structure of each version and by the varied use of pictures and simplification strategies in the EL texts (ranging from several to none) – among other features. They also highlight an unresolved issue, i.e. the fact that the line between intralingual translation and full text rewriting for comprehensibility purposes is still too blurred and treated too inconsistently in different EU countries, which might be a problem when dealing with legal texts. This poses the question of whether a systematic structured coordination between EL professionals translating legal texts in different countries should be implemented to ensure an equal transfer of content of the same normative text to the same categories of people in different European countries.

The article approaches the question of intralingual translation in Leichte Sprache and in Einfache Sprache from the perspective of German teaching and training of language mediators in the Italian university context. After a comparative overview of the language simplification efforts in the health-related institutional communication (Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Italy), it explores the following question: To what extent can dealing with Leichte Sprache and Einfache Sprache in the context of university teaching be useful for future language mediators in Italy?

Als ein vergleichsweise junges diskurslinguistisches Untersuchungsobjekt eröffnen Pandemiediskurse unterschiedliche Forschungsfragen und -desiderata (vgl. z.B. Rocco/Dreesen/Krasselt, im Druck). Im Zentrum des Interesses steht hier das Desiderat, die Verschränkung bestimmter Stränge von Pandemie(meta)diskursen mit anderen Diskursen bzw. Diskurssträngen näher zu erforschen. Ausgehend von einigen deutschen und italienischen Ausdrücken, die im Zusammenhang mit der Pandemie das Konzept des „Leugnens“ versprachlichen (Covidleugner, negazionista, negazionismo del covid u.a.), erkundet der Beitrag die Verschränkung von Pandemiediskursen mit anderen Diskursen und Diskurssträngen. Anhand der Schweizer Teilkorpora S_AL_DE_SNF_COVID19 und S_AL_IT_SNF_COVID19 in deutscher und italienischer Sprache werden hierzu Begriffsketten bzw. Begriffsäquivalenzen und Begriffsoppositionen untersucht, in denen einschlägige Ausdrücke vorkommen, die das Konzept des Leugnens und benachbarte Konzepte versprachlichen.

Ovaj se rad bavi problematikom prijevoda jezičnih varijacija u stripovima s posebnim naglaskom na prividnu oralnost. Nakon kratkog prikaza fenomena varijacije i prividne ili fiktivne oralnosti kao prevoditeljskog izazova analizirani su odabrani dijelovi stripova iz serije Captain Underpants (hrv. Kapetan Gaćeša) odnosno prijevodi na hrvatski, njemački i talijanski jezik. Analiza je usmjerena na pitanje na koji se način i u kojem obliku određeni (morfo)fonetski, morfosintaktički, tipografski i ortografski elementi koji se odnose na oralnost i jezičnu varijaciju / stratifikaciju pojavljuju i primjenjuju u tekstovima na različitim ciljnim jezicima. This article explores the problems related to the translation of language variation and especially feigned orality in comic books. After some considerations on the phenomenon of the variation and „feigned“ or „fictive“ orality as a translation problem, the study focuses on selected extracts of comic books contained in the book series Captain Underpants and on their Croatian, German and Italian translation. The central question is how some (morpho)phonetic, morphosyntactic, typographical and orthography elements marking orality and language variation / stratification are treated in texts in different target languages.

Der Beitrag fokussiert einige morphosyntaktische, lexikalisch-semantische und funktionale Aspekte der nominalen Numeruskategorie aus kontrastiver, sprach- und übersetzungsdidaktischer Sicht. Nach einer Betrachtung der allgemeinen Mechanismen und Besonderheiten der Numeruskategorie im Deutschen sowie des lexikographischen und grammatikographischen Umgangs mit der Kategorie folgt ein sprachvergleichsbasierter Systematisierungsversuch der für das Sprachenpaar Italienisch-Deutsch relevanten Problemkonstellationen, die negativen Transfer induzieren bzw. begünstigen können. Vor diesem Hintergrund wird zum Schluss auf die Frage nach Möglichkeiten fremdsprachendidaktischer und übersetzungsdidaktischer Sensibilisierung für die skizzierten Problemkonstellationen eingegangen.

This study, which is part of the larger project COVIDisc - A focus on vector populations, sets out to analyse the media discourse in German and Italian-speaking Switzerland on the role of young people in the Covid-19 pandemic. After identifying the main lexical means used to refer to young people, the focus shifts to the syntactic functions and semantic roles in which they occur, as well as the deontic aspects of the discourse. Furthermore, a chronological analysis makes it possible to trace the construction of a common ground regarding the role of young people in the pandemic context. More specifically, it helps to identify deontic scenarios concerning the behaviours to be adopted or avoided, the actual compliance with the provisions issued by the authorities and the responsibility for raising awareness among young people. This data, reported and illustrated with a series of examples, will serve as a basis for future in-depth quantitative studies, which are essential for refining the interpretation of the trends that have emerged.

Il contributo esamina le tendenze dell’attuale mercato del lavoro con particolare attenzione alla professione del mediatore linguistico. Partendo dal fenomeno inquadrato in letteratura come “soggetto neoliberale” e arrivando al concetto più ampio del “soggetto autorazionalizzante“, si osservano le tracce dei rispettivi sviluppi nel linguaggio attuale e le loro ripercussioni sul mercato del lavoro per chi lavora sulla e con la lingua, analizzate in base ai sondaggi e contemplate dal punto di vista delle loro implicazioni per la formazione. The paper investigates trends in the current labor market with a focus on the profession of Language mediator, departing from the phenomenon framed in the literature as the “neoliberal subject” and moving toward a more integrative concept of the “self-rationalizing subject”. The second chapter traces evidence of the described developments in the current language, as well as their repercussions for language mediators and language experts, which are examined on the basis of the survey results and analyzed with regard to their educational implications.

The study examines the cross-lingual concept of economic migrant. The discursive fixing of the meaning is explored starting from the questions of how the German compounds Wirtschaftsflüchtling and Wirtschaftsmigrant are introduced and used in the political discourse and how the variation from a neutral term to an axiologically and/or ideologically connotated expression with dysphemic function is perceived or reproduced in the translators metalinguistic discourse.

Ausgehend von (wirtschafts-)politischen Schlüsselbegriffen, euphemistischen und dysphemistischen Wendungen setzt sich der Beitrag mit der Frage der Sinnrekonstruktion im interlingualen Diskurstransfer auseinander. Ausgehend von einigen Beispielen für potenzielle Bedeutungsverzerrungen und Missverständnisse im interlingualen Diskurstransfer wird zunächst versucht, eine auf die Übersetzungs- und Mediationslehre zugeschnittene Definition des Begriffs „interdiskusive Kompetenz“ zu formulieren und im Rahmen einer konstruktivistisch aufgefassten universitären Übersetzer- und Mediatorenausbildung zu operationalisieren. Die didaktischen Umsetzungsmöglickeiten sollen dabei an einigen Begriffen und Diskursfragmenten illustriert werden, die die Sphäre der Wirtschaftspolitik betreffen.

An analysis of companies' and communal sustainability reports from the point of view of Contrastive Textology and Discourse Linguistics.

This article investigates the relationship between the concepts of politically correct, politeness and euphemism from a comprehensive and cross-lingual perspective. The role of the politically (in)correct and the (im)politeness, regarded as communicative complexity-reducing rituals partly based on euphemisms and dysphemisms, is illustrated by selected exemples coming from different text types within the business communication and the communication of economic policy decisions.

The article explores the discursive construction of the employment policy, es it emerges in the annual reports of the biggest german banks, especially in the chapters explicitely dedicated to the employees (“Our employees”) .

This paper deals with the role of spoken and dialect elements, euphemisms and dysphemisms in literary narratives from various perspectives, including sociolinguistics, translation studies, and translation didactics. Moreover, it follows up on previous studies which have theoretically and empirically dealt with the spoken and dialect elements of translations. By comparing texts in different languages, the following questions are addressed: Which function do spoken and dialect elements have in descriptions of people and situations? How is fictive orality (in its characterizing, dramatizing, euphemic and dysphemic functions) rendered in the respective target languages (German-Italian, German-Croatian, Italian-German)? Which tendencies can be observed from the comparison of translations? Taking into consideration sociolinguistic and translation reflections, a translation didactic model is suggested, which should aid in sensitizing future translators to diamesic, diastratic, diatopic aspects, as well as diaphasic variations.

Lower German has shaped not only a rich dialectal literary tradition, but also several often translated Classics of German narrative prose. This article focuses on the translation of the Low German elements in prominent representatives of German narrative from various epoques (“The Rider on the White Horse”, “Buddenbrooks”, “Castle Gripsholm”, “Speculations about Jakob”, “Anniversaries”) into Italian and partly also into French, English and Croatian. The central question is on how the translation decisions affect the sociolinguistic, socio-symbolic, time- and memory-structuring role, as well as the euphemistic or dysphemistic function of these elements.

Recensione critica in rivista A della monografia scientifica di Ulric Ammon sulla posizione internazionale della lingua tedesca (1295 pagine).

The study compares the German translations of Saussure´s the Cours de linguistique générale: Herman Lommel’s first translation of the work, published in 1931, and the recent translation by Peter Wunderli (2013). T he analysis is based on a textological approach, which allows us to examine the text from different perspectives taking into account the social and character of (scientific) texts and their evolution, as well as their structure, their terminological, lexical, morphosyntactic and other features.

The study focuses on the concept and the measurement of language attitudes. The first part of the article gives an overview on theoretical and empirical research on language attitudes in an international context. The second part analyses the previous empirical research on langage attitudes in Germany and the perspective and future issues concerning this research in the multilingual contexts of the actual German society as well as the attitudes towards German as a foreign language.

Il contributo presenta i risultati dell’analisi del discorso politico tedesco ed italiano sulla flessibilizzazzione del lavoro. Lo studio, effettuato nell’ ambito del progetto “Eufemismi e disfemismi nel discorso economico e politico tedesco dalla caduta del Muro a oggi” (Università degli Studi di Trieste – Finanziamento di Ateneo per progetti di ricerca scientifica – FRA 2014), parte teoricamente dal concetto del discorso post-strutturalista di Laclau e Mouffe e si basa su una serie di parametri dell’ analisi del discorso linguistica.

The study explores the principles of gender assignment, gender syncretism and gender loss in Germanic languages. The point of departure is an ideal-typical classification of the current gender systems in Germanic languages into four types: stable tripartite gender systems, stable binary gender systems, unstable gender systems and genderless languages. On the basis of some features of the dialects spoken on the Frisian islands of Sylt, Föhr and Amrum, and of the developments in a north Germanic variety, the study aims to demonstrate that the research on currently existing unstable gender systems can contribute to the studies of gender within General and Contrastive Linguistics.

Il contributo propone una ricerca sulla metafora in diverse tipologie testuali nell´ambito economico e si basa su un ampio corpus costituito da lettere agli azionisti, pagine web iniziali di grandi imprese e testi giornalistici sulla tematica economico-finanziaria. L´analisi, svolta in chiave contrastiva (tedesco-italiano), è incentrata sulle metafore concettuali più frequenti in singole tipologie testuali, sulla loro realizzazione linguistica e sul loro contributo alla coerenza testuale.

Il contributo si propone di esaminare gli obiettivi ed i metodi della psicologia sociale del linguaggio (PSL), finora delineati ed elaborati prevalentemente in modo generale o parziale, tenendo conto delle esigenze e problematiche dell´attuale società multilinguale tedesca. Nella prima parte vengono trattati gli studi i cui obiettivi rappresentano il punto d'intersezione tra la prospettiva linguistica e quella della psicologia sociale, per tentare, in seguito, di posizionare la PSL nei confronti delle discipline contigue: La delimitazione dell’ oggetto di studi della PSL e la descrizione dei desiderata, sul piano teorico ed empirico, nel contesto linguistico e storico-sociale qui inquadrato, hanno lo scopo di fornire una legittimazione scientifica di questa disciplina e di sottolineare la sua importanza.

The study examines letters to shareholders and initial homepages of the ten biggest German and the ten biggest Italian banks. The corpus consists of 60 shareholders´ letters for the business years 2009-2011, 20 homepages and an additional corpus of other texts, published partly in previous business years or in other languages (English, French, Croatian). These texts are analyzed from the perspective of contrastive textology. The main aims of the research are to contribute to the contrastive analysis of economic and commercial tests in German and Italian, as yet little studied from the textological point of view. Furthermore, the study aims to expand the methodology of the contrastive textology adapting it to the new, changed conditions of text production and text reception. For this purpose, it develops a new methodological approach allowing multidimensional analysis of texts, called the Holistic Model of Contrastive Textology. The Model takes into consideration pragmatic-communicative, thematic, structural, linguistic as well as semiotic aspects of texts. In addition, it investigates the level of standardization and of diffusion of the analyzed text types in single languages and the question of the impact of cultural standards on verbal and visual text characteristics.

The study investigates in what way and to what extent current manuals of business language in German, Italian and French impart the competences needed for understanding and producing a variety of text types used in business communication. The analysis builds on a previous study which compared three manuals of business German in terms of the text types they present, of the way in which they sensitize the learner to characteristics of different text types and develop his/her intercultural and professional competence. The results of this study are compared to those obtained from the analysis of manuals for Italian and French. The findings of the study may be seen as a point of departure for reflection on textual criteria beyond single languages, and will function as an aid in choosing texts and designing exercises focusing on textual competence.

Der Beitrag setzt sich mit der Rolle der gesprochensprachlichen und dialektalen Elemente in der Erzählliteratur (vgl. Goetsch 1985) aus soziolinguistischer, übersetzungswissenschaftlicher und übersetzungsdidaktischer Perspektive auseinander und knüpft dabei an Studien an, die sich theoretisch und empirisch mit der Übersetzung fiktivmündlicher Elemente auseinandersetzen (vgl. Henjum 2004, Schwitalla/Tiittula 2009, Brumme/Espunya 2012). Dabei wird ausgehend von einem mehrsprachigen Textvergleich auf die folgenden Fragen eingegangen: Welche Funktionen kommen gesprochensprachlichen und dialektalen Elementen bei der Schilderung von Personen und Situationen zu? Wie wird die fiktive („fingierte”) Mündlichkeit (FM) in die jeweilige Zielsprache übertragen (Deutsch > Italienisch, Deutsch > Kroatisch, Italienisch >Deutsch), welche Tendenzen lässt der Übersetzungsvergleich erkennen? Inwieweit bleibt die euphemistische oder dysphemistische Wirkung bestimmter Elemente im Translat aufrechterhalten? Die Übersetzungsanalyse bestätigt einige Basistendenzen: eine vorwiegend sprachkonservative Haltung, die sich in der Vereinfachung, Nivellierung, Standardisierung und in konventionalisierten Mündlichkeitssignalen manifestiert. Die eingesetzten Übersetzungsstrategien variieren stark von Werk zu Werk und von Übersetzer zu Übersetzer. Im Anschluss an die soziolinguistischen und übersetzungswissenschaftlichen Überlegungen wird ein translationsdidaktisches Modell vorgestellt, das der Sensibilisierung der angehenden Übersetzer für die Aspekte der diamesischen, diastratischen, diatopischen und diaphasischen Variation dienen soll. Das Modell enthält vier Dimensionen: kulturpolitischen Rahmen, soziolinguistischen Rahmen, Funktionen und Formen der FM im Ausgangstext und Realisierungsmöglichkeiten in der Zielsprache.

Partendo da venti diverse tipologie testuali in tedesco come p.es. guide turistiche, audioguide, lettere dei lettori, articoli di enciclopedia, previsioni meteo, annunci, diari e lettere di condoglianze, la monografia di Fandrych e Thurmair illustra le possibilità della loro analisi e descrizione dal punto di vista linguistico e didattico e fornisce in questa maniera impulsi sia per l’analisi testologica e comparativa che per la teoria e la prassi dell’insegnamento di lingue straniere.

Il contributo esamina il concetto di indentità linguistica multipla („multiple Sprachidentität“), definita come un’entità dinamica, costruita attraverso il repertorio ed il comportamento linguistico dei parlanti plurilingui. Un particolare interesse è rivolto al ruolo del contesto - sia il macrocontesto sociolinguistico che il microcontesto situazionale - nella costituzione dell’identità linguistica. Inoltre, partendo dall’analisi del comportamento linguistico di parlanti bilingui (tedesco come lingua seconda e croato come lingua madre, francese come seconda lingua/lingua ufficiale e creolo come lingua madre) si analizza l’influenza del contesto sugli atteggiamenti linguistici, sulla percezione del proprio repertorio e delle proprie competenze linguistiche ed infine sul sentimento della sicurezza/insicurezza e della legitimità/illegitimità linguistica (“sprachliche Sicherheit/Unsicherheit”, “sprachliche Legitimität/Illegitimität”), i concetti finora discussi soprattutto nell’ambito della sociolinguistica sono qui applicati alla lingua tedesca.

Il contributo è dedicato alle possibilità di espressione delle frasi gerundive in tedesco nell’ambito dei testi giuridici di tipo normativo. L’ipotesi di partenza che la forte polivalenza del gerundio in italiano e la mancanza di una struttura paragonabile in tedesco possono essere all’origine di problematiche traduttive in varie tipologie testuali caratterizzate da un linguaggio sintetico. Nella prima parte, si discutono la forma, il comportamento sintattico e le funzioni semantiche del gerundio, confrontando diverse descrizioni delle sue caratteristiche sintattiche e funzionali nelle grammatiche italiane. Successivamente, viene affrontata la questione dei tratti morfosintattici del linguaggio giuridico italiano, analizzando l´uso del gerundio dal punto di vista della tendenza alla sintesi frasale. Segue una presentazione del corpus, composto da più testi normativi, tra cui la Costituzione italiana, e dalle loro traduzioni tedesche. In seguito, partendo dagli esempi presi dal corpus che illustrano varie funzioni del gerundio, si esaminano sistematicamente le caratteristiche sintattiche e le funzioni dei gerundi utilizzati nel corpus, ed i mezzi sintattici utilizzati per tradurli in tedesco. Per concludere, si dà uno sguardo alla questione della traduzione del gerundio dalla prospettiva della didattica della translatologia e della didattica di linguaggi specifici, sottolineando l’importanza della conoscenza approfondita delle caratteristiche e dei contenuti di testi giuridici.

Il contributo analizza il linguaggio usato nel romanzo “Wie der Soldat das Grammofon repariert” (“La storia del soldato che riparò il grammofono”) di Sasa Stanisic, scrittore tedesco di origine bosniaca e uno dei rappresentanti della “letteratura migrante” (Migrationsliteratur) in lingua tedesca. Vengono esaminati, in primo piano, i diversi piani di “ibridazione” linguistica presenti nel romanzo, che trovano corrispondenza nella forma stessa, ibrida, del romanzo, caratterizzata da molteplici allusioni a diverse tradizioni letterarie e testuali, come il romanzo picaresco ed il romanzo epistolare, ma anche alla scritura e le tematiche al Nobel jugoslavo Ivo Andrić e al cinema di Emir Kusturica. La lingua tedesca utilizzata nel romanzo è consequenziale alla complessità della realtà descritta per varietà tanto di stili quanto di registri, testimoniando le molteplici culture dell’ex Jugoslavia ed i rapporti con il mondo tedescofono, che fanno da sfondo alle vicende del protagonista, emigrato in Germania a causa della guerra.

Il libro di testo, accopagnato da un CD, si rivolge ai candidati all’esame standardizzato Zertifikat Deutsch, ZD, il quale si posiziona al livello B1 del Quadro comune di riferimento europeo. Il testo comprende una presentazione della struttura e delle modalità dell’esame ZD e delle tipologie di esercizi, inoltre offre più esempi per ciascun tipo di esercizio di lettura, grammatica e lessico (“Sprachbausteine”), comprensione orale, espressione scritta ed espressione orale con le rispettive soluzioni commentate.