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Ephydatia fluviatilis (Linnaeus, 1759) Fig. 3 Spongia fluviatilis Linnaeus, 1759: 1348. Material examined (4 specimens, Table 1) SWEDEN – Stockholm • 3 specs; Helgarsviken; 59.289° N, 18.7032° E; 2 Sep. 2017; Raquel Pereira leg.; UPSZMC 188229, 188231, 188233 • 1 spec.; Stavsnäs vinterhamn; 59.2889° N, 18.7062° E; 31 Dec. 2021; Raquel Pereira and Jesper Svedberg leg.; UPSZMC 189246 Description HABITUS. Colour from pale to brownish, encrusting (Fig. 3A). SPICULAE. Megascleres and gemmuloscleres. Megascleres thin, smooth and acute oxeas (Fig. 3B), 250 μm (60–360 μm) long (Fig. 3C), 7.5 μm (2–15 μm) wide. Very few gemmuloscleres found in the collected specimens; birotulated, often a spine on the shaft, 20 µm long and 25 μm wide. Distribution and habitats This species was only found in the Baltic, but was missing from the bona fide freshwater samples. Remarks Five specimens from inland waters tentatively identified as E. fluviatilis (based on megasclers only, lacking gemmulae) was reassigned to Eunapius fragilis based on bar-coding sequences and a re-scrutiny of spiculae, so there is a possibility that some previously reported specimens of this (in Sweden) rare species may be misidentifications. It is quite possible, however, that it is present at greater depth at some of the sites, and thus missed in our study – the specimens from the Baltic were all from greater depths. We note, though, that Arndt (1932) only listed specimens from seven sites, all but one site outside (south of) the present study area, so the lack of observations may reflect a rare occurrence., Published as part of Robert, Chloé, Pereira, Raquel & Thollesson, Mikael, 2022, Addition to Sweden's freshwater sponge fauna and a phylogeographic study of Spongilla lacustris (Spongillida, Porifera) in southern Sweden, pp. 138-167 in European Journal of Taxonomy 828 (1) on page 154, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.828.1861, http://zenodo.org/record/6839811, {"references":["Linnaeus C. 1759. Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio decima, reformata. Vol. 2. Laurentii Salvii, Stockholm [Holmiae]. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 542","Arndt W. 1932. Die Susswasserschwammfauna Schwedens, Finnlands und Danemarks. Arkiv for Zoologi 24 A (3): 1 - 33."]}

Ephydatia muelleri (Lieberkühn, 1856) Fig. 4 Spongilla mülleri Liberkühn, 1856: 510. Material examined (18 specimens, Table 1) SWEDEN – Dalsland • 2 specs; Lake Vänern, Mellerud, Sunannå harbour; 58.7092° N, 12.5072° E; 11 Oct. 2017; Chloé Robert and Raquel Pereira leg.; UPSZMC 188237, 188239. – Uppland • 1 spec.; Lake Erken, Norr Malma, Erken freshwater laboratory; 59.8353° N, 18.6331° E; 30 May 2016; Raquel Pereira leg.; UPSZMC 188244 • 1 spec.; Lake Erken, bath Svanberga; 59.837° N, 18.6559° E; 30 May 2016; Raquel Pereira leg.; UPSZMC 188242. – Dalarna • 1 spec.; Dalälven, Grådö; 60.2471° N, 16.027° E; 28 Aug. 2013; Mikael Thollesson leg.; UPSZMC 188062 • 1 spec.; Dala-Floda, Lake Flosjön, boating site; 60.513° N, 14.8089° E; 28 Aug. 2013; Mikael Thollesson leg.; UPSZMC 188052 • 3 specs; Lake S Mojesjön, bath; 60.6003° N, 15.0885° E; 28 Aug. 2013; Mikael Thollesson leg.; UPSZMC 188066, 188068, 18807, • 3 specs; Malungs camping, outlet into Västerdalälven; 60.6847° N, 13.7023° E; 29 Aug. 2013; Mikael Thollesson leg.; UPSZMC 188076, 188078, 188080. – Hälsingland • 2 specs; Delsbo, Lake S Dellensjön; 61.8097° N, 16.5706° E; 28 Aug. 2017; Raquel Pereira leg.; UPSZMC 188143, 188145. – Härjedalen • 1 spec.; Hedeviken; 62.4083° N, 13.6697° E; 30 Aug. 2017; Chloé Robert and Raquel Pereira leg.; UPSZMC 188168. – Medelpad • 3 specs; Lake Gissjön; 62.5233° N, 16.179° E; 29 Aug. 2017; Chloé Robert and Raquel Pereira leg.; UPSZMC 188149, 188151, 188153. Description HABITUS. Collected specimens had a bright green colour. Ridges on the surface are directed towards the centre of the sponge (Fig. 4A). SPICULAE. This species presents two categories of spicules: megascleres and gemmuloscleres. Megascleres are fusiform and spiny oxeas. Spine abundance can be significant or limited on oxeas within the same individual (Fig. 4B). Usually, apices contain less spines than median part. Gemmuloscleres are birotulated. Shaft is terminated by rotules incised into smaller rays (Fig. 4B). Quantity of rays varies between specimens. Megascleres 255 μm (190–295 μm) long and 11.5 µm (5–22.5 μm) wide. A total of 30 gemmuloscleres were measured with an average length and width of 16 μm (length 12.5–20 μm, width 15–20 μm). Distribution and habitats Wide distribution, entire sampling area, 17 from lakes, 1 from a river., Published as part of Robert, Chloé, Pereira, Raquel & Thollesson, Mikael, 2022, Addition to Sweden's freshwater sponge fauna and a phylogeographic study of Spongilla lacustris (Spongillida, Porifera) in southern Sweden, pp. 138-167 in European Journal of Taxonomy 828 (1) on pages 154-156, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.828.1861, http://zenodo.org/record/6839811, {"references":["Tendal O. S. 1967 b. Ferskvandsvampe (Spongillidae) i Thy. Flora og Fauna 73 (2): 63 - 67.","Penney J. T. & Racek A. 1968. Comprehensive revision of a worldwide collection of freshwater sponges (Porifera, Spongillidae). Bulletin of the United States National Museum 272: 1 - 184. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 03629236.272.1","Evans K. L. & Montagnes D. J. S. 2019. Freshwater sponge (Porifera: Spongillidae) distribution across a landscape: environmental tolerances, habitats, and morphological variation. Invertebrate Biology 138 (3): e 440. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / ivb. 12258"]}

Spongilla lacustris (Linnaeus, 1759) Fig. 2 Spongia lacustris Linnaeus, 1759: 1348. Material examined (109 specimens, Table 1) SWEDEN – Dalsland • 3 specs; Lake Vänern, Mellerud, Sunannå harbour; 58.7092° N, 12.5072° E; 11 Oct.2017; Chloé Robert and Raquel Pereira leg.; UPSZMC 188195, 188197, 188199 • 4 specs; Åklång, Dalslands kanal, Håverud; 58.8214° N, 12.4061° E; 11 Oct. 2017; Chloé Robert and Raquel Pereira leg.; UPSZMC 188201, 188203, 188205, 188207. – Bohuslän • 1 spec.; Bohuslän, Lake S Bullaresjön, Naverstad, Sundshult; 58.7403° N, 11.5743° E; 8 Oct. 2017; Chloé Robert leg.; UPSZMC 188185 • 3 specs; Lake S Bullaresjön, Östad; 58.7719° N, 11.5693° E; 8 Oct. 2017; Chloé Robert and Raquel Pereira leg.; UPSZMC 188189, 188191, 188193. – Södermanland • 5 specs; Lake Likstammen, Öster Malma; 58.9468° N, 17.1708° E; 29 Jun. 2013; Mikael Thollesson leg.; UPSZMC 188012, 188015 to 188018 • 9 specs; Lake Naten, Stjärnhof bath; 59.0774° N, 17.0129° E; 30 Jun. 2013; Mikael Thollesson leg.; UPSZMC 188023, 188029 to 188036 • 5 specs; Lake Kyrksjön, bath; 59.0923° N, 16.9951° E; 30 Jun. 2013; Mikael Thollesson leg.; UPSZMC 188024 to 188028 • 5 specs; Klämmingen, Solbacken; 59.1307° N, 17.2454° E; 29 Jun. 2013; Mikael Thollesson leg.; UPSZMC 188014, 188019 to 188022.– Uppland • 1 spec.; Krägga herrgård; 59.603° N, 17.394° E; 2 Aug. 2017; Chloé Robert and Raquel Pereira leg.; UPSZMC 188114 • 2 specs; Viks bath; 59.7346° N, 17.4639° E; 2 Aug. 2017; Chloé Robert and Raquel Pereira leg.; UPSZMC 188110, 188112 • 3 specs; Hammarskogs bath; 59.7636° N, 17.5762° E; 2 Aug. 2017; Chloé Robert and Raquel Pereira leg.; UPSZMC 188122 to 188124 • 4 specs; Flottsund; 59.7875° N, 17.6626° E; 2Aug.2017; Chloé Robert and Raquel Pereira leg.; UPSZMC 188107, 188115, 188120, 188121 • 1 spec.; Lake Erken, Norr Malma, Erken freshwater laboratory; 59.8353° N, 18.6331° E; 30 May 2016; Raquel Pereira leg.; UPSZMC 188213 • 4 specs; Lake Siggeforasjön; 59.9759° N, 17.157° E; 26 May 2014; Tove Fällman leg.; UPSZMC 188100, 188102, 188104, 188106 • 2 specs; Gimo damm; 60.1786° N, 18.1718° E; 3 Aug. 2017; Chloé Robert and Raquel Pereira leg.; UPSZMC 188137, 188140 • 5 specs; Simbadet, Österbybruk; 60.195° N, 17.9143° E; 3 Aug. 2017; Chloé Robert and Raquel Pereira leg.; UPSZMC 188126, 188129, 188131, 188133, 188135.– Dalarna • 4 specs; Dalälven, Grådö; 60.2471° N, 16.027° E; 28 Aug. 2013; Mikael Thollesson leg.; UPSZMC 188037, 188056, 188059, 188061 • 1 spec.; Lake Viksjön, Strands boat club; 60.4841° N, 15.7447° E; 28 Aug. 2013; Mikael Thollesson leg.; UPSZMC 188064 • 4 specs; Lake Flosjön, harbour, Dala-Floda; 60.513° N, 14.8089° E; 28 Aug. 2013; Mikael Thollesson leg.; UPSZMC 188048, 188050, 188054, 188057 • 6 specs; Lake S Mojesjön, bath; 60.6003° N, 15.0885° E; 28 Aug. 2013; Mikael Thollesson leg.; UPSZMC 188039, 188041 to 188043, 188045, 188046 • 2 specs; Malungs camping, outlet into Västerdalälven; 60.6847° N, 13.7023° E; 29 Aug. 2013; Mikael Thollesson leg.; UPSZMC 188072, 188075 • 5 specs; Lake Orsasjön, Strandrestaurangen; 61.1186° N, 14.5985° E; 30 Aug. 2013; Mikael Thollesson leg.; UPSZMC 188082 to 188084, 188086, 188088 • 2 specs; Lake Skattungen, Oresjöns boat club; 61.1649° N, 15.1327° E; 30 Aug. 2013; Mikael Thollesson leg.; UPSZMC 188090, 188091 • 2 specs; Lake Hällsjön, northern rest stop; 62.0681° N, 12.6744° E; 28 Aug. 2003; Mikael Thollesson leg.; UPSZMC 188000, 188003. – Hälsingland • 3 specs; Lake Ängratörn, Vikstenstorpet; 61.9159° N, 15.3872° E; 31 Aug. 2013; Mikael Thollesson leg.; UPSZMC 188092, 188094, 188096. – Härjedalen • 12 specs; Hedeviken; 62.4083° N, 13.6697° E; 30 Aug. 2017; Chloé Robert and Raquel Pereira leg.; UPSZMC 188165, 188166, 188170 to 188177, 188179, 188181. – Medelpad • 2 specs; Lake Gissjön; 62.5233° N, 16.179° E; 29 Aug. 2017; Chloé Robert and Raquel Pereira leg.; UPSZMC 188147, 188148. – Jämtland • 2 specs; Lake Storsjön, Galhammar; 62.7784° N, 14.4321° E; 30 Aug. 2017; Chloé Robert and Raquel Pereira leg.; UPSZMC 188161, 188183 • 3 specs; Lake Sundsjön; 62.9513° N, 15.1623° E; 29 Aug. 2017; Chloé Robert and Raquel Pereira leg.; UPSZMC 188155, 188157, 188159 • 4 specs; Lake Storsjön, Slandrom; 63.1347° N, 14.6478° E; 29 Aug. 2017; Chloé Robert and Raquel Pereira leg.; UPSZMC 188209 to 188212. Description HABITUS. Specimens usually bright green (Fig. 2A), often with finger-like projections (Fig. 2B). Surface hispid due to protruding spicules. SPICULAE. Skeleton with two classes of oxeas: smooth megascleres (Fig. 2C) and spined microscleres (Fig. 2D). Megascleres fusiform, microscleres acerate (Boury-Esnault & Rützler 1997). Gemmuloscleres were not observed. Megasclere length 265 μm (190–375 μm), width 11 μm (2.5–20 μm) (Fig. 2E). Microsclere length 76 μm (50–117.5 μm), width 4.8 μm (2.5–7.5 μm) (Fig. 2F). Distribution and habitat Widely distributed, entire sampling area; hard substrates in lakes and rivers. Remarks The finger-like projections distinguish this species from the other Swedish freshwater sponges, as does the presence of microscleres., Published as part of Robert, Chloé, Pereira, Raquel & Thollesson, Mikael, 2022, Addition to Sweden's freshwater sponge fauna and a phylogeographic study of Spongilla lacustris (Spongillida, Porifera) in southern Sweden, pp. 138-167 in European Journal of Taxonomy 828 (1) on pages 143-153, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.828.1861, http://zenodo.org/record/6839811, {"references":["Linnaeus C. 1759. Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio decima, reformata. Vol. 2. Laurentii Salvii, Stockholm [Holmiae]. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 542","Tendal O. S. 1967 b. Ferskvandsvampe (Spongillidae) i Thy. Flora og Fauna 73 (2): 63 - 67.","Penney J. T. & Racek A. 1968. Comprehensive revision of a worldwide collection of freshwater sponges (Porifera, Spongillidae). Bulletin of the United States National Museum 272: 1 - 184. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 03629236.272.1","Evans K. L. & Montagnes D. J. S. 2019. Freshwater sponge (Porifera: Spongillidae) distribution across a landscape: environmental tolerances, habitats, and morphological variation. Invertebrate Biology 138 (3): e 440. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / ivb. 12258","Leidy J. 1851. On Spongilla. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 5: 278.","Boury-Esnault N. & Rutzler K. 1997. Thesaurus of sponge morphology. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 596: 1 - 55. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00810282.596"]}

International audience; Dietary synthetic emulsifiers have recently been shown to promote metabolic syndrome and alter the gut microbiota. The effects of natural emulsifiers, such as vegetable lecithin, remain poorly described. Our objective was to evaluate, in mice, the impact of soy and rapeseed lecithin (SL and RL), both rich in essential α-linolenic acid (ALA), on HFD-induced adiposity, inflammation and the gut microbiota. For 13 weeks, male Swiss mice (n=72) were fed a Chow diet, a HFD devoid of ALA, or different ALA-enriched HFD (identical ALA content: 4.7%) containing 0% lecithin (HF-0L), a nutritional dose (10%) of SL or RL (HF-10SL, HF-10RL) or a supplemental dose of RL (20%; HF-20RL). Biometric parameters and the epididymal adipose tissue (EAT) were analysed; hepatic lipid composition was determined by GC-FID, gene expression by RT-qPCR, and faecal microbiota composition by 16S sequencing. In all groups fed ALA-rich diets, the proportion of ALA in both liver triacylglycerols and phospholipids was increased, but the vectorisation of ALA as lecithin did not further increase its hepatic bioavailability, compared to an oil (HF-0L). The incorporation of 10% SL, but not RL, in ALA-enriched HFD significantly increased weight gain (p

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The Brachiopoda, a major group of the Lophotrochozoa, experienced a rapid early evolutionary diversification during the well-known Cambrian explosion and subsequently dominated the Palaeozoic benthos with its diversity and abundance. Even though the phylogeny of the Lophotrochozoa is still hotly debated, it is now known that the Brachiopoda are a monophyletic grouping. However, the early evolutionary rates for the Brachiopoda have never been studied in the framework of a study combining molecular data and fossil time calibration points. In order to investigate the expected higher evolutionary rates of the Phylum at its origin, we conducted phylogenetic studies combining different methodologies and datasets. This work has at its foundation Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian analyses of 18S and 28S rRNA datasets followed by analyses of phylogenomic sequences. All material was obtained from previously available sequences and from sequencing of genetic material from specimens from a concerted worldwide collection effort. While the analyses of the phylogenomic dataset produced a robust phylogeny of the Brachiopoda with good support, both the results of the novel rRNA and phylogenomic dating analyses provided limited insights into the early rates of evolution of the Brachiopoda from a newly assembled dataset, demonstrating some limitations in calibration dating using the software package BEAST2. Future studies implementing fossil calibration, possibly incorporating morphological data, should be attempted to elucidate the early rates of evolution of Brachiopoda and the effect of the Push of the Past in this clade. Det är ofta antaget att evolution (förändringar i arvsmassan hos en grupp organismer) sker i en konstant hastighet men i slutändan ändå osäkert om så är fallet. Stora grupper av organismer har ofta associerats med en högre evolutionär hastighet, speciellt nära deras uppkomst, vilket ökar sannolikheten för överlevnad. Armfotingar (Brachiopoda) är marina ryggradslösa djur med skal som tidigare var allmänt spridd, idag är istället musslor (Bivalvia) betydligt mer spridda. Armfotingar har funnits och utvecklats under flera miljoner år med ursprung under tidigt kambrium. Genom år av forskning och många fossil har vi fått mer information om utseendet hos utdöda organismer vilket har bidragit till att antalet fossila arter som vi känner till har ökat tusenfalt. Under den senaste tiden har det också skett innovationer inom molekylära tekniker som gjort det möjligt att applicera dessa kunskaper även på utdöda arter. Dessa molekylära tekniker har nyligen hjälpt till att bestämma några av släktskapsförhållandena inom armfotingar som tidigare ansetts vara väldigt svåra att lösa. Det finns fortfarande vissa släktskapsförhållanden inom armfotingar som inte är kända och man vet ännu inte hur fort de utvecklades. Genom att undersöka just evolutionens hastighet kan man börja förstå gruppens tidiga framgång under Kambrium och Ordovicium samt minskningen som följde. Syftet med den här studien var att beräkna evolutionshastigheten hos armfotingar med särskild fokus på den tidiga diversifieringen av gruppen. För att undersöka detta använde vi oss av molekylära data för att analysera släktskapsförhållandena inom armfotingar. Dessutom använde vi fossil för att datera stora händelser i armfotingarnas evolutionära historia. Med hjälp av statistiska analyser kunde vi beräkna evolutionshastighet och släktskapsförhållandena inom gruppen. Vi kom fram till att armfotingar härstammar från en gemensam förfader. Dateringen kring när detta skedde blev inte fastställd då det beräknades ske miljoner år före det äldsta djurfossilet. Det kommer behövas mer forskning för att ta reda på om armfotingar hade en högre evolutionär hastighet i tidigt skede.