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Objectives The novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, causing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) remains a global health threat and a significant source of human morbidity and mortality. While the virus primarily induces lung injury, it also has been reported to cause hepatic sequelae. Methods We aimed to detect the virus in formalin-fixed tissue blocks and document the liver injury patterns in patients with COVID-19 compared with a control group. Results We were able to detect viral RNA in the bronchioalveolar cell blocks (12/12, 100%) and formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue of the lung (8/8, 100%) and liver (4/9, 44%) of patients with COVID-19. Although the peak values of the main liver enzymes and bilirubin were higher in the patients with COVID-19 compared with the control group, the differences were not significant. The main histologic findings were minimal to focal mild portal tract chronic inflammation (7/8, 88%, P < .05) and mild focal lobular activity (6/8, 75%, P = .06). Conclusions We found that most patients who died of COVID-19 had evidence of mild focal hepatitis clinically and histologically; however, the virus was detected in less than half of the cases.

This is the fourth American Society of Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology (ASCCP)-sponsored consensus guidelines for management of cervical cancer screening abnormalities, after the original consensus conferences in 20011 and subsequent updates in 20062 and 2012.3 An interim guidance publication providing management recommendations for primary HPV screening was released in 2015.4 This document updates and replaces all previous guidance. The key difference between 2019 guidelines and previous versions is the change from primarily test results–based algorithms (e.g., “Colposcopy is recommended for patients with HPV-positive atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance [ASC-US], low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion [LSIL],” etc.) to primarily “risk-based” guidelines (e.g., “Colposcopy is recommended for any combination of history and current test results yielding a 4.0% or greater probability of finding CIN 3+,” etc.). See Box 1 for essential changes. Tables of risk estimates for possible combinations of current screening test results and screening history (including unknown history) have been generated from a prospective longitudinal cohort of more than 1.5 million patients followed for more than a decade at Kaiser Permanente Northern California (KPNC). All KPNC estimates of risk underlying guideline decisions are detailed in the accompanying article by Egemen et al.5 The applicability of these risk estimates to other United States regions and populations has been confirmed in other data sets from screening programs and clinical trials.6 Many patients, especially those with minor abnormalities, can be managed by identifying their risk level using Tables 1A to 5B in Egemen et al5 and linking it to a recommended clinical action (return to routine screening, surveillance with repeat testing at 1- or 3-year intervals, colposcopy, or treatment). To facilitate use of these tables, the same information will be accessible via smartphone app (for purchase) and web (no cost) through http://www.asccp.org. Decision aids may facilitate use of the tables.7 Common abnormalities are managed using risk estimates outlined in Section E, and rare abnormalities are managed via the result-specific consensus recommendations outlined in Sections G-K. Box 1. Essential Changes From Prior Management Guidelines 1) Recommendations are based on risk, not results. Recommendations of colposcopy, treatment, or surveillance will be based on a patient's risk of CIN 3+ determined by a combination of current results and history (including unknown history). The same current test results may yield different management recommendations depending on the history of recent past test results. 2) Colposcopy can be deferred for certain patients. Repeat HPV testing or cotesting at 1 year is recommended for patients with minor screening abnormalities indicating HPV infection with low risk of underlying CIN 3+ (e.g., low-grade cytologic abnormalities after a documented negative screening HPV test or cotest). At the 1-year follow-up test, referral to colposcopy is recommended if results remain abnormal. 3) Guidance for expedited treatment is expanded (i.e., treatment without colposcopic biopsy). Expedited treatment was an option for patients with HSIL cytology in the 2012 guidelines; this guidance is now better defined. For nonpregnant patients 25 years or older, expedited treatment, defined as treatment without preceding colposcopic biopsy demonstrating CIN 2+, is preferred when the immediate risk of CIN 3+ is ≥60%, and is acceptable for those with risks between 25% and 60%. Expedited treatment is preferred for nonpregnant patients 25 years or older with high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) cytology and concurrent positive testing for HPV genotype 16 (HPV 16) (i.e., HPV 16–positive HSIL cytology) and never or rarely screened patients with HPV-positive HSIL regardless of HPV genotype. Shared decision-making should be used when considering expedited treatment, especially for patients with concerns about the potential impact of treatment on pregnancy outcomes. 4) Excisional treatment is preferred to ablative treatment for histologic HSIL (CIN 2 or CIN 3) in the United States. Excision is recommended for adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS). 5) Observation is preferred to treatment for CIN 1. Treatment remains acceptable for patients with repeat diagnoses of CIN 1 persisting 2 years or more. 6) Histopathology reports based on Lower Anogenital Squamous Terminology (LAST)/World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations for reporting histologic HSIL should include CIN 2 or CIN 3 qualifiers, i.e., HSIL(CIN 2) and HSIL (CIN 3). 7) All positive HPV tests, regardless of genotype, should have additional reflex triage testing performed from the same laboratory specimen (e.g., reflex cytology). Additional testing from the same laboratory specimen is recommended because the findings may inform colposcopy practice. For example, those with HSIL cytology and concurrent positive testing for HPV genotype 16 qualify for expedited treatment. HPV 16 or 18 infections have the highest risk for CIN 3 and occult cancer, so additional evaluation (e.g., colposcopy with biopsy) is necessary even when cytology results are negative. If HPV 16 and 18 testing is positive, and additional laboratory testing of the same sample is not feasible, the patient should proceed directly to colposcopy. 8) Continued surveillance with HPV testing or cotesting at 3-year intervals for at least 25 years is recommended after treatment of histologic HSIL, CIN 2, CIN 3, or AIS. Continued surveillance at 3-year intervals beyond 25 years is acceptable for as long as the patient's life expectancy and ability to be screened are not significantly compromised by serious health issues. The 2012 guidelines recommended return to 5-year screening intervals and did not specify when screening should cease. New evidence indicates that risk remains elevated for at least 25 years, with no evidence that treated patients ever return to risk levels compatible with 5-year intervals. Surveillance with cytology alone is acceptable only if testing with HPV or cotesting is not feasible. Cytology is less sensitive than HPV testing for detection of precancer and is therefore recommended more often. Cytology is recommended at 6-month intervals when HPV testing or cotesting is recommended annually. Cytology is recommended annually when 3-year intervals are recommended for HPV or cotesting. 9) Human papilloma virus assays that are Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved for screening should be used for management according to their regulatory approval in the United States. (Note: all HPV testing in this document refers to testing for high-risk HPV types only). For all management indications, HPV mRNA and HPV DNA tests without FDA approval for primary screening alone should only be used as a cotest with cytology, unless sufficient, exceptionally rigorous data are available to support primary HPV testing in management. The minimum amount of data required to generate a recommendation will include the patient's age and current test results, as we recognize that previous screening history is often not known. Increased precision of management guidance will be possible if information is available on test results within the past 5 years and previous precancer treatment within the past 25 years.3 Current results and past history are designed to generate the patient's risk estimate from data tables.5 Risk estimates are available for the following clinical situations: abnormal screening test results with unknown history, abnormal screening test results with medical record documentation of a preceding negative HPV test or cotest, surveillance of previous abnormal screening test results that did not require immediate colposcopic referral (e.g., follow-up after an HPV-positive cytology negative result), colposcopy/biopsy results, and follow-up surveillance tests after colposcopy or after treatment for, or resolution of, high-grade abnormalities (e.g., CIN 2+). The recognition that persistent HPV infection is necessary for developing precancer and cancer (defined as CIN 3+, which includes diagnoses of CIN 3, AIS, and cancer) underlies the 2019 guideline update. Prospective longitudinal data indicate that when a new abnormal screening test result follows a negative HPV test or cotest within the past 5 years, the estimated risk of CIN 3+ is reduced by approximately 50%.8 A negative cytology result within 3 years of a new abnormal screening test, however, does not confer a similar reduction in risk.9 The 2019 guidelines also recognize that a colposcopic examination performed according to accepted standards (e.g., using the KPNC colposcopy protocol or the ASCCP Colposcopy Standards10) confirming low-grade or normal histology reduces a patient's estimated risk of having precancer/cancer in the next 2 years.11 This allows patients with an HPV-positive ASC-US or LSIL result at their 1-year follow-up visit after a colposcopy confirming normal- or low-grade histology to return for repeat HPV or cotesting in 1 more year, rather than immediately return to colposcopy. Thus, incorporating a patient's history of previous HPV tests and colposcopy/biopsy results will permit detection and treatment of CIN 3+ while avoiding unnecessary interventions for patients with new HPV infections who are at lower risk.12

Supplemental digital content is available in the text., Objective The 2019 ASCCP Risk-Based Management Consensus Guidelines present a paradigm shift from results- to risk-based management. Patient and provider factors can affect guideline adoption. We sought feedback from stakeholders to inform guideline development. Materials and Methods To solicit provider feedback, we surveyed attendees at the 2019 ASCCP annual meeting regarding readiness to adopt proposed changes and used a web-based public comment period to gauge agreement/disagreement with preliminary guidelines. We elicited patient feedback via a brief survey on preferences around proposed recommendations for treatment without biopsy. Surveys and public comment included both closed-ended and free-text items. Quantitative results were analyzed using descriptive statistics; qualitative results were analyzed using content analysis. Results were incorporated into guideline development in real time. Results Surveys indicated that 98% of providers currently evaluate their patients' past results to determine management; 88% felt formally incorporating history into management would represent an improvement in care. Most providers supported expedited treatment without biopsy: 22% currently perform expedited treatment and 60% were willing to do so. Among patients, 41% preferred expedited treatment, 32% preferred biopsy before treatment, and the remainder were undecided. Responses from the public comment period included agreement/disagreement with preliminary guidelines, reasons for disagreement, and suggestions for improvement. Conclusions Stakeholder feedback was incorporated into the development of the 2019 ASCCP Risk-Based Management Consensus Guidelines. Proposed recommendations with less than two-thirds agreement in the public comment period were considered for revision. Findings underscore the importance of stakeholder feedback in developing guidelines that meet the needs of patients and providers.

We thank the speakers and participants for their contributions to the workshop. The activities of the National Cancer Policy Forum are supported by its sponsoring members, which currently include the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the National Institutes of Health/National Cancer Institute, the American Association for Cancer Research, the American Cancer Society, the American College of Radiology, the American Society of Clinical Oncology, the Association of American Cancer Institutes, the Association of Community Cancer Centers, Bristol-Myers Squibb, the Cancer Support Community, the CEO Roundtable on Cancer, Flatiron Health, Helsinn Therapeutics (U.S.) Inc., the LIVESTRONG Foundation, Merck, the National Comprehensive Cancer Network, Novartis Oncology, the Oncology Nursing Society, and Pfizer Inc. The responsibility for the content of this article rests with the authors and does not necessarily represent the views of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, its committees, its sponsors, or its convening activities.

Context.— The Paris System for Reporting Urinary Cytology has been disseminated since its inception in 2013; however, the daily practice patterns of urinary tract cytopathology are not well known. Objective.— To assess urinary tract cytopathology practice patterns across a variety of pathology laboratories to aid in the implementation and future update of the Paris System for Reporting Urinary Cytology. Design.— A questionnaire was designed to gather information about urinary tract cytopathology practices and mailed in July 2014 to 2116 laboratories participating in the College of American Pathologists interlaboratory comparison program. The participating laboratories' answers were summarized. Results.— Of the 879 of 2116 laboratories (41%) that participated, 745 (84.8%) reported processing urinary tract specimens in house. The laboratories reported processing various specimen types: voided urine, 735 of 738 (99.6%); bladder washing/barbotage, 639 of 738 (86.6%); and catheterized urine specimens, 653 of 738 (88.5%). Some laboratories used multiple preparation methods, but the most commonly used preparation techniques for urinary tract specimens were ThinPrep (57.4%) and Cytospin (45.5%). Eighty-eight of 197 laboratories (44.7%) reported preparing a cell block, but with a low frequency. Adequacy criteria were used by 295 of 707 laboratories (41.7%) for voided urine, and 244 of 707 (34.5%) assessed adequacy for bladder washing/barbotage. More than 95% of the laboratories reported the use of general categories: negative, atypical, suspicious, and positive. Polyomavirus was classified as negative in 408 of 642 laboratories (63.6%) and atypical in 189 of 642 (29.4%). One hundred twenty-eight of 708 laboratories (18.1%) performed ancillary testing, and of these, 102 of 122 (83.6%) reported performing UroVysion. Conclusions.— Most laboratories use the ThinPrep method followed by the Cytospin technique; therefore, the criteria published in The Paris System for Reporting Urinary Cytology, based mostly on ThinPrep and SurePath, should be validated for Cytospin, and relevant information should be included in the revised edition of The Paris System for Reporting Urinary Cytology.

In the era of smaller and smaller biopsies submitted to pathology departments for diagnosis and the advent of personalized medicine, it has become imperative to efficiently and effectively use patient material to reach individualized, actionable diagnoses. The use of fine needle aspirates and core biopsies as acceptable methods for obtaining sufficient material for hematopoietic neoplasms under nonemergent conditions is debatable. There are, however, scenarios where only limited material is obtainable due to anatomic site, size of the lesion or condition of the patient. In these types of settings, thoughtful approaches and unconventional means are often necessary to reach a diagnosis. In this article, we describe three such scenarios and the unique tactics taken in each to obtain a personalized actionable diagnosis.

Introduction The American Board of Pathology (ABPath) has ongoing efforts to better align certification with graduate medical education, training program requirements, and pathology practice. The present study focused on the subspecialty of cytopathology. We evaluated the current content and scope of fellowship programs, practice patterns and needs of diplomates, and program director (PD) and diplomate perceptions of the ABPath certification examination to identify gaps and provide an evidence base to guide harmonization in these areas. Methods Two surveys were administered: one directed to PDs of all 93 Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) cytopathology fellowship programs and the other to cytopathology diplomates submitting continuing certification reporting to the ABPath. Results Most (86%) cytopathology diplomates work in smaller groups. Only 11% do >50% cytopathology in practice. Diplomates’ cytopathology-related practice tasks varied, as did their perception of the content of fellowship training aligning with practice needs. In fellowship training programs, the specimen types, volumes, techniques of specimen acquisition, and graduated responsibility varied significantly. We identified areas in which current training and certification requirements are challenging for some programs. Diplomates and PDs had differing perceptions of the cytopathology examination; diplomates regarded image-based and microscopic glass slide questions as the best assessment of their knowledge. Conclusions First, fellowship training programs could benefit from shared resources and should provide more graduated responsibility for fellows. Second, the ACGME Review Committee could consider this data in future program requirement revisions. Finally, information from these surveys will be useful as the ABPath adjusts certification examination content and delivery.

Background Primary stakeholders in the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) Milestones Project are: ACGME, Residency Programs, Residents, Fellowship Programs, Fellows, and Certification Boards. The intent of the Milestones is to describe the educational and professional developmental trajectory of a trainee from the first stages of their postgraduate education through the completion of their clinical training. The Milestones 2.0 project includes changes made based on experience with Milestones 1.0. Methods The ACGME solicited volunteers to participate in the development of subspecialty Milestones 2.0. The workgroup was charged with reviewing/making any additions to the four “Harmonized Milestones”, developing subspecialty specific milestones for the Patient Care and Medical Knowledge competencies, and creating a supplemental guide. The Milestones were finalized following review of input from an open comment period. Results The Cytopathology Milestones 2.0 will go into effect July 2021. They include additional subcompetencies in the 4 harmonized competency areas and cytopathology-specific edits to the patient care and medical knowledge subcompetencies. Although the number of subcompetencies has increased from 18 to 21, within each subcompetency, the number of milestone trajectories has decreased. Additionally, within each subcompetency, the wording has been streamlined. A supplemental guide was created and Milestones 1.0 were compared to 2.0; however, curriculum mapping has been left to programs to develop. Conclusions The ultimate goal of the Cytopathology Milestones 2.0 is to provide better real-time documentation of the progress of cytopathology fellows. The expected outcome is to produce highly competent cytopathologists, improving the care they provide, regardless of the program at which they trained.

Introduction Cytopathology (CYP) fellowship training is a critical component of maintaining a skilled group of cytopathologists. For years, the recruitment process for CYP fellowship programs has remained unchanged, with individual programs outlining their own requirements and timeline, and applicants bearing the cost of travel and dealing with the variable processes outlined by individual programs. However, there has been renewed interest in analyzing the recruitment process for CYP fellowships to look for areas of potential improvement and uniformity. Methods With the goal of gauging the interest of CYP fellowship program directors (PDs) in a more unified approach to recruitment or a formal match process, the ASC Cytopathology Program Directors Committee (CPDC) surveyed PDs via SurveyMonkey and organized special webinars with polling over a 4-year time frame (2017-2021), and examined Qualtrics survey data collected by the American Board of Pathology (ABPath) in 2020. Results The response rate for PDs was greatest in a formal survey by the ABPath (66 respondents; 71% of PDs) conducted in 2020, and lower for an ASC survey in 2021 (61 respondents, 66% of PDs) and 2017 (19 respondents; 21% of PDs) and two recent ASC webinars (10 and 26 respondents; 11% and 28% of PDs). Support for a fellowship match process varied from 29% to 77%, respondent uncertainty ranged from 13% to 50%, and a lack of support ranged from 10% to 60%. In aggregate, approximately 56% of respondents would be in favor of a more standardized process. Recently, after hearing about other fellowships experimenting with a standardized process, the interest in a unified approach doubled from approximately 29% to 60%, and the percentage of PDs with uncertainty decreased from 50% to 26%. In the most recent follow up survey, interest reached the highest level of 77% among PDs. Conclusions Herein we present several years of feedback from the CYP fellowship PD community regarding a more standardized approach to CYP fellowship recruitment, culminating in the latest survey with 77% of CYP fellowship PDs expressing interest. Thus, details about what a unified timeframe may look like for CYP fellowships is presented to show how this may improve the recruitment process for the mutual benefit for programs and applicants.

The 2019 ASCCP Risk Based Management Consensus Guidelines for prevention of cervical cancer promote clinical management recommendations aligned with our increased understanding of HPV biology and cervical carcinogenesis. They employ HPV-based testing as the basis for risk estimation, allow for personalized risk-based management by incorporating knowledge of current results with prior results, and streamline incorporation of new test methods as they are validated. They continue to support the principles of "equal management for equal risk" and "balancing harms and benefits" adopted in the 2012 version of the guidelines. These updated guidelines will be able to adjust for decreasing CIN3+ risks as more patients who received HPV vaccination reach screening age. Pathology organizations were closely involved in the development of these guidelines. Herein the pathologists who served as representatives to the 2019 ASCCP guidelines steering committee and workgroups, summarize the changes that are relevant to laboratories, pathologists, and cytotechnologists. Prior relevant screening and reporting recommendations that have not been widely and/or inconsistently adopted by laboratories are also discussed and considerations for modification of laboratory practices offered.

Laboratory management should be an integral part of training in pathology residency and fellowships. Herein, we have outlined some basic laboratory management topics a graduating cytopathology fellow should be familiar with. An overview of regulatory agencies that have oversight over laboratory testing, cytopathology laboratory accreditation, pre-analytic, analytic and post-analytic quality assurance, billing/coding, basic statistics, verification/validation of testing, physician credentialing, board certification/maintenance of certification, and malpractice in cytopathology are addressed. This review is by no means all inclusive, but rather a guide to the basic management related topics to be covered during cytopathology subspecialty training.

Context.—Body fluid cytology is an important diagnostic tool used to identify various conditions. However, an accurate diagnosis in this setting can sometimes be challenging.Objective.—To identify the performance characteristics of body fluid cytology by analyzing participant responses from the College of American Pathologists Interlaboratory Comparison Program in Nongynecologic Cytopathology.Design.—Participant responses from 5102 slides were analyzed for concordance to the general category (GC) and to the reference diagnosis (RD). Nonlinear mixed models were used to analyze concordance.Results.—The overall GC concordance was 95.2%. The GC type, participant type, and preparation type were significantly associated with GC concordance (P < .001). Concordance for malignant cases was higher than it was for benign cases. Cytotechnologists had better GC concordance compared to pathologists. ThinPrep (Hologic, Marlborough, Massachusetts) slides had the highest GC concordance. Participant type, fluid type, preparation type, and participant interpretation were significantly associated with RD concordance (P < .001). Pathologists performed better than cytotechnologists did for RD concordance. Pericardial fluid had the lowest RD concordance, especially for cases with normal or reactive findings. Modified Giemsa–stained slides performed best for lymphoma and hematopoietic malignancy. Small cell carcinoma had the highest GC concordance, and its RD concordance was higher in pleural than in peritoneal fluids. Adenocarcinoma showed the highest concordance rates for both GC and RD.Conclusions.—This study illustrates the challenges associated with interpreting body fluid cytology, particularly in pericardial fluid, and the factors that may affect accurate diagnoses. The results also highlight the value of using multiple preparation types in challenging cases.

BACKGROUND The introduction of noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features (NIFTP) affects the risk of malignancy (ROM) mostly in the Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology (TBSRTC) categories. In this multi-institutional, retrospective study, the authors investigated variations in the impact of an NIFTP diagnosis on the associated ROM for each TBSRTC category with an emphasis on the influence of pathologist and institutional diagnostic thresholds on the ROM. METHODS Baseline data on cytology and histology diagnostic categories were collected over a 3-year period at 3 academic center hospitals (institutions A, B, and C). Histology slides for all cases diagnosed as follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma (FVPTC) were re-reviewed at each institution, and those that qualifying as NIFTP were separated from other PTCs. RESULTS The collective case cohort from the 3 institutions included 15,973 thyroid fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) specimens and 5090 thyroid surgical resection specimens. Significant differences in baseline cytology and histology data were noted among the 3 institutions. The number of cases classified as NIFTP compared with FVPTC was highly variable (institution A, 14%; institution B, 39%; and institution C, 12%). For 3250 resected thyroid nodules with a previous FNAC diagnosis, the average decrease in ROM after the exclusion of NIFTP for all TBSRTC categories was as follows: institution A, 9.8%; institution B, 3.9%; and institution C, 1.3%. CONCLUSIONS The institutional frequency of NIFTP histopathology diagnosis and cytology baseline data will impact the ROM associated with specific FNAC diagnoses, especially among the indeterminate TBSRTC categories. The range of ROM for each TBSRTC diagnostic category is reflective of the inherent diagnostic thresholds and interobserver and interinstitutional variability in the diagnosis of thyroid lesions. Cancer Cytopathol 2018;126:20-6. © 2017 American Cancer Society.

Introduction In concert with the 2014 update to the Bethesda System for Reporting Cervical Cytology, a Web-based image interobserver study was performed to evaluate concordance with the “expert panel” interpretation, as was done during the Bethesda 2001 update. The aim was to identify cytomorphologic features and Bethesda reporting categories that represent sources of poor interobserver agreement and see how the trends compared to the first Bethesda Interobserver Reproducibility Study (BIRST). Materials and methods Participants were recruited online through national and international cytopathology professional societies. Study participants evaluated 84 previously unpublished web images chosen from the third Bethesda Atlas image set, prior to the release of the atlas. These images spanned all reporting categories and included typical and borderline cytomorphology. Demographic information was collected on level of training, practice patterns, and experience of the participants. Participation was restricted to those correctly answering 2 basic cytopathology questions, ensuring minimal knowledge of gynecologic cytopathology. Results A total of 1290 unique individuals attempted access to this Web-based study and 833 correctly answered the two qualifying questions. Of these, 518 respondents completed the survey. Participant origin included: 59% United States, 41% international; 48% cytotechnologists, 41% pathologists, 5% fellows, and 6% other. Practice types were: 39% academic institutions, 29% private hospitals, and 16% commercial laboratories. Overall, the mean participant agreement with the exact Bethesda panel interpretation was 62.8%. The best agreement was found for negative for intraepithelial lesion or malignancy (NILM; 74%) and low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL; 86%) categories. Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) (63%), high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL; 60%), atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASC-US; 62%) and atypical squamous cells, cannot exclude high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (ASC-H; 60%) showed slightly lower concordance with the panel interpretations. Cervical glandular lesions were more problematic (33%). Anal samples performed similarly to their gynecologic counterparts. There was similar diagnostic agreement across participant certifications and practice type (academic versus non-academic). Performance was higher for United States and other North America–based participants ( P = 0.0104). This significance may be attributed to a language bias, as the survey was only offered in English. Conclusions Similar to the BIRST-1 study conducted in 2001, the most important factor for diagnostic agreement by cytotechnologists, pathologists, and trainees was the a priori difficulty of an image rather than participant training, certification, or experience. Participants showed better general diagnostic agreement with the expert panel interpretations of the material in BIRST-2 than in BIRST-1. Agreement was highest for Bethesda categories of NILM, LSIL, HSIL, and SCC. Concordance for even the borderline ASC-US and ASC-H categories exhibited remarkable improvement in the BIRST-2.

Image-guided procurement of tissue or fluid for diagnostic purposes has become one of the most commonly performed procedures in medicine. Although the focus of this Atlas is cytologic analysis of tissue specimens, we would note that cytologic, biochemical, and microbiologic evaluation of fluids obtained in this manner is similarly important, and for the purposes of this text the term “biopsy” will be assumed to cover both settings.

Context.— The College of American Pathologists periodically surveys laboratories to determine changes in cytopathology practices. We report the results of a 2016 survey concerning thyroid fine-needle aspiration (FNA). Objective.— To provide a cross-sectional survey of thyroid cytology practices in 2016. Design.— In 2016, a survey was sent to 2013 laboratories participating in the College of American Pathologists Non-Gynecologic Cytology Education Program (NGC-A) requesting data from 2015–2016 on several topics relating to thyroid FNA. Results.— A total of 878 laboratories (43.6% of 2013) replied to the survey. Radiologists performed the most thyroid FNA procedures in most laboratories (70%; 529 of 756), followed by endocrinologists (18.7%; 141 of 756), and most of these were performed under ultrasound guidance (92.1%; 699 of 759). A total of 32.6% of respondents (251 of 769) provided feedback on unsatisfactory rates for nonpathology providers who performed FNA. Intraprocedural adequacy assessment was primarily performed by attending pathologists (77.4%; 490 of 633) or cytotechnologists (28.4%; 180 of 633). Most laboratories used the Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology (89.8%; 701 of 781) and performed molecular testing based on clinician request (68.1%; 184 of 270) rather than FNA diagnosis. Correlation of thyroid excisions with prior cytology results most often occurred retrospectively (38.4%; 283 of 737) and was used for pathologist interpretive quality assurance purposes. Conclusions.— These survey results offer a snapshot of national thyroid FNA cytology practices in 2016 and indicate that standardized cytology terminology is commonly used; pathologists perform most immediate adequacy assessments for thyroid FNA; laboratories use correlation statistics to evaluate pathologists' performance; and molecular tests are increasingly requested for indeterminate interpretations, but reflex molecular testing is rare.

In 2009, the Cytopathology Education and Technology Consortium issued a statement on human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA test utilization that was published in multiple journals.1 This statement was a concise summary of the clinical indications for high-risk or oncogenic HPV testing based on guidelines from the American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology (ASCCP) and the American Cancer Society (ACS) published from 2002 through 2007.2,3 These organizations have since published newer consensus guidelines addressing HPV testing,4,5 and the previous summary no longer reflects current screening and management guidelines. High-risk HPV testing has proven utility in both cervical cancer screening and management. The 2012 screening guidelines endorsed by the ACS, ASCCP, and the American Society for Clinical Pathology state that combined cervical cytology and HPV testing is now the preferred strategy for women 30 years and older. The 2012 ASCCP guidelines for the management of abnormal cervical cancer screening tests and cancer precursors utilize cotesting extensively as both a sensitive and efficient way to manage and follow these women. Inappropriate or too-frequent screening, including HPV testing, can lead to increased costs without proven benefit and may also cause patient harm by overtreatment. The educational statement below is intended to improve adherence to current guidelines, thereby improving the health care of women. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists affirms these recommendations and …

The main purpose of urine cytology is to detect high-grade urothelial carcinoma (HGUC). With this principle in mind, The Paris System (TPS) Working Group, composed of cytopathologists, surgical pathologists, and urologists, has proposed and published a standardized reporting system that includes specific diagnostic categories and cytomorphologic criteria for the reliable diagnosis of HGUC. This paper outlines the essential elements of TPS and the process that led to the formation and rationale of the reporting system. The Paris System Working Group, organized at the 2013 International Congress of Cytology, conceived a standardized platform on which to base cytologic interpretation of urine samples. The widespread dissemination of this approach to cytologic examination and reporting of urologic samples and the scheme's universal acceptance by pathologists and urologists is critical for its success. For urologists, understanding the diagnostic criteria, their clinical implications, and the limitations of TPS is essential if they are to utilize urine cytology and noninvasive ancillary tests in a thoughtful and practical manner. This is the first international/inclusive attempt at standardizing urinary cytology. The success of TPS will depend on the pathology and urology communities working collectively to improve this seminal paradigm shift, and optimize the impact on patient care.

Context.— The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) established a new system for accreditation of residency and fellowship programs in 2013. One key aspect of the Next Accreditation System is the 10-year self-study, which requires programs to conduct a comprehensive self-evaluation, including development of program aims and analysis of strengths, weaknesses, and environmental context, in order to plan improvements and take the program to the next level. Objective.— To provide a review of the recent changes and current state of ACGME accreditation, with a focus on the new 10-year self-study, and to share our institution's experience with conducting the first self-study of our pathology residency and accredited fellowship programs in 2018. Data Sources.— Review of English-language literature, published resources from the ACGME, and materials/data from our department's 2018 self-study. Conclusions.— The self-study process now required for ACGME accreditation is a useful way to assess program strengths and weaknesses in the context of current environmental and institutional factors, and helps develop an effective framework for improvements geared at achieving program aims and taking the program to the next level. Additionally, conducting residency and fellowship self-studies together allows for collaboration, effective use of shared resources, and the development of a cohesive educational mission.

Background The Milan System for Reporting Salivary Gland Cytopathology (MSRSGC) is a 6-tier diagnostic category system with associated risks of malignancy (ROMs) and management recommendations. Submandibular gland fine-needle aspiration (FNA) is uncommon with a higher frequency of inflammatory lesions and a higher relative proportion of malignancy, and this may affect the ROM and subsequent management. This study evaluated the application of the MSRSGC and the ROM for each diagnostic category for 734 submandibular gland FNAs. Methods Submandibular gland FNA cytology specimens from 15 international institutions (2013-2017) were retrospectively assigned to an MSRSGC diagnostic category as follows: nondiagnostic, nonneoplastic, atypia of undetermined significance (AUS), benign neoplasm, salivary gland neoplasm of uncertain malignant potential (SUMP), suspicious for malignancy (SM), or malignant. A correlation with the available histopathologic follow-up was performed, and the ROM was calculated for each MSRSGC diagnostic category. Results The case cohort of 734 aspirates was reclassified according to the MSRSGC as follows: nondiagnostic, 21.4% (0%-50%); nonneoplastic, 24.2% (9.1%-53.6%); AUS, 6.7% (0%-14.3%); benign neoplasm, 18.3% (0%-52.5%); SUMP, 12% (0%-37.7%); SM, 3.5% (0%-12.5%); and malignant, 13.9% (2%-31.3%). The histopathologic follow-up was available for 333 cases (45.4%). The ROMs were as follows: nondiagnostic, 10.6%; nonneoplastic, 7.5%; AUS, 27.6%; benign neoplasm, 3.2%; SUMP, 41.9%; SM, 82.3%; and malignant, 93.6%. Conclusions This multi-institutional study shows that the ROM of each MSRSGC category for submandibular gland FNA is similar to that reported for parotid gland FNA, although the reported rates for the different MSRSGC categories were variable across institutions. Thus, the MSRSGC can be reliably applied to submandibular gland FNA.

Needle core biopsy (NCB) of soft tissue sarcomas (STSs) presents problems for French Federation Nationale des Centers de Lutte Contre le Cancer (FNCLCC) histological grading because small sample size hinders determination of necrosis and mitotic activity. We graded 53 STSs on NCB using a modified FNCLCC grading system that substitutes Ki-67 immunoexpression for mitotic count and uses a radiological assessment of necrosis, and compared the results with those obtained by conventional FNCLCC grading of the corresponding untreated, surgically resected specimen. Forty-eight of the 53 tumors were classified as malignant on NCB (concordance = 91%). The modified FNCLCC grade correctly separated high-grade (grades II and III) from low-grade sarcomas in 70% of cases and predicted the traditional FNCLCC grade given to the resected specimen in 49% of cases. Ki-67 scores of 2 or 3 were observed in 5 tumors classified as low-grade neoplasms on NCB but upgraded to a high-grade dedifferentiated liposarcoma on resection. Underestimated NCB grades were commonly encountered with lipomatous tumors due to sampling error, whereas Ki-67 or radiologic necrosis scores higher than the corresponding histological scores were responsible for the vast majority of overestimated NCB grades. Our FNCLCC grading scheme replacing conventional mitosis counting and histologic assessment of necrosis with surrogate markers is useful in separating high- and low-grade STSs on NCB for STS treatment planning. High Ki-67 rate should raise suspicion of a higher-grade component, particularly with fatty tumors.

BACKGROUND Salivary gland neoplasm of uncertain malignant potential (SUMP) is a diagnostic category in the Milan System for Reporting Salivary Gland Cytopathology. The objective of this study was to assess the risk of neoplasm (RON) and the risk of malignancy (ROM) in SUMP cases by evaluating them based on their prominent cytomorphology. METHODS The pathology databases were searched for cases of fine-needle aspiration-diagnosed SUMP at The Johns Hopkins Hospital and Northwestern University from 2013 to 2018. Only cytopathology cases diagnosed as SUMP that had available surgical follow-up were included. RESULTS Sixty-five patients with SUMP were identified, including 31 men and 34 women who ranged in age from 15 to 87 years (mean age, 55.2 years). Sixty-five cases had histologic follow-up, including 13 (20%) with basaloid features, 13 (20%) with oncocytic features, and 39 (60%) with unspecified features. No cases with clear cell features were found. Overall, the RON in the SUMP category was 95.4% (62 of 65 cases), and the ROM was 33.8% (22 of 65 cases). The RON in SUMPs with basaloid, oncocytic, and unspecified subtypes was 92.3%, 100%, and 94.9%, respectively, whereas the ROM was 38.5%, 7.7%, and 41%, respectively. The most common benign neoplasm was pleomorphic adenoma (23.1%), whereas mucoepidermoid carcinoma (9.2%) was the most common malignant neoplasm. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that the ROM differs significantly based on cytomorphology subtypes, whereas the overall ROM is approximately the same as the target rate in the Milan System for Reporting Salivary Gland Cytopathology. Moreover, the RON remains high in the SUMP category among different cytomorphology subtypes. Adequate sampling, immunohistochemical staining, and familiarity with metaplastic and reactive changes may improve the diagnosis.

The recent reversal of the US Preventive Services Task Force decision to drop cotesting (Papicolaou test + high-risk human papillomavirus test) as an option for cervical cancer screening in women aged 30 to 65 years from their recommendations for cervical cancer screening was directly attributed to advocacy efforts by professional organizations and individuals. This communication summarizes the pathology and laboratory medicine community’s role in this advocacy effort by collaboration of all major US Pathology organizations, via the Cytopathology Education and Technology consortium.

Context.—The incidence of anal cancer in the United States is on the rise in high-risk populations. The anal Papanicolaou test (APT) is advocated as a screening tool, in addition to digital rectal examination and high-resolution anoscopy.Objective.—To review our experience and the current literature to create, in cooperation with clinicians, a standardized screening and treatment algorithm given our large volume of APTs.Data Sources.—All APTs collected between January 2013 and June 2015 were reviewed and correlated with follow-up/concurrent biopsy diagnoses, and clinical and social history. In total, 1417 APTs were performed on 1185 patients and APT results were as follows: 17.4% (247 of 1417) unsatisfactory; 27.9% (395 of 1417) negative; 19.5% (276 of 1417) atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASC-US); 24.1% (342 of 1417) low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL); 3.6% (51 of 1417) atypical squamous cells, cannot exclude high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) (ASC-H); and 7.5% (106 of 1417) HSIL. In total 376 cases (26.5%) had concurrent/follow-up biopsy. Review of all unsatisfactory cases with squamous intraepithelial lesion (SIL) on biopsy showed LSIL in 19.2% (5 of 26). Anal Papanicolaou test with cytologic abnormality (ASC-US+) had an 83.8% (315 of 376) rate of biopsy-proven disease, and sensitivity was higher (92%) for high-grade anal intraepithelial neoplasia or worse (AIN2+). Overall detection of AIN2+ using ASC-US+ showed specificity of 26%, negative predictive value of 92%, and positive predictive value of 26%.Conclusions.—Anal cytology has a high abnormal rate (54.7%) and sensitivity but poor correlation with histologic grade. High unsatisfactory rate indicates need for improvement in sampling with 68.4% of cases having SIL on biopsy. Multidisciplinary effort led to improvements in sampling, cytologic interpretation, and development of a standardized management algorithm.

In 2012, the College of American Pathologists and American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology published the "LAST" recommendations for histopathology reporting of human papilloma virus-related squamous lesions of the lower anogenital tract, including the use of a 2-tier nomenclature (low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion/high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion [LSIL/HSIL]) and expanded use of the biomarker p16 to classify equivocal lesions as either precancer (HSIL) or low-grade lesions (LSIL)/non-human papilloma virus changes. We aimed to determine (1) the frequency with which the poorly reproducible diagnosis of intermediate-grade (-IN 2) lesion in the lower anogenital tract would be downgraded on the basis of p16 results, and (2) whether p16 status was predictive of subsequent higher-grade lesions. A total of 200 specimens diagnosed as an intermediate-grade (-IN 2) lesion of the cervix (168), vagina (2), vulva (2), and anus (28) were reviewed and immunostained for p16. Slides were independently reviewed by 2 pathologists, with discrepant p16 interpretations adjudicated by a third pathologist. Of the 200 cases, 32% were negative for p16. Among the 166 patients with subsequent pathology (including 131 excisions), 26.2% of p16-positive cases versus 4.4% of p16-negative cases were associated with a subsequent diagnosis of HSIL (-IN 3) or worse (P=0.002). Reproducibility of the biopsy diagnosis was fair, with no significant difference with the addition of p16 or using 2 versus 3 tiers. In 11.5% of cases, there was discordance in p16 interpretation (κ 0.735, good agreement). The results indicate that using the Lower Anogenital Squamous Terminology recommendations would result in approximately one third of equivocal (-IN 2) diagnoses being downgraded to LSIL over 1 year in a busy academic practice. The significant association of p16 expression with a higher risk for HSIL on a subsequent specimen suggests that use of p16 to adjudicate equivocal (-IN 2) diagnoses in lower anogenital tract specimens as either LSIL or HSIL would likely predict lesion grade more accurately and avoid unnecessary excisional procedures.

The third iteration of the Bethesda System terminology manual was recently published. This update included changes in the reporting of benign endometrial cells, and guidance for special adequacy situations and for cases in which low grade squamous intraepithelial lesions are accompanied by some cells suggesting that a high grade lesion might also be present. In addition, the manual was increased in size to include more illustrations with special studies and comparisons to histology, a greatly increased reference list, and a new chapter devoted to the modern practice of risk-based management. The third edition of the Bethesda manual is meant to serve as a primary reference for the practice of gynecologic cytology designed to provide a uniform system of reporting Worldwide for clinical, teaching, and research purposes.

Background Given the lack of recent literature regarding the aspiration cytology of immunohistochemically confirmed malignant mesothelioma (MM), we were interested in reviewing the experience of our institution and establishing useful morphologic criteria. Methods Seventeen aspiration and touch preparation specimens with a diagnosis of MM obtained between 2002-2013 were reviewed along with 20 cases of adenocarcinoma and 16 cases of squamous cell carcinoma. The utility of a number of morphologic features was evaluated. Results In most cases of MM, a consistent pattern emerged. Aspirates and touch preps were cellular with irregularly shaped 2 and 3 dimensional clusters. The individual cells were predominantly angulated and had dense cytoplasm with eccentric nuclei. In every case, a minority of tumor cells contained prominent microvacuoles. The chromatin pattern tended to be fine with small nucleoli. While most cases were cytologically monotonous, five cases displayed striking pleomorphism and three cases contained occasional large atypical cells. Two cases contained metachromatic background material. Features which were most useful in discriminating MM from adenocarcinoma were angulated cell shape(P = 0.0002), dense cytoplasm(P = 0.0001), and cytoplasmic microvacuoles(P = 0.0001). In our material, cases of squamous cell carcinoma were often difficult to distinguish from MM. Useful discriminatory features present in squamous cell carcinoma included ink dot nuclei(P = 0.0003), a “dirty” cystic, necrotic background (P = 0.0027) and tumor balls with peripheral spindling(P = 0.0041). Conclusion Most cases of MM have a consistent appearance in core biopsy touch preps and FNAs. Distinguishing MM from adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma can be facilitated by evaluating a few key morphologic features. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2016;44:14–19. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

The Bethesda System for gynecologic cytopathology has standardized reporting terminology over the past quarter of a century. In doing so, it has allowed for improved communication among practitioners around the world, facilitated large research projects and clinical trials, and has provided the basis from which uniformly accepted risk-based management strategies have been developed. Over time, changes in terminology and the underlying science require revisions, and the third edition of the Bethesda "Atlas" is the result of a yearlong effort to provide such an update. New material was developed and proposed via an Internet bulletin board, allowing for wide commentary that was compiled and incorporated. New images were collected, which comprised many new examples of equivocal presentations and mimics. New background material on the scientific basis supporting the terminology categories, the most current management algorithms, and comprehensive references were included. The effort completely refurbishes this standard reference that forms an inexpensive and, therefore, widely available resource for the world's cytology community.

The history of ‘The Bethesda System' for reporting cervical cytology goes back almost 3 decades. This terminology and the process that created it have had a profound impact on the practice of cervical cytology for laboratorians and clinicians alike. The Bethesda conferences and their ensuing output have also set the stage for standardization of terminology across multiple organ systems, including both cytology and histology, have initiated significant research in the biology and cost-effective management for human papillomavirus-associated anogenital lesions, and, finally, have fostered worldwide unification of clinical management for these lesions. Herein, we summarize the process and rationale by which updates were made to the terminology in 2014 and outline the contents of the new, third edition of the Bethesda atlas and corresponding website.

Persistent high-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) infection is essential for the development of cervical cancer and its precursor lesions. High-risk HPV testing has a higher sensitivity than cytology does for detecting cervical epithelial lesions. However, a large study from a single institution showed 31% of patients with invasive cervical cancer had negative baseline hrHPV testing within 5 years preceding the diagnosis.To investigate the limitation of hrHPV testing in detecting invasive cervical cancer.Cases from 2012 with a histologic diagnosis of invasive cervical carcinoma were retrieved from multiple institutions. From those records, prior hrHPV testing and Papanicolaou test results in the 5 years before the cancer diagnosis were recorded.Seventy patients with cervical carcinoma were included in the study. Negative HPV test result rates were 9% (5 of 53), 23% (6 of 26), and 25% (2 of 8) during the periods of less than 1 year, 1 to 3 years, and 3 to 5 years before the histologic diagnoses, respectively. Negative Papanicolaou testing results in the same time intervals were 3.4% (2 of 59), 33% (10 of 30), and 40% (6 of 15). Although the HPV(-) rate seemed to be different among different HPV test methods, no statistical significance was detected because of small sample size. Negative hrHPV rates in patients with adenocarcinoma were similar to those in patients with squamous cell carcinoma.These data expose limitations for the potential use of primary HPV testing. In addition, current screening guidelines recommending cotesting at 5-year intervals should be evaluated further with additional historic data collection because there are women with negative results for both Papanicolaou tests and hrHPV testing within the period of 3 to 5 years before an invasive carcinoma diagnosis.

Pulmonary bronchial brushing specimens can be processed by liquid-based or conventional methods. The ability to accurately diagnose a pulmonary malignancy with a liquid-based preparation (LBP) versus a conventional preparation may differ.To compare the performance of LBPs of malignant pulmonary bronchial brushing specimens with the performance of conventional preparations.Participant responses from 553 malignant pulmonary bronchial brushing samples were evaluated for concordance with the general diagnosis. The performance of LBPs was compared with that of classic preparations. A nonlinear mixed model was used to analyze the performance by reference diagnosis, preparation type, program years, participant type, and the interaction terms between these 4 factors.Concordance with the general category of malignant disease was observed in 95.2% of conventional Papanicolaou-stained, 90.9% of modified Giemsa-stained, and 96.9% of LBP (P.001) samples. The results were significantly different between individual reference diagnoses (P.001). The performance of LBPs was consistently higher for most diagnoses and was significantly better for squamous cell carcinoma (P = .005), small cell carcinoma (P.001), and metastatic carcinoma not otherwise specified (P.001). All participant types performed significantly better with LBPs of small cell carcinoma. Pathologists and cytotechnologists performed significantly better with LBPs of squamous cell carcinoma. A significantly higher concordance was observed between the general diagnosis and program years 2007-2011 versus 2001-2006 (P = .006).Liquid-based preparations performed better than conventional methods, with significantly higher performance in squamous cell, small cell, and metastatic carcinomas. Improved performance over time may reflect more frequent use of LBP methods and increased familiarity with interpreting the morphologic findings.

In September 2017, the United States Preventive Services Task Force put forth updated draft guidelines for cervical cancer screening in the United States, which were then open to public comment. The recommendations allowed for every-3-year cervical cytology screening in women aged 21 to 65 years with an option for every-5-year high-risk human papillomavirus testing in women aged 30 to 65 years. There was no option for cotesting. Other recommendations were similar to those published by other professional organizations. The Cytopathology Education and Technology Consortium provided an official response during the open comment period, which is summarized here along with additional commentary by the authors.

Epithelioid sarcoma is a malignant mesenchymal neoplasm with morphologic and immunophenotypic epithelioid differentiation, which rarely arises in solid organs. We report a case of primary epithelioid sarcoma in the adrenal gland of a 31-year-old female. The patient initially presented with nausea and rectal bleeding, and subsequent imaging studies revealed a 4.4 cm left adrenal gland mass and left retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy. Clinical and radiological studies did not reveal tumor elsewhere in the patient. Histologic features were those of epithelioid sarcoma, proximal type with cohesive clusters of epithelioid tumor cells harboring frequent mitoses, and areas of necrosis. Immunohistochemical stains showed strong, diffuse expression of epithelial markers (pancytokeratin), and CD34 and Fli-1. Partial and focal positive staining of CK7 was also noted. Nuclear expression of SMARCB1 (INI-1) protein was lost. ERG was negative in this case. We believe that this is the second-case report of a primary adrenal gland epithelioid sarcoma. Fli-1 positivity was seen in our case, and ERG was negative as shown in some recent publications regarding epithelioid sarcomas.

Atypia of undetermined significance/follicular lesion of undetermined significance (AUS/FLUS) was introduced in 2008 as one of three “indeterminate” (not clearly benign or malignant) diagnostic reporting categories for thyroid fine needle aspirations. The two terms are alternatives and equally acceptable; it is not recommended that both be used by a laboratory to imply distinctly different interpretations. Each of the indeterminate categories has an elevated risk of malignancy (ROM) compared to a benign aspirate. The AUS/FLUS category is reserved for cases with atypia, cytologic and/or architectural in nature, that is insufficient for either of the other two indeterminate categories. Of the three indeterminate categories, AUS/FLUS has the lowest ROM, meriting its distinction from the other two. Follow-up studies since the introduction of the AUS/FLUS category indicate a ROM that is higher than predicted initially (~10–30% rather than ~5–15%). Furthermore, the risk differs according to the nature of the atypia prompting the AUS/FLUS interpretation. Specifically, AUS/FLUS with cytologic atypia raising concern for papillary carcinoma has a higher ROM than AUS/FLUS associated with architectural atypia alone or Hurthle cells. The introduction of noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features (NIFTP) terminology in 2016 will decrease the overall ROM for AUS/FLUS. The clinical approach to a nodule with an initial AUS/FLUS interpretation is a repeat FNA or molecular testing, although patient preference and clinical risk factors may also impact management.

The aims of The Bethesda System (TBS) were to provide effective communication from the laboratory to the clinical provider; facilitate cytologic-histologic correlation; facilitate research into the epidemiology, biology, and pathology of cervical disease; and provide reproducible and reliable data for national and international statistical analysis comparisons. Dr. Diane Solomon and colleagues' contribution to cervical cancer screening, diagnosis, and management began with the inception and dissemination of TBS for reporting cervical cytology in 1988, as detailed in the accompanying article [Solomon et al.: Acta Cytol 1989;33:567-574]. The significance of TBS for the further development and implementation of standardized terminology in pathology, and the research/management of cervical cancer have continued to evolve over the past three decades. TBS has always been a multidisciplinary effort and acknowledgement needs to be given to several stakeholders who, over the years, have contributed to its success. It has been our privilege and honor to have carried on the legacy of this seminal work, even as molecular methods are being closely integrated into cervical cancer screening, triage, and prevention.

Once oneof the mostcommon cancers affecting USwomen, cervical cancer now ranks 14th in frequency. Althoug h the effectiveness of cytologic screening for cervicalcancer has never been demonstrated in a randomized trial, the impact of the Papanicolaou (Pap) test has been welldocumentedinnumerousobservationalstudies,anditssuccessasoneofthemostcost-effectivescreeningtestsservesaparadigmforsuccessfulpreventivemedicine.Particularlyin theUnitedStates,wherecervicalcancer screening wasandstillisopportunistic,thepositiveimpactofthePaptestonwomen’shealthisindeedremarkable.ThePaptestiscloselytiedtokeydevelopmentsrelatedtocervicalcancer.Itwasduringitsearlydaysthatthefield of gynecologic cytomorphology was defined; and, since its inception, there has been a gradual increase inunderstanding of cervical carcinogenesis. Although the Pap test has high specificity, its lower sensitivity requiresmultiplescreeningstodetectmostprecancersandcancers.Inanefforttoimprovesensitivity, thePaptestevolvedfrom conventional smears to liquid-based technologies, along with improved sampling devices, automated proc-essing,andcomputer-imagingscreeningdevices.TheintroductionoftheBethesdareportingterminologyforPaptestsin1988

Nongynecologic cytology (NGC) practices are expected to expand relative to gynecologic cytology. The College of American Pathologists attempts to track practice patterns in NGC using a self-reported questionnaire.To analyze self-reported laboratory staffing and practices from a 2010 survey relating to NGC specimens, stains, preparation, procedures, and ancillary testing.The "NGC 2010 Demographics and Supplemental Questionnaire: Current Nongynecologic Practices in Cytopathology Laboratories" was mailed to 2059 laboratories.Survey response rate was 51% (1048 of 2059), predominantly from voluntary, nonprofit hospitals, where NGC samples were reviewed in nontraining settings by pathologists without American Board of Pathology Added Qualification in Cytopathology. Cytotechnologists reviewed NGC cases in 67.4% (675 of 1002) of laboratories. The annual mean and median volumes of NGC cases were 1927 and 858, respectively. Laboratories used more than one method to process NGCs; cell-blocks were most frequently used (930 of 1029; 90.4%) and were created with centrifugation to pellet (538 of 961; 56%). Direct smears were second in preparation frequency; discrete staining was preferred to batch staining. Nongynecologic cytology was used for molecular studies in 34.9% (350 of 1002) of laboratories, most commonly for fluorescent in situ hybridization of urine specimens. Flow cytometric immunophenotyping was performed by 55.9% (554 of 991) and immunohistochemistry by 91.9% (911 of 991) of the responding laboratories. Most laboratories (911 of 993; 91.7%) report specimen completion in 2 or fewer days. Cytohistologic correlation was performed by 71.6% (722 of 1008) of the laboratories both concurrently and retrospectively.The various parameters examined in the 2010 survey provide a benchmark for future efforts in quality assurance and process improvement in NGC.