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A program for disoriented youth is realistic job-oriented training with occupational work experience. (GR)

Household and small manufacturing industries (HMIs and SMIs) are very important especially in terms of employment generation in the densely populated areas of Indonesia like Java. This is because in 1996 they accounted for 44% and 17% of manufacturing industry employment respectively, but only 6% and 5% of manufacturing industry value-added. They were even more important in rural areas because 95% and 59% of HMI and SMI employees were in rural areas and 92% and 44% of their value-added. Many of the establishments in rural areas processed imported raw materials instead of locally produced materials. The rates of growth of household and small manufacturing industries real value-added were high from 1986 to 1996 in spite of unfavourable government policies, 7.2% and 12.3% per annum, but lower than medium/large establishments at 16.4%. HMS and SMIs were hit hard by the economic crisis of 1997, especially those selling fully or partially non-tradeable goods using fully tradable inputs, although they recovered quite quickly. There is a good potential for firther development of HMIs and SMIs that can be facilitated by the expansion and improvement of financial institutions and supplies of privately delivered business services, and improved foreign direct investment and marketing, micro-establishment retailing, and local government economic policies.

This paper defines the informal sector (IS) as being self-employed persons assisted by family and other non-wage earners. It reports on a survey in Semarang which shows that many IS self-employees earn more than the regional minimum wage which is consistent with the findings from other studies. An analysis of Central Bureau of Statistics data show that the rate of growth of the informal sector from 1985 to 1990 was much lower than the formal sector and much lower than the informal sector from 1980 to 1985, with the construction and transportation sectors being exceptions and the female informal sector growth being 39 % that of males. Various theoretical aspects of the informal sector are discussed which need to be taken into account in policy formulation.

There is a very real danger that the transition from the Construction Boom in 2009 to a rapidly growing sustainable normal economy in Aceh will not happen unless both preventive and effective constructive measures are implemented during the coming two years. Instead what could easily happen is a collapse into a deep recession caused by the economy of Aceh being uncompetitive relative to the rest of Indonesia because of its high costs and because in anticipation of this high cost economy situation insufficient investments were made by the private sector in 2006 and the coming two years.

Two large-scale multi-layer cover system test panels were constructed on a side-slope at the Minera Barrick Misquichilca Pierina mine near Huaraz, Peru. The test panels consisted of the following layers: 1) 38 cm of clay/silt material compacted to approximately 90% of maximum density overlain with 30 cm of topsoil and 2) 55 cm of uncompacted clay/silt material overlain with 30 cm of topsoil. Suction breaks were installed in the topsoil every 10 meters along the slope. Precipitation, evaporation, stormwater runoff, water content, soil water potential and direct percolation data was collected for three years followed by a post-test excavation and field testing program. Net percolation into the leach ore increased over time, especially in the compacted clay test panel. The post-test excavation data showed that the hydraulic conductivity of both clay liners increased to similar ranges and that rooting of grass species was significant in both panels up to depths exceeding 1.5 meters. Rooting frequency and size were generally larger and deeper in the uncompacted clay test panel. Based on these data, there appears to be no long-term advantage to compacting the clay liner. [All papers were considered for technical and language appropriateness by the organizing committee.]

A waste rock characterization effort was designed and implemented to identify favorable waste rock borrow material for use as rock armor on a tailing impoundment side-slope reclamation project. The following criteria were applied: 1) sufficient volumes of material; 2) particle size distributions with greater than 50% of the material larger than 12.5-mm particle diameter; 3) acid-base accounting showing positive net neutralization potential; and 4) sufficient nutrient levels and minimal potentially phytotoxic elements to facilitate revegetation. In addition, a field-scale erosion test designed to simulate a 100-year, 24-hour storm event was conducted to determine the efficacy of the selected rock material and of selected ripping treatments in controlling erosion. Two generally non-acid generating and erosion resistant mine-waste rock types were found: argillite and arkose material. Within the potential source areas, evidence of oxidation (yellowish-red staining) was a good predictor of net acid -generating material and used as exclusion criteria. Argillite was used as rock armor on short slopes and the coarser arkose material for slope-lengths greater than 90-meters.[All papers were considered for technical and language appropriateness by the organizing committee.]